ASD TECHNICAL REPORT 61-594 T H E U N I V E R S I T Y OF M I C H I G A N COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Final Report - Phase I LITERATURE SURVEY ON LIQUID METAL BOILING Richard E. Balzhiser, Project Director John A. Clark C. Phillip Colver Edward E. Hucke Herman Merte, Jr. Lowell R. Smith Andrew S. Teller ORA Project 04526 under contract with: FLIGHT ACCESSORIES LABORATORY AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND UNITED STATES AIR FORCE WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO CONTRACT NO. AF 33(616)-8277-ITEM IIa administered through: OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION ANN ARBOR December 1961

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FOREWORD This report was prepared in the College of Engineering, The University of Michigan, on Air Force Contract AF 33(616)-8277 under Task 314507 of Project 3145. The work was administered under the direction of the Flight Accessories Laboratory, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Lt. Lloyd Hedgepeth and Mr. Kenneth Hopkins were project engineers for ASD. The survey began in June 1961 as the initial phase of a program which is to include an experimental investigation of liquid-metal -boiling phenomena and associated two-phase-flow problems. Professor R. E. Balzhiser of the Department of Chemical Engineering is the Project Director at The University of Michigan. Professors J. A. Clark and Herman Merte, Jr., have specific interests in the agravic portion of the program, and Professor E. E. Hucke has particular interest in the relation of interfacial effects to boiling processes. Messrs. C. Phillip Colver, Lowell R. Smith, and A. So Teller are graduate students in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at The University of Michigan. Messrs. S. Kim and W. A. Niethammer have worked long and diligently in organizing the extensive bibliography and physical property charts. This report is the culmination of a joint effort of the above individuals. Appreciation is expressed to the following individuals and groups for -permission to reproduce figures originating in their publications: The Oil and Gas Journal, published by the Petroleum Publishing Company; Dr. John Vohr of Columbia University; American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Professor C. F. Bonilla; Consultants Bureau Enterprises Inc.; and the Advanced Technology Laboratories, a division of American Standard. The authors also wish to extend appreciation to the many investigators who have contributed information for this survey. This report concludes the work on Phase I of Contract No. AF 33(616)-8277. Work on Phase II involving the experimental investigations of liquid-metalboiling systems is currently in progresso ASD TR 61-594 iii

ABSTRACT Recent interest in high-temperature, high-flux, heat-transfer processes has focused considerable attention on liquid metals as heat-transfer media. This survey was originated for the purpose of collecting and evaluating information pertaining to the current status of liquid-metal-boiling technology. The sparsity of information specifically about liquid-metal-boiling programs prompted the inclusion of additional material pertaining to boiling and twophase-flow phenomena in general. Existing correlations for predicting heattransfer coefficients in the nucleate- and film-boiling regimes have been summarized and analyzed in the report. Likewise, correlations which predict the critical heat flux (or burnout flux) have been presented and compared with the experimental data available. The use of liquid metals as fluids in space-oriented Rankin cycles necessitates a thorough understanding of quality and gravity effects on boiling phenomenao Each of these variables is treated in separate sections. with pertinent investigations and conclusions summarized. Interfacial considerations of possible importance are cited and discussed. Particular attention is called to the solid-liquid interfacial energy and its importance in limiting heat transfer across the interface. The importance of two-phase-flow considerations in understanding the heattransfer phenomena prompted the inclusion of additional sections regarding flow regimes and the pressure drops in flowing two-phase media. Both of these sections describe correlations presently used for water-steam or water-air twophase mixtures. Little work has been reported to date regarding two-phase-flow phenomena in liquid metallic systems. Appendix B is a summary of physical properties for various liquid metals and water. Examination of these physical properties suggests in many instances that existing correlations for aqueous systems might be used with reasonable confidence in predicting liquid-metal behavior. Appendix D is a comprehensive bibliography of all aspects of boiling heat transfer, fluid flow, and corrosion and circulation problems associated with liquid-metal fluids. ASD TR 61-594 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES viii INTRODUCTION 1 MECHANISM OF NUCLEATE BOILING 3 NUCLEATE-BOILING CORRELATIONS 4 CRITICAL HEAT-FLUX CORRELATIONS 7 FILM-BOILING CORRELATIONS 10 QUALITY EFFECTS IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER 18 AGRAVIC EFFECTS IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER 20 INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER 22 SUMMARIES OF EXPERIMENTAL LIQUID-METAL-BOILING PROGRAMS 23 TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIMES 47 TWO-PHASE PRESSURE DROP 52 REMARKS ON TWO-PHASE METALLIC FLOW 54 APPENDIX Ao 57 Nomenclature 59 APPENDIX Bo 63 Compilations of Physical Properties 65 APPENDIX CO 69 Supplementary Discussion of Interface Considerations 71 APPENDIX D. 79 Bibliography 81 ASD TR 61-594 v

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Typical boiling curve. 2 2 Effect of magnesium concentration in mercury on the critical heat supply for boiling in a large volume (Kutateladze617). 27 3 Dependence of heat transfer from the wall to magnesium amalgam on the reduced velocity of the liquid uo and the heat supply q/A for a horizontally heated tube (D = 17.6 mm) with a vapor velocity u = 2 m/sec (Kutateladze, et al.617). 29 4 Heat flux vs. temperature difference for film boiling of mercury and cadmium (Lyon695,696). 31 5 Heat flux vs. temperature difference for boiling mercury with wetting agents (Lyon6-95696). 32 6 Heat flux vs. temperature difference for boiling sodium and boiling NaK (Lyon, et al. 695,696). 33 7 Comparison of experimental boiling heat transfer coeffcients for water and liquid metals (Lyon, et al. 695,696). 34 8 Boiling of pure mercury 2 cm deep on a horizontal low-carbonsteel plate; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm Hg absolute or in lb/sq in. gauge (Bonillal26). 36 9 Boiling of pure mercury 10 cm deep on a horizontal low-carbonsteel plate; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm Hg absolute or in lb/sq in. gauge (Bonillal26). 37 10 Effect of depth on the nucleate boiling of pure mercury on a horizontal low-carbon-steel plate; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm Hg absolute (Bonillal26). 38 11 Boiling of mercury containing 0.020 Mg and 0.0001% Ti; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm (Bonilla, et al.l26). 39 12 Mercury boiling on smooth and grooved plates (Avery47). 44 ASD TR 61-594 vi

LIST OF FIGURES (Concluded) Figure Page 13 Comparison of q/A vso AT with Lyon's695,696 data for boiling NaK (Madsen and Bonilla706)o 46 14 Flow pattern correlation proposed by Baker.54 49 15 Horizontal air-water flow pattern regimes for superficial water velocity = 0o5 ft/sec (Vohrl111o 51 C-1 Typical heat transfer surface. 74 ASD TR 61-594 vii

LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Liquid-Metal Experimental Programs 24 II Comparison of the Experimental Values of the Coefficient in Eq. (41); Calculated Values 28 III Constants in Eq. (51) 41 IV Results of Boiling Mercury with Additions in a Thermo-Syphon Heat Transfer 42 V Summary and Comparison of Parameters Used in Correlating Horizontal Flow Patterns 48 VI Compilations of Physical Properties 65 ASD TR 61-594 viii

INTRODUCTION The literature on boiling heat transfer contains relatively little information on liquid-metal systems. Early interest in connection with the mercuryturbine and binary-power cycles produced some data for mercury systems. Subsequent interest prompted by the need for high-temperature coolants for nuclear reactors led to the development of several programs in the last decade. However, few results have yet reached the unclassified literature. Summaries and analyses of the available reports are included in this review. Special attention should certainly be called to the recent translation from Russian by Consultants Bureau Inc. of Liquid Metal Heat Transfer Media,617 edited by S. S. Kutateladze, which is devoted entirely to problems associated with utilizing liquid metals (up to 1958) and the recent paper of Gambill and Hoffman369 which summarizes the field of boiling-metal heat transfer up to mid-1961. The sparsity of information available for boiling-liquid-metal systems makes it extremely difficult to engineer such systems. The experimental difficulties associated with a precise evaluation of the effects of many important variables on the heat-transfer process in liquid-metal media reduce the probability of obtaining directly the needed information, Correlations and studies for nonmetallic fluids are certain to fill the many voids in the liquid-metal picture. Therefore, summaries of the present status of boiling heat transfer in general have been included. The authors have attempted to summarize in reasonable detail the results of these investigations. The phenomenon of surface boiling exhibits the three separate regimes descriptively shown in Fig. 1. These modes are nucleate boiling, transitional boiling, and film boiling. Nucleate boiling (region AB) is characterized by the generation of vapor bubbles at selective locations on the surface. These bubbles either collapse back to the surface (as when the bulk liquid is sufficiently subcooled) or detach themselves and are carried by inertial and buoyant forces into the bulk liquid. During nucleate boiling, the heat-flux density is not directly proportional to the driving force, as in normal convective heat transfer, but to some power of the driving force. The heat-transfer mechanism in this regime is not well understood and several mechanisms have been proposed. As the heat flux density is further increased, the population of nucleating sites increases until the growing bubbles tend to coalesce to form an unstable vapor blanket. This point is shown by point B and is referred to as the critical heat flux density.** *Numbers in superscript after names refer to reference numbers listed in Appendix Do **This condition is frequently referred to as the lower critical, the first crisis, or the burnout point. Manuscript released by authors on December 1, 1961, for publication as an ASD Technical Report. ASD TR 61-594 1

Nucleate Partial Boiling / \Film Boiling A ~T~FiTI Boiling Fig. 1. Typical boiling curve. ASP TR 61-594 2

The second regime (BC), partial-film boiling or transitional boiling, is characterized by the existence of an unstable vapor blanket that releases great patches of vapor at more or less regular frequencies. It is seen that the heattransfer rate diminishes as a result of the insulating action of the vapor. As the temperature of the surface is increased, the heat flux is observed to pass through a minimum. At this temperature (C), a stable vapor film covers the entire surface and film boiling occurs. Heat transfer is accomplished principally by conduction and convection through the vapor film with radiative contributions becoming more significant as the surface temperature increases. When ebullition is governed by the heat-flux density (electrical heating), as opposed to control by the temperature-driving force (condensing media), it is obvious that any increase of heat-flux density above the critical heat flux causes the surface temperature to rise rapidly in an effort to compensate for the decreasing coefficient. If this rise in temperature causes the surface to exceed the melting point of the surface, the phenomenon of "burnout" occurs. For this reason it is desirable to operate a boiling system as close to as possible, but without fear of exceeding, the critical heat-flux density. MECHANISM OF NUCLEATE BOILING A detailed knowledge of the heat-transfer mechanism for nucleate boiling is very important since it presumably would permit the calculation of heatflux densities for various liquids at different pressures, forced convective velocities, superheats, surface conditions, agravic conditions, etc. A considerable amount of research has been performed in this area and several mechanisms have been suggested. In essence, however, each mechanism yet proposed has in some way been an alteration or extension of one or more of three intrinsic modes of transferring heat in nucleate boiling. These modes are: (1) microconvection heat transfer; (2) latent heat transport; and (3) vapor-liquid exchange. (1) Microconvection heat transfer.-Th.e rapid growth of the vapor bubble at a nucleation site imposes a quantum of kinetic energy to the surrounding liquid, thus acceleratingthe liquid to a velocity in excess of its natural convection velocity. This pulsating action at each site creates currents in the normally stagnant or laminar sublayer near the boiling surface. (2) Latent heat transport.-This mechanism is essentially the transfer of latent heat from the boiling surface to the liquid to form and grow a vapor bubble. Heat may be transferred through the vapor bubble by mass transfer; i.e. some of the heat used to vaporize the liquid near the base of the vapor bubble is carried as vapor to the bubble cap where it is transferred to the liquid bulk by condensation of the vapor. ASD TR 61-594 3

(3) Vapor-liquid exchange.-This mechanism allows the growing, collapsing, and departing vapor bubbles to act as heat pumps, first by pushing superheated liquid into the liquid bulk and then by allowing bulk liquid to replace the void left by the collapsed or departed vapor bubble. As the vapor bubble grows, it displaces the superheated liquid near the surface by pushing it into the liquid bulk. When the bubble either collapses back to the surface or departs from the surface, the liquid fills the void left by the vapor bubble thus allowing large amounts of heat to be transferred at each nucleation site. The cycle is repeated. With the aid of photographic results, Jakob521 and later Rohsenow and Clark935 and Gunther and Kreith420 concluded that only microconvection could account for the majority of the heat exchange during nucleate boiling. Edwards made calculations for subcooled liquids and found that mass transfer through a growing and collapsing vapor bubble could account for a major portion of the heat transfer to the liquid. Forster and Greif344 have made speculative calculations and have concluded that "the amount of heat transferred by the liquid-vapor exchange taking place every time a bubble grows and then collapses on, or detaches from, the heating surface is by itself sufficient to account for the heat flux in nucleate boiling)" Treshchov1084 Zuber 1180 and Chang182 have recently proposed mechanisms including more than one intrinsic mode. Treshchovl084 and Chang182 have proposed a nucleate boiling-heat-transfer mechanism including all three modes. They state that at the initiation of nucleate boiling the greater part of the heat is transmitted by microconvection, but with an increase of heat-flux density the share of heat transmitted by microconvection is decreased. In turn, the heat transferred by the bubbles in both latent-heat and vapor-liquid exchange is increased to the point at which, when nucleate boiling is fully developed, all the heat is essentially transferred by the bubble. Zuber's analysis is similar; however, he neglects vapor-liquid exchange. A more recent mechanism advanced by Moore and Mesler791 postulates microlayer vaporization. These experimenters believe that as the vapor bubble grows on the surface it traps a very thin layer of liquid beneath it which rapidly evaporates, transferring great quantities of heat. With the aid of a thermocouple which measures transient temperatures on the surface, they were able to account for 70 to 90% of the heat transferred. NUCLEATE-BOILING CORRELATIONS Many investigators have suggested semi-empirical expressions relating the heat-flux density to various properties of nucleate-boiling systems. For the most part analysis has been made using dimensionless parameters and fitting the various empirical constants with experimental data. ASD TR 61-594 4

934 Rohsenow proposed the following expression for pool boilingo* 0.33 CpjATw 1/ ______(1 _____ = C L C g~p~-p~ Pr,7 ( where C is a constant for a particular heating surface-fluid combination. He assumed that energy transfer occurs primarily from surface to liquid and extended the Nusselt analogy. He used bubble diameter as the characteristic system dimension for the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers and succeeded in correlating the data of Addoms,7 Cichelli-Bonilla,199 and Cryder-Finalborgo.229 The above equation expressed explicitly in q/A follows~ q/A = C' PATw Pr 5. (p-p (2) Application of this equation is somewhat restricted because of the need for experimental data to evaluate the constant. Levy 58 derived a general equation to represent nucleate boiling of saturated liquids by postulating that as the generated bubbles attain their maximum diameter, they carry all heat transferred at the heat-transfer surface. His expression, q /A = 1 k 1CP7p AT3 BL oTs(P~-p v) w() is (except for secondary effects) independent of pressure and the heat surfaceliquid combination. The constant BL is empirically determined and found to be well represented by plotting it against %pv. This relationship correlates reasonably well the ethanol and normal heptane data of Cichelli-Bonilla199 and the water data of Addoms 7 Forster and Grief344 in their analysis decided which dimensionless parameters were significant and then correlated them with experimental data. The results produced two expressions. The first utilizes a specific coefficient for each liquid; the second expression employs the same constant for all liquidsurface combinations. This permits extension to systems previously unexplored, but some sacrifice in accuracy is inherent. This latter expression has been shown to correlate well with the boiling data for mercury in the range 1-3 atmospheres.126 For liquid-metal-boiling systems where few data are available, the second form seems to possess greater utility. It is *Symbols and their definitions are given in Appendix Ao ASD TR 61-594 5

1 /4 - 5/8 L/a q/A = 4.3 x 10-5 L 2 LCPTs Pra Ap (4) This equation also correlates Lyon's sodium results.696 Chang and Snyderl85 applied dimensional analysis to the fundamental equations for motion and energy to produce parameters which characterize the nucleate-boiling phenomena. The concept of a thermal-eddy diffusivity was incorporated in their analysis. The following equation, which is good for vigorous boiling, resulted from this study: k 14 0.4 q/A = 4 x 104 (CplTs(P-Pv)] ATw (5) (PvX)~.% PT (~1The authors state that this expression is directly applicable for liquid metals. Comparison with the data of Bonilla12 supports this supposition. 617 From experiments with nonmetallic liquids, Kutateladze has derived the following: q/A 0.44 Pr 035 q/A p 10-4 Lk (Pl-Pv) ATw (6) "!xp(p,-Pv) J or explicitly in q/A 1.17 P 10- Lk(PI-Pv) 3.33 q/A = 0.76 Pr kpv(ppv) T (7) Borishanskii and Menchenko617 after experimenting with different liquids, concluded that for ordinary liquids the power on the Prandtl number of Kutateladze's first equation should be changed to 0.7 and the value of the coefficient changed to 0.55. The predictions of this correlation are compared with data for magnesium, mercury amalgams, and sodium in a later section of this report. Muimm ~proposed an interesting correlation that considered variations in vapor fraction. Four dimensionless parameters were selected to characterize the nucleate-boiling phenomena. The correlation was based on data obtained for the water-steam system and is supposedly applicable for qualities up to 40%. rl- 4 1 64 0.46 0.8 q/A = 4.3 + 5 x 10 -4() x] [Gde k AATw (8) IVIILG%-1815I _ _ d ( In a recent publication Chang3 employed theory developed from the MaxwellBoltzman distribution law to derive the following empirical expression: ASD TR 61-594 6

PICpATwNA(KTs) 3/ lb F t aP a PCpATw -m q/A = c Ho/2 exp Ln )P KT (9 where m = 1 and 2 for organic and inorganic liquids respectively, and c and n represent dimensionless numbers whose values depend on the liquid and surface conditions. The equation is valid for liquids, including liquid metals, under the following conditions: saturated pool boiling from either rough or smooth surfaces; saturated or subcooled forced-convection boiling from rough surfaces; and early stages of forced-convection boiling (saturated or subcooled) from smooth surfaces. A comparison with Lyon's data showed good agreement. CRITICAL HEAT-FLUX CORRELATIONS At the upper limit of the nucleate-boiling regime, sufficient nucleation sites have become active to cover the surface. As the number of vapor columns emanating from the surface increases, the cross-sectional area remaining for liquid flow to the surface decreases. This necessitates an increased velocity if the liquid supply to the surface is to be replenished. Early investigators of this type of phenomenon observed instabilities in the system when a certain relative velocity was achieved between the two phases in countercurrent flow. More recent theoretical attempts to relate this observed instability in two-phase flow to the critical heat-flux limitations have aroused much attention and have produced some encouraging results. Experimental verification of their predictions is difficult, particularly for liquid-metal media. However, some burnout data for water and organics are available and have been used to check (in part) some of the theoretical treatments. At the same time, it has led to empirical and semi-empirical correlations for the critical flux. Several of the more promising results are summarized along with a brief discussion of the effects of pressure, velocity, and subcooling on the location of the critical point. The effects of quality, interface conditions, and agravic considerations are treated in greater detail later in the report. Numerous analytical expressions have been derived to predict the critical heat flux. Even though most expressions are limited to water, there are several with presumably general application. For saturated pool boiling, Rohsenow and Griffith937 have proposed the following: [/]4 =14g p_ rP o6 [q/A]c =l43g/ p i j (10) This correlation was compared with the data of Cichelli and Bonilla199 and produced approximate deviations of about 11%.o ASD TR 61-594 7

Considering the critical heat flux as a phenomenon governed by hydrodynamic limitations Kutateladze624 employed dimensional analysis to derive the relationship: [q/A]C = Kxp a 2 (11) When compared with water and some organic liquids for saturated pool boiling, the best value of K was found to be in the range 0.14 to 0.18, For subcooled pool boiling, K is no longer constant but a function of the groups, X Pv'CT and v CPaTsub Pa These give rise to a new expression: [q/A]c sub = [q/Al]c 1 + (-n) Cp Tsub (12) When correlated with data for water, alcohol, and isooctane, Eqo (13) resulted. [q/Ac, sub [q/A]c 1 + 0o065 2 Cp (13) 1175 Zuber and Tribus considered the critical heat flux as a hydrodynamic limitation arising from Taylor-Helmholtz instabilities at the vapor liquid interfaceo Their expression, 24 ci (PIv ___ _ /4 1/2 L q/Al] 2= 2- Qv Xo g (p L; 2 Vv"1/2 (14) is seen to differ slightly from Kutateladze's in the value of the constant and includes an additional term which is near unity. For subcooled liquids, Zuber and Tribus1175 extend Eq. (14) to q/A -... + pCp(T-T) - + [T-T] (15) c,sub 24 T 24 1 s(TT T y where L5 g(P2-PV] Lg(pv p I) [p-Ip,]1/2 - 2]t (16) and ASD TR 61-594 8

h1 = r-~LPa rP2I (17) T p2 PvI + Pv This equation was compared to the critical heat flux data for water,420 ammonia,1175 and carbon tetrachloride with fair agreement. Griffith has proposed an empirical equation applicable for different levels of subcooling, force convective velocities, and pressure. It is 1q/AI sub (h] hb);v(P ) (PQk )] F (18) where F = 1 + Re, 106 + 0.014J + 5 x 10-4 [J Re ]1/2 (19) and - pjCpA(Ts-Tb) (20) PvX Over 300 data points from various liquids (including water, benzene, n-heptane, and ethane) have been correlated, with 94% of the points having less than a ~33% deviation. At low pressures for saturated boiling, it has been experimentally shown that as the pressure is raised the critical heat flux markedly increases.101,295,1081 Kazakova622 has experimentally determined the critical heat flux for water boiling from flat disks. Her data indicate that the critical heat flux increases with pressures up to 30 to 40% of the critical pressure, then slowly decreases to zero as the pressure approaches the critical value. This behavior is in qualitative agreement with all the equations and with most investigations reviewed. 16 For saturated forced convection, Aladyev et al. present data for water with flow rate as a separate parameter showing similar behavior to that described above. At higher flow rates the critical heat flux appeared less sensitive to pressure changes. Subcooling has been shown to have a greater effect at low pressures, as demonstrated by the following relationship: [q/A]0le'subq/A1~5~~~ (21) {i/cl, p1T jq/A]c >P2T (21) where Pl < P2. ASD TR 61-594 9

Verification of this behavior is clearly shown by the data of Kutateladze and Shneiderman. 631 For water and organic liquids, velocity increases have been shown to increase markedly the critical heat-flux density. The growing vapor bubbles on the surface are swept away at a smaller diameter by the flowing stream, thus permitting more nucleating sites to become active at the surface before coalescence results. Consequently, a greater AT is required to activate these sites. Since the heat transfer coefficient would not be expected to decrease, the critical heat flux must increase. Aladyev et al.16 found that for water at constant subcooling a change from 1 meter/sec to 2 meters/sec affected the critical heat flux insignificantly at 20 atm, but at 180 atm increased it approximately 50%. On the other hand, Torikail080 found that for water at 1 atm and constant subcooling the critical heat-flux density was increased as much as 50% for an increase in velocity from 1 meter/sec to 2 meters/sec. With an increase from 1.1 ft/sec to 5 ft/sec, at constant subcooling and 16 psia, Ellion295 found that the critical heat-flux density was increased 100%. Many investigators have shown that subcooling increases the critical heatflux density ab ve that in saturated boiling. In their experiments, Kutateladze and Shneiderman have clearly shown that for pool boiling with ethanol, isooctane, and water, at constant pressure, the critical heat-flux density increases for a decrease in the bulk temperature. Ellion295 found, for water flowing at 1 ft/sec, that changing from 50~F to 100~F subcooling increased the critical heat-f ux density approximately 50%. This behavior was confirmed by Aladyev et al. In their derivation of Eq. (15) for subcooled boiling, Zuber et al.1177 ash sumed, for subcooled pool boiling, that the same hydrodynamic behavior is exhibited at the critical as for saturated boiling, but that an additional quantity of energy is transferred to the subcooled liquid. FILM-BOILING CORRELATIONS Unlike the forced-convection and nucleate-boiling regimes, the film-boiling region has been the subject of relatively few analytical studies and very few experimental investigations. However, today's technology includes areas where it is essential to transfer large quantities of heat across minimal surface areas, thus increasing the probability of encountering this phenomenon. The process is characterized physically by a layer of vapor that separates the liquid from the heat surface. The energy transfer through the vapor layer occurs by conduction, convection, and radiation processes. At reasonable temperature levels the attainable fluxes are substantially suppressed. ASD TR 61-594 10

Several excellent literature surveys on film boiling have been compiled. Drew and Mueller268 as part of a general review on boiling surveyed film-boiling literature up to 1937. Westwaterll45 reviewed the literature on film boiling up to 1955 and summarized the work in terms of description of photographic studies; theoretical treatments; and experimental results where the effects of type of liquid, type of solid and its surface texture, geometric arrangement, pressure, surface tension, agitation, and impurities were separately considered. McFadden and Grosh750,751 extended the coverage to 1959 in their review. This summary includes findings discussed in these reviews and attempts to bring the subject up to date by including several of the more important recent contributions. Although the first observation of the phenomenon of film boiling was made as early as 1746, an analytical development did not appear in the literature until 1950 when Bromley,56 prompted by the earlier work of Colburn, presented a theory of stable laminar film boiling. Bromley based his, derivation on Nusselt's derivation for heat transfer during laminar-film condensation. It treated specifically free-convection film boiling on the outside of an isothermal horizontal tube and incorporated the following assumptions: a vapor blanket exists between the liquid and the tube wall, heat is transferred through the film by conduction and radiation, the vapor rises due to buoyant forces, the liquid vapor interface is smooth, viscous drag retards the rise of the vapor, the enthalpy of vaporization is the major energy supplied to the film, the kinetic energy of the film is negligible, the liquid is at rest and saturated, and properties may be evaluated at an average temperature. The resulting theoretical equation is modified with an experimentally determined constant to fit the physical situation. Bromley's results can be expressed as 2 1/4 hco 0.62 -p)gPr (22) co d ATw Pr where 0.62 is empirical, a compromise between 0.724 and 0.512. The former value corresponds to the situation in which the liquid is moving with the same velocity as the vapor (hence zero sheer stress at the vapor-liquid interface), and the second value arises where the liquid is considered to be at rest, thus producing a large sheer stress at the interface. Bromley corrected his heat-transfer coefficient for radiation by assuming infinite parallel-plane-plate radiation, The radiation coefficient was expressed as follows: G Tw _T~I hr = _ A [X (23) The radiation coefficient was combined with the convection coefficient in the following manner to obtain a total heat-transfer coefficient. 3h = ho hL+2.62 + hr /hco)] (24) ASD TR 61-594 11

For low wall temperatures the total coefficient was expressed as follows: h = hco + hr (25) For vertical tubes Bromley used the same expression for the convection coefficient, but substituted the height, L, of the tube for D as the characteristic dimension in his expression. For such small values of L that the vapor film was laminar, this correlated the data satisfactorily. These correlations were substantiated with data taken on the following liquids: water, nitrogen, carbon tetrachloride, absolute ethyl alcohol, benzene, diphenol oxide, and normal pentane. Bromley's experimental program showed that the value of the coefficient was independent of the physical characteristics of the liquid although his experiments were limited to a rather narrow viscosity range. The physical or chemical character of the tube or tube surface appeared to have little or no effect as long as it was fairly round and smooth. The effect of diameter was as predicted in the equation. Total coefficients ranging from 18 to 80 Btu/hr (sq ft)(~F) were measured, and the following conclusions were obtained. (1) The liquid vapor interface is substantially smooth along the bottom two thirds of the tube except at high heat fluxes. At the top it is always uneven due to bubble formation and departure. (2) Heat-transfer coefficients are independent of the tube material except for the radiation contribution. (3) The effect of variables such as pressure may be calculated from their effect on the physical properties of the liquid and its vapor. (4) A decrease in surface tension does not affect the calculated coefficients, but the minimum critical heat flux and the corresponding temperatureheat difference are both decreased. (5) Film boiling persists for subcooled liquids with higher coefficients resulting. (6) Mercury was shown to exhibit film boiling at very low AT's. Bromley observed that the potassium additions did not substantially affect this behavior. (7) Heat-transfer coefficient is increased for forced convection. S. S. Kutateladze626 summarized Russian efforts in the area of film-boiling heat transfer up through 1952. He considers the laminar flow of a vapor layer along a vertical plate, assuming that all vapor moves along the heated surface. He, too, considers the two extremes discussed by Bromley (above), and observes that the value of the coefficient differs by a factor of 1.59 for the two extremes. For free convection he presents the following correlation for the average value of the heat-transfer coefficient: ASD TR 61-594 12

I k2CPpIp(P2-P,) 1/4 h = 3/4 1/4 L Pr AT L (26) where g = 0.436 - 0.690 and 0 = 1 + (Cp/2x)AT. For forced flow of a liquid such that 2u 1 (27) (PI-P,) the differential coefficient of heat transfer during film boiling is directly proportional to the liquid velocity. For situations in which radiative transfer must also be considered, the following expression results for the average heattransfer coefficient: 1/4 h =4' l( (28) where r = hr/h and P' = 0.500 - 0.705. For high liquid velocities with a constant ATw, the following expression correlates the average heat-transfer coefficient. L xh Z0XPVU 1/2 (29) LATwLi(_1+) 2.j As is evident, the heat-transfer coefficient for these conditions is proportional to the square root of the liquid velocity. Kutateladze's summary mentions the early experimental work of Styrikovich and Semonovker,1045 who studied the transfer of heat to boiling mercury. At about the same time, Kutateladze and Zysina617 studied heat transfer to mercury boiling under conditions of free convection. In 1947 Lukomskii measured the heat-transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide during film boiling in vertical tubes. Experimental data for the film-boiling of water at atmospheric pressure on a 3-mm vertical heater with a flux of 500,000 Kcal/meter2/hr produced a vaporfilm Reynold's number of 62, thus confirming the assumption of laminar flow within the film. Pressures up to 12 atmospheres were also studied with the water system. Equations (26) and (28) were shown to correlate the data very well. Equation (28) also does a satisfactory job of correlating Bromley's data. Subcooling is shown to increase the value of the average transfer coefficient. However, the effect of subcooling decreases with an increase in the absolute pressure of the system because of a decreasing density ratio. In 1954 Ellion295 analyzed an isothermal vertical plate with laminar stable film boiling. He made essentially the same assumptions as Bromley and arrived at a result approximating Bromley's. This correlation was substantiated with water data for a velocity range of 1.1-5 ft/sec, subcooling from 50 to 100~F and ASD TR 61-594 13

pressures from 16 to 60 psia. He reports film boiling to be independent of water pressure, velocity, and subcooling over these ranges. Bromleyl56 later analyzed a case of stable laminar film boiling for an isothermal horizontal cylinder for uniform, vertical, upward flow. For low water velocities his results were the same as for free convection. For high water velocities his results can be expressed as follows: Nu = 2.7 L i or (30) h = 2.7 [u (31) This study included four different liquids with velocities up to 14 ft/sec. In 1958 Chang presented his wave theory of heat transfer and film boiling from both horizontal and vertical isothermal surfaces. He considered heat transfer in both saturated and subcooled systems. He utilizes the concept of an equivalent thermal diffusivity to produce a generalized model. He generates a general formula for both convection and boilingo His results can be expressed as follows: Nu = C [Pr1Gr]l/s (32) g(P -P )L3 i /3 L8 C2 Ilgcj where Yc is defined as follows: _ Tsub! (34) ~C 2 (XPv + ATwCP2P2) For vertical plates the value of the exponent for the product (Pr~Gr) is 1/4. Chang concludes that the heat-transfer coefficient for film boiling from the horizontal surface is in general higher than from a vertical plate. For boiling from tubes the reverse is observed to be true. He suggests that the effect of different variables be calculated from their effect on the physical properties of the liquid and vapor. Increases in pressure will increase the heattransfer coefficient, but not as significantly as might be anticipated because the boiling point of the liquid will also increase with pressure. A higher wall temperature is then required to maintain film boiling which increases the radiative contribution. McFadden and Grosh750'751 performed an analytical study of stable, free convection, laminar film boiling in which they consider transfer by conductive and convective processes only. The boundary-layer equations were solved using transASD TR 61-594 14

formation techniques for the following conditions: (1) compressible flow with variable specific heat; (2) variable specific heat and density variations considered only in the evaluation of the buoyant force; and (3) the case of constant properties. Numerical solutions were obtained for the following conditions: (1) water at 2800 and 3100 psia with wall-to-liquid temperature differences of 250, 500, and 1000~F; (2) for fluids with Prandtl numbers of 2/3, 1 and 2; and (3) for mercury and methanol film boiling at 1 atmosphere considering constant properties. An approximate analysis for nonisothermal wall condition, including radiation effects, was also performed. Radiation was shown to be the controlling factor in film boiling for high-emissivity walls at high temperatures. The investigators concluded that for water at 2800 and 3100 psia, radiation is of more significance than the consideration of variable properties. They suggest, however, that as the critical pressure is approached, property variations will play a more important part in film-boiling heat transfer. A comparison of Lyon's experimental data69 5696for the film boiling of mercury with their theoretical results yielded satisfactory agreement. McFadden and Grosh pointed out that had Lyon chosen to measure his surface temperatures along the bottom 2/3 of the tube, better agreement would have been achieved. Their values for film boiling of methanol on the outside of a horizontal tube also yielded values slightly above the experimental data of Westwater and Santangelo48 Again they postulate that the surface temperatures measured were not representative. In 1960, Hsu and Westwaterll47 proposed an approximate theory for film boiling on vertical surfaces. The equation was developed for saturated liquids in the absence of forced flow and postulated the following conditions: (1) that vapor flow near the low end of the heating surface is viscous and Bromley's equation is applicable; (2) that turbulence develops with a local Reynolds number of about 100; and (3) that in the turbulent region of the heating surface thermal resistance is due entirely to the laminar sublayer. The results produced the following equation for the Nusselt number averaged over the upper and lower portions of the heating surface: 2'pRe*k B2r2 _ 3/2 _ 3L AT A L3 B+ 1/3 y where Re* represents the vapor-film Reynolds number; y*, the critical vapor film thickness; and A and B are functions of the system properties and Re*. Experimental data were obtained for five liquids, methanol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen and argon. Tube lengths were varied from 2.0 to 6.3 inches. Hsu and Westwater's prediction appears to be much improved over Bromley's and ChangVs, with the results being particularly good for nitrogen and argon, both of which have high ATs (560y780~F). For the organics with lower ATs (150-310~F) the correlation is not as reliable over the AT range investigated. The data that show h decreasing as AT increases are characteristic of the transitional region. Data at higher ATs, where film boiling is certain, might produce better agreement. ASD TR 61- 594 15

As the tube lengths increase from zero, the predicted heat-transfer coefficient passes through a minimum and then increases steadily. The minimum local heattransfer coefficient occurs at the point where turbulence first develops. This value corresponds to 1.9 in. of water and about 1/2 in. for nitrogen for a AT of 7000F. The minimum heat-transfer coefficient averaged over the length occurs at greater lengths, 4.8 in. for water and 2.4 in. for nitrogen for the same AT. Bromley's equation predicts a decreasing value of h as L is increased. Increases in AT cause increases in the average heat-transfer coefficient for water, but the reverse is predicted for nitrogen. The Hsu-Westwater correlation produced an average deviation of about 32% for the predicted Nusselt number as compared to experimental values. This is shown to be an improvement over the predictions of Bromley or Chang. Recently Berenson89 developed an analytical expression for the heat-transfer coefficient near the minimum in film pool boiling from a horizontal surface. He utilizes Taylor-Helmholtz hydrodynamic instability to formulate a model from which he derives the following expression for the heat-transfer coefficient: l/4 h = 0.425 1 kXPv(pl-pv)g 1 (36) L TW V g(PjrPv) A comparison of his expression with Bromley's shows that the diameter has been replaced with gca V(Pl Pv) as the geometrical scale factor for horizontal surfaces. The applicability of Berenson' s expression at fluses substantially above the minimum flux is questionable. Radiation effects, which the author suggests become appreciable at temperature differences above 10000F, and velocity effects would both tend to produce higher values of the coefficient. Berenson' s article contains an expression for the minimum flux, which occurs at the onset of stable film boiling, and also the expression for the AT at which film boiling can occur. Experimental results obtained for normal pentane and carbon tetrachloride agree within 10% of his theoretical predictions. Cess and Sparrowl8O investigated film boiling in forced-convection boundarylayer flow. Their results can be expressed in the following manner: Nu (+ ]/ =0.5 D(P p)Cp ATw /2 a KYL ~ tPvL vv h Pr, A simplified, but less accurate, expression canl be obtained by ignoring the square root bracket on the left side of the equation. It can be seen from this ASD TR 61-594 16

equation that the heat-transfer coefficient is inversely proportional to the square root of the temperature difference. Thereforei in the film-boiling regime at low fluxes, q is proportional to LT to the 1/2 power, which is a smaller AT dependence than exhibited by other convective-transfer phenomena. Cess and Sparrow extended their analysis to include subcooled liquids. Subcooling was shown to produce an appreciable increase in the heat-transfer coefficient. The effect is expected to be most pronounced for low Prandtl liquids, such as metals. Lin et alo664 performed experimental studies with pure mercury at 1 atmosphere. The system was observed to enter the film-boiling regime for very low temperature differences. As the flux increased, the coefficient was observed to decrease~ An expression h = 4850q~~ correlated their data. The expertimental values correlated by this equation fell about 50% above the theoretical line corresponding to Bromley's prediction. These investigators observed that increases in pressure changed the boiling type from film to nucleate with corresponding increases in both heat-flux and heat-transfer coefficiento The experimental work of Lyon with mercury systems also confirmed the tendency of mercury under nonwetting conditions to exhibit film boiling at relatively low temperature differences~ The addition of magnesium and titanium in very small quantities was observed to promote wetting. Coefficients and fluxes characteristic of the nucleate regime were then comparable for temperature differences. Preliminary calculations for sodium at temperatures where conduction would be expected to predominate yielded a value for the coefficient of 43 Btu/hr ft2. This value is of the same magnitude as that observed by Bromley with other fluids. It appears that unless significant radiative contributions occur at higher ATs, the flux in the film-boiling regime will remain below the critical flux for reasonable values of AT. Investigations to date have shed some light on the effect of certain variables. Liquids studied thus far have not indicated a radical difference for heat-transfer coefficients in the stable film-boiling regime. The main difference between liquids seems to be due to differences In wettability on particular surfaces. Film boiling will occur at smaller temperature differences for nonwetting fluids. Lyon's results with mercury demonstrated this phenomenon. Similarly, the surface from which heat is transferred has relatively little effect on the transfer coefficient. However, it should be remembered that extreme roughness might change the character of.flow, producing changes in the coefficient. Likewise, at high temperatures the emissivity of the surface becomes important in determining relative importance of radiative contributions. Differences for horizontal and vertical surfaces have definitely been established. Likewise, cylinders have been observed to yield results differing from those obtained on plane surfaces. Most investigators observe h to increase as pressure increases. Likewise, liquid velocity increases produce increased coefficients, according to most investigators. ASD TR 61-594 17

QUALITY EFFECTS IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER The influence of net vapor generation on the heat-transfer coefficient in the nucleate-boiling regime parallels forced-convection effects. In the lowquality regions the vapor phase will likely remain dispersed in the liquid matrix, thus resulting in a reduction of the average fluid density. Under these conditions slip can be considered negligible and an increase in the velocity will occur. The film at the heating surface will remain essentially the same, except that the boundary-layer thickness will decrease as the velocity is increased. Eventually a velocity will be reached at which the bubbles are sheared from the wall shortly after nucleating. At this point, the film thickness has been reduced to where it no longer offers the resistance to heat transfer that it would at lower velocities. A given heat flux can be sustained at lower ATs, and hence the surface temperature drops. This in turn deactivates sites and decreases the vapor generation at the surface. The effect of the growth and collapse of bubbles on the boundary layer becomes less significant. Sterman and Styushin1030 observed that the critical flux was increased by quality increaseso Their observations with isopropyl alcohol in stainless steel tubes showed that the critical flux was always approached first in the lowquality regions. They postulate that since bubbles are removed from the surface at smaller diameters for increased flow rates, a greater number of sites can be activated before the growing bubbles begin to merge and blanket the surface. This requires a greater AT at the critical point, and hence a greater heat flux. Mumm803 also observed that the heat-transfer coefficient increased with quality for qualities ranging up to 50%. For higher values a rapid decrease in the coefficient was observed, with burnout resulting for qualities of about 70%. His correlation for the Nusselt number includes quality as a parameter [see Eq. (8)]. McAdams et al.734 and Rohsenow and Clark938 observed an increase in h with quality increases. Most investigators agree that for qualities below 50o, improved coefficients will be observed as X increases. However, at higher qualities considerable disagreement exists as to the exact behavior to be expected. An examination of the flow pattern sheds some light on the heat-transfer phenomena. At low qualities the flowing stream is essentially liquid, with vapor dispersed as a discontinuous phase. At higher qualities the vapor coalesces, but liquid remains as the continuous phase. For sufficiently high vapor velocities such annular flow eventually develops that vapor with dispersed liquid droplets moves along the tube axis, while a liquid film flows along the tube wall. For liquids which wet the surface, high heat-transfer coefficients persist in this flow regime. Forced-convection effects have probably suppressed any surface boiling, but the high velocity of the gas phase through the core removes all but a thin liquid film at the tube wall, thus reducing the resistance to heat transfer. Evens tually the liquid film is reduced to a point where it is difficult to detect. This stage is referred to as fog or mist flow. However, the surface is still ASD TR 61-594 18

supplied with sufficient liquid to remove the necessary heat load by vaporization. As the quality continues to rise, a point is finally reached where insufficient liquid reaches the surface to dissipate the high energy fluxes. This "dry wall condition" results in rapid temperature increases at the surface, and burnout occurs. Investigators refer to this type of critical condition as two-phase burnout. Several investigators have measured high quality heat-transfer coefficientso McAdams et alo734 observed for water-steam a drop in the heat-transfer coefficient for qualities above 40% at 24 psi and 71 psi. Dengler255 observed three mechanisms operative over the quality range he studied. At low qualities nucleate boiling seemed to control; at higher qualities forced convection effects appeared to dominate. For qualities from 47% (G = o171 x 106 lb/hr ft2) to 84% (G =.044 x 106 lb/hr ft2) sharp decreases in the heat-transfer coefficient were observed. This phenomenon was attributed to "dry wall conditions." Parker and Grosh833 studied the heat transfer characteristics in the mistflow regime for steam and water droplets moving vertically upward in a tube. Heat flux was varied from 3,020 to 20,700 Btu/hr ft2 with inlet qualities from 89-100%. Their results showed that equilibrium was not necessarily attained between the droplets and vapor, and that considerable superheating of the vapor was possible in the presence of droplets. They also observed the heat-transfer coefficient to be a strong function of surface temperature. Above a certain critical temperature, spheroidal behavior was observed with coefficients approximately the same as for dry steam. Surface temperatures below this critical produced coefficients 3 to 6 times greater than dry steam values. Flux and quality effects on this temperature appeared interrelated. Higher qualities and/or fluxes tend to promote the spheroidal state. Any method of directing the dispersed liquid phase toward the walls is likely to increase the heattransfer coefficient in the very-high-quality regions. Guerrieri and Talty418 have attempted to separate the mechanisms of boiling and convection in high-quality heat transfer. They present the following expression for the two-phase heat-transfer coefficient: 0o 45 hc = 3.4 h [ (38) where hi is the single-phase liquid coefficient given by the Dittus-Boelter equation, and Xtt is the Martinelli parameter. They relate boiling-film coefficients when superimposed on convective effects by the following formula: h = 0.187 he r -5/9 (39) where r*e is the radius of a minimum-sized thermodynamically stable bubble and 6 is the laminar film thicknesso ASD TR 61-594 19

These investigators, and others, concur in the conclusion that a convective mechanism becomes controlling for high-quality systems. AGRAVIC EFFECTS TN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER Space applications of small nuclear reactors cooled by boiling liquid media have necessitated a better understanding of gravity effects on the heat transfer process. Zero gravity conditions create rather unusual conditions for processes which function due to density differences~ It becomes necessary to replace the normal gravitational forces with others, perhaps centrifugal, which will permit the mechanisms usually operative to function at or above their normal efficiency. Investigations using vortex tubes have already demonstrated tremendous increases in the maximum heat flux that can be transferred from surfaces to fluids without incurring burnout. A summary of the agravic work to date follows. Little has been done experimentally with liquid metal systems although several programs are currently underway. Merte and Clark766 made a study of the influence of system acceleration on pool boiling heat transfer in saturated distilled water, at approximately atmospheric pressure. The heating surface was a flat disc 3 ino in diameter, with the acceleration vector (1-21 g's) away and normal to ito At low constant values of the heat flux, ATsat decreased as acceleration of the system increased. This is attributed to the increasing contribution of natural convection with acceleration. At high values of heat flux, ATsat increased with increasing acceleration Some data are presented showing the influence of subcooling with the system under acceleration. Nonboiling data in the same range of a/g is presented. Costello and Tuthili223 used a flat, electrically heated r ibbon mounted near the periphery of a cylinder filled with distilled water at essentially atmospheric pressure. The system was spun about its axis producing effective accelerations normal to surface of a/g = 20 to a/g = 400 The heat flux varied from q/A = 100,000 Btu/hr ft2 to 200,000 Btu/hr ft2. It was found for the given heat flux that ATsat increased with increasing acceleration, resulting in a decrease in the "heat-transfer coefficient7" This increase:in ATsat amoaunted to approximately 5-70F for an increase in a/g from i to 40O Costello and Adams222 have measured the maximum heat flux for water from a carbon cylinder at approximately one atmosphere for a/g from 1 to 44. The acceleration was normal to the axis of the cylinder which was electrically heated. In other respects their test apparatus was similar to that previously reported by Costello and Tuthillo223 The relationship between (q/A)c and a/g follows the 1/4-power law for a/g in the range from 10 to 44~ Below a/g of 10 a power-law representation between these quantities was also found, but with an exponent somewhat less than 1/4o ASD TR 61-594 20

Gambill and Greene370'372 attained a critical heat flux of 55 x 106 Btu/hr ft2 with water flowing in a vortex in an electrically heated tube. This was attributed to the effect of the centrifugal acceleration estimated to be 18,000 times normal gravity on the bubbles forming at the heating surface. However, the contribution of forced, as well as free, convection could not be isolated. Siegel and Usiskin997 performed a photographic study of boiling water at one atm from several heater configurations in the absence of a gravitational field. No attempts were made to measure heat flux or temperatures. The bubbles appeared to grow and remain in the vicinity of the heating surface. Measurements of the critical heat flux from a platinum wire 0.0453 in. in diameter were madell02 in saturated distilled water in various force fields of 0 < a/g -< 1. The burnout heat flux decreased with reduced force fields but still had a finite value at a/g = 0. Measurements were also made of bubble sizes at departure and of bubble rise velocities with reduced gravities. Merte and Clark765 have studied the boiling of saturated liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure from a 1-in. -diameter sphere for standard gravity and at near-zero gravity for 1.4 sec durationo The sphere is used as a dynamic calorimeter for continuous measurements from film through nucleate boiling. In the nucleate-boiling region, the characteristics are the same as at standard gravity, indicating perhaps that buoyant forces play a minor role in promotieng the turbulence associated with boiling. In Refo 661 various liquid configurations, based on the principle of minimum energy, are presented for containers partially filled with a liquid and subjected to zero gravity. Consideration of tank outlet vents under this condition are examined. For liquids which wet the container wall, it is probable that the final zero gravity configuration is a wetted wall with an internally centered gas bubble. For nonwetting liquid, roughly the opposite effect is anticipated. A feasibility study was made9ll for boiling and condensing mercury with zero gravity using parabolic flight of an aircraft. No quantitative heat transfer measurements were made. The authors discuss problems regarding slug motion of mercury in flow passages and undesired movement of condensed mercury back into the boiler which they encountered in their study. Reference 1093 discusses general problem areas of heat transfer, and those anticipated in future space vehicleso Tests of the behavior of gases released in fluids and in mercury condensing tests are described. Presentation is qualitative. ASD TR 61-594 21

INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER There is a substantial agreement, in the published works on boiling, that homogeneous nucleation, ioe., the nucleation of a bubble from within the bulk liquid is, in general, seldom obtained,438 because the formation of a bubble must create surface at the expense of volume-free energy. Adequate quantitative treatments of this subject are available in the literature.lo94 They show that the superheat required to obtain a bubble by homogeneous nucleation is larger than that obtained experimentally. The critical size of the bubble nucleus is shown to be proportional to the liquid-vapor surface tension, and the free energy of activation to form the bubble is proportional to the surface tension cubed. The surface tensions of liquid metals are from 4 to 200 times greater than those of aqueous solutions and, therefore, the improbability of homogeneous nucleation of liquid metals is even greater than that of the systems that have received more attentiono To explain the relatively low superheats generally found in boiling systems, heterogeneous nucleation is indicated. In liquid-metal systems, the savings of energy through heterogeneous nucleation are even greater than those in aqueous or organic systems. The essential condition for the operation of an effective heterogeneous nucleation catalyst is that its surface be more susceptible to wetting by the newborn phase than by the mother phase.1094 In short, a nonwetted surface would tend to promote nucleation in boiling. It is not necessary that lack of wetting be general over the whole surface, but rather that suitable specific locations, as discussed above, be providedo In the limiting case where the surface is completely nonwettable by the liquid, the vapor film would always exist and nucleation is unnecessary. Unfortunately, the conditions for nucleation of the vapor bubbles and for the prevention of film boiling are diametrically opposed. For easier bubble detachment from the surface, the highest possible affinity of the liquid for the solid and the lowest possible affinity of the vapor for the solid are desired. These conditions would be met when the resultant force of the surface stress tensor would have its component at a given location under the liquid, pointing out of the surface, as opposed to a location under a vapor spot where it should point into the surface (see Appendix C). Increasing the relative preference of liquid for solid has been shown to have the following effects on heat transfer. First, under conditions where convection is the predominant mode of transfer, a wetted condition at the wall gives higher heat transfer coefficients for a given AT 438 Larson644 has postulated that as the temperature differential is raised, a well-wetted surface, as opposed to a surface not so well wetted, has a slower rate of increase of heat flux. This would be due to the more difficult nucleation of bubbles. Howe ever, it has been shownl150 that alteration of the surface energies will prolong the nucleate regime and give a higher critical heat flux. Russian workers617 have shown that additions of magnesium to mercury in controlled amounts continue ASD TR 61-594 22

to raise both the critical heat flux and the corresponding critical temperature difference. Extension of the nucleate regime is to be expected from the more favorable conditions for bubble detachment, as opposed to the spreading of the vapor over the solid surface, which would result in the onset of film boiling. To obtain maximum heat transfer from a surface, the following conditions should be met by the solid-liquid combination. First, the surface should be completely wetted by the liquid to an extent limited by loss of strength due to stress corrosion or penetration of grain boundaries (see Appendix C). Secondly, the surface should have a controlled amount and distribution of a very fine second phase chosen so that the liquid does not wet it. This phase will then serve as a nucleation catalyst. And finally, external stimuli such as the application of elastic stress might be used to increase further the degree of heterogeneity of the surface, allowing the more complete wetting of at least some of the grains. SUMMARIES OF EXPERIMENTAL LIQUID-METAL.BOILING PROGRAMS Considerable activity in liquid-metal-boiling heat transfer has taken place during the past decadeo Earlier efforts associated with the mercury boiler had produced some results both in the United States and in Russia. However, the first comprehensive boiling study in which other metals were considered was performed by R. E. Lyon at The University of Michigan in 1953. Since that time C. F. Bonilla at Columbia has performed boiling studies on mercury and sodium-potassium systems. He has also contributed several other studies, including several liquid-metal-condensing investigations. Several other programs during this period have produced results which have appeared in the literature. Summaries of these are included in the following text. The renewed emphasis on high-flux, high-temperature heat transfer has resulted in the establishment of experimental programs in laboratories throughout the world. Table I summarizes most of these programs. Some are designed to yield corrosion data and others to measure heat-transfer coefficients. Effects of pressure, velocity, subcooling, quality, surface characteristics, and fluid properties on heat-transfer characteristics are all receiving attention. Much of this work is in its early stages, and results are still unavailable. The summaries which follow include a description of the equipment and the experimental procedure as well as an analysis of the results. Conflicting data and conclusions are reported. Subsequent results will undoubtedly clarify many of today's uncertainties. KUTATELADZE, S. S,617 This book is a supplement to the Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy (1958) and is devoted entirely to the problems of utilizing liquid metals as heat-transfer ASD TR 61-594 23

TABLE I LIQUID-METAL EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS* Organization Test Fluid Test Objective Status Aerojet-General Nucleonics Rb, Cs Operating Loops AiResearch Manufacturing Co. K Materials Fabrication AiResearch Manufacturing Co. K O-g Boiling Exp. Fabrication Argonne National Laboratory K Boiling Heat Transfer Design Argonne National Laboratory Cd Boiling Heat Transfer Operation Argonne National Laboratory Hg-N2 Two-Phase Studies --- Atomics International Na-K(78) Heat Transfer and Hydraulics Atomics International Hg Boiling Heat Transfer Atomics International Na Burnout Studies Atomics International Na Condensing Studies Brookhaven National Lab. K Boiling Heat Transfer Columbia University Na Condensing Studies --- Electro-Optical Systems, Inc. Hg Condensing O-g Studies --- General Electric K, Na Materials Fabrication General Electric K, Na Heat Transfer Fabrication General Electric K Turbine Design Marquandt Corporation Li --. - The Martin Company Li Operating Loops --- MSA Na Materials Operating NASA-Lewis Na Turbine Design NASA-Lewis Na Turbine Fabrication NASA -Lewis Na Pumps Fabrication NASA-Lewis Na Boiling Heat Transfer Fabrication NASA-Lewis Na Condensing Studies Design NASA -NDA K, Na Materials Design Nuclear Develop. Corp. - Oak Ridge National Laboratory K Boiling Heat Transfer Operating Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Li, Na-K Materials Operating Rocketdyne K Materials Operating Sundstrand Aviation Rb Condensing Fabrication Sundstrand Aviation Rb Boiling Fabrication Sundstrand Aviation Rb Heat Storage Design From Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. ASD TR 61-594 24

media in nuclear power. It presumably contains all important liquid-metal heattransfer data collected during the previous ten years in Russia as well as some from the United States and other countries. There are chapters covering selective liquid-metal properties, general areas of liquid-metal applicability, corrosion studies, and instrumentation in liquid-metal systems. The present summary covers only that portion dealing with heat transfer of liquid metals during boiling. A discussion concerning wettability and the hydrodynamic characteristics in vapor-liquid mixtures is given. The degree of wettability as characterized by the premature origination of film boiling is qualitatively discussed. If the liquid does not wet the wall of the tube, it is pointed out that the flow pattern thus formed is one in which the vapor bubbles that form remain adjacent to the wall, retarding the heat transfer to the liquid. From an investigation by Lozhkin and Krol68r for mercury boiling in a glass tube, the fraction of the surface covered by vapor varied from 34% to 78.5-87o5% for 10,000 Kcal/(m2)(hr) and 25,000 Kcal/(m2)(hr), respectively. Several plots are given showing the fundamental hydrodynamic characteristic of two-phase flow as obtained by Gremilovo403 The vapor fraction is shown as a function of the ratio of the reduced vapor velocity to the convective velocity with the Froude number (u2/d) as a parameter~ A separate plot is given, correcting for tube inclinations. For foreed-convective boiling Gremilov's results clearly show that the effect on the integral hydraulic characteristics of twophase flow is small and that mercury-vapor systems behave much like steam-water systems. Pressure drop may be expressed to an accuracy of ~15% by the following: P= fpL + + P U (40) 2gd PI Um As further proof that nonwetting metals approximate the film-boiling regime of wetting metals, a number of investigations40355459591,626,683,684 1044,1046 are cited which agree with this hypothesis. It is shown from an investigation by Lozhkin684 that turbulent promoters markedly improve the boiling heat-transfer coefficient. Two tables are given comparing the heat-transfer coefficients at three stages in the heat-transfer loop for baffled and nonbaff led flow. For example, in boiling at 25,400 Kcal/(m2)(hr), the heat-transfer coefficients are 470 and 5640 Kcal/(m2)(hr)(~C) for non-vortex and vortex flow, respectively. The most significant increases were observed in the upper portion of the tubes where boiling became more fully developed and net vapor generation resulted. The effect of the tube diameter does not have any appreciable effect on the nucleate-boiling regime. This has been verified for diameters up to 40 mm. The dependence of the heat-transfer coefficient on the heat-flux density is discussed. It is stated that when a liquid metal wets the heat-transfer surface and the heat load is below the critical, the following equation is applicable: ASD TR 61-594 25

h = 0 (q/A)n (41) Korneev's data59lon the boiling of a magnesium amalgam on a vertical steel tube placed in a large volume of liquid could be correlated with this equation with n equaling 0.59. His data also demonstrated that the above correlation was independent of magnesium concentration over the range of.01-.03%. However, an increased magnesium concentration was observed to shift the critical flux upwards (see Fig. 2). Three semi-empirical equations derived from investigations with nonmetallic liquids are compared with data on liquid metal systems: (1) the equation of Averin and Kruzhilin,45 0.7 0.333 1/2 -r 0.45 Pv% q/A - ATP(0.5 0-Pv) k- P-PVJ = 0.082 Pr qAT( L (s v42) (2) the equation of Kutateladze,625 0.5 0.7 10 0.35 q/A p 10 kL-i =0.44 Pr~' L iv (rv-(43) k~ p-V X LO(Pi -P)v'v * k~v Pv )v (3) Borishanskii's and Minchenko'sl31 alteration of Kutateladze's equation ih Lpapvj0o5 03 7F&Apl0 -< 0.7 ki LPIj-el a~\p IP 0 5JpI(P _pv) wV The equations are compared with experimental data on magnesium-mercury, and sodium.623,695,696,697,698 The results are reproduced in Table II. It is seen that Eq. (43) gives the best value for magnesium-mercury amalgams while Eqs. (43) and (44) show nearly equal deviations for sodium. The data of Styrikovich, Semenovker, and Sovin1045 on heat transfer to mercury during forced convection inside vertical steel tubes show an increase in h as velocity increases and as tube diameter decreases. Their fluxes ranged from 25,000-70,000 Kcal/(m2)(hr) diameters from 21-40 mm and velocities up to 0.9 m/sec. Additional data for nonstratified flow in inclined tubes with fluxes extended to 98,000 produced coefficients up to 1100 Kcal/(m2)(hr)(.C) for nonwetting mercury. For nonstratified flow vertical and inclined tubes yield indistinguishable values. For stratified flow a reduction is observed in the coefficient, particularly at the top of the tube. For nonwetting fluids the decrease was observed to occur before boiling actually occurred, at about the point where the wall temperature reached the saturation temperature. ASD TR 61-594 26

140 120 00 0 Cr.r 80 60 40 20 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Wt. %/ MAGNESIUM Fig. 2. Effect of magnesium concentration in mercury on the critical heat supply for boiling in a large volume (Kutateladze617). ASD TR 61-594 27

TABLE II COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENT IN EQ. (41); CALCULATED VALUES h Metal Pressure Experimental 7 (atm) (4/AO _q. (42) |Eq. (43) IEq. (44) Magnesium-mercury amalgam 1o03 3.30 24.6 519 11ol Magnesium-mercury amalgam 1043 [q/A < 2xlO+5] 4.75 27.5 6.42 1.5 Sodium 1.03 [q/A < lxlO5] 8 56.6 22.6 3.72 Korneev's data591'592 show the heat transfer coefficient of mercury as a function of velocity with parameters of the heat-flux density at the top, middle, and bottom of a horizontal boiling tube (see Fig. 3). As is evident from the figure, the velocity has a pronounced effect on the coefficient at the top of the tube. The velocity above which heat transfer in the upper portion of the tube remains at an almost constant level is given by the following: = 22 x 10-5 q/Ao.42 do. m/sec (45) where q/A is in Kcal/(m2)(hr) and d is in mm. The heat-transfer coefficient at this velocity level is h = 12 q/A~ 67 u0.3 d-0.45 (46) for 5000 < q/A < 70,000 Kcal/(m2)(hr); 13 5 d _ 40 mm, 1 < p - 12 atm, 1 < u < 19 m/sec. LYON, R. E 695,696 Lyon was the first investigator in the United States to make an extensive study of the heat-transfer characteristics of liquid metals in the boiling regime. The metals investigated were mercury, mercury containing 0.10% sodium, mercury containing 0.02% magnesium and 0.000Ol titanium, sodium, sodium-potassium alloy (56-59 wt %K), and cadmium. Water was also boiled as a basis for comparison. The experimental apparatus was constructed principally of 304 stainless steel with a 3/4-in. (OD), 16-gauge, type-316, stainless-steel boiler tube ASD TR 61-594 28

co U u, ft/sec CT\'r.05.10.15.20.25.30.35.40.45.50.55 8 1 1 6 ~1o0q 64,000 kcal/m2 hr 7 _ 3x —,600 Btu /ft2 hr. f"2 h _ t o 0 c0 L_ 6 c- 000,q 37,000 kcal/mZ hr 12 g N _ _13,650 Btu/ft2- hr E5 10 6 / ~ ~' -8 oo 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~o q =17800 kcal/ m2 hr 8 _______0 6,558 Btu/ft2- hr 3 ____ 0 R) ~ t) \o O ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ O/ 0 8 o O X ZZ ~ ON 2 q = 5000 kcal / m2.hr 4 — 8~~ —- A~-B ottom of tube ~~0/ 0 I__ — Top of tube 0.0125 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 U, r/sec Fig. 5. Dependence of heat transfer from the wall to magnesium amalgam on the reduced velocity of the liquid uo and the heat supply qJA for a horizontally heated tube (D = 17.6 mm) with a vapor velocity u = 2 mm/sec (Kutateladze, et al.617).

five inches long. Chromel-alumel thermocouples imbedded in the wall of the heating tube measured temperatures that could be used to determine the boiling surface temperature. An electrical resistance element inserted inside the boiler tube supplied a heat source up to 130,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft). All tests were performed at atmospheric pressure under conditions of natural convection with the entire system blanketed with nitrogen. Condensing of the bulk boiling metals was accomplished in an air-cooled condenser. Before each liquid was boiled, the system was evacuated and re-pressurized with nitrogen. A known quantity of the test metal was emitted to the boiler and the heater element turned on and adjusted to the desired level. After steadystate conditions had been established, the required readings were recorded. In the analysis of the experimental error, Lyon found the probable error in measuring the boiling surface temperature to be 3.20F at 50,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft), the error from potentiometer calibrations and readings to be ~0.4~F, yielding a probable error in the temperature difference of ~0.80F; and the overall error in computing the heat flux density to be ~8% at 10,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft) and +6% at 100,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft). Figures 4, 5, and 6 show plots of the heat flux density (q/A) as a function of the temperature difference between the bulk liquid and the heat-transfer surface (AT) for all the test liquid metals. Figure 7 shows the heat-transfer coefficient (h) as a function of AT. It is seen that the sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, and mercury containing magnesium and titanium give extremely good heattransfer characteristics~ Nucleate-boiling heat-transfer coefficients of nearly 15,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft)(~F) were found for both sodium boiling at 1620~F and sodium-potassium alloy boiling at 1500~F, for a AT of less than 10~Fo For mercury with 0.02% magnesium and 0.0001% titanium, a heat flux of 100,000 Btu/(hr) (sq ft) at a AT equal to 12~F was attained with no apparent indication of the critical heat flux being reached. Certain pertinent conclusions were drawn from the investigation. Cadmium and pure mercury experienced only film boiling upon reaching the saturation temperature. This effect was attributed to their nonwetting features. The effects of additives in mercury are to increase the heat-transfer coefficient (in the case of 0.10% sodium the heat-transfer coefficient reached ten times as high as with pure mercury) because they promote wetting. Temperature fluctuations at low heat fluxes were observed during the nucleate boiling of sodium-potassium alloy and mercury containing magnesium and titanium, and were explained on the basis of the high heat-transfer rates in the liquid metals. With the exception of pure mercury and cadmium, there was no indication that the critical had been approached. The condensing capacity prohibited operation with higher fluxes. ASD TR 61-594 30

I00 t I I_ _+ _! i ____ o Mercury x Bromley(156) 10 100 1.00 boiling of mercury and cadmium (Lyon6566) Mercury ASboiling TR 6n-594 1cadmium (Lyon695

200 100 -I rl 0.= 0 1 10 100 TRA TLK o 0.10% No,.- x.02% M m —- Farmer(697) pure Hc I I0 I00 AT, TSURFACE TBULK, Fig. 5. Heat flux vs. temperature dif ence for boiling mercury with wetting agents (Lyon 95 9l). ASD TR 61-594 32

200 * Sod ium ----- o Nak, 56-59%K 0 100 4-. I - 0- 20 4/- - 00 F t pe m0T 15 3 I 0 m 0 /. I _ o _ _ I I~10 20 AT, TSURFACE- TBULK OF Fig. 6. Heat flux vs. temperature difference for boiling sodium and boiling NaK (Lyon, et al. 695,696) ASD TR 61-594 33

20,000 I0,000 Mercury with 0.02% Magnesium No 5,000 Sodiu Mercury with 0.10% Sodium 2,000... Cadmium 50 30 2 3 5 10 20 40 50 100 200 400 1000 TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, TSURFACE-TBULK OF Fig. 7. Comparison of experimental boiling heat transfer coefficients for water and liquid metals (Lyon, et al. 95,696) ASD TR 61-594 34

BONILLA, C. F126 Boiling of mercury was accomplished both with and without wetting agents. The apparatus consisted of a horizontal heating surface of low-carbon steel fitted with a 3-in.-OD stainless-steel tube. The upper portion of the tube served as the condenser. The main heater consisted of a wound Nichrome strip over mica on flat copper fins extending from the bottom of the heating surface plate. The system was blanketed with nitrogen and was operated at pressures from 4 mm mercury to 45 psia with heat-flux densities ranging from 4,000 to 200,000 Btu/(hr) (sq ft). The boiling pool depth varied from 2 to 10 cm. At various times 0.002% magnesium and 0.0001% titanium were added to the mercury to increase its wettability. A guard heater was used to minimize heat losso The boilingsurface temperature was attained by extrapolating temperatures measured by ironconstantan thermocouples inserted in the boiling block at varied distances from the heating surface. Bulk boiling temperatures were measured using three ironconstantan thermocouples placed in the liquid. The experimental procedure was quite simpleO The apparatus was properly assembled, pressurized to check for leaks, filled with mercury (and additives), evacuated, refilled with nitrogen, and then the heater was turned on to the desired level. After steady-state conditions had been reached (15 to 30 min), the required temperature and power readings were recorded. No mention was made of the experimental accuracy achieved in the apparatus. Figures 8, 9, and 10 show the boiling curves for mercury boiled in 2- and 10-cm-deep pools; system pressure is the parameters Data for each pressure run seem to correlate reasonably well. It can be seen that the effect of pressure diminished as the pool depth increased. It was stated that over a period of a few weeks of constant use, film boiling was not obtained with pure mercury systems. The authors attributed this to mechanical removal of oxygen or oxide from the surface. This may partially account for the fact that Lyon's pure mercury data deviate somewhat from the present data~ Lyon experienced film boiling when mercury was boiled, thus yielding a boiling curve with a negative slope and displaced slightly to the right of the present data.695)696 Figure 11 shows the boiling curve for mercury with the addition of 0.02% magnesium and 0.0001% titanium. The heat flux at constant AT is increased some 25% over that obtained by boiling pure mercury. The agreement of Bonilla's data with those of Lyon695969 and Farmer881 should be noted. Conclusions reached are as follows: (1) Prolonged boiling on stainless steel promotes wetting and increases the heat-flux density for the same temperature-driving force; (2 ) Increasing the pressure of the system reduces the temperature-driving force for the same heat flux density; ASD TR 61-594 35

106 105... 0 x, C3 104 10 20 40 60 80 100 1000 AT, OF Fig. 8. Boiling of pure mercury 2 cm deep on a horizontal low-carbonsteel plate; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm Hg absolute or in lb/sq in. gauge (Bonillal26). ASD TR 61-594 36

106 psig 10 10 4 10 20 60 100 1000 A\ T, OF Fig. 9. Boiling of pure mercury 10 cm deep on a horizontal low-carbonsteel plate; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm Hg absolute or in lb/sq in. gauge (Bonillal26). ASD TR 61-594 37

6760 --- / 00 -~ 101 in m Hg absolute (BoIlI g __ CS R65543 -// I mD I I I I # /, —' —- -.0 cm! 2 4 6810 100 1000 AT, 0F Fig. 10. Effect of depth on the nucleate boiling or pure mercury on a horizontal low-carbon-steel plate; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm Hg absolute (Bonillal26). ASD TR 61-59 4 38

106 1 I I I 03/ ~t o/ /,'~ horizontal steel plote ~104 l l X l A-*-~ Lyon (695) 3cm overa 3/4-in ______ ______ O.D type stoinless steel tube _____'___ -- Lyon (695) deviation towards Fi~ 1.Binofecrcnang0 oManfilm boiling for mercury e.r_ with 0.1% Na at high AT 0 IfiO I I I 1 B —- Farmer (881) 3.8 cm deep pure mercury on a copper plate 1 2 4 6 8 10 100 1000 a Ti, ~F Fig. 11. Boiling of mercury containing 0.02% Mg and 0.0001l Ti; parameter: pressure over the liquid in mm (Bonilla, et ai.126). ASD TR 61-594 59

(3) Additives in mercury promote wetting; (4) The liquid-metal pool temperature does not change with increased depth; (5) Different noise levels are observed for different heat-flux densities. LIN, Co, ET ALo64 Boiling of mercury containing magnesium was accomplished for heat loads from 5,000 to 47,000 Kcal/(hr)(sq m) and pressures of 1 and 11 atmospheres. No mention is made in the article of the experimental apparatus, procedure, or experimental error. For pure mercury boiling under atmospheric conditions, the authors found that the heat-transfer coefficient could be expressed by the following: h = 4850 q/A-0.26 Kcal/(hr)(sq in-)(~C) (47) For boiling pure mercury under superatmospheric pressures, the authors give the following expression: h = Apb q/A0.46 (48) For the pressure interval 4-11 atm the equation gives: h = 7p-0.29 q/A0.46 (49) This indicates that increasing the pressure lowers the heat-transfer coefficient for pure mercury and gives a behavior different from ordinary liquids. Using q/A = hAT and eliminating h from the above equation gives: q/A = 37 p-0o537 AT1.85 (50) Comparing this equation for pure mercury with the one in identical form determined by Madsen and Bonilla706 for Na-K, one finds that the powers of AT and the coefficient seem to be in accord, but the effect of pressure is inverted. The only major difference in behavior of the two metal systems is wettability, which, it is felt, could hardly account for this unusual behavior. Mercury was then boiled with varied amounts of magnesium added (0.02 to 0o05%). The data indicated that the heat-transfer coefficient could be represented by the formula h = A q/An (51) where the constants A and n are given in Table III. It was stated that for the same heat-flux density, 0o05o magnesium results in a heat-transfer coefficient ASD TR 61-594 40

15-50% higher than that for 0.02% magnesium. Variations in wettability accounted for this effect. Pressure had little or no effect on the heat-transfer characteristics. TABLE IIT CONSTANTS IN EQ. (51) Magnesium Content (%6) A B 0o.02 13.7 0.43 0.05 2.43 0.63 ROMIE, F. E., BRORARNEY, S. W., AND GIEDT, W. H 946 Mercury with a small amount of magnesium and a trace of titanium was boiled in a thermal-syphon-ty-pe heat-transfer loop fabricated from 7/16-in.-ODD, 304 stainless steel. A 4-in. heating section made of 7/16-in.-OD, 1018 steel served as the boiling surface. Electrical power was applied to the heating section giving heat-flux densities as high as 600,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft) with a 5 mole percent vapor quality. Temperature of the heating surface was determined by measuring the outside wall temperature with a thermocouple and equating to the inner wall. It was found that by cleaning the surface and depositing a thin copper layer on the inside wall that the test fluid readily wet the surface. Experimentation was begun by completely filling the loop with mercury and then draining out a specified amount of mercury. The pressure in the system could be changed by simply controlling the water rate to the condenser. The test results are reproduced in Table TV. Probable error in determining the heat flux was estimated at ~20%. The exit quality of the mercury was calculated by means of an energy balance. z urring certain runs, hydrodynamic oscillations in the mercury flow were observed. in all cases these oscillations could be removed either by increasing the heat-flux density and/or increasing the pressure of the system. Even though a heat-flux density of 600,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft) was the maximum reached in these tests, it was emphasized by the authors that the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of the loop gave every indication that even -igher heatflux densities could be achieved before reaching the critical heat-flux density. ASI TR 61-594 41

cn t-3 TABLE IV RESULTS OF BOILING MERCURY WITH ADDITIONS IN A THERMO-SYPHON HEAT TRANSFER Flow Ve- Inside Wall Heat Flux, Test Temp. Increase Inside locity at Inlet Temp Less Run q/A Section Inlet to Temp Through Test Wall Saturation Heat Out (Btu/hrt Pressure Test Section (F) Section Temp Temp. Heat In (mole/mole) x 10-3) (psia) (ft/sec) (OF O ) (F) 2 24 -- 2.9 66 137 647 — 2.16 3 92 -- o-67 282 169 468 -- 1.65 4 150 1.0 256 217 504 -- 2.0 5 190 1l 295 227 562 -- 1.78 6 250 -- 1.9 520 221 587 -- 2.50 7 260 -- l.5 555 221 629 1.66 8 400 -- 1.3 386 240 701 -- 1.0 9 46o 10 L.l 392 249 741 100 -- 0.015 10 67 -- -- 247 214 455 -- 11L 12 210 -- 1.5 480 155 674 -- 1.05 13 280 10 1.4 488 155 710 69 -- 0.001 14 540 14 1.1 506 122 759 88 -- 0.052 15 470 17 0.89 524 168 776 84 -- 0.061 16 550 19 0.74 536 165 776 75 -- 0.10 17 6oo 33 1.5 649 112 825 64 -- 0.049

AVERY, G. W 4 The effect of the surface geometry on boiling mercury and mercury with 0.1% sodium was studied. The experimental apparatus was similar to that used by Bonilla and co-workersl26 and consisted principally of a horizontal low-carbon steel boiling plate fitted with a 3-in.-diameter, 304 stainless-steel pipe 24 in. long. The heat supply was furnished by nichrome strips wound over 13 mica insulated copper fins brazed to the underside of the boiling plate. A guard heater and insulation surrounded the heater arrangement. Condensing of the metallic vapors was accomplished in 304 stainless-steel tubing extending from the top of the vapor chamber. For the most part, the system was operated at subatmospheric pressures under a cover of nitrogen gas. The experimental procedure consisted of assembling the apparatus, calibrating the vessel for heat loss, filling with 125 cc of mercury, blanketing with nitrogen, and then setting the heat input to the desired levelo After reaching equilibrium the required instrument readings were recorded. Upon completion of one set of runs the vessel was disassembled and the boiling surface grooved. This procedure was repeatedo During the course of the investigation two boiling plates were used. Data for boiling mercury from a smooth surface were obtained before burnout occurred. A similar plate was used to boil mercury and mercury with sodium additions first from a smooth surface and then from a surface milled with parallel, 0.003-in - wide by 0.004-in.-deep, grooves both 3/8 in. and 1/8 in. apart. A groove spacing of 1/16 in. was also milled, but an equipment failure prevented obtaining data. o Figure 12 shows the data taken. It is seen from this plot that for any given surface, the surface geometry has a significant effect on boiling heat transfer to mercury both with and without additives. Unfortunately, the -two different plates, despite efforts to reproduce initial surface conditions, gave considerably different heat-transfer coefficients. The first surface gave heattransfer characteristics for pure mercury comparable.to those obtained from the 1/8-in. grooved surface when boiling 0.1% sodium in mercury from the second plot. This fact leaves many questions unanswered. The author suggests that this may be due to the differences in the microsco>mic geometry of the surfaces. The author concluded the following from this -investigation: (1) Heat-transfer coefficients can be improved by grooving the surface; (2) Nitrogen cover gas does not appreciably affect the heat-transfer characteristics; (3) "Bumping" is observed primarily duri.ng atmospheric nucleate boiling at 40,000 Btu/(hr)(sq ft) or greater; ASD TR 61-594 43

A - & Plate I - Smooth B - o Plate 2- Smooth C -o~ Plate 2- Smooth 0.1%/ Na D - v Plate 2 - 3/8 in. Groove E - O Plate 2 - 3/8 in. Groove, O. I % No F - x Plate 2- 1/8 in.Groove, 0.1% No A D I 0 -17 10 100 1000 ASD TR 61-594 44

(4) The effect of surface grooves increases percentagewise with increasing heat-flux density. MADSEN, N., AND BONILLA, C. F.706 A sodium-potassium alloy (44 wt % potassium) was pool-boiled from a horizontal low-carbon nickel plate at temperatures in the neighborhood of 1600~F and pressures from 2 mm to 794 mm of mercury. The boiling chamber was fabricated from a 3.068-in.-ID stainless-steel pipe with a water-cooled stainless-steel plug at the top serving as the condensing surface and used to condense the metal vapor. The vessel was constructed in such a way as to allow for a minimum number of welded joints, and hence reduce the possibility of sodium penetrating cracks or seams in the vessel. Heat to the boiling liquid metal was furnished by molybdenum resistance wire covered with alumina sleeves and wound around molybdenum fins brazed to the bottom of the heater plateo The entire system including the heater enclosure was blanketed with helium gas. Temperatures in the boiling plate were determined by six thermocouples inserted in holes radially drilled and at various depths from the boiling surface; a thermocouple inserted from the top of the boiling vessel measured liquid bulk temperatures. After cleaning with concentrated hydrochloric acid and testing for leaks, the vessel was calibrated for heat loss and charged with Na-K under a helium blanket. Throughout the tests metal was maintained at a minimum of 900'F, thus reducing heater damage. After the desired heat flux density had been attained and steady state achieved, the necessary readings were taken. Figure 13 shows all the experimental data taken. Even though the data are more or less random, the authors used the method of least squares twice to obtain the following empirical equation: q/A = 134 pO.25 AT1.24 (52) where AT is the temperature difference between the heat-transfer surface and the liquid free surface equilibrium temperatureo The probable error is estimated at +38 or -28% of the calculated value. For a constant heat-flux density the heat-transfer coefficient can be estimated by the following: 0o20 h = ap 02(53) where C is a constant It was found that a temperature gradient existed in the bulk liquid throughout all runs. This presumably would account for the large temperature differences as compared to Lyon.695 696 The authors suggest that the geometry of ASD TR 61-594 45

104 X x 300 1 t I j ~ /I /r I'4-0' ~ 0 o 2 2 3 5 10 20 0 3 50 100 200 TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, ~F, AT= TS-T(FREE SURFACE EQUIL.TEMP) Fig. 13. Comparison of q/A vs. AT with Lyon's695,696 data for boiling NaK (Madsen and Bonilla706). ASD TR 61-594 46

Lyon's heater in a larger vessel may promote strong natural-convection currents, thus reducing temperature gradients in the pool. It was noticed during the investigation that the temperature on the boiling plate near the surface fluctuated randomly, the amplitude of fluctuation changing slightly with different heat-flux densities. Moreover, it was observed that liquid-bulk temperatures and pressures fluctuated, but they were not as significant as the surface-temperature fluctuation. Finally, at low heat-flux densities distinct "bumps" were heard followed by a pronounced temperature drop. TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIMES Two-phase (gas-liquid) flow patterns have been studied by a number of investigators, most of whom have used visual means of observation. A recent literature survey on this subject is given by John H. Vohr,1116 who presents a total reference list of 35 itemso Gas-liquid flows appear in a complex variety of forms, and visual observances have produced a wide variety of terminology. Vohr points out, however, that observers seem to agree as to the basic types of flow patterns that occur, although they differ in classifying subdivisions of the basic patterns. Flow regimes are usually studied in horizontal or vertical flow. The principal difference between these two situations arises when gravity forces cannot be neglected with respect to dynamic forces. The basic horizontal flow patterns are:lll6 (1) Bubble flow, in which gas bubbles flow along with the liquid; (2) Plug flow, in which the gas bubbles coalesce to form long gas plugs; (3) Stratified flow, in which the gas flows in a continuous stream above a smooth gas-liquid interface; (4) Wavy flow, which is stratified flow with a wavy interface; (5) Slug flow, in which periodic slugs of liquid rapidly travel the length of the duct, leading to pulsating gas-liquid flow; (6) Annular flow, in which liquid flows in an annulus adjacent to the walls of the duct and the gas f lows as a central core; (7) Spray flow, in which the liquid flows as a spray carried by the gas stream. The following table summarizes and compares the parameters some investigators used in correlating horizontal flow patterns. An obvious consistency in the tabulation is that all authors reported no information concerning the dependence of flow regime upon fluid physical properties. ASD TR 61-594 47

TABLE V SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF PARAMETERS USED IN CORRELATING HORIZONTAL FLOW PATTERNS Investigators Parameters Plotted Alves25 Superficial gas velocity vs. superficial liquid velocity Bergelin and Gazley93 Water rate vs. air rate, both in lb/hr White and Huntington1154 Liquid mass velocity vs. gas mass velocity, both in lb/hr ft2 Johnson and Abou-Sabe536 Water rate vs. air rate, both in lb/hr Krasiakova599 Water velocity vs. air velocity Richardson921 Water wt. flow vs. air wto flow, both in lb/hr 596 Kosterin studied air-water flow patterns in tubes of various diameters, and he presented his findings in a separate plot for each tube. His plots give some indication of the effect of pipe diameter on two-phase flow pattern. Kosterin stated that the transition from divided (stratified or wavy) flow to plug flow should depend on the Froude number, u2/gD, and that the strong dispersion of gas should depend on the Weber number, Lpu2/agc, where L is a characteristic length associated with bubble size. 54 Baker54 proposed a correlation in which the parameters attempted to account for the effect of fluid physical properties on flow regime. His coordinates were G/XB and LBtB/G where G and L are gas and liquid mass velocities and kB and 4r are given by x<B =K ( 62 (54).075/ 26_.3J - 73u __ (55) a- P Baker's plot is shown in Fig. 14. The plot was developed from data on air-water systems, and the extension of the parameters XB and 4B for correlating two-phase flow regimes in other systems needs verification. It should be questioned whether all regime transitions depend in the same manner on the same fluid properties. If different transitions depend on differASD TR 61-594 48

10 5 CD -t' 1- - __ IDispersed Flow / Annulor Flow | | | I | Bubble or Froth m 1 l Stratifiedi9 10 Plug 2- ----- - 0.1 2 46 8 1 1 100 1,000 10 L XB 4B G Fig. 14. Flow pattern correlation proposed by Baker.54

ent sets of physical properties, each transition might have to be correlated separatelyo Clearly, information on the relationship between fluid physical properties and stability of particular flow patterns should be important in gaining understanding of mechanics of two-phase flow regimes. The flow-pattern plots given by various authors are dissimilar in appearance, and thus are difficult to compare quantitatively. Vohr compared the correlations of several observers by constructing a table, Fig. 15, in which the flow regimes were taken for a constant liquid velocity of 0.5 ft/sec with gas velocities ranging from 1 to 100 ft/sec. Among those who studied vertical two-phase flow regimes were Govier, Radford, and Dunn395 Kosterin,596 Dengler,255 and Kozlov.598 Kosterin and Kozlov plotted vertical flow regimes using delivered volumetric gas content (Cvd) and mean mixture velocity (Vm)o Kozlov also presented mathematical expressions for regime transition boundaries based on Cvd and the Froude number (NF or Fr). The basic vertical flow regimes are:1116 (1) Bubble flow, defined as for horizontal flow; (2) Piston flow, in which gas flows up in periodic bullet-shaped slugs; (3) A region between piston flow and fully developed annular flow in which flow is agitated and complex. Some of the terms for this range are dispersed-plug flow, emulsion flow, turbulent flow, semi-annular flow; (4) Annular flow, defined as for horizontal flow; (5) Spray flow, defined as for horizontal flow. Some studies have been made of flow patterns in natural-circulation boiling, and the results are quite similar to those for nonboiling, vertical, twophase flow. Apparently no studies have been made on forced-circulation boiling flow regimes, but these regimes are expected to differ widely from those in nonboiling two-phase flow due to induced agitation and rapid generation of vapor at fluid boundaries. Vohr is commencing a visual and photographic study of flow regimes in forced-circulation boiling. Wallis and Griffith 3 studied gas and liquid distributions in a two-phase boiling analogy. Their results indicate that flow patterns may be most strongly affected by bubble-formation rate, and that nonboiling and natural-circulation boiling patterns do not apply. No flow regime studies have been reported for two-phase flow in metallic systems. ASD TR 61-594 50

3.0 9.2 32.5 ALVES (23) -PLUG + SLUG WAVY ANNULAR \J1 1.48 3.08 18.3 STRATi PLUG + SLUG ANNULAR BAKER (47) k_ IFIED 17-0 SLUG ANNULAR BERGELIN a GAZLEY (84) 7.2 36.0 STRATIFIED WAVY A STRATIFIED SLUGGISH ANNULAR JOHNSOS ON ar A BOU -SA BE (485) 3.1 15.8 27.6 KOSTERIN () QUIET PLUG QUIET PLUG WITH FROTH g ANNULAR KOSTERIN (539)FRT-PU FROT H + PLUG ~ 4.75 21.3 KRASIAKOVA (541) BUBBLES > 500mm I SPLASHING j FILM FLOW WITH ENTRAINMENT 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 6080 SUPERFICIAL GAS VELOCITY) FT/SEC -10Fig. 15. Horizontal air-water flow pattern regimes for superficial water velocity = 0.5 ft/sec (Vohrlll6).

TWO-PHASE PRESSURE DROP The pressure drop occurring during flow of a boiling mixture includes, in addition to the frictional loss, a loss resulting from the rate of increase of momentum of the mixture as it flows through the tube and vaporizes. Such momentum pressure drops are often quite significant, and in order to predict them one needs to know true gas velocity which in turn demands knowledge of vapor volume fractiono Homogeneous flow should not be assumed. The first significant two-phase pressure drop study in the United States was made by Boelter and Kepner116 around 1939. In 1944 Martinelli and coworkers721 proposed a method for predicting horizontal, isothermal, two-phase pressure dropo The Martinelli method assumes that the frictional pressure loss is the same for each phase and is equivalent to the static pressure drop, ioeo, momentum and head losses are neglected. The method proposes a two-phase flow modulus X. a function of fluid properties, which is used to correlate parameters 0. 02 = (AP/AL)TPF (56) (AP/AL)g 02 = (AP/AL)TPF () ~ (AP/AL), where (AP/AL)TPF = two-phase frictional pressure drop and (AP/AL)g(or 1) = pressure drop if gas (or liquid) phase were flowing alone in the tube. Lockhart and Martinelli670 improved the correlation in 1949 when they found that (aP/aL)2/(AP/AL)g = X gave considerable improvement in the 0 correlationso The Martinelli procedures utilize a notion of "flow type" based on whether laminar (Re < 1000) or turbulent (Re > 2000) flow would exist if the phase considered were flowing alone. Several attempts have been made to improve analytically the Martinelli method.92,657 Some investigators feel the method could be improved by considering flow-pattern effects. Friction factor models have been proposed for both horizontal and vertical two-phase flow. This concept was most recently used for horizontal flow by Bertuzzi, Tek, and Poettmannol05 The authors claim that the variables which set the flow pattern also determine pressure drop, making possible a generalized solution independent of flow patterno The development is based on a steady-state, total-energy balance, and the two-phase "f" factor is correlated against a two-phase Reynolds number function. A recent approach to the problem of vertical two-phase pipe flow was given by Ros,948 who utilized a dimensional analysis. He considered twelve independent ASD TR 61-594 52

variables which account for geometry, liquid and gas physical properties, flow properties, and interactions between phases. Ros used pressure gradient and liquid holdup as dependent variables, and he arrived at the following dimensionless groups:* Diameter influence number Nd = d \p-g/a Relative roughness e/D Pipe inclination Gas-liquid density ratio Np = Pg/Pi Liquid viscosity-influence number N4 = u~ Vg/pla3 Gas viscosity-influence number Ng = g g Liquid velocity-influence number N = Vs1 Pp /g Gas-liquid velocity ratio R = Vsg/Vs Wall contact angle G Dimensionless-pressure gradient (dependent) G = (l/pig)(dP/dL) V.S and Vsg are superficial velocities. By assumptions, Ros eliminated certain groups, and his experimental work was comprised of 4000 data runs which yielded 20,000 experimental points. His correlations for frictional-pressure gradient and liquid holdup involve a rather large number of constants which are related to the dimensionless groups. The prediction of pressure drop and liquid holdup by this method gives strong consideration to three flow regimes: liquid phase continuous, gas phase continuous, and alternating phases. The method gives impressive accuracy, the standard deviation between measured and predicted values in the three regimes being 3, 10, and 8%, respectively. Ros' s treatment is most significant in that he has used dimensionless parameters involving fluid physical properties, and that predictions of pressure drop depends on nature of the flowo In 1948 Martinelli and Nelson720 proposed a procedure for calculating pressure drop during forced-circulation of boiling water. The correlation is based on few data, but it represents one of the few attempts to estimate two*Dimensionless groups given here are not to be confused with nomenclature in Appendix A.o ASD TR 61-594 53

phase pressure drop in situations where quality varies with flow length. The 0 and X values from the previous correlations,670,721 derived from air-water data, were assumed valid for boiling water. The 0's were corrected in order to have proper empirical dependence on pressure, and working charts are given which can be used (with caution) in determining frictional and momentum pressure drops for flow of boiling water. Soviet investigators have been interested in two-phase flow in boiling systems. Armand35 correlated the ratio of two-phase pressure gradient to the liquid-pressure gradient as a function of volumetric steam content. He considered the ratio of volumetric steam content to fraction of pipe cross-section occupied by steam as a parameter. Bankoff69 demonstrated the relationship between this parameter, the volume fraction, and the slip ratioo This relationship when combined with the void fraction and density ratio yields the quality which then allows prediction of pressure dropo Two-phase pressure drop data for metallic systems are not available in the literature. In an AEC reportl6 the authors derive a pressure drop equation in which they account for hydrostatic, friction, and acceleration losses. For friction losses they use the Lockhart-Martinelli-multiplier, modified for the mercury system at saturation temperatures. No data are given. Kutateladze et al.617 report the results of Lozhkin, Krol, and Gremilov, who studied two-phase mercury flow. They report that wetting has negligible effect on two-phase mercury flow systems, and they propose the following equation for pressure drop. fup2L Pv\ V = 2g d [ ( ) VIj (58) No supporting data are given. REMARKS ON TWO-PHASE METALLIC FLOW Because the literature gives no information on two-phase flow behavior of metallic media, investigators and designers are compelled to extrapolate existing correlations (derived almost exclusively from air-water and steam-water data) for problems in metal flow. The reliability of such extrapolations has yet to be established. Parameters involving physical properties will probably characterize flow regimes and also pressure-drop behavior. Ros's work in vertical two-phase flow is a clear illustration of the importance of physical properties. Experimentally, it would be desirable to approximate two-phase metallic flow by use of a more easily handled aqueous systemo The physical properties of the steam-water syst ASD TR 61-594 54

tem have been compared with those for the sodium and potassium systems on a basis of reduced temperature. For the density and viscosity of sodium vapor and water vapor, the properties are of the same order of magnitude —indeed, nearly equal-over a Tr range of 0.5 to 0.7. Liquid phase densities and viscosities also show an encouraging agreement over the same reduced temperature range. The meager amount of data for potassium also shows a favorable comparison with watersteam properties, although the applicable Tr range is not yet adequately known. Surface tensions for these three substances are of the same order of magnitude. The above-mentioned correspondence in physical properties between water and two alkali metals, although preliminary, indicates that extrapolation of water-steam pressure drop methods to sodium and potassium systems may be valid. The Martinelli-Nelson method for forced-circulation boiling pressure drop has been used for sodium calculations on a reduced-pressure basis. The results cannot be substantiated because of lack of data, but using the method on a reducedproperty basis is believed to give the best predictions currently possibleo There is disagreement in the literature as to whether a significant relationship exists between two-phase pressure drop and flow regimes. Recent investigations indicate that pressure drop depends on flow pattern, but this area needs further work. Data definitely are needed for metallic systems. Two-phase flow data are sparse for forced-cL ~ulation boiling, and none is available presently for metallic systems. Work is being conducted in this area at the Argonne National Laboratory. Lunde691 cites an instance where pressuredrop data provided the best basis for a quantitative estimation of heat transfer to liquids in an atomized state. Thus, the ability to accurately predict twophase flow behavior should be a decided help in designing boiling heat-exchange systems. ASD TR 61-594 55

APPENDIX A

NOMENCLATURE a Acceleration (Lt2 )* A Area (L2); parameter defined in Eq. (35) AUp Area of interface between phases CO-p (L2) B Parameter defined in Eqo (35) BL Parameter defined by Eq. (3) c, C Constant Cp Heat capacity (L2t-2- ) Cvd Volumetric gas content (dimensionless fraction) d, D Diameter (L) f Coefficient of resistance (dimensionless) f, f5 Helmholtz free energy per volume for phase Ca and, respectively (mt-2L- ) fS IHelmholtz specific free energy (L2t-2) Fr (or NF) Froude number (dimensionless) FT Total Helmholtz free energy (mL2t-2) g Acceleration of gravity (Lt 2) gc Gravitational conversion constant (32.17 ft/sec2) g4v Surface-stress tensor (mt-2L'l) G Mass flowrate (mL-2t l); dimensionless pressure gradient Gr Grashof number, L3g AT/v2 (dimensionless) h Heat-transfer coefficient (mt-2G-') *Dimensions are given in the following system: m = mass, L = length, t = time, G = temperature. ASD TR 61-594 59

hco Local convection heat-transfer coefficient based on conduction (mt-2g'1) hr Local convection heat-transfer coefficient based on radiation (mt-29-1 ) h Enthalpy (mL2t-2) -27 H Planck's constant (6.624 x 10 erg-sec) J Defined by Eq. (20) k Thermal conductivity (mLt- 3G)K Boltzmann's constant (1.38 x 10-16 erg deg'); constant defined by Eq. (11) L Length (L); liquid mass flow rate (mL-2t-1) Lo Critical height of viscous-flow section of heat source (L) m Constant defined in Eq. (9) n Constant defined in Eq. (9) NA Avogardro's number (6.023 x 1023 molecules/mole) Nu Nusselt number, hL/k (dimensionless NT Total moles of component i Ni, Moles of component i in OC and P phases, respectively p, P Pressure (mL-t -2) Ap Pressure drop (mL t ) AP/AL, dP/dL Pressure gradient and local pressure gradient, respectively (mL-2t-2) Pr Prandtl number, Cpi/k (dimensionless) q, q/A Heat-flux density (mt-3) r Radius (L) Re Reynolds number, dvp/p (dimensionless) ASD TR 61-594 60

Re* Vapor-film Reynolds number (dimensionless) T Temperature (G) AT Temperature difference (G) ATsub Temperature difference between saturated vapor and bulk liquid temperature (G) u Velocity (Lt'1) Va, VP Volume of phase a and 3, respectively (L3) Vm Mean mixture velocity (Lt-) Vsg Superficial gas velocity (Lt-1) Vs~ Superficial liquid velocity (Lt-1) X Vapor quality (fractional, dimensionless); (AP/AL)A/ (AP/AL)g y* Critical vapor film thickness (L) Thermal diffusivity, k/Cp p (L2t-1) Constant; volumetric coefficient of expansion (G'-) r Defined in Eq. (C-3) 5 Boundary-layer thickness (L) 65~v Denotes unit matrix E Emissivity, strain (dimensionless) G Contact angle (dimensionless) X Latent heat (Lt 2) I' Latent heat using arithmetic mean vapor conditions (Lt-2 ) ko Defined by Eq. (17) k~ Defined by Eq. (54) -L~ ~ ~Viscosity (mL-lt-') ASD TR 61-594 61

Ili Chemical potential of component i (L2t-2) v Kinematic viscosity (L2t-1) 3.1416 (dimensionless) p Density (mL- ) a Surface tension (mt=2) o' Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.672 x 10-5 erg cm -2deg-4sec ) T Defined by Eq. (16) Constant defined by Eq. (26); pipe inclination angle (dimensionless); Martinelli two-phase flow correlation parameter [see Eqs. (56) and (57)] X or Xtt Martinelli's two-phase flow modulus *B Defined by Eq. (55) Yc Defined by Eq. (34) Subscripts 1, 2 Denotes condition b Bulk c Critical; horizontal cylinder e Equivalent fg Changefrom; liquid to gas g Gas ~ Liquid m Mean s Saturated; solid sub subcooled v Vapor w Wall 1,2,3 v 1,2 TPF Two-phase frictional ASD TR 61-594 62

APPENDIX B

REFERENCES TO TABLE VI 1. Dunning, E. Lo, The Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium and Sodium Vapor. ANL-6246, October, 1960. 2. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 36th Ed., Chemical Rubber Publishing Company) Cleveland, Ohio, 1954. 3. Gambill, W. R., et alo, Boiling Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer, Space-Nuclear Conference, May 3-5, 1961. American Rocket Society, ORNL. 4. Lyon, R. N., Liquid Metals Handbook, Washington, D. C., AEC and Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy, 1950. 5. Bradfute, J. 0., An Evaluation of Mercury Cooled Breeder Reactors. AEC Report, ATL-A-102, October, 1959. 6. Whitman, J. J., et alo, Boiling Rubidium as a Reactor Coolant Preparation of Rubidium Metal, Physical and Thermodynamic Properties and Compatibility with Inconelo CF-55-6-49 (Pt. 1), August, 1954. 7. MacKay, D. B., et al., Powerplant Heat Cycles for Space Vehicles. MD-60-177, June 30, 1960. 8. Keenan, J. H., and F. G. Keyes, Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 19356 9. Evans, W. Ho, et al., Journal of National Bureau of Standards, 55, No. 2, 83-96, 1955. 10. Douglas, T. B., et al., The Heat Capacity of Lithium from 25 to 900~C, The Heat of Fusion and the Triple Point, Thermodynamic Properties of the Solid and Liquid. NBS-2879, October 16, 1953. 11. Perry, J. H., ed., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950. 12. Inatomi, T. H., et alo, Thermodynamic Diagram for Sodium. NAA-SR-62, July 13, 1950. 13. Shamrai, F. I., Lithium and Its Alloys. AEC-TR-3436, 1952. 14. Meisl, C. J., Thermodynamic Properties of Alkali Metal Vapors and Mercury, 2nd Revision, R 60 FPD 358-A, Flight Propulsion Div., GE Company. 15. Taylor, J. W., An Estimation of Some Unknown Surface Tensions for Metals. Metullurgia, 50, 164, 1954. ASD TR 61-594 67

APPENDIX C

SUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION OF INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS Interfaces, whether liquid-vapor, solid-liquid, or solid-vapor are inherently very difficult to reproduce~ Therefore, a major problem is encountered in the interpretation of experimental data where surface considerations are important. These difficulties often cause seemingly contradictory statements to be made concerning the effects of surface conditions on experimental results. The cause of the difficulties can be appreciated if the details of an interface are examined. The simplest type of surface is that between a liquid and its vapor. Such a surface is very nearly smooth except when examined on the scale of atomic dimensions. Its energy and state-of-stress can be characterized by a single parameter dependent only on temperature, pressure, and composition of the liquid phase. This parameter, called the "surface tension" to be defined more specifically, can be directly measured. Interfaces involving a solid phase in contact with either a liquid or a vapor are by no means as simple. The geometrical surface is, even after very careful preparation, quite rough. The finest surface finishes on solids still give peak to valley roughness of from 2 to 5 microinches. In addition the solid is in general not homogeneous; that is, it will consist of grains each having different properties and property variations in different directionso In metals the very high affinity between the solid and ever present contaminants causes some degree of surface contamination. This contamination ranges from very lightly held, physically absorbed molecules to thin oxide layers. For most metals of engineering importance, the oxygen pressure necessary to avoid some form of oxygen contamination is far lower than the best obtainable vacuum. Thus, even with carefully cleaned surfaces the interface is generally covered with an oxygen-rich layer, on top of which is found a more weakly adsorbed stratum of other polar moleculeso The energies associated with metallic interfaces are in general much larger than those found for other types of materials such as organics and aqueous base solutions. The surface tensions of liquid metals range from several hundred to several thousand dynes/cm as compared to water with about 70 dynes/cm. The higher values of interfacial energy give rise to several problems since these energies can most easily be lowered by absorbing small amounts of a variety of elements present in the environment. This lowering of energy can take place rapidly or over a long period. It is often possible to replace one contaminant layer with another. The replacement may be accomplished by dissolution (atomby-atom removal) or, in some cases by a tunneling of a liquid phase under a superficial oxide layer. The above behavior has been summarized by Bikerman and is an excellent review of the technical literature. ASD TR 61-594 71

Before discussing the specific effects of surface parameters on the boiling process, a short review of surface thermodynamics is in order. Much of the literature on boiling makes use of thermodynamic concepts used in situations where they need not apply. This is particularly the case for the so-called "contact angle." Most standard treatments of surface thermodynamics are evolved in terms of the "surface tension." Such treatments are quite adequate for liquid-vapor or liquid-liquid interfaces, but entirely inappropriate for interfaces involving solids. A rather complete discussion of this point is given by Herring.458 In the case of interfaces involving a solid there are three distinct quantities that should be differentiated. The first is the Helmholtz specific free energy. It is defined in Eq. (C-1). s FT V caf O (C-l) T where F is the total Helmholtz free energy of the system comprised of phases _ and n, and Va, V: are the volumes of the respective phases; fa, fp are the Helmholtz free energies per unit volume; and Aa-_ is the area of the interface between the two phases. The second quantity which is called, somewhat reluctantly, "surface tension" is defined in Eq. (C-2). a = f ~ ri 4 (C-2) i where li is the chemical potential of component i and r is the "surface excess" defined by Eqo (C-3)o T _ T. - N. ri - NNi (c-3) AoT_ where NT is the total number of moles of component i, and NiL, N. are respectively the moles of i in the alpha and beta phases. The third quantity is the surface-stress tensor gpv, where the individual components are forces per unit length acting at the surface and arising due to the presence of the surface. The surface stress for solids is not equal to the surface tension, as has been shown by Herring458 and Shuttlewortho995 The two quantities are related by Eqo (C-4). gv = 5V + __a (C-4) where p = 1, 2, 3; v = 1, 2, and Rev is a unit matrix. In general, an interface involving a solid will have a component of surface stress (tension or ASD TR 61-594 72

compression) acting in the plane of the surface, a shear component acting in the plane of the surface, as well as a component acting normal to the surface. This set of surface forces is illustrated in Fig. C-1. These forces vary in magnitude with direction in an individual grain, and from grain to grain across a metallic surface. For the special case of a liquid-vapor or a liquid-liquid interface, the surface stress tensor can be represented with a single tension component. The second term of Eq. (C-4) is zero, since, upon stretching, the interface extends itself not by altering the relative density of atoms in the surface, but by causing new atoms to come into the surface from the bulk liquid. In such a case the surface stress is indeed numerically equal to the surface tension as defined in Eqo (C-2), and it is quite appropriate to interchange the concepts of force per unit length and free energy per unit area. It is interesting to note that, even in this case, a is not generally equal to fS, the specific surface free energy. The two differ by the right-hand term of Eq. (C-2), which is zero only for one choice in the physical location of the dividing surface. Recent work483 has shown that the surface tension and the surface stress are functions of the elastic strain in a solid metal adjoining either a vapor or a liquid interface. When one analyzes the condition of adherence or spreading of a liquid on a polycrystalline solid the conditions on any individual grain are determined by the orientation of the crystallographic axis with respect to the surface area, the orientation of the area with respect to an external coordinate system, and the direction of all of the individual applied or induced strain components existing in the solid. Thus, the degree of macroscopic wetting of the surface is not truly indicative of the local conditions of wetting, which are much more appropriate in any discussion of nucleation. Macroscopic contact angles are customarily defined in terms of the surface tensions. Such considerations lead to the often quoted equations for contact angle. These relations presume complete thermodynamic equilibrium. In particular, surfaces involved must be capable of migrating freely under the surface forces. In most cases o is assumed to be independent of crystallographic orientationo Drops or bubbles in contact with solids virtually never come to complete equilibrium, as can be shown from the lack of balance of the vertical components of the "vectors" shown in Fig. C-1. On the other hand, the equilibrium of surface forces acting at the junction of a mobile phase boundary (e.g., vapor-liquid on solid), is mechanical in nature and does not depend on the establishment of complete thermodynamic equilibriumo Thus, conditions for the movement of the phase boundaries shown in Fig. C-1 and the local contact angle are dependent on the existing state of balance of the sum of the components of the surface-stress tensor on the solid on either side of the liquid-vapor surface. At present there is no known experimental method for measuring directly the components of the surface stress tensor. However, it is possible to measure the change of the value in these components as the crystal is strained. Thus, it is found that a solid surface has a set of elastic moduli closely analogous to the elasticity coefficients for the bulk phase but differing markedly in value. ASD TR 61-594 73

ADSORBED Cd GAS / \ u \ / as \ CRYSTAL xto " - / \ /INTERFACE POSSIBLE WETTING \ ANOTHERL \,SECTION SECTION OXIDE PHASE \4 I OXIDE >'/ SECTION SECTION A.,.~ (K/ / OI'/ Fig. C-1. Typical heat transfer surface.

Figure C-l has been drawn to indicate schematically the various types of behavior to be found when a vapor and a liquid is in contact with a solid crystalline substance such as a metal. The first feature is physical roughness. The second feature shows the possible presence of film or absorbed surface contaminanceo It should be noted that almost all metals contain second phases introduced either from impurities or in many cases as a desirable feature of the metallic structure. Such phases are often present as extremely fine particles. They are often nonmetallic in character such as oxides or sulfides, and exhibit widely different surface characteristics than the parent metallic phase. The individual grains comprising the geometric surface will, in general, present a variety of crystallographic orientations to the environment. The grain boundaries between these grains will also have varying energies due to the mismatch differences exhibited from place to place across the surface. Surface damage in the form of deep recesses such as shown in Fig. C-1 are also common occurrences. They often contain minute particles of phases of nonmetallic character, i.e., dirt, oxide particles, etco For many considerations the features illustrated in Fig. C-l are of no practical significance. When considering processes such as the nucleation of a new phase, however, the very nature of the process demands that attention be given to the conditions that exist on a very local scale. For example, the critical size required to nucleate bubbles is of the order of 1 micron, which is in general small compared to the grain size of most metals. Thus, the degree of wetting at individual locations on the surface is far more important than the degree of wetting of the gross surface. The picture of a metallic surface that has been involved above then shows the surface conditions at any given time to be locally determined by the surface properties of the individual grains and minor phases as well as the bulk properties of the individual phases and the liquid or vapor. All these properties are, of course, functions of temperature, state-of-stress, and the usual composition variables. The effect of temperature may be particularly marked because heating of the metallic surface will in general cause changes in all the strain components in the individual grains due to thermal expansion. One must then think of the metallic surface as an aggregate of tiny areas displaying varying affinity for the liquid or the vapor, depending on the local magnitude of the components surface-stress tensor. That the various crystalline phases have different affinities for the liquid and the vapor has been demonstrated experimentally.438 Experiments at The University of Michigan651 have shown that elastic straining in the solid can also influence the macroscopic constant. The above ideas are quite consistent with the bulk of experimental findings on boiling heat transfer which indicate nucleation occurring at highly selective points with more and more additional points being activated as the temperature is raised. However, only in poorly wetting liquids will vapor trapped in surface cavities account for the nucleation phenomenon. In systems completely wetted by a liquid, such vapor would be excluded from the cavity walls by the intrusion of liquid. ASD TR 61-594 75

There is another limitation in attempting to characterize the behavior of liquid-solid systems in boiling by use of a macroscopic contact angle; namely, that for many instances no such angle exists. The relationship between the three surface tensions and the macroscopic contact is often given as in Eq. (C-5): cos = s-v a- Os (c-5) al-v However, a contact angle, G, exists only for a special range of values of the surface tensions. In the case where, s-v - a _-s -v (C-6) G is zero and complete spreading occurs over the macroscopic surface. No further information can be obtained about the relative magnitudes of the three interfacial tensions. However, it is quite possible to have two systems, the first having the left side of Eq. (C-6) only slightly larger than sav; and the second having the left-hand member much larger than o-_v. In the second case, the relative preference of the liquid for the solid as opposed to the liquid for the vapor is much larger and could hardly be expected to behave in a similar fashion with respect to nucleation and bubble growth. In fact, the lowering of os_s, that is, increasing the preference of liquid for solid might be expected to influence not only nucleation characteristics at the solid surface, but the transfer of heat across the solid surface to the liquid. The case of complete spreading of a liquid metal on a solid metal is much more common than with organic or aqueous phases on solid metals. This spreading can in general be achieved by additives or other methods that influence one or all of the surface tensions. Quite commonly an additive to the liquid phase is made which exhibits quite strong bonding tendencies for the solid. Such an additive can decrease oals without substantially affecting the other two values. In liquid metals such a procedure has distinct limitations. There is, indeed, another condition of spreading, that is, the spreading of the liquid metal along the grain boundaries of the solid metal which can result in complete deterioration or catastrophic fracture of the solid. The equilibrium condition for this spreading is that a-s, be less than twice the grain-boundary energy abb. Thus, the liquid-solid surface tension cannot be lowered without limit, without facing the consequences of complete grain-boundary penetration. Of course, such penetration is again a local affair, that is, the grain boundaries with the highest energies are those which fulfill the necessary conditions for a given liquidsolid energy. In this respect, certain heat-treatment steps can be taken in order to insure that the grain boundaries present in the solid are at relatively low energies. Metals that have undergone annealing tend to eliminate most of the high-energy grain boundaries. There are numerous examples of grain-boundary penetration by liquid metals. Among them are lithium on aluminum alloys, mercury on brasses, and bismuth on pure copper. ASD TR 61-594 76

Another distressing factor associated with fully wetted metallic surfaces is the ability of the liquid to promote catastrophic fracture of the solid at low stress levels. Such embrittlement by liquid metals has been widely studied in recent years. As an example, copper at 6500F is in air a ductile material having a fracture strength exceeding 48,000 psi. When copper at the same temperature is immersed in liquid lead which only partially wets it, the fracture strength drops to 45,000 psi. As bismuth is added to the lead, the fracture strength and ductility drop rapidly. In pure bismuth the fracture strength is approximately 7,000 psi and the ductility is substantially zero. Similar losses of strength are encountered in many other solid-liquid metal combinations. In general the greater is the wetting tendency of the liquid for the solid, the greater influence will be exerted on the fracture strength. ASD TR 61-594 77

APPENDIX D

BIBLIOGRAPHY The compilation resulted from a thorough review of the Nuclear Science Abstract, Liquid Metal Abstracts, Technical Translations, numerous literature reviews on boiling and two-phase flow, and all the prominent heat-transfer periodicals. Articles pertaining to boiling heat transfer, two-phase flow, liquid-metal heat transfer, liquid-metal circulating systems and related problems, and physical properties of liquid-metal media have been included. ASD TR 61-594 81

ARAS-ZADE, A.K. A NEW ITNSTRUMENTT FOR,MEASU RING' THE HEAT CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUJIDS A'D \VAPORS AT l-lIC:. T[:!:...VPITURUS AND PRESSURES, 1959 A.FC-TR-3796 2 ABrBOTTt M.D*, ET ALt HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR A HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR. tS THESIS Mt.I.T, 1938 ABRAMSON, H., W, CHU, ANDJ.C, COOK, STUDIES OF TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION AT HIGH THERMAL FLUX. JAN 1961 AD-260-248 4 ADAM, N. K., PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SURFACES 3RD ED. OXFORD U PRESS 1941 5 ADAMSONt G*.M. ET AL. EXAMINATION OF SODIUM, BERYLLIUM, INCONEL PUMP LOOP. NUMBER LAND 2. CF-54-9-98 SEPT 13. 1954 ADDISON,' C.C.t ET AL, LIQUID METALS. PART 1. THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID SODIUM, THE VERTICAL PLATE TECHNIQUE, J. CHEM. 50C.o AUG. i954 ADDOMS. J.H, HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH RA;TES TO WATER BOILING OUTSIDE OF CYLINDERS. PHD THESIS M.It. 1948 ADMIRE. B.W. sET AL, A GAS SHAFT SEAL FOR HNPF SODIUM PUMP. JUNE. 1958 NAA-SR-MEMO-2616 9 AFFELR,,G., CALIBRATION AND TESTING OF 2 AND'3 1/2 INCH MAGNETIC FLOWMETERS FOR HIGH-TEM:PERATURE NAK SERVICE4 MARCH 4i 1960. ORNL- 2793 i0 AGRESTA, JO, ET AL., FAST REACTOR SAFETY. NDA-2147-5 MARCH 15.1961 AKIN. GO.A HEAT TRANSFER TO SUBMERGED EVAPORATORS. THESIS M.I.T. 1942 AKINt, G.A. BOILING;:'HEAT' TRANSFER IN A NATURAL CONVECTION EVAPORATOR IND ENG CHEM 31 11939 13 AKSELRQD, L.s., ET AL, SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A BUBBLING GAS-LIQUID MIXTURE, KHiM PROM 1i 1954 14 AKSELROD- LCi$s ET AL, BUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS AT LoW GAS VELOCITIES ~HUR PRIKLAD KHIH 27. 1954 15 ALADYEVoI.To,ET AL., NEW METHODS OF STUDYING HEAT LOSS DURING BOILING OF LIQUIDS, DOKL AN SSSR 96 NO 5 775-776 1953 1,6 ALADYEV9 I. Ti', ET! AL.,, BOILING CRISIS IN TUBES, PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 17~ ALADYEV.I.T.,ET AL.. HEAT TRANSFER IN TUBES WHENUNDERHEATED WATER IS ~OILINGo DOKL AN SSSR 111 NO 3 593-595 NOWV 1956 i8 ALADYEVI.T.'Et AL., EFFECT OF THE WETTABILITY ON THE HEAT EXCHANGE bU"ING EBULLITiON, itH SUMMARY IN ENGLISH ) INZH, -FIZ. ZHUR. No'7 11-17 JULY 1958 ASD TR 61-594 82

19 ALAD EV9a i T ET,, t HA'r T1 T,rNSFER-. IR'i f:L",' AT "ER f " t,, TUBE S TEPLO",E.i. TI KA 4., f.0 9. S.'f 1 957 20 ALADYEV, I T., ET ALt CRITICAL HEAT FLUXES FOR. WATER FLOWING IN 1UB3ES, J NUCL ENERGY, PART B REACTOR TECH 1. NO 3, 1960 ALEKSANDROV. YAo* ET AL, THE GROWTH AND EMERGEN.C-E RATE OF BUBBLES IN A PROPANE CHAMBER* PR.IBORI I TEKH EKSPT, 6o, NOV=DECge 1960 22 ALIMOV, R.Z. HE-AT TRANSFER DURING CROSS FLOW THROUGH CYCLINDRICAL RODS BY TWO PHASE STREAM, ZHUR TEKH FIZ 26, JUNE, 1956,.1tLLENa W.Fo FLOW OF" F=LASHItNG MIXTURE OF W.ATER AND STEAM THROUGH PIPES AND VALVES%, T ASME 73* 195! 24 ALTMANo M. HEAT TRANSFER IN REACTORS COOLED BY WATER, NU CLEONICS 14, 1956 ALVES: GEEo.CO-CURRENT.-IQUID GAS FLOW IN A PIPELINE CONTACTOR, CHEM ENG PROG 50, 1954 26 AMBROSE0 ToW. LITERATURE SURVEY OF FLOW PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH TWO-PIHAS.E FL OW GE. CO, HANFORD LABS OCT 8, 1957 H W52927.7 ANDERSON. G*H., ET AL, TWO PHASE(GAS LIQUID) FLOW PHENOMENAl PART 1. PRE.:SLJRE DROP AND HOLD UP. FOR TWO PHASE FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES. CHEM ENG tC[ i2NO 2. 1960 ANDERSON, W.K. ET AL,.CALCULATION OF ATTENUATION FACTORS AND PERCENT SIGNAL CHANGE FOR X-RAY VOID DETECTION METHOD IN THE LIMITING CASE OF LOW QUALITY MtXED PHASE WATER SYSTEMS. KIAPL-MW1KA - -15 JANi 11 1960 29 ANDREEV, PoA~, KANAEV, 4.A.. AND FEDOROVICH, EMD..ZD METAL COOLANTS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS. SELECTED PARTS, MCL- 554/1+~ 1961 ANDREEV, P.A,, ET AL LIQUID METAL COOLANTS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS, JUNE 21, 1961 AD258-462 ANDREEV, P*.A, LIQUID METAL COOLANTS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS NP-TR-642 1958 ANDREVSKII, A ~ A;. HEAT TRANSFER INTO A SINGLE PIPE iN THE TRANSVERSE CURRENT OF A LIQUID WITH LOW PRANDTL NUMBER MCL-753l+12 DEC 5., 1960 33 ANDREVSKII#A*A# HEAT TRANSFER OF MOLTEN SODIUM FLOWING tRANSVERSEfLY ACROSS A SINGLE CYLINDER, ATOMNYA ENERG,7*254-6 (1959) SEPT 34 ANDREWS. RCe,9 ET AL. TEST RESULTS OF LI.QUID METAL CLOSED CYCLE COOLANT SYSTEM. MSAR TR-321.12 NOV 154 1957 35 ARMASND* AsAET A AL INVESTIGATTION OF THE RESISTANCE DURING THE MOVEMEGNT O0 STEAM- WATER MIXTURES IN A HEATER BOILER PIPE AT Hi GH PRESSURES AEhEL-LITB/TRANS 816 1 oi94? 36 ARMANDA.Ao, INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF TWO PHASE FLOW IN VERTICAL PIPESI ARTICLE IN THE BOOK ENTITLED, HYDRODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH BOILING, EDITED BY M oA STYRIKOVICH, ACAD,NAUK, SSSR., MOSCOW, 1954 AEC-TR~:44z90 A.S:: 67-5)94 8.

3!7 ARMAND,A.A.,ET.AL., INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF TWO-PHASE FLOW IN VERTICAL PIPES, IZVEST. VSESOU. TEPLOTEK. INST., NO.2, 1950 38 ARMANDO A.A. THE RESISTANCE DURING THE MOVEMENT OF A TWO PHASE SYSTEM IN HORIZONTAL PIPES. MAR, i959. AERE-TRANS"828 39 ASIJEE# J. STUDY OF HEAT REMOVAL FROM A FUEL ELEMENT OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR OF THE BOILING WATER TYPE, AEC-TR-4011 40 ASPDEN, R*L. A NEW HIGH SPEED PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO THE INVESTIGATION OF BUBBLES BURSTING AT AN AIR WATER INTERFACE, AD-40888 1954 41 ATZj R.W. PERFORMANCE OF HNPF PROTOTYPE FREE SURFACE SODIUM PUMP. JUNE, 1960, NAA-SR-4336 42 ATZ, R.W. TESTING OF HNPF FREEZE SEAL PUMP. NOV, i960. NAA-SR-4387 43 AUDETTE, R.F, BURNOUT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS AND PRELIMINARY BURNOUT PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN NAA-SR-MEMO-4469 OCT 7, 1959 44 AVERIN, E.K,ET*AL, HEAT TRANSFER IN THE BOILING OF WATER IN CONDITIONS OF FORCED CIRCULATIONi TEPLOPEREDACHA TEPLOVOE MODELIROMNIE AERE TRANS-84.7 1959 45 AVERIN, E.K., ET AL, THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY OF THE CONDITIONS OF HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE BOILING OF WATER. 1955. AERE'TRANS;682 4&6 AVERIN, E.K. THE EFFECT OF THE MATERIAL AND THE MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF THE SURFACE ON THE HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE BOILING OF WATER. AE RE-L IB/ TRANS-562 195-4 47 AVERY, G. EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE BOILING OF MERCURY. MS THESIS IN CHEM ENG 1960 COLUMBIA UNIV 48 AZER, N. Z., ET AL., TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID METALS- FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW WITH CONSTANT WALL TEMPERATURE INT J OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ~ NO 2 SEPT 1961 49 AZER, N.Z,, ET ALs A MECHANISM OF TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID METALS INTERN J. HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 1 AUG. 1960 50 BAGDANOV, V.V, INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT ON THE RATE OF MOTION OF THE WATER CURRENT ON THE HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON BOILING WATER IN AN INCLINED TUBE. 19'55 AERE-LIB/TRANS-596 BAILEY, D.-L.R,t ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO MERCURY, NP=4010 JULY, 1952 BAILEY, R.V. HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID METALS IN CONCENTRIC ANNULI, ORNL-521 JUNE 13, L950 53:AKER f, ET AL, MiEAT TfRANSLF-iR Ft L., COI.FF IC IENTS FOR REFR I GERANTS BOILING INSIDE TUBESS, REFRIG G. 61 1953 ASD TR 61-594 84

54BAKER. O DESIGN OF PIPELINES FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS FLOW OF OIL AND GAS. THE OIL AND GAS JOURNAL* JULY, 1954 55 BAKERR.S,, A LINEAR INDUCTION PUMP FOR LIQUID METALSt 1/15/60, NAASR-4388 56 BAKERi R.S. DESIGN OF AN EDDY CURRENT BRAKE FOR A SODIUM COOLED NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR, NAA"SR-2986 SEPT 15, 1958 57 BAKER, RS.S9 ET AL, DESIGN OF 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC PUMPS FOR NA"K ATOMICS I NTFiNATIONAL NAA-SR -MEMO -5106 MARCH 25s 1960 58 BAKER, RS.S9 ET AL, ELECTRiCAL HEATING MEI"1HOfDS FOR LIQUID METAL SYSTEMS. E PFf 15 I 1959 g NAA-SR-3882 5 9 BAKER, R.S., ET AL, NA-;K PUMP EVALUATION. FEB, 1960 NAA-5SR-MEMO —5004 60 BAKER ) R,* ET AL p THE DESIGN, CONSFRUCTION. AND TESTING OF A SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF BUBBLE FORMATION AT HIGH DENSITIES, KT-977 OCT 23, 1950 6I BAKER, R*S.* ET ALt WOUND ROTOR ELECTROMAGNETIC PUMP FOR NA —K JUNE, 1960 NAA SR-MEMO-5433 62 BALHOUSE, HIJ. FIRST INTERIM REPORT ON DURABILITY AND SEAT LEAKAGE ON LIQUID METAL VALVES, KAPL;585 AUC, 3, 1951 63 BANCHERO, J.Tot ET AL, STABLE FILM BC"L~lNG OF LIQUID OXYGEN OUTSIDE HORIZONTAL TUBES AND WIRES, CHEM LNG PROG SYM SER 51t NO 17, 1955 64 BANISTER. C.G. ET ALo A REPORT ON THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LIQUID METAL UTILIZATiON CONFERENCE HELD IN ABINGDONi MAY 16, 1953. AERE-X/R-1381 65 BANKOFF, SG. EBULLITION FROM SOLID SURFACES IN THE ABSENCE OF A PREXISTING GA$EOUS PHASE. HEAT TRANS AND FLUID MECH INST. STANFORD, i956 TRANS ASME 78. 1957 6:6 BANKOFF S.G.,ET.AL, BUBBLE GROWTH RATES IN HIGHLY SUBCOOLED NUCLEATE BOILING CEP 55, SYM, SER. NO. 29 1959 67 BANKOF.F So.G. ET AL, GROWTH OF BUBBLES IN A LIQUID OF INITIALLY NONUNIFORM'TEMPERATURE, PAPER S8'A-105, ASME ANNUAL MEETING* 1958 68 BANKOFFo SsG., ET ALi SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE OF BUBBLE DYNAMICS AND BOILING HEAT TRANSFER HELD AT THE'JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, JUNE i4 AND 15 1956*. JPt — MMEMO-20 1 37 69 BANKOPF S.G. A VARIAN',LI T NSITY SINGLE FLUID MODEL FOR TWO PHASE FLOW WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO STEAM WATFR FLOW.! IJ HEAT TRANSFER 82 NOV 1960 BA tKOFF, S,G. NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILING REACTOR WITH TAPERED COOLANT CHANNELS CEP 55' 5YM. SER NO. 27 113~16(!959) NSI) c ia 6i-594 85

7' BANKOFF, S*G. ON THE.MECHANISM OF SUBCOOLED NUCLEATE BOILING FEB 2* 59, JPL-MEM'O-36-8 72 BA4-KOFF, S.G. THE ENTRAPMENT OF GAS IN THE SPREADING OF A LIQUID DROP OVER A ROUGH SURFACE. AMER INST OF CHEM ENGR NATL MEETING, MAY 6-9, 1956 BANKOFF, S*G. THE PREDICTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURES AT INCIPIENT BOILING CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 55, NO 29. 1959 74 BARKER, K*R. REMOVAL OF ENTRAINED GAS FROM SODIUM SYSTEM. MINE SAFETY APPo COe TECH REPORT NO 50. JULY, 1956 75 BARTOLOME9G.G. ET AL, UTILIZATION OF GAMMA RADIATION IN THE STUDY OF THE BUBBLING P-ROCESSo AEC-TR-4206 BASHFORTH, F;, ET AL. AN ATTEMPT TO TEST THE THEORIES OF CAPILLARY ACTION. CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS 7? BATEMAN, J.B., ET AL# FORMATION AND GROWTH OF BUBBLES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CAN J REASEARCH 2,s Ei 1945 78 BAuMi V.A., ET AL,. HEAT DELIVERY OF MOLTEN METALS ( UN-639 ) JUN 30 1955 BAUMEISTER, E. CALCULATED BURNOUT HEAT FLUXES FOR SANTONAX-R NAA-SRFM0o-386~O MAY l4* 1959 BAUMIERO J.o ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER, WITH HIGH HEAT FLux DENSITY BETWEEN A WALL AND WATER WITH LOCAL BOILING AT THE WALL, CEA-846 (ItJ FRENCH JUNE,* i95g 81 BEAM. B*.H -AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THERMOELECTROSTATIC POWER GENERATION t~OR tPACE FLIGHT APPLICATIONS. i960, NASA-fN-b-336 82 BEckERS, H.L. HEAT TRANSFER IN TURBULENT TUBE FLOW, APPL SCI RES 6A, 1956 83 BEHtiNGER' P, VELOCITY OF STEAM BUBBLES IN BOILER PIPES. VbI FORSCHUNGSHEFT'65i 1934 8:4 B:ELL'S DeW. CORRELATION OF BURNOUT HEAT FLUX DATA AT 2000 PSIA NUCLEAR SCI AND ENG 1. 245 —51 (1960) MAR BENJAMIN, J. EO. ET AL., BUBBLE GROWTH iN NUCLEATE BOILING OF A BINARY MIXTURE. PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART: ASME 86 BENNETT, J.A., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFERiTO TWO PHASE GAS LIQUID SYSTEMS. PART O69W STEAM-WATER IN THE LQUID-DISPERSED REGION IN AN ANNULUS. AERE-R-3159, 1959 87 BEN'NETT. J.A.R. TWO PHASE FLOW IN GAS LIQUID SYSTEMS, A LITERATURE SURVEY UNMITED KINGDOM AT*EN.AUITH. RES GROUP AT.EN.RESEST HARWELL* BERKS5 ENGLAND. BIS AEE-CE/-2497 MARCHi 1958 ASD LT 61-594 86

88 BENTLEY, Reg, ET AL, PHYSICAL CONSTAITS OF PROPOSED COOLANTS. CP-3061 DEC 14' 1955 89 BERENSON, P. Ji, FILM-BOILTING HEAT TRASFER FROM A HORIZONTAL SURFACE J hEAT tRANSFER VOL 83 SERIES C NO 3 AUG 1961 BERENSONf P.J. TRANSITION:BOIL'ING HEAT TRANSFER FRoM A HORIZONTAL SURFACE NP-8415 Mo.I T. MARCH 1, 1960 91 BERETSKY, I. ET AL. A BOILING WATER ANALY$$IS;CODE ON ITHE IBM-650A9ABWALMNC PROGRAM NO 302, APAE-MEMO-181 MARC1H- 10 1:959 92 BERGELIN# OP. ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUID UNDER CONDITIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATJRE DIFFERENCE AND FORCED CONVECTION, LUD-FB-7 UNIV OF DELWARE JUNE 5. 1956 BERGELINo OPo. AND GAZLEY, CO-CURRENT,AS$-LIQUID FLOW. FLOW IN HORIZONTAL TUBES, HEAT TRANS AND FLUID MECH INST-, 5 18, CALIF. MEETING. ASMF 949 24. F RGl ES, A A, MEMO 8767-1, PROJ. DSR, HEAT TRANS LAB., MI.To., APR 196 95 BERMAN, L. D. PROCESSING EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON COMMON COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT AND MASS A EXCHANGE. E. TAE.. F. A L IOU. I D A..NhD A GASEOUS i VAPOR ) MEDI UM Z'Ut. PRI,..iEH...i 29. O 1 138-140 JAN 1956 BERMAN, Lo D. EFT AL., EFLFECT OF AN AIR AD"MIXTURE ON HEAT EMISSION D(URING CO>'iNDENSATION OF'MOVING STEAM. IZV VTI 21 NO 11 11-18 NOV" 1952 97 BERMAN *L.Do. ET ALoi. EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE EFFECT OF A FLOW OF SUBSTANCE ON THEi HEATi AND MASS BXCHANGE DURING CONDENSATION. TEPLOENERGETIKA 4 N'O 1 49-51 JAN 1957 98 BERNATHi- L. A TH"'EORY OF L OCAL LOILI NG B3URNOUT AND ITS APPLICATION TO EXISTING DATA. CH'-lM ENG PROG SYM S[R 56, NO 3% 1960 99 BE R N A T H` i., EXT ENS I ON OF ) F,l, U T P) I DCTIO N,,'t 39o 1958 1000 BEFNATHA L,:FORCED CONVECTIONI, LOCAL BOIEI T' - IHE' A fT T;,.S.!I:-.? I. NARROW ANNULI - CEP 55. SYMPOSIUM SER, NO. 29 19': 101. BERNATH9 L. PREDICTION OF HEAT TRANSFEUR! OU [~NCUTZ C.,,F. E,.N PU O G SY!l S, 522 NO 1 8i 1956 102 tERNATH, Lo THEORY OF BUBBLE FORMATION IN LIQUIDS, IND ENG CHEM 44, 1951 i60 ERRY.i V.J. EFFECT OF A LIQUID PHASE VELOCITY ON THE GROWTH AND COLLAPSE rOF GAS BUBBLESM 3 CHE PHYIS 2,0, JUNE, 1952 BERTANZA, L., ET AL, INFLUENCE OF IONS ON THE NUCLEATION PROCESS IN LIQUIDe LIOQUIDS UNDER POSITIVE PRESSURE IN METASTABLE THBRMODYNAMICAL EQ.UILIBRIUM (OVERHEATED LIoQUID5), NVOVO CIMENTO 1. FEB. 1955 AD TR 61-594 87

105 BERTUZZI, A.Fo. ET AL,, SIMULTANEO1US FLOW OF LIQUIDS AND GAS THROUGH H-ORIZONTAL PIPE, J PET TECHNOLOGY, JAN 1956 106 BIKERMAN, J., SURFACE CHEMISTRY, ACADEMIC PRESS. NEW YORK, 1960 107 BILLURIS, G, EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE REMOVAL OF SODIUM OXIDE FROM LIQUID SODIUM. JAN. 1960. GEAP-3328 108 BIRKHOFF, Go STABILITY OF SPHERICAL BUBBLES. QUART APP MATH 13* 1956 109 rIRKFOFF,G.,ET AL.i RISING PLANE BUBBLES, J OF RATIONAL MECH AND ANALYSIS 6 1957 110 BIRKHOFF, Go. TAYLOR INSTABILITY AND LAMINAR MIXING. U OF CAL. LOS ALMOS SCI LAB. 1955 LA-1JU2 AND LA-1927 111 BIRKHOFF, G., ET AL, SPHERICAL BUBBLE 1ROWTH. PHY5 OF FLUIDS 1, 1958 112 BLACKMEYER, ROHo RES.EARCH -ION LIQUID METALS AS POWER TRANSMISSION FLUIDS. REPORT FOR MAY 56 - MAY 57 ON HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, WADC-TR-57-294 FEEB i958 (PT. 1) 113 BLOOMFIELD, Mo, FT AL, BURBLE FORMATION, A BIBLIOGRAPHY, JUNE, 1958 NAA-SR-2551 114 nOADLF% C.oD LIQUID METALS - 2 AND NUCLEAR POWER. ATOMICS 8, MARCH, 1957 115 ROARTS, RM, ET AL, EFFECT OF WETTING ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID METALS, ORO-123 TENN UNIV, FEB, 1954 116 BOELTER, L.M.K*, ET AL,, PRESSURE DROP ACCOMPANYING TWO COMPONENT FLOW THROUGH PIPES, IEC, 31* 426 1!939 117 BOGART. N.*T., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUIDS UNDER PRESSURE. THESIS M.I.T. 1939 11i8 BOGDANOV, FoF INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CIRCULATION OF AN ORGANIC HEA"T CARRIER WITH H1.-IGH- PROILING POINT,1950 AEC T R ANS- 2 8 119 BONILLA, C.F,* ET AL. BOILING AND CONDENSING OF LIQUID METALSe FEBR 1952 NYO-3147 120 BONILLAt C.F., ET AL,. BOILING AND, CONDENSING OF LIQUID METALS, PROGRESS REPORTf NYO-3148 APR, 1952 121 80ONILLA C.F. BOILING AND CONDENSING OF LIQUID METALS, NYO-3150 OCT, 1952 122 BONILLA, C.F., ET AL. BOILING AND CONDENSING OF LIQUID METALS, NYO-3152 APR R 1-95 AS> TR 61-594 88

123 BONILLAO C.Fo, ET AL, HEAT. TRANSFER IN THE CONDENSATION OF METAL VAPORS3 MERCURY AND SODIUM UP'TO-ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, C'HEM ENG PROGR tYM SER 52, JULY 7, 1956 i24 BONILLA, C*oFo ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING STYRENE AND BUTADIENE AND THEIR MIX'TURES WITH WATER., IND ENG CHEM 40, 1948 i25 BONIL A C.* EBT AL HEAT TIRANSMISSION TO BO-.ILI-NG BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES. TRAN AM INST CHEM ENU 37, 1941 126 BONItLLAeIl,.i, POOL-BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH MERCURY~LIQUID METALS TECH. PT 1,9 CEP SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1957 ( ALSO REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE OF 1956t TID-7529, (PT,1})(P324)( ALSO NYO-7638) ) 127 BONNET, WoEt ET AL, BOILING COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFERO CHEM ENG PROG 47. t951 128 BOOTH,:7 Me BEHAVIOR OF WATER MODERATED REACTORS DURING RAPID TRANSIENTS. NtDA24 129 BORISHAKOV.: A.Go ET AL, 9..INVESTIGATION CF,THE HEAT -TRANSFER PROCESS DURING BUBBLING. ZAP. NAUCH, OD, POLITEKH, INST. NO 2 1954 3ORISHANSKIIV.-M.,9 ET AL,.~ EFFECT OF THE RAtE OF'FLOW ON THE CRItICAL DENSITY OF:HEAT FLOW DURING THE'BOILI NG; OF wWAftE, ENERGOMASHiNOSTROENiE 3 NO 2 16 FEB 1957 1't1 gORISHANSKII, VM., o ET AL t, ON THE HEAT TRANSFER AND HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE FLOW OF LIQUID METALS IN PIPES, ENERGOMASHINOSTRoENIE " NO 6 5-8 1957 132 BO-RISHANSKII, V.Me AN EQUATION GENERALIZING EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE CESSATION OF BUBBLE BOILING IN A LARGE VOLUME OF LIQUID. J TECH PHYS. 26N0 23_ 195' BORISHANSKII V:Me INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE tLIQUID OlN THE CESSATION OF FrILM IBOIL ING WnlITH- FREE CONVECTIOTl IlNt A LARGE SPACE. AECTR-3465 1953 134 BORISHANSKI I V.M. HEAT TRANSFER TO A LIQUID FREELY FLOWING OVER A SURFACE HEATED TO A TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE ROILING POINT, AEC-TR-3405 1953 135 RORISHANSKI 19 VMi ON THE PROBLEM OF CGENERALIZZING EXPERIMENTAL DATA:ON THE CESSATION OF BUBeLE?OI LIlN G: IA LGE VTLUPE F- LIOUIDS. TS,'KT1i 28. 1955 136 BORISHANSKII, V*.M. ET AL, COLL., HEAT EXCHANGE PROBLEMS ARISING UPCON CHANGING OF THE AGGREGATE STATE,OF MATTER (TIN RUSSIAN ) GOSENERGOI ZDAT.~ LENINGRAD. 1953 137 BORISHANSKII. V.M. THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE TRANSFER OF HEAT TO BOQILING WA TER AT EXCESSIVE PRESSURESo TRANS OF ENERGOMASHINOSTROYENIYE 4i NO 7, 1958 AS?2 61~594. 89

1. 3P BOSCOV, J*Lo HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING WATER UNDER PRESSURE.THESIS,A I,,T, 194t 139 ROgNJAKOVIC. F. EVAPORATION.AND LIQUID SUPERHEATING* NDA-24 TECHNISCHE MECHANICK UND THERMODYNAMIK 1s NO 10 1930, TRANSLATED BY JE. VISCARDI 140 BOSWORTH, R*Ct DEMiONSTRATION OF FILM4 AND NUCLEAR BOILING, J PROC ROY SOC NSoS WALES 80t 1946 141. BOSWORTH, RaC, HEAT TRANSFER PH-iENOMEFNAo JOHItN WILEY AND SONS. NEW YORK. 1952 142 BOWERS, RoHo MECHANISM OF BUBBLE FORMATION. J APPL CHEM 5, AUG, 1955 143 BOWRING, RoWe BURNOUT IN HIGH PRESSURE WATER.'AN APPRECIATION OF RECENT AMERICAN CORRELATIONS. AERE-R/R-2493 FEB. 1958 144 BOYD, LeRo ION CHAMBER CANl DETECT NtUCLEATE BOILING, NUCLEONICS 17, NO 3, MAR, 1959 145 BOYD. LR, fNUCLEATE BOILING DETECTION SYSTEM DESIGN DESCRIPTION kAPL-m-SSD-46 FEB 19* 1957 i46 BRADFVTE. JO. AN' EVALUATION OF MERCURy COOLED BREEDER REACTORSO AEC kEPORT ATL-A-102 OCT. 1959 147 E.+SUNAS, A. STATIC LIQUID METAL CORROSIONe ORNL-1647 MAY 11, 1954 BRAUNLICH, R*H. POOL:BOILING OF LIQUIDS AT REDUCED P:RESSURES. MS THESIS M.I.T. 1941 149 BREAZEALE, W.M., ET AL, PRELIMINARY BOILING EXPERIMENT IN THE LITR, TTI1%5065 1953 150 BREAZEALE, WoM FURTHER BOILING EXPERIMENTS IN THE LITR# AECD-3670 MARC'H 1955 151 BRESANi V.P.O ET AL.* SWIRLING FLOW IN CYCLONES AND CYLINDERS. R.PIo,1960 152 BROMBERG, Rs DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN! BOILING LIQUID SYSTEL,.952. AECU-2i69 153 BROMLEY, LO.A ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER IN CONDENSATION, IND ENG CHEM,44,1952 154 BRoMLEY L.A.O, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION FILM BOILING.. IND ENG CHEM 45. 1953 ALSO UCRL-1894 155 BROMLEY, La HEAT TRANSFER IN FILM BOILING FROM HORIZONTAL TUBE, 1947,. BC 86 156 BnROMLEY, L.A4 HEAT TRANSFER IN STABLE FILM BOILING. (HEM ENG PROGC 46. 19"50 157 BROOKS: R.D, ET AL. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF LIQU~D TAL HEAT EXCHANGERS AND STEAM GENERATORS, MECH ENG 75, MAYi 1953i KAP'LP-888 AS TR 6 1 594 90

L5 8 B3ROOKS, ROR,,OI ET ALS THE CONTROL OF MERCURY METAL IN THE CAB~ JULY, 1957 AERE-MED/R-2350 L59 3ROTHERTON, ToD,, ET AL, PROPERTIES AND HANDLING PROCEDURES FOR RUB.IDIUM AND CESIUM METALS. TRONA RES LAB, AMER POTASH AND CHEM CORP. MAR, 61 160 3RUGGEMAN, W.H., ET AL, RECLEANING SODIUM HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS, KAPL-P-1511 1956 161 BRUGGEMAN, W*H, PURITY CONTROL IN SODIUM COOLED REACTOR SYSTEMS A. Ie CCH. E. JOURNAL 2. JUN E 1956 I62 3RUSH, E.G.o ET ALt, EVALUATION OF FERRITIC SUBSTITUTES FOR THE AUSTENITIC STAItNLESS $TEELS i, RESISTANCE TO ATTACK BY SODIUM, KAPL-1103 APRfL ~22 1954 163 3RUSH<iE.G., ET AL. LOW COST MATERIALS FOR SODIUM HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS. LIQ MET TECH, PT 1, CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 53, NO 20. 1957 164 3UCH:BERG, H,: ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER. PRESSUREPDROPt AND BURNOUT STUDIES WITH AND WITHOUT SURFACE BOILING FOR DE-AERATED'AND GASSED WATER ATELEVATED PRESSURES IN A FORCED FLOW SYSTEM. 1951 HEAT TRANS AND FLUID MECH INST. STANFORD 165 3tUTENKOo Ge*Fo ET AL. A MOLTEN METALS HEAT CONDUCTIVITY CALCULATION ATOMNAYA ENERG 6, FEB. 1959 NO 2 166 CAIRNS, R*C. DISqHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR THE NO 1 SODIUM LOOP VENTURI METER AAEC)E-18 " OT, 1951 167 CALLAHAN. E*.J. ET AL, EXAMINATION OF THE NATURAL CIRCULATION STEAM GENERA TOR FROM-THE LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER TEST FACILITY AT ALPLAUS, NEW YORK. KAPL-M.-WLF-5 SEPT 12. 1953 168 CALLINAN, JIP, ET AL, SOME RADIATOR DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SPACE VEHICLES. j HEAT TRANS 8 i. AUG 1959 16~ CALVERT. So VERTICAL UPWARD -ANNULAR TWO PHASE FLOW IN SMOOTH TUBES. PHD THESIS UhNIV OF MICH 1952 176 CAMACK. W.G. A.COMPARISON OF FORSTER AND ZUBERS THEORY OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON POOL BOILING OF MERCURY BY BONILLAM ET AL. RESEARCH MEMO RM-62-20-10 1956 LACKHEED AIR. CORP. 171 ICAMACKI WG. AND. HeR. FORSTER, TEST OF A HEAT TRANSFFR CORRELATION FOR BOILING LIQUID METALSo JET PROP 27. 1957 i72 CAPPEL, H.H. RADIAL TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF SODIUM POOL BOILING HEATER ASSEMBLE NAA-SR-MENO-4914 FEB 26, 1960 173 CARBON. M.W. AND CR. MCNUTT REACTOR COOLING BY BOILING. ENG DEPT. GE COo ASD TR 61-594 91

7 4 CARL, R., ET AL, LOCAL BOILINIG OF'WAATER IN AN ANNULUS, MS THESIS M. I.T. 1948 175 CARLANDER*, R.. +ET ALo COPMPATIBILITY TESTS OF VARIOU,IJS MATERIALS IN MOLTEN SODITUM OCTq 1959. CF-57-3-126. 7.< PCAN)EP- lP T idE HI CHTi- TE-PATUIIRE cFO-rC.O I l 0`f.!.... RF IST.ANCE r F H-STLLLO N /A, N O h',' TO rI r:[:,,56LQF. 14, I 9 6 1_77 CAfNI't..I_ I A,S C, LI OUID?1ETAL SEAL FOR SODIIUI PUJIMP S-SHAFTS. OCT, 1957 NAA-SR-MFMO-2 184 178 CARTER. JC. THE EFFECT OF FILM BOILING,o ANL-4766 FEB 7, 1952 179 CASSIDY, J.F., ET AL., HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT TRANSFER TO CYLINDERS. MAY 29J 1961 AD-266-372 186 CESS,` R.D., ET AL, FILM BOILING IN A FORCED CONVECTION- BOUNDARY LAYER. FLOW. WESTINGHOUSE RESEARCH LAB. SCIENTIFIC PAPER 6-46-50-9-1-PS 1960 181 CEgSS, R D., ET AL,s SUBCOOLED FORCED-CO.NVECTION FILM BOILI NG ON A FLAT PLATE J HEAT TRANSFER VOL 83 SERIES C NO 3 AUG 1961 182 raI^ CY', i.'VA T T RA " S: "-/'. (CRITIA ONITI NI.!. S IN'' NJUCLE -.ATE BOILING OF CSU~UNCOOLED) ANDI FLOWING LIQUItDS TID-6045 1 960 183 CHANG,Y.P., AN EMPIRICAL MODIFICATION OF NUCLEATION THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION TO BOILINCG IH-tEA T TRANSFER, FEB.1961., ANL 6304 184 CHANG, Y.Po A THEORE!-TICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION AND IN BOILING. ASME TRANS 79. 1957 185 CHANG, Y*P., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER IN SATURATED BOILINGo CHtE"M rI'NC PROG SYM SEPR 56, NO 30, 1960 186 C"HAiNG, YPO Q WIAVE THI-ORY OF H-EZAT TRANSFER IN FILM BOILING.,J HEAT TRANS 81. FEBR 1-959 187 CHAUNCEY, G., HIGH-PRESSURE, HIGH-TEMP REACTOR SUITS. US PATENT 2745713;y A. 15.1956:L [! aio EFIF'eFFECT OF GAS E.NTRA I IN tPI!FNT ON TH -4E H- EAT TRANSFER CH! ARi CTE RISTICS (0-'^ERl CIJCUY UlND.Rl l.- TEURU- IJI.- LT -! 0W1 CONSDITIONS, ORO -139 JU!E, 1955 ~C! rI t C;TR,Y,IVISION ANNUJ,I TR:SS r'IPOr T IFOR P-.r IOD ENIDING JUNE 20, 1Tf. OR N1L - 2 5 84 CHEMI STRY DI lr SI sONl SFCT I ON C-l 3. S/.M1ARV!RPORT FOR A R, MAY, JIUNE, i 9 L LA -, 4L_232 (... ) C H EN, M,M. AN ANA1f L YT I CAL, STUD Y OF LAM I!R 0,, L,! C OQNDENS7ATI ON 1 PAriRT 1 I-FL tAT PL'ATES PART 2 -. r E Si.NL. AND ULT SIPL, F~ ~ORIZON.TAL TU;DS J H- EAT T R AN;,ES 833 EB F 19g61 ASD iTR 6P-594C 92

i92 L'HERNOBYL$KII I.*I.. ET AL. AN INVESTIrATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER TO BOiLING WAtER FLOW:ING THROUGH NARROW ANNULAR OPENINGS IN THE PRESENCE OF MODERATE HEAT FLUXES. IZV, KIYEVSK. POLITEKHN IN-TA. 17. 1956 93 CHERNQBYLSKIIi I.I*,ET AL,* DETERMINATION 6F HEAT EMISSION COEFFICIENTS iN tHE BOILING OF BINARY MIXTURES, KHIM PROM No 6. SEPT 1957 194 CHERNOBYLSKII. I I,: ET AL. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATITONOF tHE COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING LARGE VOLUMES. OF FREON-124 kHOL tEKH 32 NO 3 48-51 1955 195 CHERINOBYLSKI;I I.I.* ET AL' INVES:TIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING WATER IN AN ANNULAR!SPACE AT MODERATE THERMAL FLOWS8 IZVEST KIEV POLITEKH INST 17i i956 19iS CHfIRKkI,i V*5. i ET ALo CRITICAL POINT IN HEAT REMOVAL FROM BOILING WATER FLOWING THROUGH AN ANNULAR GAP. J TECH PHYS 260 NO 7i 1957 197 CHOil H* Yi TUFT UNIVERSITY MECHANICAL ENG REPT NO 60-2. MAY 1960 i98 CICCHITTI. A.. ET AL# CRITICAL SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON BUNOUT STUDIES WITH WET STEAM ENERGIA NUCLEARE (MILAN) 6, 637-60 (1959)OCT 199 CI:CHELLI MMT, ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER OF LIQUIDS BOILING UNDER PRESSURE TRANS AM INST CHEM ENGRS 41. 1945 CLARKf H.*B., ET.AL, ACTI'VE SITES FOR NUCLEATE BOILING CEP A55 SYM. SERk,lN6 291O310 O1t 959) CLARKi JA*,, ET AL, LOCAL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER AT LOW REYNOLDS N UMBERS AND HIGH PRESSURE. T ASME 76, MAY'1954 CLARK. JA, HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER WITH SURFACE BOILING.6i DS THESIS Miqt.T t1953 26 CLARKE J.A:4 THE THERMODYNAMICS OF BUBBLES. NP'6186 JAN. 19:56 CLAUSEN, I.M TRANSIENT AND STEADY STATE TEMPERATURES IN A LIQUID METAL COOLING SYSTEM, KAPL-MIMIC-1 DEC. 1952 265 COHENi P.D. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR CONDENSATION OF LIQUID METAL VAPORS INSIDE THE VERTICAL TUBE. MS THESIS. OREGON STATE COLLEGEG. 1959 COHENP.. T'AL THE'E EFFECT OF DISSOLVED GASES ON THE BUBBLE POINT OF H20 WAPD-RM74 FEg4 1956 207 "OHEN` SO MEASUREMENT OF THE,DENSITY OF LIQUID RUBIDIUMl NUCLEAR $Ci AND ENh 2 JULY. 57 208 *OHNJN.D4 HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MERCURY h AASRMEMO-4+666 N6V 18. i959 eOLBUR:N APr9 ET AL. EFFECT OF LOCAL BOILING AND AIR ENTRAINMENT ON TEIPERATURES OF LIQUID-COOLED CYLINDERS. 1948 NACA-TN-1498 bSD ~R 6Y-594 93

210 COLE, R. A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF POOL BOILING IN THE REGION OF THE CRIT'IPCAL HEAT FLUX.~ AICHE JOURNAL 6, DECi, 1960 21. COLLIER, J.G., BURNOUT IN LIUID -— COOLED REACTORS-1. N^ULCL P'OWE1-.R 6 NO.62 JUNE 1961 212 COLLiERJ.G.e ET AL., HEAT TRANSFER TO HIGH PRESSURE SUPERHEATED STEAM I NAN ANNULUSi PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 21 5, COLLIER, J.G. A REVIEW OF TWO PHASE HEAT TRANSFER. AERE-CE/R-2496 MAY, 1958 214 COLVER, C*.P MEASUREMENTS OF THE TEMPERATURE PROFILES ADJACENT TO THE SURFACE DURING THE NUCLEATE BOILINn OF WATER AND METHANOL. MS THESIS UNIV OF KANSAS. 1960. ALSO PROGRESS REPORT, UNIV OF KANSAS, 1960 215 CONTROL AND DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF A SODIUM COOLED REACTOR POWER SYSTEM, ALCO PRODUCTS, INC. SCHENECTADY, NY. 1960 216 COOK, W.H. BOILING DENSITY IN VERTICAL RECTANGULAR MULTICHANNEL SECTIONS WITH NATURAL CURCULATION, ANL-5621 1956 217 COOKi WJ.H BOILING DENSITY STUDIES IN MULTIPLE RECTANGULAR CHANNELS. REACTOR HEAT TRANS SYM. BNL-2466 SEPT 30, 1954 218 CORE. T.C. DETERMAINATION OF BURNOUT LIMITS OF SANTOWAX OMP AGC-1672 SEPT 15, 1959 219 CORROSIVITY, HANDLING AND TRANSFER OF MOLTEN LITHIUM, NP-6598 FEB 14, 1958 220 CORTYt C., ET AL. SURFACE VARIABLE IN NUCLEATE BOILING, CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 51, 1955 221 CORTY, C. SURFACE VARIABLES IN NUCLEATE BOILING. PHD DISS. U OF MICH 1952 222 COSTELLOC.P., ET AL., BURNOUT HIEAT FLUXES IN POOL BOILING AT HIGH ACCEL PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 223 COSTELLOC*P.o ET ALt EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION ON NUCLEATE POOL BOILING, PRESENTED AT AICHE-IMIQ JOINT MEETING. MEXICO CITY. JUNE 1980. TO BE PUBLISHED BY AICHE 224 COTTRELL W.B. A IRCRAFT NUCLEAR PROPULSI ON PROJECT tOUATERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING MAR 10 1951 ANP-60-DEL 225 COTTRELL, W.B. El' AL, SODIUM PLUMBING. A REVIEW OF THE UNCLASSIFIED RES' EARCH AND TECHNOLOGY INVOLVING SODIUM AT THE OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB ORNL-1688 AUG 14, 1953 226 CROCKER, A.R. ET AL., DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A SODIUM:TO-LITHIUM.TO.AIR HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM, APEX'-327 DECt 1954 227 CRoFTS, T. CALIBRATION OF USE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METERS IN 1 INCH SS PIPE CIRCUITS PASSING LIQUID METALS, RDB(W)/TN-221 AUGUST. 1955 ASD TR 61-594 94

iCROFTS To I.M. OPERATING. EXPERIENCE WITH NO 1 400 GPM FLAT LINEAR iNDUCTION PUMPi RDB(W)-TN-92 SEPT, 1953 C:YYDER. DS ET AL, HEAT TRANSMISSION FROM METAL SURFACES TO BOILING LOQIUIDS= EFF ECT OF TEMPERATURE OF THE LOQUID ON THE LIQUID FILM COEF:FF.CIE hT TRANS, AICHHE 33# 1937 2.6 CRYDER, DS, ET ALt HEAT TRANSMISSION FROM METAL SURFACES TO BOILING LIQUID* IND ENG CHEM 24- NO 12i 1932 CUNNINGHHAM J.E., RESISTANCE OF METALLIC MATERIALS TO CORROSION ATTACK BY HIGH TEMPERATURE LITHIUM. CF-51 -7 -135' JULY 23, 1951 232 CURTIS; R.L. SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM AND POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 100 TO 1000C# Y-B4-59 SEPT 23,1952 233 CUTLER; Ms. ET AL 9 HERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REACTOR MATERIALS. JAN. 1961 GA1-l'9 39 234 CYGANN. INITIAL TEST OF SODIUM PUMP AND INSTRUMENT LOOP, NAA-SR-MEMO-1178 DEC, 1954 235 DANA$ A,*W. ET AL, EROSION AND CORROSION STUDIES OF LIQUID METAL SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURE, FORCED CIRCULATION LIQUID LITHIUM SYSTEMS. TECHNICAL REPORI III. DC —— 525-1%9 AUG 21, 1952 236 DANAi A.W.*, ET AL FXPERTtMEN-fTAL INVES'IGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID LITHIUM AND CORROSION STUDIES OF LIQUID METAL SYSTEMS9 PROGRESS REPORT JAN 15 TO FEB 15, 1952 v DC-52-2-24, ES-582-783.,. DEC 15'* 1951 TO JAi 15*, 19:52, DC-52-1-19, ES-782-783 237 DANA6 A.W., ET AL9 INVESTIGATION OF LARGE SCALE DYNAMIC LIQUID LITHIUM CORROSION APPARATUS, TECHNICAL REPORT IVA DC-52-25-66, APRIL 30. 1952 238 DANILOVA, G. A STUDY OF THE BOILING PROCESS OF CERTAIN REFRIGERANTS. UCRL-TRANS-280 (L) 2-39 DARLING, G.Ba HEAT iRANSFER TO LIQUIDS IN INfERMII'TENT FLOW, PETROLEUM 22, 1959 246 DARRAS R.* COOLING BY LIQUID METALS, PROBLEMS OF COMPATIBILITY ENERGIE NUCLEATRE ( tN FRENCH ) 3 MAR-APR 1961 241 DATTA? R.*L. ET AL, THE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF GAS BUBBLES FORMED AT A CIRCULAR ORFICE, TRANS INST CHEM ENG (L.ONDON) 28. 1950 242 DAVIDSON, WFoi ET AL, STUDIES OF HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH BOILER TUBING AT PRESSURE FROM o00-o000 POUNDS* T ASME 65, 1943 24 DAVIs, E. HEAT TRANSFER TO PRESSURE DROP IN ANNULI I. ASME 65, 1943 244 DAVIS, EJ., ET AL,, HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP FOR HIGH QUALITY $TEAM'WATER MIXTURES FLOWING IN A HORIZONTAL RECTANGULAR DUCT,HEATED ON ONE SIDE. U OF WASHINGTON, i960 AS:D Th 61-594 95

DAVISS..M, ET AL COMPATIB13IL ITY OF -ACT') MATE F —7I A-'l. T F iOW!TNIG SODIUM A/CONF.o0 15/P/25 246 DAVIS, S.H. NUMERICAL MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS. CHEM ENG 67, AUG 8, 1960 247 DAYs R.Bf ET AL, TESTING AND EXAMINATION OF THERMAL CONVECTION LOOPS OPERATED WITH LITHIUM AND LEADs Y-F31-4 AUG 20o 1951 248 DEANS R.B- THE FORMATION OF BUBBLES, J APPL PHYS 15, 1944 249 DEBORTOLI R.A.NG DEPARTURE FROM NUCLEATE BOILING TESTS AT 2000 PSIA ON RECTANGULAR CHANNELS WITH A FLUX PEAK IN THE CORNERS WAPD-AD-TH-529 J2NE, 1959 250 DEBORTOLI, R.A., ET AL, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE FREE CONVECTION BURNOUT TESTS OCT. 1956. WAPD-TH-229 251 DEBORTOLI, R.A., ET AL, FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER BURNOUT STUDIES FOR WATER IN RECTANGULAR.CHANNELS AND ROUND TUBES AT PRESSURES ABOVE 500 PSIA, NAPD-188 OCT, 1958 252 DEBORTOLI, R*A.s ET AL, INVESTIGATION OF BURNOUT HEAT FLUX. WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DIV. ALSO TID-7529 (PT, 1) 253 DEISSLERs R.D. ANALYSIS OF FULLY DEVELOPED TUR3BULENT HEAT TRANSFER AT LOW PECLET NUMBERS IN SMOOTH TUBES WITH APPLICATION TO LIQUID METALS NACA-RM-ES2F05 AUG 11, 1952 254 DEISSLER, R.G. HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION FOR FLUIDS FLOWING OVER SURFACES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND HIGH VELOCITIES. J HEAT TRANS 81. FEB, 1959 255 DENGLERi C.:E. HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP FOR EVAPORATION OF WATER IN A VERTICAL TUBE. THESIS IN CHEM ENG. M I. T i1952 ALSO CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 52o 1956 256 DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN BOILING LIQUID SYSTEMS- INTERIM REPORT, AECU-2169 JULY, 1952 257 DERGARABEDIANI P. OBSERVATIONS ON BUBBLE GROWTHS IN VARIOUS SUPERHEATED LIQUIDS, J FLUID MECH 9, 1960 258 DEGARABEDIAN. P. THE RATE OF GROWTH OF VAPOR BUBBLES IN SUPERHEATED WATER. J APP MECH 20 1953 25 DERYUGIN, V.M., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER DURING TRANSITION FLOW OF LIQUID METALS IN PIPES INZHENER-FIZ ZHUR AKAD NAUK BELORUS SSR 2,3-18(1959) 266 tEWEES,!.B. DESIGN OF LIQUID COOLANT PUMPS, DESIGN REPORT 22463-DZ PARTS i AD 2i NiEPA-1855 APRIL 30, 1951 26 1 bI GEE, D.A.l ET AL, BURNOUT HEAT FLUX IN A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL. JAN.19s56 BMI-065 ASD TR 6ik594 96

2 6 D I KIND, i -'-T,"- iN "K N " V'if i?-'NNFr. AN", D F.UID FLOW T I D-6 035 60 263 DONALD, MB:,* Ei' AL., THE MELrWHANISM OF THE TRANSITION FROM NUCLEATE TO FILM BOILING. CHEM ENG SCI 8 i958 264 DOoDY.9 To.-C. ET A L HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR LIQUID MERCURY AND bILUTE SOLUTIONS OF sODIUM IN MERCURY IN FORCED CONVECTION, CHEM ENG P ROG S YM $ER 4 9 NO d 195'3 265 DOUGLAS* T B. ET AL# HEAT CAPACITY OF LIQUID MERCURY BETWEEN 0 AND 450C CALCULATION OF CERT A;.N THERMODYNAMIC PROPERtIES OF THE SATURATED LIQU1D AND VAPOR. J, RESEARCH NATL BUR STANDARDS 48' APR, 1951 266 DOUGLAS.~ TE.B4 ElT Ai H2 THE HEAT CAPACITy OF LITHIUM FROM 2.5 TO 900Ct THE HEAT OF FUSIO0N AND THE TRIPLE.P:OIINT THERMODYNAMIC PRO:PERTIES OF THE s6 OL D AND LIQ- i)o N5t'S2879 0CT 1 6 1953 267 DOUGLA$*- TB:, SPECIF FiC HEA TS OF LIQUIDS OF LIQU D METALS AND LIQUID SALTS. FIRST NUCLEAR ENGiN AND SC ENCE CONGRESS i I1957 268 DREW:. T.* ET ALL. BOI.UfNGt' RAN'S AM INST CH-EM EN 2'3 1-937 269 bRkOPKiN4 D0 EHT AL EFFECT OF SPIN ON? NATURAL CONVECTION IN MERCURY HEATED FROM BEL OW J APPL PLHYS O0 NO>6 1:959 D D'EK.~ R-.F.s ET AL% THE CORR:OSiON T ESTING OF ARIOUS MATERIALS IN SODIUM' 1957 W. 70 DUK Lii ER*A:E.oET4,A. C'HARACTERi S ICB OF FLOW IN F ALLING LIQUID F'LMS, CHElEiNG PROG4 48, 557 1952~ DUK:LERo*AE.: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEA, TRANSFER IN VERTICAL FALLING FILM SYStEMS ASME AICHE THIRD NATL HEAVT TRANSFER CONFERENCE AUG4 4i959 273 UN'N, PoSo~ ET; AL# STUDY' OF HEA1T TRANSFER FR:OM IA HORIZONTAL METAL SURFACE T6 Bo itLi(G LI0UID., MS THESIS M:I 5 T,:931 274 DUNNiJP NG EL THL E TH E R MOD YNAM I AND T`RANSPORT'P PROPERTIES OF SODIUM AND S:6tl' uM VAPORQ ANL'-624, 0( T 9-60 DUNuSKUS T,.B.~ ElT AL 9 TRACE ADDITIVES IN BOILING LIQUIDS~ UNIVERSITY OF I LL I NO I $...'960 276 DbURAlNT, WS'; ET AL. ROUGHENtING OF HEAs`. TRANSFER SURFACE AS A METHOD OF iNCREASING THE HEAT FLUx A BURNOliT DP. 380 JULY, j95' DUlRHAM#No. > l M It1:iUM PROCEEDING ON THE CHEMiS$RY OF SOLID SURFACES8 HELD AiT DU kE UN]'. V ADW 3520;7 MAfRCH4 26 27~ 1958

278 DURKANi F.P.o RAD IOLYTIC: GAS BUBBLES IMPROVE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN SUPOi NUCLEONICS 13, NO 5; 1955 279 DVORAK. A.' PROBLEMS OF CORRODING STRUCTURAL MATERIALS BY LIQUID METALS. JULY 11. 1961 AD-259'-250 280 DVORAK, A. THE LIQUID METAL CORROSION PROBLEMS JADERNA ENERGIE 6 (IN CZE-CH 1960. AKIMOV STATE UNIV. PRAGUE 281 DWYER, O.E., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER RATES FOR CROSSFLOW OF WATER THROUGH A TUBE BANK AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS. NOV. 1952, BNL-203 28:2 DWYER. O.E. HEAT EXCHANGE IN LMF POWER REACTOR SYSTEMS, NUCLEONICS 12. JULY, 1954 283 DZHANDAVA, S. G#.- FORMATION OF STEAM BUBBLES IN HEATING SURFACES. DOKL AKAD NAUK 6SSR 70i 1956 8s4 DZHANDAVA. Si G.9 INVESTIGATION OF THE FORMATION OF BUBBLES AND OF THE SUPERHEAT. DOK AK NAUK SSSR 73, NO 31 1i956 285 ECKERT, E.R.G,, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER. IND ENG CHEM 49* MARCHf 1957 286 ECKERT, E.RIG., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER, IEC 51- MARi 1959 2:87 ECKERT, E.R.G., ET*AL. HEAT TRANSFER IEC 52,327-39(APR. 1960) 288 EDMONSON' R.Bo. ET AL, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW SYSTEMS. AEC-AE-30 OCT - DEC. 1956 28-9 EDWARDS, D. K., HEAT TRANSFER IN LOW PRANDTL NUMBER FLOWS WITH VARIABLE THER:MAL PROPERTIES AM ROCKET SOC J 31 MAY 1961 290 EDWARDS:: D. K. THE ROLE OF INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER IN THE MEC-HANISM OF NUCLEATE BOILING. MS THESIS UNIV OF CAL ( BERKELEY 956 291 i EGENi R.i-E.s ET AL, VAPOR FORMATION AND BEHAVIOR IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER Mt-1..163 FEB 4, 1957 292 EGGLETO:N* P. BOILING AND BUBBLING, CHEM PRODUCTS 8. 1:945 29-3 EICHELBERGERtRL. RECENT INFORMATION ON MODERATOR SHEATH CORROSION IN LIQUID SODIUM. 5NL-489 NOV. 1957 294 ELDREDf VOW. INTERACTION BETWEEN SOLID AND LIQUID METALS AND ALLOYS AERE=INF/BI.B-102 1953 295 ELLION, M*E. A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER* JPLMEMO-2 -88 MARCHA 1954 ELLION, M.Es ET AL, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW SYs. TEMs AGC:1310-3 JAN - MAR, 1957 ASD TR 61-594 98

297 ELLIS, A.T. OBSERVATION.S ON CAVITATION BUBBLE COLLAPSE, AD-7615 1952 29'8 ELLIS, J*.F A DATA SHEET FOR LITHIUMs 1958* AD-212-943 299 ELROD. E.*G. ET AL. E~IROSION AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH MOLTEN LITHIUM, FINAL REPORT FOR JAN, 1 950 TO APR 304 1951i NEPA-1837 300 EL~ROD, HIG4 TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN POLYGONAL FLOW SECTIONSi DA:1 6-.7 301 ELSERiD.s HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS WITH MERCURYoAEC-TR-2016 1948 302 EMMERSONs G*.S HEAT TRANSMISSION WITH BOILINGc. NUCLEAR ENG 5 NOV. 1960 303 ENGLISH. D., ET AL. BOILING AND DENSITy STUDIES AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AERE-ED/M-20 1955 304 ENGLISH. Ds. ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF MERCURY, AERE-E/R-547 JUNE. 1950 305 ENGLISH. R*E4 ET AL, A 20000 KILOWATT NUCLEAR TURBOELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY FOR MAN-ED SPACE VEHICLES, MAR 1959. NASA-MEMO0-220-59E ESTEIN,. LF. AN OBJECTIVE STUDY OF BARRIER MATERALS FOR NA"H20 SYSTEMS kAPL-M-LFE-16 NOV 17i 1955 307 EPSTEIN. LO.F. ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER AND BURNOUT AT HIGH SUBCRITICAL P'RESSURES, BMI-1116 JULY 20* 1956 308 EPSTEIN, L.F., ET AL. PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF MOLTEN SODIUM AS A HEAT TRANS FER FLUID. PARTS I AND II. TID-2501(DELI), KAPL-139, AND KAPL-362 JULY. 1948 - JAN, 1951 309 EPSTEIN, L.F. STATIC AND DYNAMIC CORROSION AND MASS TRANSFER IN LIQUID METAL SYSTEMS. CHEM ENG PROGR 53' SYM SER NO 20Q 1951 3i6 EREMENKO, VyN,, ET AL, WETTING THE SURFACE OF HIGH MELTING ALLOYS WITH LIQUID METALS. KIEV VYD-VO AN VKRAYINS KOYI RSRe 1958 311 EROSION AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH LIQUID METALS, PROGRESS REPORT V. APR 16 TO MAY 17, 1950. NEPA-1423 312 ERVIN, G:, LITERATURE SURVEY ON PROPERTIES OF SODIUM VAPOR, SEPT. 1959 NAA-SR-MEMO'-441 7 313 EUCKEN, A.. ENERGY AND MATERIAL EXCHANGE ON BOUNDARY SURFACES, NATURWISSESCH'AFTEN 2.5 209-218 1937 314 EURO-LA, AoT. ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE STEAM VOID FRACTION IN BOILING WATER CHANNELS. ANLt6369 JUNE. 1961 EVANS. J.W, LiQUIDS METALS. NkUCLEAR ENm 4. FEe, 1959 316 EVANS, Wk.H. ET AL. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE AL.KALI METALS. U S NAT BUREAU OF STANDARDS. JOUR OF RESEARCH 55, NO 2& 1955 AS]D TE 61-594 99

317 EVEkRSOLE. WG*i, FTi- Al., AlD) "'OiA'"iAI'l' ION OF GAS FRJUBBI.FFS IN LIQUIDS, IND ENG CHEM 33. 1941 318 EWING. C.T., ET AL, THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF THE SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY. SEPT. 1946. PB-129268 319 EWING.. C.T, ET AL, tHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUID SODIUM AND POTASSIUi J AM CHEM 74, JAN 5, 1952 326 FALETTI, D. Wo. ET ALi TWO-PHASE CRITICAL FLOW OF STEAM-WATER MIXTURES. U OF WASHINGTON# 1959 321 FANEUFF C.Eo,ET ALt, SOME ASPECTS OF SURFACE BOILING. J APPL PHYS 29. JAN 1958 322 FARBERI E.A. FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM ELECTRICALLY HEATED WIRES. J APP PHY 22S 1951 323 FA'RBERii'E-i.A: HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER BOILING UNDER PRESSURE TRANS AM SOC MECH ENG 70, 1948'24 FAsTOVSKIY, V.G.. ET AL. BOILING OF FREON-11 METHYLENE CHLORIDE AND BENZENE IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE. TEPLOENERGETIKA 5 NO 2 i 1958 325 {FEDYNSKIY, OS. THE INFLUENCE OF THE THERMO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE kEAT CAR-RIERS ON HEAT TRANSFER UNDER NATURAL CONVECTION, MAY, 1960 R TS-14:34 TECH TRANS 326 FILATKIN, V.., HEAT EXCHANGE DURING THE BOILING OF AN AMMONIA-WATE)R SOLUTIONd. KHOL EKH 34 NO 4 23>29 OCT-DEC., 1 957 32?7 F- I IUKJ.,. 1 1, z328 FIRMAN, E*C. ET AL. EXPERIENCE OBTAINED ON A LIQUID SODiI HIE/AT ATRAfISFER R I G. AERE-R/R-2'19 O AUGU.ST* 195 7 FIRSTENBERG, H.i K. GOLDMAN9 ET AL' COMPILATION OF EXPEERMNENTAL FORCED-CON VECTION QUALITY BURNOUT DATA WITH REYNOLDS NUMBERi NDA2i31-i6 330 FIRTZ. W.. ET AL. STUDY OF EVAPORATION PROCESSES BY MEANS OF CINE RECORDS OF VAPOR BUBBLES, PHYS ZEIT 37. 193g 331 FISHER, E.S4. ET AL, SILICONIZING OF METALS IN LIQUID NA-Ki 1957, TID 7526 332 FISHER, R.W.o ET AL, HIGH TEMPERATURE LOOP FOR CIRCULATING LIQUID METALS. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 53, NO 20. 1957 FLA, D, POWER REACTOR TECHNOLOGY, TECH PROG REVIEWS 2. 1959 A22 R, 6N-594 100O

334 FO.GLIA0 J.J,9 ET ALi BOILING WATER VOID DISTRIBUTION AND SLIP RATIO IN HEATED CHANNELSe MAY. 1961 BMI-1511 335 FOHRMANOMJoTHE EFFECT OF THE LIQUID VISCOSITY IN TWO PHASE, TWO COMPONENT FLOW. NOV9 1960. ANL-6256 336 FOLTZ.# H-,L' ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER RATES TO BOILING FREON 114 IN VERTICAL COPPER TUBES. C'EP 54 NO 10. OCWT4 i958 337 FOLTZ, H.*L.o ET AL9 HEAT TRANSFER RATES TO BOILING FREON 114 IN VERTICAL COPPER T.UBES CEP 55 SYM SER N029 79-86:6 1959'3~8 FOLTTZ., H.L.. ET AL. TWO PHASE FLOW RATES AND PRESSURE DROPS IN PARALLEL TUBES. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 56, NO 30, 1960 ~30 FORSTER, H:K-, ET AL. HEAT CONDUCTION IN A MOVING MEDtUM AND ITS APPLICATION TO LIQUID VAPOR SYSTEM, PRESENTED AT AI:CH'E MEETIG6 NEW ORLEANS. LOUISIANA. MAY 2, 1956 346 FORSTER, H,.K., ET AL. DYNAMICS OF -VAPOR BUBBLES AND BOILING HEAT TRANSFER A. I.CH.E JOURNAL 1i DEC. 1955 341 FORSTER, H:K,K ET AL. GROWTH OF A VAPOR BUBBLE IN A SUPERHEATED LIQUID j APPL PHYS 50 APRI 19$54 3.42 FO'RSTER H..K, O.N THE CONDUCTION OF HEAT INTO A GROWING VAPOR BUBBLE 3 APPL PHYS 25 AUG. 1 954 348 FORSTER, K. CALCULATION OF HEAT FLUX IN. SUP.ERHEATED LIQUIDS~ REPI NO 59:63 DEP OF ENGG U OF CAL IN LOS ANGELES. 95.9 344 FORSTER, K,. ET AL,, HEAT TRANSFER TO A BOILING LIQUID MECHANIS M AND CORRELATIONS: ASME J H:EAT TRANSFER 8. P 37 1959 ALSO AECU3843 O6'RS'TER K HEAT CONDUCTION IN A LI.oulD WITH EVAPORATiON ON A BOUNDARYi REP NO'9;6~4 PART ~ OF PROGRESS REPORT, DEP OF ENG. U OF CALf Li A. FORTESCUE, P. ELECrROMAGNETIC PUMPS. NUC ENG 4a JULY THRU EPT- 1959 FORTIE:R R, E, HNP~F SOtIUM SYSTEM. STAT C AND DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE AUd 4 1961 AA-RiM-5979 348 PORTIER, Ro,.E. HNPE SODIUM SYSTEM iHX FREQUENCY RESPONSE. MARCH 27, 1961 N AA4-R-s'-5 9-80 A5A4SS- AiP., ET AL,. HEAT TRANSFER MEANS, JULY %11 1961 rASS A.P FLOW.STABILITY IN HEAIT TRANSFER MATRICES UNDER BOILING COND I toNS. CFO59~ 1S. NOYV 1 1959 FNANK, Si J4 JIC.HAi AND M, NORiAi LOCAL BOILING HEAT TRA$SFER TESTSi SiG9LE TUJBE HEAT TRA3NSFER AND PRESSURE DRO-P TESTS MNOE ET185 A, Y~,; 1961~.,'.. 1.".....1

35 FRASER-: J.P.'CORRELATIONt OF FRICTION COEFFICIENT WITH SURFACE ROUGHNESS GEOMETRY, KAPL-2000-10 353 FRASER, J.P., ET AL# TURBULENT. FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER RATES IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE, KAPL-1494 FEB 28, 1956 354 FRASERt J*.P LUMPED METAL HEAT CAPACITy. KAPL-M-RES-29 JULY 16, 1956 355 FRENKELs Jo. KINETIC THEORY OF LIQUIDS, OXFORD ( ENG ) CLARENDON PRESS 194.6 356 FREN:KEL,.IA. 1.* ET AL.., BOILNG OF GAS-FILLED LIQUID. ZHUR TEKG FIZ 22 NO 9 1500-1505 SEPT 1952 357 FRIED, Lo PRESSURE DROP AND HEAT TRANSFER FOR TWO PHASE! TWO COMPONENT FLOW. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 5D, NO 9 358 FRIEDLAND. A. o3. ET AL,. HEAT TRANSFER TO MERCURY IN PARALLEL FLOW THROUGH BUNDLES OF CIRCULAR RODS PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 3 ASME 359 FROST. RRT. ET AL LIQUID METAL TECHNOLOGY. A/CONF.15/P/270 360 FROST, B.R.T. THE WETTING OF SOLIDS BY LIQUID METALS, ATOMICS'8 OCT, 1957 361 FR(JMKIN, A. PHENOMENA OF WETTING AND THE ADHESION OF BUBBLES, ACTA PHYSICOH'IM (URS-S) 9. 1938 362 FUKAI, Yo, ET AL. CALCULATIONS OF FLUX DISTRIBUTIONS IN A BOILING WATER REACTOR, NUCLEAR SCI AND ENG 6. OCT. 1959 363 GAERTNER, R.F. ET AL# NOVEL METHOD FOR DETERMINING NUCLEATE BOILING SITES CEPs55,NO 10,58-61. OCT. 1959 364 GALSON, A*sE. STEAM SLIP AND BURNOUT IN BULK SYSTEM, GEAP-1076 JUNE 5* 57 365 GAMBILL. WR. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF BOILING BURNOUT HEAT FLUXES FOR WATER IN VORTEX FLOW, CF-58-4-56 APRIL 12i 1958 366 GAMBILL*W. R, ET AL9, A STUDY OF BURNOUT HEAT FLUXES ASSOC. WITH FORCED CONVECTIONi SUBCO.OLED, AND BULK NUCLEATE BOILING OF WATER IN SOURtE-VORTEX FLOW. CF-57-10-118. 36'7 GAMBILL -W*R,. ET AL. HFIR HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES OF TURBULENT WATER "Lowo IN THI N RECTANGULAR CHANNELS. ORNL-3679 GAMBILL, W. Re, ET AL,. AN EVALUATION OF THE PRESENT STATUS OF SWIRLFPLOW HEAT TRANSFER CF-61-4-61 APR 24 1961 a69 G-AMBIL-Lt. W.R. ET A4., BOILING LIQUID-METAL HEAT TRANSFER SPACE-NUCLEAR CONFEfRENCE MAY 3-5 1961 AMERICAN ROCKET SOCIETY ORNL GAMBILLi W, R. ET AL.,.OILING BURNOUT WITH H~O(WATER) IN VORTEX FLOW CHEM ENG PROG 54 1 64-76 1958 ASD TR 61-594 102

37 GAMBILL4 Wo.R, ET AL, BURNOUT HEAT FLUXES FOR LOW-PRESSURE WATER IN NATURAL CIRCULATION DEC 20o, i960 ORNLE3026 372 GAMBI LLA IW.R HEAT TRANSFER* BURNOUT.: ANQ PRESSURE DROP FOR WATER IN SWIRL FLOW THROUGH TUBES WITH INTERNAL TWISTED TAPES, ORNL-2911& 1960 337 GARLID, K.o N#.R. AMUNDSON AND HS.$ ISBIN. A THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE T'RAN INT O-pERATtON 0A -,STAB LI rTY OF TWO'-PHASE NATURAL CIRCULATION:L ooPA ANL-6381 JUN E 1961 3o, 7t 4 GARY.: ET AL. INEXPENSIVE WAY TO CONTROL OXYGEN IN NA HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMSi. NUCLEONICS i:4, OCTi i956 375 GASSERk E.R. OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF MAGNETIC FLOW METERS ON A SODIUM COOLED REACTOR. AECU)"3853 1957 376 GEGUZIN, IA.' E.i INVESTIGATION OF CERTAIN PHYSICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING ON MtTAL SURFACES AT HIGH TEMP. I. NATURAL ROUGHNES. OF POLYCRYSTAL SURFACE. IZV AN SSSR OTD TEKH NAUk 18-I118 JAN 1956 3 77 -GELMAN 4L.i, l HEAT TRANSFER DURING DROP.CONDENSAtION OF MERCURY VAPOR. tPLOENERGE~IK A' NO 3 41756 MAR i958 378 GELPERIN iNoI,* ET AL s DEtERMINATION OF HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFIC-IENTS BETWEEN tONDENSlING, VAPORS ANt' lOUIDSi TRUDY MITKT IM M\li LOMONOSOVAo O 18-226 195 ABS 5 GILLt. Wa..Ii Et AL.'' MASS TRANSFER IN LIQUID Li AND OTHER MEDIA* SYRACUSE U 380 GIL. MOREJ F. e' THE DYNAM.ICS OF CONDENSATION AND VAPORIZAiTON, THESIS CALIF INST TECIH 19:51 381 GILMOURo C*H. NUCLEAR BOILING A CORRELATIONi CEP 54, NO io. OCT. 1958 3p.2 GLASSTONE 5b QUARTEfLY STAT..S REPORT ON LAMPRE PROGRAM FOR tHE PERIOD ENDING MAY ~oi 19660 LA 242'43: GLASSTONE. S. QUARTERLY~ STATUS REPORT ON LAMPRE PROGRAM FOR PERIOD ENDING AU 20,9 60o9 LAM-2462..84 GLEI M V. G#,' ET AL,. PHENOMENA OCCURRING AT THE PHASE BOUNDARIES OF BOtILtNG s5LUTIONS O ZHUR PRIKL KHfM "i NO I 32-37 JAN 1951 3:85 GLEIM oV* G. RATIONAL PROCESS OF BOIi'N OF SOLUTIONS AND FACTORS OF ITS DETE1RMINATION ZHUR PRIKL KHIM I2:6 1157- 1165 1i 5 386 bOOLDMANi K,i Er ALs. BURNOUT IN TURBULENT FLOW A DROPLEt DIFFUSION MODEL. PRESENTED AT THE 1960 ASME-AICHE HEAT TRANSFER CONFO BUFFALO# N.Y. 38? GOLDM~BNJ K. IMPROtED HEAT TRANSFER BY APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCES N OA2- 79 J UNE 259 1958 GOLDM~N~ K. SPECIAL HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA FOR SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS bDA~2 —31 1956 A g 11': 8jj % )4

GOLDSTEIN, MOB. AND M.E. LAPIDES. HEAT TRANSFER SOURCE FILE DATA. APEX-425 G.E. CO, ATOMIC PRODUCTS DIV, AIRCRAFT NUCLEAR PROD DEPT. SEPTf 1951 390 GOODMAN, F.L E.L FT AL- Tf-1K DS.:'iit;l I,;' l' c-(.'iTRUC':T1N05 O, r i iK — N i..fr- P FOR THE STUDY OF AN Ei..EKi"ROr- MAG(TN.Iii TC PUPliF' AN/D t-'LOWfIME-i-E ON LI i't-WIU[',i U'T'YT[-:;Tiro SEPT. 1950o AECU-3622 391 G.rOSE, E.E.t ET ALo, HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID WITH GAS INJECTION THROUGH THE BOUNDARY LAYER. U OF CALIF. PAPER PRESENTED AT AICHE MEXICO CITY MEETINGt JUNE 1960 392 GOULARD. R. LIEBMANNS HEAT TRANSFER METHOD IN AEROTHERMOCHEMISTRY. PURDUE RES FOUNDATION. RES PROJ NO 171T7. REP NO A-59-5o 1959 393 i GOUSE,5,W.DESIGN OF; A TEST SECTION FOR LOOP iBOILING HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES. NOV. 1960 NAA-SR-M5-651 3:94 GOUSE, S.We METHODS OF MEASURING VOID FRAC-IIONS. NAA-SR-MEMO-5597 SEPT 29, 1960 395 GOVIER, G.W.,ET AL.* THE UPWARDS VERTICAL FLOW OF AIR"WAtER MtXTURES. EFFECT OF AIR AND WATER RATES ON FLOW PATTERN. HOLD-UP AND PRESSURE DROP. THE CANADIAN JOURN. OF CHEM. ENG. 58-70-:O AlUG 1957 39:6 GRACHE,` N.S.O AND P.L. KIRILOV, EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM VAPOR PRESSURE IN THE 550-1280 C TEMPERATURE RANGE. AD-260-009 397 GRASS, Go. ET AL, SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER AND RESISTANCE TO FLOW OF FINNED TUBES, 1959 BISITS-1382 TECH TRANS 398 GRASSMANi Po MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN TWO FLUID PHASES. i959 ATS-68L33G TECH TRANS 2. NO 10 399 GRAY IoLo* ET AL. CONTROL OF OXYGEN IN SODIUM HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS CH'EM ENG PROG SYM SER 539 NO 2d1 1957 400 GEENI L. TABLE OF REACTOR COOLANT PROPERTIES. BNL-.61 (61-21i) 46i GREEN, S.J. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF VERTICALLY DOWNWARD FLOW ON BURNOUT FLUX,` WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DIV, NDA APRILi 1956 GREENFIELD' M.L.. ET AL. STUDIES ON DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN VOLUME HEATED BOILING SYSTEMS FINAL REPORT, AECU-2950 OCT, 1954 403 GREMILOV9 D.I, COLL.i COMBINATION POWER ENGINES AND CYCLES. (IN RUSSIAN) T UDY TSKTi BOOK -23 MASHGIZI LENINGRAD. 1952 GRESHAM. W.A., ET AL. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON TWO-PHASE (GAS-LIQUID) iLUID FLOW IN PIPES, JUNE, S955 WADC TECH REPT 55-422 ASD T 61594 104

405 GRIFFITH, Po A DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEPARTURE FROM NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT FLUX IN FORCED CONVECTION WAPD-TM-210 bECp 1959 406 GRIFFITH, P. BUBBLE GROWTH RATES IN BOILING. TRANS ASME 80i 721 1958 407 GRIFFITH, P., ET AL, THE ROLE OF SURFACE CONDITIONS IN NUCLEATE BOILING. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 56, NO 30s 1960 468 GRIFFITH, P, AND J.D. WALLISi THE ROLE OF SURFACE CONDITIONS IN NUCLEATE BOILING. PB-157-286 GR t FFITH,P., THE CORRELATION OF NUCLEATE BOILING BURNOUT DATA. NP-6446 MARC -i 19'57 416 GRIFFITH, Po THE DYNAMICS OF BUBBLES ON NUCLEATE BOILING, SCD THESIS M.I.T. JUN6E 195411 GRIMALDI i J. SPACE HANDBOOK TURBINES 8/29/60* NAA=SRiMEMO=5615 412 GRINDELL4 A.F, CORRELATION OF CAVITATION INCEPTION DATA FOR A CENTRIFIGAL PUMP OPERATING IN WATER AND IN SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY4 ORNL 2544 DEC:~ 141 1958 413 GkOHSE; El.W* ET AL, FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGIATION OF BoILING HEAT TRANSFER AN'D Two PHASE FLOW* KAPL-MH-EWG'i OCT 1i7 i958 414 GROOTHUtiS H; HEAT TRANSFER IN TWO PHASE FLOW' CHEM ENG SCI i Nd 3. 1959 415 GROSSMANN. U. MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN LIQUID AND RISING STEAM BUBBLES IN TWO PHASE MIXTURES. CHEM TECH 28* 195k 416 GROSUENOR, WM. A SURFACE TENSION EFFECT, SCIENCE 72, 1930 417 GRU:ZDEV, V. A, ET AL.; HEAT TRANSFER AND HiGH-TEMP PROPERTIES OF LIQUID ALKALI METALS, ATQM ENERGO USSR ( ENGL TRANSL ) i NO 4 ( PUBL IN J. NUCLEAR ENERGY 4 387-408 1957 418 GUERRIERIi S.A., ET ALi. A STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER TO ORGANIC LIQUIDS TN SINGLE-TUBE, NATURAL-CIRCULATIONt VERTICAL-TUBE BOILERS, HEAT TRANSFER CHEM E PROG SYM SERIES NO i8 VOL 52 1956 AICHE 419 GUNTHER, F.C, BOILING HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER AND FORCED CONVECTION. T ASME 73, NO 2e FEB, 1951 420 GUNTHfER FC.,t ET AL. PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF BUBBLE FORMATION IN, HEAT TRANS FEk TO SUBCOOLED LIQUIDS. HEAT AND FLUID MECH INST ~ BERKELEY. 1949 ALso JET PRROP LAB PROGRESS REPORT 4-120 42i GUNTHER F.C, PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SURFACE BOIL ING HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER WITH FORCED CONVECTION. J APPL PHYS. 1950'c'. 61 594 1 05

422 HAAG, FG.o MATERIAL TRANSPORT IN SODIUM SYSTEMS. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 53 NO 26i:957 423 HAGE. H.Je, ET AL, RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A HORIZONTAL, HEATED COPPER TUBE IN BOILING LIQUID HYDROGEN OR OXYGEN. NOV. 1942 NBS-A-366 424 HALBERSTADT, S., ET AL. ON THE SIZE OF GAS BUBBLES AND DROPLETS IN LIQUIDS bTMB-TRANS-108 1930 425 HALL, W*B,,ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS WITH SODIUM RDBiW)- 8054 JUNE 1959 426HALL, W;:i.o ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS WITH SODIUM AND SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY. J NUCLEAR ENERGY 1i JUNE. 1955 427 H'ALL. W*B.*, ET AL, THE USE OF SODIUM AND OF SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY AS A HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM I, ATOMICS 7, MAY, 1956 42e8 HALL,. WWB.*9 ET AL, THE USE OF SODIUM AND OF SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY AS A HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM II, ATOMICS 7, JUNE, 1956 42:9 HALLt WoB..B ET AL, THE USE OF SODIUM AND OF SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY AS A HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM I II, ATOMICS 7, AUG, 1956 430 HAMMITT. FG. LIQUID METAL CAVITATION EROSION RESEARCH INVESTIGATION. FINAL REPORT. JAN, 1960. U OF M RES INST,:...STATUS REPORT NO 1 APR 1960 431 HAMMITT, F*.G SELECTION OF LIQUID METAL PUMPS. U. OF MICH. CHEM ENG PROG 53i 1957 432 HANDLING AND USES OF THE ALKALI METALS, ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES 19, WASHINGTON, A,*CS. 1957 433 HARBOURNE, B.L. SODIUM REACFTORt COOLANT, CHEM AND PROG ENG 40, OCT, 1959 434 HARDEN. H., DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM TO CALCULATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF STEAM GENERATORS KAPL-M-NPA-22 MAR 15 1961 435 H:ARDEN. H, AN IBM DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM TO CALCULATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF STEAM GENERATORS, KAPL-M-NPA-15 JULY 7. 1960 436 HARRISON, W.Bt ET AL, WETTING EFFECTS ON BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. NP-5713 MARCH. 195.4 - MAY 313 1955 437 HARRISON, WoB, FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN THERMAL ENTRANCE REGIONS PART 34 HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID METALS, ORNL-915 JUNE 1954 43-8 hARRISON. Wo B., WETTING EFFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER. ( FINAL REPT )'PROJEcT NO A252, CONTRACT DA-01-009-ORD-444 US ARMY RES OFFICE SEPT 30 1957 439 HARRISON. W.B. HEAT TRANSFER IN MANHATTAN DtSTRICT AND ATOMIC ENERG? COMMISSION LABORATORIES. A CRITICAL SURVEY. ORNL-156 OCT 1i 1948 ASD TR 61-594 106

4:40 HARTNETTJoP. ET ALo. NUSSELT VALUES FOR ESTIMATION TURBULENT LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER IN NONCIRCULAR DUCTS.,o AI-CH'E JOURNAL 3 SEPT. 1957 441 HARVE'Y E N* 9 ET AL.. ON CAVITY FORMATION IN N WATER J APPL PHY VOL 18 19471 P 6 162 44.2 HARVEY. E.*N. ET AL9 BUBBLE FORMATiON FROM CONTACT OF SURFACES' J AM CHEM SOC 68i 1946 443: HASLAMg F. A STUDY OF THE MECHAMISM OF BOILING. PHD THESIS. LONDON 1956 444 HAWKiNS G*.As A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON BOILING HEAT TRANSFER C00.23 JUNE. 1i950 445 HAYASHI. S*, Et AL, EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE OVERSHOOT AND THE DELAY TIME OF'THE TRANSIENT BOILING* J ATOMIC ENERGY SOC JAPAN 2 DEC* 1960 446 HAYES. W*Co COMMENTS O'N THE APPLICATION OF ASME AND ASA BOILER AND PIPING CODES TO SODIUM SYS'TEMS NAA-SR 4102 SEPT 15 19'59 447 HAYESO' W6C*,ET AL_ CORROSION AND DECARBURIZATION OF THE FERfRITIC CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM STEELS IN SODIUM COOLANT SYSTEMS. NAA 4R:29783 DEC 1 1958 44.. HEAT TRANSFER. BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILED By INSTItTUT ENERGET IKI AN BSSR) MINSK; 19.60, RTS1659o TECH TRANS 5* NO 7 ~49 HECKEL- V*K4 ET AL. EMERGENCY SEAL FOR LIQUID SODIUMI NP"52:92 AUG i 1954 450 HEDGEPETH* L.M. ZERO GRAVITY BOILING AND CONDENSING, NY-ARS-1960 SEPPT 27. 30* 1960 451 H.ELLMANi S KO,) ET AL) REPORT' ON COMPLETED WORK O'N TRANSIENT BOILING WAPDV ( F'BE ) 115 APR I L 9 1959 452 HEL'LMAN~ S*K. ET AL, COMPILAT ION OF CURRENT WORK IN TRANSIENT BOILING WAPDV (F-BE -25 1958 45. HELD-LMAN*,-.Ki 4 AL. SECOND COMPILATION OF CURRENT WORK ON TRANSIENT BO LINLG W PDV FBEt ( t 59 1959 4/54 HELLMAN* $,K,, ET AL, THIRD COMPILATION OF CUR RENT WORK ON TRANSIENT BOILING5 WAPDOV i FBE' -226 1959 455 HENRY* G.4 ET AL BOIL ING HEAT TRANSFER PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT MAY 1i95s3 N-P "47 1 3..-. *,,ALSO ANOTHER REPORT NP-4.723 457 HE5NRYT G., ET AL. BOILING HEAT TRANSFER PROJECT- MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT NP-4230 ALsO REPORTS NP-4218 AND NP.4987 NOVi 1952.Xsd: 9~i.sc

458 HERRING D Co. THE USE OF CLASICAL MACROSCOPIC CONSEPTS IN SURFACE-ENERGY PROBLEM. IN TEXT STRUCTURE AND PROPRETIES OF SOLID SURFACES. GOMER AND SMITH, U OF CHICAGO PRESSf 1953 459 HERSHMAN, Ao. ET AL.* THE EFFECT OF LIQUID PROPERTIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A TURBULENT AIR STRI"AM AND A FLOCWING LIQUID FILM. U OF- ILLINOIS 1.960 46O HEWITT, GFo* ANALYSJi$ OF AS fItKS rii T' PHASE FLO'Wi APPLICATION OF THE DUKLER ANALY..'Si.S TO VFR' I'J..AL.. UPWARD FLOW IN A TUBE. JAN, 1961 PHOENIX..1 F. U OF M AERE —R3680 461 HEWITT, G.+t-F SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE FLOW OF MERCURY THROUGH A FINE CAP I LLARY DEC. 1958 AD-210-811L 462 HICKEY, JoS. H1EAT TRANSFER AT HiGH POWER DENSITIES, J1 APP L PHY S 24-. OCT 1953 463 H-I1tGUClHI I, ET AL, LIMITING CONCENTRATION OF BUBBLE FORMATION IN THE LIQU D PHASE, J CHEM SOC JAPAN PURE CHEM SECT 769 1955 464 HILDITCH. JoA.So THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PUMPING OF LIQUID METALS, ATOMICS AND NUCLEAR ENERGY 9* APR, 1958 465 HILL, PL. ALKALI METALS AREA SAFETY GUIDE. MAY, 1951 Y-81i 466 HILL, PL, ALKALI METALS AREA SAFETY GUIDE (SUPPLEMENTAL ISSUE) UNION CARBIDE NUCLEAR COMPANY, DIVTSION OF UNION CARBIDE CO. Y-811 AUGUST 15, 1951 467 HILL,. T,%L CONCERNING THE DEPENDENCE OF THE SURFACE ENERGY AND SURFACE TENSION OF SPHERICAL DROPS AND BUBBLES ON RADIUS, U'16990 1951 468 HIRONO, F,, ET AL. THEORETICAL INVEST IATION ON HEAT TRANSFER BY NUCLEATE BOILING. APP MECH REVIEW 7. 1954. 469, HIRONO, Jo,' ET AL, TIME VARIATION OF NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER, BULL JAPAN SOC MECH ANG 2~ NO 7 1959 470 HOE, I.eR.*J ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER RATES TO CROSS FLOWING MERCURY IN A STAGGERED TUBE BANK. TRANS AM SOC MECH ENG 799 MAY. 1957 BNL-2446 471 HOFFMAN. B., ET AL, THE EFFECT OF GAS ENTRAINMENT ON THE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID MERCURY. BNL 2446 DEC, 1955 472 HOFFMAN, EoE, CORROSION OF MATERIALS By LITHIUM AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES 1iOO-1900oF ORNL-2924 6Cr 27, 1960 473 HOFFMANKhi,C RJ ISLER, ET AL LIQUID METAL FUEL REACTOR FOUR INCH UTtLITY TEST LOOP-DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. JULY a4&, 1960 BNL.-6t9(IT.1 87) ASD TR 6 594 Lo08

474 HOGAN, JM., ET AL. JOINT BETTIS-KAPL NUCLEATE BOILING DETECTION EXPERIMENT, WAPD- 168 FEB 1i957 475 HOGLUND. B.M,. ET AL, TWO PHASE PRESSURE DROP IN A NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILING CHANNEL. 1960 ANL-5760 476 HOLMANd,W MATERIALS FOR LIQUID METAL SYSTEMS ASAE-26 OCT 28 1957 477 HOOKER, H.H., ET AL, A GAMMA RAY ATTENUATION METHOD FOR VOID FRACTION PETERMINATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER TEST FACILITIES ANL-5766 NOV. 1958 478 HORNING. W.A,, ETr A L.iVHEORi' OF POWER TRANSIENTS IN THE SPERT I REACTOR. RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE CORP. L*.A.* CAL 1.957 ERLL109 479: HORSLEY. G*,W MASS TRANSPORT AND CORROSION OF IRON-BASED ALLOYS IN LIQUID METALS. REACTOR TECH 1, 84-91 (1959) AUG 48s HO'RVAY# G., ET AL,. THE INTERFACE TEMPERATURE OF TWO MEDIA IN POOR THERMAL CONTACT. AIME MET SOC TRANS 218s NO 5, 927 1960 481 HSU# SOT.O ET AL iMEASURED VARIATIONS IN LOCAL SURFACE TEMPERATURES IN POOL BOILING OF: WATER Ij HEAT TRANSFER VOL. 83 SERIES C NO 3 AUG 1961 482 HUBERk D*A:. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES UTILIZED IN STUDYING THE PHENOMENA OF NUCLEATE BOILING AND BURNOUT NAA-SR-MEMO-45 5 3 OCT 22* 1959 483 HUCKEs E. E*, D. V. RAGONEt DoA. KRAAI. ET ALs. THE EFFECT OF SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID METAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE FRACTURE STRENGTH OF SOLID METALS. U OF MICHIGAN TECH REPT NO 2782-1-F, 1960 484 HUMPHREYS., J!R, SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FOR IMPURITIES IN LIQUID SODIUM SYSTEMS. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 53i NO 20. 1957 485 HUNT, Te.W, ET AL. AN INVESTIGATION OF SUBCOOLED AND QUALITY BURNOUT IN CIRCULAR CHANNELS. WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DIV. JAN 26. 1955. WAPD-LSR( IM)1 486 HURST# R.. ET AL. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY * SERIES IV TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING. NEW YORK, MCGRAW=HILL# 1956 487 HYMAN. S.C.t ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER BY NATURAL CONVECTION FROM HORIZONAL CYLINDERS TO LIQUID METALS, SECOND QUARTERLY RROGRESS REPORT FOR OCT i TO DEC 31i 1950 NYO-562 488 HYMAN9 SC.. ET ALi HEAT TRANSFER BY NATURAL CONVECTION FROM HORIZON"TAL CYLINDERS TO LIQUID MEtALS, PROGRESS REPO.RT FOR JULY i1 TO SEPTEMBER 30t 194NR-9 h O7 — 1 Srb,., S.. THIRD QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR JAN 1i TO MARCH 31i 1950. NYO-559 AD TR 61594 109

489 HYMA'N. S.C. ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER BY NATURAL CONVECTION FROM HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS TO LIQUID METALSo FINAL REPORT FOR JULY t TO JUNE S0* 1950 NYO-560 490 HYMANo S*.C. ET AL. NATURAL CONVECTION TRANSFER PROCESS, I. HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID METALS AND NON-lMETALS AT HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 49, NO 5. 1953 491 HYMAN, S.:C. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OBSERVED IN SMALL SODIUM EXCHANGERS CEP. 54, NO 104 8-1-2' 1958. OCT 492 IMAtI Y., ET ALi CORROSION OF IRON AND STEELS IN LIQUID METALS J, ATOMIC ENERGY SOC JAPAN 2t96-101(19605 IN JAPANESE 493 IMAI,' Y, ET AL, TRIAL MANUFACTURE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL NAK SYSTEM J. ATOMIC ENERGY SOC. JAPANt,2127-35 (1960)MAR (IN JAPANESEE 494 INATOMIt T*.H AND A. BENTON. THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUM VAPOR NA.As INC. DOWNEY, CAL. NAA-SR-141 OCT 8, 1951 49:5 INATOMI, T.H-* W.C.i PARRISHi THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS FOR SODIUM,. NA.ASR-62 JULY. 1:3, 1950 496 INSINGER, T;H:, ET AL. TRANSMISSION OF HEAT TO BOILING LIQUIDS. TRAN AM ItNST CHEM ENG 36' 19:40 497 tRANO:8KIiI M.N.. ET AL, A FAST METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HEAT EXCHANGE iN AP PE A/CONF 1 5/P/2475 4:9 8 IRASHTEVICH, A.A. BURNOUT HEAT FLOW DURING FORCED CONVECTION OF FLUIDS IN CHANNELS ATOMNAYA ENEIRG 8.51-4 (1960) JAN IN RUSSIAN 49"9 IRVINE, TeF. ROCKET HEAT TI'RANSFER LITERATURE. A SIX PART SURVEY J HEA7T TRANSFER 82. 1960 500 ISAKOFFo S, E. EFFECT OF AN ULTRASONIC FIELD ON BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. HE:AT TRANSFER AND FLUID MECHANICS INST STANFORD U PRESS 195:6 50i ISAKOFF. S*..E`. ET AL. HEAT AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN TURBULENT FLOW OF MERCURYI AECU-1199 1950. COLUMBIA UNIV AND BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB 562 IS8:tN H*S. CRITICAL TWO PHASE. STEAM WATER FLOW. TID-11061 NOV. 1960 503 ISBIN, HS.* ET AL. A MODEL FOR CORRELATING TWO PHASE STEAM WATER BURNOUT HEAT TRANSFER FLUXES$ J HEAT TRAN 63, MAY. 1961 ISB IN, HeSi TWO PHASE HEAT TRANSFER, TWO PHASE EBUR2NOUT, A:ECU-4305 6 AUGUST 26. 1959 iSBAIN H.S.. ET AL. TWO PHASE PRESSURE DROPS5 NOV. 1954. AECU-2994 ISBItN H.S.,. ET AL, TWO PHASE STEAM WATER CRITICAL FLOW A:ICHE JOUR. 3. NOe3 1957 ASD TR 61594 110

507 ISBIN~ HSo, ET AL. TWO-PHASE# STEAM-WATER PRESSURE DROPS, CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 55 NO 23. 1959 568 ISBIN. H*.S., ET AL. VOID FRACTIONS IN TWO PHASE FLOW, J AMER I NST CHEM ENG 5. NO 4. 1959 ISHIGAI. S*, ET AL., BOILING HEAT TRANSFER FROM A FLAT SURFACE FACING DOWNWARD. PREPRINT 1i961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 6, ISMAILOV* M.IO THE THEORY OF CONVECTIVE HEAT EXCHANGE DURING EVAPORIZATION IZO AKAD NAUK USSR. SER FIZ MATER NAUK NO 3, 1951 iVANOV- M*,E,. ET AL*$ HEAT EMISSION DURING THE BOILING OF OXYGEN AND N I TROGEN KISLOROD 11 NO 3 19-28 1-958 5i 2 IVANOVSKII, M*N.. V.I, SUB-BOTIN, AND P..A, U'SHAkOV- THE FAST METHOD FOR MEASURING THE HEAT EXCHANGE IN A PIPE. IN RUSSIAN A/CONF 15t/T2475 JACKET, H.S. BOILING PRESSURE DROP IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS, WAPD'TH-204 1956 514 JACKET, H.S., ET AL, INVESTIGATION OF BURNOUT HEAT FLUX IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS AT 2000 PSIA, AM SOC OF MECH ENGO TRANS 80. 1958 JACKSQN, C.B, LIQUID METALS HANDBOOK. SODIUM NA-K SUPPLEMENT. JULYS 1955. AEC AND DEPART OF NAVY 5 16 JAcOBI* W.M. THERMAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS NUCLEONICSI:16t NO 1ii. NOV. 1958 517 JACOB..i J.M,. ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER, A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNCLASSIFIED REPORT LITERATURE. TID-3305 MARCHi 1957 jACOBSi J.iM LIQUID METAL TECHNOLOGY. LIT, SEARCH, TtID"3544 1960 51' JACOBS9 R.T., ET AL, THE APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING BURNOUT HEAT FLUX. NUCLEAR SCI, AND ENG 8. DEC. 1960 520 JAKOB, M, CONDENSATION AND EVAPORATION, NEW CONCEPTIONS AND EXPERIMENTS Z VER DENT ING 7'6, 1932 521 JAKOB, M, HEAT TRANSF'ER, VOL 1i JOHN WILEY. NEW YORK, 1949 5Z2 JAKOB M: HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATI ON MECH ENG 58. 1936:AK-o%, M. THE INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE' ON HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATION. PROC 5TH iPT CONG APP MECH. 1938 524z JAMES. W.. ET AL. TWO-PHASE FLOW STUDIES IN HORiZONTAL PIPES WITH SPECIAL RtFERENCE TO BUBBLY MtIXTURES.i U OF MtNN.. ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAUL, LAB.. iTECH PAPER NO 2 SERiES B.o i1958 ASL TR2 6E1-594 il.1

JANSEN, Gi BEHAVIOR OF A BOILING METAL THERMOSIPHON LOOP HW-63052 DEC 1. 1959 526 JANSEN, G. BOILING OF LIQUID METAL AMAIGAMS.,(MOTION PICTURE) SEPT 4# 1959* HW-61795 JARNERi FH. SURFACE ACTIVE EFFECTS WITHIN BUBBLES, CHEM AND IND, FEB i9, 1955 528 JEFFERYi R.Wt VISUAL STUDY OF WATER FLOWING; OVER FLAT PLATE AT HIGH RATE$ OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH SURFACE BOILING. MKITi NP-4348 NOV 1. 1952 529 s.JENKINS, A*Es E'f1 AL, HEAT TRANSFFR EXPFRIMENTS WITH NA-K, RDB(W)/TN-198 MAR. 19 55 530 JENS, W,H., EFTL AL, ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER. BURNOUT- PRESSURE DROP AND DENSITY DATA FOR HIGH PRESSURE WATER, ANL-.4627 1951 JENS, WH.- BOILING HEAT TRANSFERO MECH ENG 7f6 NO 124 19 54 532 JENS-: W.H.,* ET'AL, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BOILING RESEARCHi iJ AM SOC NAVAL. ENGR 67, 19:55 533 JENS5 W*H., ET AL, TWO PHASE PRESSURE DROP AND BURNOUT USING WATER FLOWING IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR CHANNELS, ANL-4915 534 JICHA, J.J,!ET AL., NUCLEATE BOILING LITERATURE SEARCH. MNDl1062Z- 1 APRIL, 1957 535 JOHNSON.9 H.Ak,sET AL*, TRANSIENT POOL BOILING OF WATER AT ATMO PRESSURE PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 536 JOHNSON. H.A., ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP FOR TURBULENT FLOW OF AIR WATER MIXTURES IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE, T ASME 74. 1952 537 JOHNSO'N H.A.A ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO LEAD BISMUTH AND MURCURY IN LAMINAR AMD TRANSITION PIPE FLOW, AECU-2637 AUG, 1953 538 JOHNSON, H*,A ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER TO MERCURY IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW AECU-2627 JULY. 19,53 539 JOHNSON, S3O* SIMULATION OF HOT CHANNEL BOILING, WAPD-BT-8 JUNE, 1958 546 JONES9 R*.H,, ET AL. HEAT TRAN$FER AND CORROSION TESTS FOR A SODIUM'-COOLED FAST BREEDER REACTOR. BNL-2446 DEC. 1955 5,41 JOWNES0 E.A. ET AL, OVERALL HEAT FLUX VALUES FROM CONDENSING STEAM TO BOiLiNG LI-QUIDS.- CHEM ENG SCI'. 1953 JON-TZ. PiD,, ET AL, THE EFFECT OF DYNAMIC SURFACE TENSION ON NUCLEATE BO LING COEFFI:CIENTS. J AMER INST CHEM ENG 6 NO i 1960 ASD L" 61-594 112

543 JORDAN, D.P., ET AL, NUCLEATE BOILING CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC REACTOR COOLANTS. NUC SCI ENG 5, NO 6i 1959 544 kAMINSKY, S. STUDY OF NUCLEATION AND BUBBLE DYNAMICS TO EVALUATE VOID SHUT DOWN MECHANISM IN, A HETEROGENE0S$ WATER MODERATED REACTOR, KLX-1809 Vt fko EN.G CO, NEW YORK MAY 4'I954 5,45 546 KANEi D-E. HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUIDS FROM ELECTRICALLY HEATED HOLLOW R'OBS.i SM THESIS IN CHEM ENG. M.IJT i951 ~47 KARETNIKOVs IU P', INVESTI:GATION 9F HEAT TRANSFER TO THE FILM OF A BOILING FLUID. ZHUR TEKH FIZ -- 19': 91 1954 548 kARPLLUS, H.B. PRORPAGAtION Of PRESSUREWAVES IN A MIXTURE Of WATER AND St RAMO JAN, 96i AF-4:132-12 547 9 kATZi, DL ET.ALi BOILING AND OB:DENtING f.ILM It PFFt:CIENTS FOR WATER FOR'NOR.MAL HEXANE. PET REFINER 5 i i 1946 kAtz, O.L.i ET AL; BOILING, OUTSIDE FINNED TUBES. PETROL REFINER 34; 1955 551 KATZ, K, ET AL. EFFECT OF IN PILE LOCAL BOILING ON SURFACE DEPOSITION AD CORRISION. NUCLEAR SOC AND ENG 4, 673-89# 1958 Nhpo 552 KATZ, K. NUCLEATE BOILING DETECTION TECHNIQUES. WAPD-T-588 1957 553 KATZ, D.L.* NUCLEATION AND RATE OF BUBBLE GROWTH IN HOMOGENEOUS REACTOR EXPERIMENT CF-51-8-266 1951 554 KAUFMANN* AiR,* ET AL, REACTOR COOLED By BOILING METAL4 19530 TID-2010, bLAs.?F"IED KAUFMANN' A.Ro. ET AL, REACTOR COOLED BY BOILING METAL. TID-2504 DEL.) kAULAKIS: A#F,*,ET AL.. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING 1 LdUIDSi SB THESIS, M.i.T. 1938 kAsi W.M. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FIN SPACING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LOUVERED PLATE AND FIN HEAt EXCHANGE SURFACES. DEC 15. 1948 PB-157-275 558 JKAYS, W.M.i THE HEAT TRANSFER FLOW FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF-THREE COMPACT PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER SURFACES. AUG 15i 1961 PB-157-276 KAYS, W.M.l tHE BASIC HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW FRICTIO'N CHARACTERISTICS Of PLAIN-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER SURFACES. AUG 15 1961 PB-57-277 kAZAKOVA. E.A,. THE INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON tHE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST CRISIS DURING BOILING OF WATER ON A HORIZONTAL PLATE. COLLECTION OF QUESTIONSABOUT THE HEAT-EXCHANGE DURING AGGREGATE STATE CHANGE OF A SUBSTANCE * GOSENERGO IZDAT 1953 ASL TR 61-594 113

561, KA7AKOVA, Ec THE PHYSICS OF ROILING o TEKH MOL 23 NO 4 16 APR 1955 562 KAZAKOVA, EA.. TH-E'INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON THE FFIRST CRISIS IN BOILING WATER FROM A HORIZONTAL SURFACE. IN PROBLEMS OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH tHAIGE OF PHASE. GEI i MOSCOW, 1953 AEC-TR-3045 63 KEEN, R.*D HIGH TEMPERATURE LIQUID METAL CIRCULATING SYSTEM9 NAA-SR-985 AUdUST i, 1954 564 KELMAN, L.RoR ET AL, RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS TO ATTACK BY LIQUID METALS ANL-4417 JULY, 1950 565 KENDALL, WeW., ET AL* GUIDE TO ALKALI M,4ETALS HANDLING, AECU-3143 JULY 1o 1954 566 KENNISONt RoGo VORTICITY HEAT TRANSFER IN! MOLTEN METALS, AECU-2010 AUG 11s 1952 567 KEZIOS, S.P., ET AL,p BURNOUT IN CROSSED-ROD MATRICES UNDER FORCED CONVECTION FLOW OF WATERi PREPRINT i961 tNTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME KtZIOS SePo, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER FROM RODS NORMAL TO SUBCOOLED WATER FLOW FOR NONBOILING ANP SURFACE BOILING CONDITIONS UP TO AND INCLUDING BURNOUT. JAN, 1958 ANL-582 2 569 KHABAKHPASHEVA, E.Mo. ET AL9 HEAT TRANSFER TO AN NA-K ALLOY IN AN ANNULUS: ATOMNAYA FNERG 9, DEC, 1960 570 KHOLODOVSKI* G. E.i NEW METHOD FOR CO:RRELATING EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE, FLOW OF STEAM-WATER MIXTURES IN VERTICAL PIPETEPLOENERGETIKA, VOL4, NO.7o 1957, P.68-72. 571 KIFNTZiLU, CoF6 PHOTOGRAPH-IC. INVESTIGATION! OFTHE PROJECTION OF DROPLETS BY BUBBLES BURSTING AT A WATER SURFACE* AD-20215 FEB. 1954 572 KING, E.C., ET AL, GENERATION OF STEAM FROM LIQUID METAL AT HIGH HEAT FLuxES. CHEM ENG P-ROG SYM SER 519 NO 17 1955 573 KIRILLOV, PLf.ET ALS HEAT TRANSFER IN TUBES TO MERCURY AND TO A SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY. ATOMNAYA ENERG 6, APRo 19359 (IN RUSSIAN) 57L KIRILLOVt P,,,L, ET AL. THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SOME PUMPS FOR SODIUM AND SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOYS. SOVIET JOURNAL OF ATOMIC PHYSICS 7, NO 1.b DECo 1960 CO-NSULTANTS BUREAU 575 KIRILLOV -P.L., ET AL, PURIFICATION OF SODIUM FROM OX:IDES'AND METHODS OF OXIDE CONTENT CONTROL. ATOMNAYA ENERG, JANE 1960, (tN RUSS'AN)' 76 KIRILLOV~ P.L,, ET AL, DETERMINATION OF SODIUM VAPOR PRESSURE AT TEMPERATURES:FROM 880 TO 1300C, INZHENER FIZ ZHUR AKAD NAUK BELORUS SSR'i NAY, 1959 ASD TR 61-594 114

577 KIRK. D.A, THE EFFECT OF GRAVITY ON FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER. THE FEASIBILITY OF USING AN ELECTROMAGNETIC BODY FORCE. AUGUST:, 1960 WAPD TECH REPT 60-303 PART I 578 KITZESo AoS. A DISCUSSION OF LIQUID METALS AS PILE COOLANTS. ORNL-'360 AUGUST 10. 1949 579 KLOPP, W.D. REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON OXIDATION RESISTANT COATINGS FOR REFACTORY METALS. APR. 26i 1961 AD-255-278 586 KLOPP* W.D. REVIEW OF RECENt DEVELOPMENTS ON QXIDATIONsRESISTANT COATINGS FOR REFRACTORY METALS. JULY 31* 1961 AD-261-293 581 KNAPP, R.To. ET AL.o LAB INVESTIGATtONS OF THE MECHANISM OF CAVITAIONs T ASME 70 NO 5 419-435 1948 582 KNOWLESJW. HEAT TRANSFER WITH SURFACE BOILINGCANADIAN J OF RESEARCH 26a 1948 583 KNOX; W.M. PRESSURE RISE. IN A CONFINED VOLUME OF MOLTEN NA UPON ADDITION OF HEAT. KAPL-M-WMK-2 MAY 20. 1953 584 KOENIG, R*F 9 ET AL. SODIUMi A NONCORROSIVE COOLANT, AECU-1495 ALSO IN METAL PROGRESS 610 1952 585 KOERPERi. E.C# LIQUID METAL COOLANT HEAT EXCHANGER* PROGRESS FOR PERIOD ENDING JULY 15, 1950. NEPA-1491i ARL-HE-102 586 KOFRPER, E.C. LIQUID METAL COOLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS, PROGRESS FOR MONTH ENDING MARCH 152 1951h NEPA-1782. ARL-HE-110 587 KOLACH, T.Ao. ET AL.c INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN FACTORS ON THE HEAT TRANSFER FROM BOILING LIQUIDS IN TUBES~ TRUDY MOSK ENERG.. IN-TA, 24 41-63 1956 ~Z-K NO 19. 1956 63911( ABST 1 588 KORNBICULER, H.o ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING. AEG. MITT. 48. JAN, 58 589 kORNEEV, M..I. TEPLOENERGETIKA 7. NO 30. 1955 59' KORNEEV, MI. HEAT TRANSFER IN MERCURY AND MAGNESIUM AMALGAMS DURfNG BOILING UNDER CONDITIONS OF FREE CONVECTIONI TFPLOENERGETIKA 2, NO 4C 1955 hOT TRANSLATED KO.RNlE~FV, Mo I TEPLOENFRGETIKA 4i. NO 44, 1955 59?2 KORNEEV 9 M. If.INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER OF MERCURY AND MAGNESIUM,MALGAMS UNDER NATURAL CIRCULATION CONDITIONS# TEPLOEN-RGETKIK A 2 NO 7 25=29 JULY 1955..AD TR 61~594 115

59: KORNEEV,'Mil,,, ET AL9 AN INVESTIGATION OF HEAT EXCHANGE IN HORIZONTAL RPIES.,A',RRY ING A VAPOR LI-QUID IMIXTURE, TEPLOENERGETIKA 3S NO 6. TRANSLATED BY SLA 1955 594 KORNEEV9 M, tI, ET ALo,INVESTIGATION OF HEAT'EXCHANGE PHENOMENA I5 HORIZONTAL TUBES DURING FLOW OF A STEAM LIQUID MIXTURE. JUNE. 1960, RTS-1173 TECH TRAMS 595 KOROLK'OV- AoM, ON THE VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS, OCT, 1960. AEC-TR-4202 KO5TERIN9 S, I. STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF TUBE DIAtAMETER AND POSITION UPON HYDRtAUL IC RESISTANCE AND FLOW STRUCTURZE OF GAS-LI QUID PMIXTURE, IZVESTIYA AKADEM1. I NAUK SSSR, OTsNo, NO1t2. 1824-1831 USSR 1949 HENRY BRUTCHER TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. PO 30X 1579 ALTADENA, CALIF. 5 97 KOVALENKA. V.,F- AN EXPERIM1ENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VIBRATION EFFECT ON HEAT TRANSFER. IN THE;PROCESS OF BOILING IN RU S'IAN) TEPLOENERGEL! KA 2 1958 598 J KOZLOV, B,,K, FORMS OF FLOW OF GAS-LIQUID MIXTURES AND THEIR STABILITY LIMITS IN VERTICAL TUBES. ZHUR TEKH FIZ 245 INO 12. 1954 59:9 KRASIAKOVA L., tI SOME C HARATERISTCS OFRI THE FLOW OF A TWO PHASE MI XTU RE IN A -1HORIZONTAL PIPE. AERELtIB/'TRAN~-695 1952 600 KREITH7, Fo ET AL* INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH HEAT FLUX DENSITIES EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WITH WATER OF FRICTION DROP'AND FORCED CONVECTION WITH AND WITHOUT SURFACE BOILING IN TUBE.S JPL-PR-4-68 601 KREITH~ Fl, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER AT HIt'GH FLUX DEN$ITI.ES WITH AND WITHOUT SURFACE BOILING. TRANS ASME 71, NO 7, OCTt 1949 602 KREITfHi Fs, ET:AL, INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH HEAT FLUX DENS'ITiES. LITERATURE SURVEY AND EXPE-R-IME-NTAL ST'UDY IN ANNULUS. FEB 206 1.948, JPL-P4- 4- 65 66S KRUZ-!LINN* G(-No GENERALIZATION OF THiE E-XPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE HEAT TRANSMISSION AT THE BOILING OF LIQUIDS tNDER THE CONDITIONS OF FREE CONVECTION, AEd-200 1949 604 KR UZItI TN GN,, CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA ONPHEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUIDS IN FREE OrNVECTION. 1949 AEC.TR2-2542 605 KRUZH~ILIN G, N, HEAT TRANSMISSI ON FROMM A HfATING SURFACE' TO A BOILING ONEC1OM1PONENT L IQUID AT FREE CONVECTION, AEC-TR-2060 1948 606 KUCHEROV YY,, ET AL. ON HYDRODYNAMIT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATT ION SOVIET PHYS - 3 OF: EXPER AND THEOR PHYS 37i NO 1 KUCZ-EN,' KD.. ET ALA -MEASURr-:MEN1T OF ILOCAIF HEAT T RANSFER COEFFICIENTs WI TH $t TUM P.TASS t E UTECTIC IN TURBUL ENT FLOW, NUCLEAR SCI AND ENG 2 APR, 1957'Di TR 6L594 116

608 KULAKOV.,' I..:Gi*ET AL. ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT HEATING FOR CRITICAL BOILING S:TUDIED, INZHENER FIZ ZHUR AKAD NAUK BSSR 1, NO 3i MAR. 1958 609 KUMPITSCH, RoC. RESEARCH ON LIQUID METALS AS POWER TRANSMISSION FLUIDS. PROGRESS REPORT NO 1. FOR SEPT 1 TO DEC 15. 1958, R58APS116 kU'MPiTSCH' R'.C REASEARCH ON LIQUID METALS AS POWER TkANSMISSION FLUIDS FEB i/ 59r J WADC-T-57-294 tfII} 611 tURIHARA, HlM.Ei FUNDAMENTAL FACT'ORS AFFECTING BOILING COEFFiCIENTS,'H`D DIS55 PURDUE UNiVio i956 <U~IHABRA. H.M. ~ET AL4 FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING BOILING COEFFICIENTS, PA4JER NO 2b6 AICHE ATLANTIC CITY MEETING, MARCH, 1959 613 KUTATELADZE. SoS.s ET AL.: HEAT TRANSFER AND HYDRAULIC.RESISTANCE DURING FLOW OF LIQUID METALS IN CIRCULAR TUBES, SOVIET PHYS J TECH PHYS 3. NO 4, 1958 614.UTATELADZE, So.S, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID MFTALS. ATOMNAYA ENERG 4 MAY, 1958. TRANSLATED BY CONSULTANTS PUREAU, INC, 4, NO 5 i5 KUTATELADZE, S.*S, ET AL HtYDRAULICS OF GAS LIQUID SYSTEMS. NP-TR-550 1958 616 KUTATELADZE. S.S. ET AL, HYDRODYNAMICS OF A TWO COMPONENT LAYER As RELATED TO'THE THEORY OF CRISES IN THE PROCESS OF BOILINGi SOVIET FIZ-TEKH FIS 4o NO 9 1i966 617 KUTAT LADZE. S*.S. ET AL* LIQUI D METAL HEAT TRANSFER MEDIA ATOMNAYA ENERG. SUPPL NO 2. 1958, N.Y. CONSULTANTS BUREAU IN(. 1959 TRANSLATED BY CONS. BUR., 1960 KUTATELADZE, S.S.9 ET ALt LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER AGENTSQ 1959 F-TS-9721/V TECH TRANS. 6i9 KUTATELADZE, S.St, ET AL. SIMILITUDE METHODS APPLIED TO GENERALIZATION OF TH.E FXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON CRITICAL HEAT FLUXES FOR BOILING LIQUIDS ATOMNAYA ENERG 9. DEC o 1960 620 KUTATFLADZE, SaS.. ET AL. THERMAL EXCHANGE BY LIQUID METALS- CEA-TR-R-565 ( IN FRENCH) 1958 621 KUTATELADZEi Se.S. ET AL9 UTILIZATION OF THE GAMtA SCOPE METHOD OF STUDY!NG THE HYDRODYNAMIC REGIME OF A LIQUID-LOUID SYSTEM. AE -TR-4206 1957 422 KUTATELADZE S.:Sa EXPERIMENTAL:STUDY;OF' THE INFLUENCE OF:' TEM:PERATURE OF THE LIQUID ON A CH-ANGE IN TH1E RATE OF BOILING, AEC-TR-3465 1953 623 KUtATyA DZE.j *S. FUNDAMENTAlaS OF HEAT EXCHANGE THEORY,, N RUSIANP MASHgZ. LEENINGRAD i951 ASD TR 61-594!17

624 KUTATELADZEo S.S6 HEAT TRANSFER DURING BOILING AND CONDENSATION. (IN RUSSIAN) MASHGIZ, LENINGRAD. 1949 AND 1952 625 KUTATELADZF, SoS. HEAT TRANSFER DURING FLOW OF LIQUID METALS IN TUBES AND ON PLANE PLATESo SOVIET PHYS - J TECH PHYS NAUK SSSR 28, NO 4, 1958 626 KUTATELADZEi S.5. HEAT TRANSFER IN CONDENSATION AND ROILINGO2ND ED, AE&-T -3776 1952;27/ kUTATALADZE., S*. HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID METAL PIPE FLOWING * A CON F i5 /2 2 10 1955 628 KUTATELADZE, S.S. HYDRODYNA-,MIC THEORY OF CHANGE IN THEoREGI;ON OF BOILING OF A LIQUID WITH FREE CONVECTION o 1951 AEC-TRANS-1441 629 KUJ T A... Z C S,.-S Y H:RO ", ftHlA! I CH',Y t, F..H N -.: L OF THE CRITICAL CONDITION OF' T F.............A.'i,,S -, F- OF.....-l- i _I i-A:,T TR A",'SF ER I- N, 0Li"!.LI.G. I DU I1 DS Frq T HE. CA:' SE O FF FFREr E CONVECTION AEC-TR-1 858 1950 630 KUTATELADZEp, SS. ON THE TRANSITION TO FILM BOILING UNDER NATURAL C ONVECTI ON KOTLOTURBOSTROENIE i NO 3. 194: kUTATELADZEi S.S. PROBLEMS OF EjAT' TRANSFER DURING A CHANGE OF STATE, A eOtLECtION OF ARTICLES. AE&-TR'3405 1953 63 2 KUTATELADZE, SoSo THE INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON THE MECHANISM OF STEAM FORMATION. J TECH PHY 20. 1950 633 KUTATELADZE, So S. ET AL,. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER,WHILE BOILING MERCURY, SKTS, 8, 1939 REPORT OF THfE KIROVGRAD... l OY PLL. AN!T 6 34 LAXFUNTSOV i D.A, GENERALIZED DEPENDENCIES FOR, HEAT TRANSFER DURING BUBBLE BOILING OF LIQUIDS. TEPLOENERGETIKA NO 5, 1960 635 LARUNTSOV, Df.As EFFECT OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER AND tHE FORCES OF ITNERrTIA OFN HEAT EXC-'HANGE DURING LA ItAR FLOW OF CONDENSATE FILM. TEPtLENERGETIKA 3 N012 47-50 DEC 1956 LAMBs He HYDRODYNAMICS. DOVER PU:L0, NEW YORKe 1957 637 LANCE. RePo AND J.Eo MYERS. LOCAL BOILTNG COEFFICIENTS ON A HORIZONTAL TUFBES AICHE JOUR 4, NO!* MARCH. 1952 638 LANTRATOV, Me Fe THERMODYNAMIC PROPFRTIES OF LIQUID METAL SOLUTIONS IN THE SODIUM-LEAD SYSTEM,ZHUR NEORG KHIM 4, 2043-5 1959 639 LANTRATOV, MOFo, ET AL, THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUI:D METALLIC SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM W IT THi IALL IUM, LEAD AND BISMUTH. ZHUR. FIZ KHIM 33,.959 LANTRATOV. M.F.i ET AL. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUID SOLUTIONS IN THE SYSTEIM POTASSIUM MERCURY. ZHUR PRIKLAD KHIM 33, 1980 ASD TR 61=594 118

641 LARSEN* F*W,. ET AL. EFFECT OF ASPECT RATIO AND TUBE ORIENTATION ON FREE CONVECtiON HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER AND MERCURY IN INCLOSED CIRCULAR TUBESi HEAT TRANS 83 FEB E 196i 42 LARSON.H*C. *VOID FRACTIONS OF TWOPHASE STEAM-WATER MIXTUORE MS THESIS. U. OF MINNESOTAi i951 643 LARSON. iH.C. YOID FkACTIONS OF TWO PHASE STEAM WATER MIXTURES. PHD THESIS UhtV OF MiNNI i958 6,44 LARSON. R.F. FACTORS AFFECTING BOILING IN A LIQUID' IND ENG CHEM 371 1945 LARSON..:R F t1953 HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID MECHANICS INST. STANFORD U PRESS 163-172 LARSON'i R.Fo FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING6 CF-52-8-178 AUGdUST 151 1952 647 LATZKO. Do.GH. BURNOUT IN LIQUID COOLED POWER REACTORS, ATOMENERGIE 2 SEPT, 1966 LAVROVA: Vi:2EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILiNG i REON-12 KHOL TEKH 34 NO 3 55'61 1957 YMA' ~NC..i HEAT TRANSFER TEST PROGRAM EVALUATION FLOW STABILITY tN ZI;i0LEAt"E SUJRFACE BOILING. KAPL-M-SAR-RES-2 MARCH 139 1957 LEBEDE V P'. D.ET AL.* MECHANISM OF HEAT AND; MASS, TRAN$FER, IN BOILING sOLUTIONS. IZV VYS UCHEB ZAV, ENERa NO 1 80-85 JAN 1958 651 LEE. B,. HUCKE. E*E., UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL U0 OF MTCHTGAN. 1960 652 LEPPERT9 G, PRESSURE DROP DURING' FORCED CIRCULATION BOILING, PHD THESIS ILL INST TECH 1954 653 LEPPERT, G.. ET A, BOILING HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER CONTAINING A VOLATILE ADDITIVE, TRANS. ASMEf 80, OCT. 1958 654 LETOURNEAo B3.W. ET AL, AN ANALYSIS OF FUEL PLATE TEMPERATURE RISE DURING A BURNOUT TRANSIENT. WESTINGHOUSE ATOMIC POWER DIVI NOVs 1956 655 LETOURNEAs B.W.* ET AL, HEATING# LOCAL BOILING', AND TWO-PHASE DROP FOR VERTICAL UPFLOW'OF WATER AT PRESSURES BELOW 1850 PSIA. TEST DATA AND CORRELATIO1NS, 1958 WAPD-TH-410 656 LEVY.9 $. STEAM- SLIP-THEORETICAL PREDICTION FROM MOMENTUM MODEL# J. HEAT TRANSFER. TRANS. ASMEi SERIES CO VoL. 82, 1960 P.113,57 LEVY,.. THEORY OF PRESSURE DROP AND HEAT TRANSFER FOR TWO PHASE COMPONENT AN.lULAR FLOW' IN PIPES, OHIO STATE U,,ENGINEERING EXPERiMENTAL STATION BU LETI' N0..1/+49. PROCEEDINGS OF SECOND MiDWESTERN CONFERENCE OF FLUID MECHANICA, 337, 1952 3SD:R 62594 119

658 LEVY, Se GENERALIZED CORRELATION OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER, J HEAT TRANS 81. FEB 1959 65g LEWIS, D.J. THE INSTABILITY OF i_IOUJID SURFACES WHEN ACCELERATED IN A PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANES,PT2. PROC ROY SOC. LONDON 1950 A-202 666 LEWIS. W*Y. AND So.A ROBERTSON. THE CIRCULATION OF WATER AND STEAM IN WATER TUBE BOILERS, AND THE RATIONAL SIMPLIFICATION OF BOILIER DESIGN. PROC INST MECH ENG 1439 194' 661 LI, To CRYOGFNIC LIQUIDS IN THE ARSENCE OF GRAVITY, PAPER NO A-2* PRESENTED AT 1961 CRYOGENIC E'CINEIiNE I -DCIN ONFERE-NCE, ANN ARBOR MICH TO DE PU9 L ISHE' TIN A rVNCErS TV,.! rf OGEN'f\IC ENGINEEP' ING! VOL 7 662 LIEBERRMAN E. ET AL. PROGRAM FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION AND CRUD DEPOSITION UNDER NUCLEATE 7OILING, WAPD'-ALW (PCH)- 6e 663 LIELPETERISoJ4. ON THE THERMAL PROCESSES IN AN ELECTRO:MAGNETIC INDUCTION PUMP. LATVIFAL PSR ZINATNU AKAD VESTIS#NO#9, 91-10Ot,1959tjPRS-2397 664 LINe C.e E T AL. BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF LIQUID METALS JPRS-3512(0R3531) TRANSLATED BY OTS. 1959 665 LIPKISt R*,P, ET AL, MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN A, vOLUME-HEFATED BOILING SYSTEM. mNL-2446 DEC. 1955 LIPKIS9 R~Pe DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN VOLUME-HEATED BOILING SYSTEMS. CHEMl ENG PROG SYM SER 52i NO 18. 1956 LIQUID METALS. AUG, 1960 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY* OTS-SB-424 668 LIOUID METAL PURIFIERB AND W CO, FEB 25,1959 669 LITERATURE SURVEY ON TWO PHASE FLOW OF CAS AND LIQUID, AUGUST. i958. MND-1062-1 676 LOCKHART, ReW.l ET AL, PROPOSED CORRELATION OF DATA FOR: ISOTHERMAL, TWO PHASE, TWO COMPONENT FLOW IN PIPES, CHEM ENG PROG 45, 1949 671 LONGOi Jo CONTINUATION OF KAPL (DIG) INVESTGATION OF BURNOUT. KAPL-M-DIGTD-2 JUNE 16, 1958 672 LONGO9 J. A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUBCOOLED BURNOUT WITH UNIFORM AND LOCALLY PEAKED HEAT FLUXESo KAPL-1744 OCT 22t 1957 673 LOSHKINO A.N., ET ALs CHARACTERISTICS OF MERCURY BOILING IN THE TUBES OF A MERCURY. VAPOR GENERATOR. TR-NDA-28. REACTOR HEAT TRANS PRO6 10, JUN 10i4 1956 674 LOTTES:. PeA. B0ILING STUDiI:ES iAT ARGONNE RELATIVE TO BOILING REACTORS,, PROC CONF NUCL ENGR, 1955 LOTTESi PeA. EFFECTS OF CHANNEL GEOMETRY ON"'THE POWER DENSITY OF A NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILING CHANNEL AT 300 PSIA, ANL QUARTERLY REPT. JAN-MARCH i 1955 ASD TR 61594 120

676 LOTTES, PA., ET AL. A METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILING SYSTEMS. NUC SCI AND ENG i, DEC, 1956 677 LOTTES, P,A., ET AL, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF NATURAL CIRCULATION BOILING AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BOILING REACTOR PERFORMANCE. A/CONF.i5/P/1983 1958 678 LOTTES,. P.A.. ET AL, LECTURE NOTES ON HEAT EXTRACTION FROM BOILING WATER POWER REACTORS, ANL-6063 OCT, 1959 679 LOW. G.M. BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION AT SUPERSONIC SPEEDS. NACA-RM-E56E1O 1956 6:80 LOWDERMILK. W, Ho, ET AL.. NAT ADVISORY COMM AERONAUT. TECH. NOTE 4382 SEPT 1958 681 LOWDFRMILK, WH.o ET AL# SOME MEASUREMENTS OF BOILING BURNOUT NACA-RM-E54K10 NOVi 1954 682 LOWERYt As.J. ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING METHANOL EFFECT OF ADDED AGENTS* IND ENG CHEM 49. 1957 683 LOZHKIN, A.J. ET AL. J TECH PHYS'# NO 21i 1938 684 LOZHKIN, AoJ. t.ET.AL.! BINARY HEAT ENGINES. (IN RUSSIANS MASHGIZ` LENINGRAD 1946 685 LUs P.C. COMBINED FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION HEAT GENERATING LAMINAR FLOW INSIDE VERTICAL PIPES WITH CIRCULAR SECTOR CROSS SECTIONS. J HEAT TRANS 82. AUG, 1960 686 LUBARSKY# B.. ET AL, REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER. NACA-TN-3336 NOV 4* 1954 687 LUKOMSKII, SM, INVESTIGATION OF MAX HEAT FLOW WHEN WATER IS BOILED IN VELRTICAL TURES. DOKL AN SSSR 80 NO 1 53-56 1951 688 LUKOMSKI I S. M*. HEAT TRANSFER WHILE BOILING CARBON DIOXIDE IN TUBES AT hIGH PRESSURE. IZVESTIYA AN SSSR, OTN, 8, 1947 689 LUKOMSKII, S*Mos HEAT TRANSFER TO 3BOILING ETHYL ALCOHOL INSIDE TUBES WITH NATURAL CIRCULATION. IZV AN SSSR OTD TEKH NAUK 1306-1326 1951 690g LUKOMSKII, So.M HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING, IZVEST AKAD NAUK SSR OTDEL T KH NAUK, NO 2, 1946 691 LUNDE. KE, t HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE:DROP IN TWO PHASE FLOW- YtJBA CONSOLIDATED INDUSTRIES, PALO ALTOI CALIFORNIA 692 lYASHENPKOt V.S, ET AL, ON THE CORROSION RESISTA NCE OF SOME MATERIALS IN sObIUM AND LITHIUM. A/CONF. 152P2194 69B3 LYKOUDIs PoS., ET ALt HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID METALS, tRANS AM SOC MECHENGRS 80, APR i95: ASD PR 61-594 121

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712: MARGULOVA, T.KH:.. D, PROBLEMS OF CORRO$ION AND HEAT' EX CHANGE IN LIQUID ET.AL$S:TRANSLATIONS FROM"'A'NERI:CAN AND BRIT SH SOURCES6MOSKVA, GbS ENERG iZ D-VO 1958 _i39 713 MARtEN$SON I'A J.: ET AL, MECHANISM OF iVOID FORMATION TEST FACItLITY, WAPD-V( FBE) -274 AUGUST 20. 1959 714 MARTIN, A.V, V HEAT FLow FROM A FIN TO A BOILING LIQUID. AECD-29686i CP-2995 4,.Av ] 1 9 1..: MARTI N LeJ. ET AL.., ADF)VANCEID Hd"EAT TRANSFER F:LUIIDS. MARCH 15 1961 WADD TECH REPT 61-186o FD-61-121 716 MARTIN.:tt.. o.. F:T AL..s DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN, BOILING LIQUID SYS;TEMS0 IT N T E I "', REPOR T, AECU-2169 717 MARTIN, WL. TRANSIENt BEHAVIOR OF BUBBLES, CF-52-4-197 1952 718' MART'INELLI RiCO H:HEAT TRANSFER TO MOLTEN METALS. NOV, 1944. T ASME OR'i:: EPRINT IN APEX-425 719 MARTINELLIi RC,, ET AL, TWO PHASE, TWO COMPONENt FLOW IN THE VISCoUS REGION. TRAN AM INST CHEM ENG 42, 1946 720 MARTINELLI, ReCo s FT AL, PR:D)ITCTION OF PRiESS.URE DROP DURING FORCED RC I I._AT I B>OlI OF AT r E AS: "i 70 N.: 1948 721 MARTINELLI, R.C,,C ET AL, ISOTHERMAL PRESSURE DROP FOR TWO PHASE TWO COMPONENT FLOW IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE. T. ASME 66, 1944 722 MARONi Fi'S, ET ALo PRODUCING A EUTECTIC POtASSIUM: SODIUM ALLOY, TRUDY URAL NAUCH ISSLEDOUAtEL KHIM INST NO 5. AUG, 195' iARXt J.Wi-.. ET AL4 FILM BOILING tERMINATION MECHANISM, J APPL PHYS 23, bEC i1952 724 MASNOVti: R LITERATURE SURVEY OF TWO PHASE FLUID FLOW, WESTINGHOUSE. MHAY, 1957 WAPD-TH-360 725 MAsNOVI, R. ET Al,_ DEPARTURE FROM,NUCI..EATE BOILING DATA FOR 0,097 IN BY ]1 IN BY 12?.3 INl FIN''NEI:) RECTANGIULAR CHANNEL T:E-ST SECTION, WAPD-TH-458 [EGC 1958 72 6 MATZNER5 Bo BASIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON BOILING:FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER AT ELEVATED PRRESSUJRES. TID-1 061 OCT, 1960 777 MAUNG'MYINT. M, A LITERATURE SURVEY ON TWO-PHASE FLOW OF GAS AND LIQUID. BS THESIS M.I IT JUNE: 1i959 728 MAURERt'.G1W,';:i.APOR FRACtION EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS6 FEB. 1960 WAPD-AD-TH 568 A? s 61-594 123

'729 MAURER, GoW. A M1,ETH 1OD FORj PREDICTING,BOIL INIG VAPOR FRACTIONS IN RECTANGULAR COOLANT CHANNELS. NOV. 1959 WAPD-AD-TH-556 730 MAURER'.G.W, BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TWO PHASE HEAT TRANSFER, WAPD-TM-249 AUGUST, 1960 731 MAUSTELLER, JW. PROGRESS REPORT NO 29 FOR JUNE AND JULY i955. NP-5739 732 MAUSTELLERt JW; *ET AL, EFFECT. OF I200F SODiUM ON AUStENItIC AND FERRITIC STEELS, MSAR-59-99 SEPT 16i 1959 733 MAYER iS5W. THEORY OF METAL SURFACE. TENSIONSO AN IONIC-SALT MODEL FOR LIQUID METALS. NAA-SR-6385 JUNE, 1961 734 MCADAMSo W.H., ET AL, VAPORIZATION INSIDE HORIZONTAL TUBES. TASME 63, 1941 73.5 MCADAMS. W.H, HEAT TRANSMISSION. iRD ED,b MCGRAW-HILLi NEW YORKi 1954 736 MCADAMS' W.H., ET AL,' HIGH DENSIT:ES OF HEAT FLUX FROM METAL TO WATER, HEAT TRANS LECTURES 1, DEC( 1948 737 MCADAMS:;. W*.H, ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER TO SUPERHEATED STEAM AT HIGH PRESSURES TRANS ASME. I MAY, 1950 738 MCADAMSt. W*H., ET ALt HEAT TRANSFER RATES TO WATER WITH SURFACE BOILING. AECO-206 MCADAMS. W.Ht,! ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH RATES TO WATER WITH SURFACE BOIL ING 1945 ANL-4268 7406 MCADAMS, WH,'ET AL. HEAT TRANSFER FROM SINGLE HORIZONTAL WIRES TO BOILING WATER* CHEM ENG PROG 44i 10948 741 MCCOY. H.Ep, ET AL. HANDLING TECHNIQUES FOR RUBIDIJM, ORNLL-1991 DEC 12i 1955 742 MCDONALD. J,.S., ET AL, INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID SODIUM, NUCLEAR SCI AND ENGINERING 8, NOV. 1960 743 MCDONALD, J.S, EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A NA-NA HELIFLOW HEAT EXCHANGER AT TEMPERATURES UP TO 1200 Fs FEB#1961. NAA-SR- 566i 744 MCDONALD, J. So, VALVE STEM FREEZE SEALI':FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SODIUMl ATOMICS: INTERNATIONAL. DIV. OF NAA, CANOGA PARK, CALIF NAA-SR-4869 JULY 1960 745 MCDONALD$ J.S. INVESTIGA'tiON OF; iVAItABLES IAFFECtING BELLOWS LIFE IN LIQUID SODI UM JAN 1958. NAA-SR-MEMO-2414 746 MCDONALD. P~H, LUBRICATION BEHAVIOR OF LIQUID METALS. WADC-tR-59-764 JAN 15. 1960 AIS3D 6-594 124

747 MCDONALD, W.*Co ET AL CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF METAL WETTING AND GAS ENTRAIN MENT IN: HEAT TRANSFER TO MOLTEN METALS. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 50. O 9. 19.54 748 MC'DONOUGH# J*B.!* ET ALt AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PARTIAL FILM BOILING REGION WITH WATER AT ELEVATED PRESSURES IN A ROUNb VERTICAL TUBE SAR- 60o-30 TECH REPT 71. MSA RESEARCH CORP. MARCH 16. 1966 749 MCDONOUGH. J3B.. ET AL, PARTIAL FILM BOILING WITH WATER AT 2000 SIG IN A ROUND VERTICAL TUBE. NP-6976 OCT 8. 1958 750 MCFADDEN, PW,. ET AL* AN ANALYSISiOF LAMINAR FILM NBO ILING WITH VARIABLE PROPERTIE, INTER J OF HEAT AND MASS TRAN I NO JAN, 1961 751 MCFADDEN, P*.W* ET AL. HIGH FLUX HEAT TRANSFERiSTUDIED, AN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR FILM BOILING ANL-60'6 h6cr 1959 MCLEAN, EA.. E T ALO FILM BOILING OF WATER BY PULSE HEATING SMALL WIRE5 J APPL P~YS 27. 1956 753 MCNEILLIS* J. REVIEW OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH PARTtCULAR REFERENCE t0 UNSTABLE FLOW. ENGINEERING i83, NO 4760. MAY 31i 1957 754; MChNELLY: M.T. A, CORRELATION OF THWE RATES OF: HEAT TRANSFER TO NUCLEATE BOILING L QUIDS, J IMP COLL CHEM ENG SOC?, 1953 MCNUTT, C.R. PRESSURE DROP IN TWO PHASE ANNULAR FLow, HW-35065TH 1955 756 MCPHERSON. R*Ei';ET AL, DEVELOPMENT TESTING AND PERFORMACE EVALUATION vO LIQUID METAL AND MOLtEN SALt HEAT EXCHANGERS MAR. 19660 tF-60-3-164 757 MCPHERSON, R.E, ET AL, DEVELOPMENt ITESTING OF LIQUID':.METAL AND MOLTEN sALT HEAT EXCHANGERS. NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGIN 6, JULY. 1966 758 MEAD. B.R., Et: AL,' LIQUtD SUPERHEAT AND BO:iLING HEAT TRANSFER, PROC OF HEAT TRAN AND FLUID MECH INsT 1951 STANFORD 759 MEISL, C.J. THERMODYNAM'IC PROPERTIES OF, ALKALI METAL VAPORS AND MERCURY SECOND REVISION, R6OFPD 358-A FLItHT PROPULSION DIVISION. GE CO, 766d MELLEN, R.H.:AN,:EXPERIMANTAL STUDY OF THE COLLAPSE OF A SPHERICAL CAVITY in WATER, J ACOUST SOC AM 28, NO 3. 1956 761 MENDLER I O*J. ESTIMATED FILM BOILING HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTSi WAPD-TH-404 MARCH 26. 1958 762 MENEGUS, Ro.L BURNOUT OF HEATING SURFACES IN WATER. MARCH' 1959 OP-363 763 MENKE. J.R. SODiUM-RUBIDIUM ALLOYS. CNL-5 DEC 21, 1955 764 - MEoVEDEV, SeA. TRANSFER OF MERCURY. TSVETNYE METALLY 31t NO 1i 1958 ASd ~R 61-594 125

765 MERTE Ho*, ET ALo B OILING HE-1:AT TRAN SFER DATA FOR LIQUID NITROGEN AT STANFORD AND NfEARE-:-IRO).GRAVITY PAPER GC-8o PRESENTED AT 1961 CRYOGENIC ENGINEER I NG C ONF:vRENCE ANNtQC AD:OR'. Ni C..i. TO [BE I! I...tI S0HED I N ADVANCES I N CRYOGENIC E P I \F EERI G VOL " 76.6 MERTE H. ET AL. o POOL BOIL IN!" I N Ai'! ACC Lt RATI IiG SYSTYEil TRANS ASME SERI ES C J -1 EAT TRSFP 8, l: ilF l 3 NO 3i, AUG 13 96 767 1E-RT. R\F-/ I- R-Ei II-' I.SSI. I..I T., A TU' B....E PERT t AIf'IING TO FOiRCErC,D CONVECTION.i OCT 1 959 APD-ADTH-5 3 9 MERTE, H. ET AL.* POOL BOILING IN AN ACCELERATING SYSTEMoPRESENTED AT THE 1960 HEAT TRANSFER CONFE BUFFALO N.Y. PAPER 60-HT-22 769 MESLER, ReBo THE EFFE..CTS OF SUPERATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES ON NUCLEATE BOILING, PHD THESIS UNIV OF MICCH 1955 7?0 METALLURGY INFORMATION MEETING*:AMES LABORATORY. IOWA STATE COLLEGE, MAY 2,3o4. 1956 TID-7526(TPT *I) 771 METZNER, A.B. ET AL, HEAT TRAN.SFEP OF- NON NTEWTONIAN FLUIDS. NP-5967 1956 772 MEYER, L. A THERMAL ANALYTICAL.STUDY OF THl EQWILIBRIUM BETWEEN A BOILING LIQUID AND ITS V\APOR Z PH-IYS I,. C:i-E:.l. A..7 5 193 6 773; I'-KHEYEU 9 U'M4iA o T A.L A -T RAS-~- y IA 3TEIN E- AN M E L S REAKTOROSTROYENIYL- I TEORI Y, RE-AKTOfRO, 1.955 774 MI~KHEYEU-K M.A.;HEAt TTRANSFER IN TURBULENT MOTION OF LIQUID IN TUBES. JULY, 1959. AEC-TR-376d 775 MILICHL Wo( * ET AL TE-ST LOOP ["'OR DETf7RMIINI'14f BURNIOUT H-tEAT FLUXN UCf LE ONICS 16i NO 4- APR. 1958 776 MILICH, Wo.ET AL, TEST OF THIRD FLUID VAL-JUE FOR U)SE: WlfITH NA-K, N7-7404 JUNE 14, 1955 777 M I L L LE R oR. H IGH TE=P.ERATlUr PR=ESSURE T ANS:. I T'r ER:- =V LUAT I EON ORNL- 2 4 8 3 Al SO I0 N ST R UM E N' T IS T. I T - 778 MILLER, D*Ro COMPARISON OF COOLANTS. OCT, 1946. KAPL-M-DRM-1 779 MILLER, RoI* STEADY STATE TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW -QOFWATER WITH BOILING IN NON-UNIFORMLY HEATED RECTANGULAR DUCTS WAPD-BT-18 780 MILNE-THOMSON, La M.. THEORETICAL HYDRODYNAMICS * NEW YORK MACMILLAN CO 1955 781 MANASHIAMN EV, T A.L PAICR(. -T-" LE.IRMOC.JOUPLE. USSED c FOR R AESEARCH'r OIN HEAT TRANSFER JULY 1961 RTS-1874 782 MIRTOPLSKITI, ZL.. ET ALs MEASURING tHE VOLUIMETRIC CONTENlT OF STEAMGENERATING ELEMENTS BY MEANS OF GAMM'A RADIATION. 1958 AEC-TR-4206 AS, TR 61 -594 126

783 MIRSHAK, S. AND R.H. TOWELL:,: HEAT TRANSFER BURNOUT OF A SURFACE CONTACTED BY A SPACER RIB. APR IL 1961 bP-562 784 MIRSHAK, So, ET AL, HEAT FLUX AT BURNOUT, DP-355 FEB. 1959 785 MIZUSHINA, T,.ET AL. THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE BETWEENu MERCURY AND A METAL SURFACE. INTER J OF HEAT AND MASS TRANS I, NO 2/3, AUG6 1960 786 MOENR.H,*t.:AN iNVESTIGATION OF THE STEAM-WATER SYSTEM At HIGH PRESURES AND HIGH TEkPERATURES, PHD THESIS. U, OF MINN.O i95b 787 MOLOGIN,' M.A FLOW PATTERNS, LIMITS, AND CRITICAL VELOCITIES OF SEP/RATION OF;STEAM AND GAS-LIQUID MIXTURES IN HORIZONTAL PIPES. IZVESTIYAF AKADEMII NAUK SSSR OT.N,. NO 3 MARCH, 1956 788 MONAGHFAN, R.J, A SURVEY AND CORRELATION OF DATA ON HEAT TRANSFER BY FORCED CONVECTION AT SUPERSONIC SPEEDS* ARC TECH REPORT. HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY OFFICEi LONDON. 1958 789,,ONRADs, C* C AND Jo.F PELTON, HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION IN ANNULAR SPACES. TRANS AMER INST CHEM ENG 38, NO 3. 1942 796 MONTHLY REPORT'NO. 1, JULY 1953, TO DETROIT EDISON COMPANY#....:. NO. 2. OCTOBER,..,, t,*.NO. 3, NOVEMBER,,.. NP-5477,5478 5479 791 MOORE, F.D.*AND;RB. MESLER. MICRO-LAYER VAPORIZATION. PRESENTED AT AICHE MEETING. CLEVELAND, 1961 ALSO UNIV OF KANSAS DEC. 1960 792 MOORE, W.T. HEAT TRANSFER IN MERCURY SYSTEMS. MECH ENG 55, 1933 793 M1ORGAN. A.Ia ET AL, EFFECT OF SURFACE TENSION ON HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING IND ENG CHEMi 4.1 bEC. 1949 794 MOROZOV, V. G.. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CRITICAL HEAT LOADS AT BOILING OF.ORGANIC LIQUIDS ON A SUBMERGED HEATING SURFACE, J HEAT TRANSFER APRIL 1961 795 MORPHEW, A.T. HEAT TRANSFERi, A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UNCLASSIFIED REPORT LITERATURE, TID-3022 MARCH 18, 1952 796 MOSCIKI, I,., ET AL.. J, ROSZNICKI CHEMJE, 6 319-354 1926 ( DISCUSSION OF HEA.l' TRANSFER FROM A PLATINUM WIRE SUBMERGED IN WA ATER, ON 1- L AT ENGINEERING RES LAB EXPERIMENTAL STATION, Et I. DUPONT DE NEl"MLOURS AND COs COMPLETE ENGLISH TRANSL.lWILMINGTON DEL ) 797 MOTTE- E.It. FILM BOILING OF FLOWING SULJBCOOLED LIQUIDS, UCRL-2511 JUNE, 1954 798 MOTr TtI.I Et Al. FILM' Op9ING OF FLOWING SUBCOOLED LIQUIDS. IND EN CHEM 49 NOV 195 79g MOYER., W.J., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENtS AT SODIUM STAINLESS STEEL INTERFACE~ KAPL-567 JUNE 1 1951 AS TR 6L=594 127

806 MUELLER, GoO A REVI FW AIND,,,.SAN tS'S —Si1,, T OF 0..0I I I I H IF-'ATT T[RANSFER a..D THE DEPARTURE FZROM'I NUt'CLEATE iOIING, AL-PL-M-GOt; —2? IAUG 19, 1958 801 MULLER, G.L, E"APER I MENTAL FORCEL ) CONVECTIO. - HlF'AT TRA,,ISFER WITI ADTIABATIC WALLS AND iN NTTERNIAl. H-EAT Gr AdT E I i.! I tLIUI M'E-TATL 05 L - 2669 IJ AUGUST 28, 1959'!.JMUM JF 0 HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING WATER FORCED THROUJGH AMl ELECTRICALLY HIEATED TUBE. OCT. 1954. BNL-2446 803 MUMM, JoF. HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING WATER FORCED THROUGH A UNIFORMLY HEATED TUBE. ANL-5276 804 MURGATROID0 W. CIRCULATING LIQUID METAL FUEL REACTORS. LMFS/P-1 JULY. 1956 8.; MURGATROID,' W. SOME ASPECTS OF THE HIGH PRESSURE WETTED WALL EVAPORATOR. AERE5-X/-124 806 MERKULOV, U Ie HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN A LIQUID AND A HEAT EMMITTING ROD. FEB 13' 1961 AD-257-697 807 MUSSERo RoJo, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO MERCURY. NP-3579 M.I*T. MAY, 1947 808 iMYERS, J.E,. ET AL. BOI;LING' COEFFItCIENTS OUTSIDE HORIZONTAL TUBES, CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 49, NO 5i 1953 809 NAYiSM':ITH*A. MEASUREMENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN BUBBLES OF SEPARATED FLOW IN S)PERSONIzC AIR STREAMS e PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 A5ME 810 NESISi EJ. BOILING UNDER REAL CONDITIONS, ZH TEKH FIZ 22. 1952 8I1 NEVZOROV. B. A.'ON THE' ELECTROLYTIC TRANSFER OF OXYGEN IN LIQUID SODIUM AID REPT 61-75 MAY 22, 1961. 812 NGUSTRUEVA, E.I. INVESTIGATION OF VAPOR-CONTENT DISTRIBUTION IN BOILING BOUNDARY LAYERS BY THE BETA-RADIOSCOPY METHOD. SOVIET FIZ DOKL 5, NO 1.6 1960 NI CHOL SONR. i.B,''SODIUM BOILING CALCULATI ONS AECU-3698 AECU-3699 JULY 2. 1957 814 NICKELSON, R.L -.,ET AL,;OBSERVATION:ONBOILING CARBON TETRACHLORIDE FROM SURFACES. J CHEM ENG DATA 5, JULy, 1966 81 5 NIKOLSKIY, NoA,. ET AL, THE THERMAL PHySICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLTEN METALS. TEPLOENERGETIKA N'O 2 1959 816 NISHI BAYASHI-, M A DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF MOLTEN MPATER I ALS PARt 1. DENSITY OF SODIUM AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE. NOV. 1953 WADC-TR-53-308(PT 1) NISHIWAKI, I. BRIEF SURVEY OF GROWTH AND COLLAPSE OF STEAM BUBBLE. UNIV MINNESOTA, OCT. 1960 ASD TR 61-594 128

NISHIKAWA. K. HEAT TRANSFER IN NUCLEATE BOILING. MEM FAL ENG KYOSHO UNIV 16' 1956 819 NISHIKAWA, K. HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING WITH FORCED CONVECT!lON. PARTS i, AND II, 1958 TECH TRANS 1. NO 4 82o0 NISHIKAWA, K, ET AL, PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF SATURATED FILM BOILING. 1958 TECH TRANS 1 NO 4 821 NISHIKAWA, K. ET AL,,* ON THE CORRELATION OF NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. INTERN J HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 1, AUG. 1960.* 822 NODEN, JDo, ETAL, THE SOLUBILITY OF QXYGEN IN SODIUM AND SODIUM POTASSIUM ALLOY, AD-213-341 JULY 20C 1954 823 NORMAN, W. So, ET AL., HEAT TRANSFER TO A LIQUID FILM ON A VERTICAL SURFACE TRANS INST CHEM ENG 38 1960 824+ NOVIKOVsIII, HEAT LOSS AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUSED ALKALI METALS. ATOM ENERG 4 92-106 1956 825 NOYES. R.E., ET AL.t A NON-DIMENSIONAL METHOD FOR DIGITAL'COMPUTER CALCULATION OF STEADY STATE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE. AND VOID FRACTION IN PIPE FLOW WITH OR WITHOUT BOILING NAA-SR-5958 MAY 30 1960 826 NUKIYAMA, S. EXPERIMENTS ON THE DETERMINATION OF-THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF THE HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN A METAL SURFACE AND BOILING WATER. AERE-TRANS-854 1934 827 OPPENHEIMER.E. I-THE EFFECT OF SPINNING FLOW ON BOILING BURNOUT IN TUBES NDA-80-1 JULY 30, 1957 828 OWENS, J. E., ET AL PERFORMANCE OF THE SODIU1M REACTOR EXPERIMENT. ATOMICS INT.DIV OF NAA CANOGA PARK. CALIF POWER APP AND SYSTEMS NO. 42 1959 829 OWENS,.W*L. JR!4, TWO-PHASE PRESSURE GRADIENT, PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME PANCHINKOV,G.M,, THE VISCOSITY OF MOLTEN METALS. DOKL AN SSSR 79 1951 831 PAPERS PRESENTED AT ANP MATERIALS MEETING* OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, ORNL-2685 kARCH 21, 1959 832 PARKIN, B*R.* SCALE EFFECTS IN CAVITATING FLOW. REPT NO 21-8 HYDRODYNAMICS LAB CALiF INST TECH JULY 1952 833 PARKER, Jo.Do ET AL, HEAT TRANFER TO A MIST FLOW. JAN, 1961. A NL-6291 834 PARKMAN, M.F.- A STUDY OF THE. FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER BY LITHIUM, DEVELOPMENT OF APPARATUS. JULY 24, 1961 AD-259-882 835 PASET, M, LIQUID METAL RESEARCH IN THE INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH IN 1956-58, NP-tR-615! 1959 ASD TR 6L-O594 129

,'TERNA"',K I. Se ET AL., TUR.BULENT HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FROM STATIONARY PARTICLES. CANADA Jo CHEM ENGC 38, NO 2, 1960 837 PATTEN, T.D. A REVIEW OF HEAT TRANSFER DATA ON. THE EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS AT SUB-ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES, RAE FARNBOROUGH TECH NOTE NO MECH EN G 2]_6, 956 83P PEAK, K.D. THERMOCOUPLE LIQUID LEVEL INDICATOR USED ON COLD TRAP STANDS CF-58-10 —13 OCT 39 1958 839 PEPBLES, F.N., ET AL, STU.DIS ON T HE POTI ON OF GAS FUBBLES IN LIQUIDS. CHEM ENG PROG 49. 1953 PENNER,S.* ON THE KINETICS OF EVAPORATION, J. PH. CHEM., VOL 56 1952 841 PERRINE, H.E COLLECTED MIETTHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF SODIUM METAi_. GEAP-,3273 OCT 153 3939 842 P E..,:I' -JsI0 I. REFRACTORY.! I",o J l':. 7 9.1 AD-257-.o.; PETRICK,,. TWO-PHASE, AIR WATER FLOW PHFNOMENA. 1.958 AL -57S_7 84 3 PETRIC!, 1. ET AL., A RA,,.'/TIONI ATTENIJATIO!',:','-THi t','iiEA':"'i,.l n PETROV, P.A. BOILING LIQUID PULSATION IN NUCLEAR REACTOR CHANNELS A/CONF 15/P/2210 APRIL 1958 846 PETROVICHEV, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID METALS IN TURBULENT FLOW WHEN THE THERMAL LOAD IS IDISTRIBUTED SIN!USOIDALLY ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE PIPE. AEC-TR-4218 1959 847 PfETROVICHEV, V. I. HE.AT TRANSFER IN MERCURY FLOW! THROUGH ANNULAR CHANNELS. SOVIET JOURNAL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 1, NO 4 MARCH, 1961 CONSULTANTS BUR 848 P=. TR'V/ I CHV \ V T I AT I NSE,[R TO I1ERCUY I N A C IRC.JLAR tJiE AND ANNULAR CHItANNELS WITH SINUSOIDAL HEAT LOAD DISTRIBUTION. INTER J OF HEAT AND MASS TRANS 1, NO 2/3. AUG, 1960 849 PETUKHOVo B. S. ET AL., HEAT EXCHANGE DURING THE FLOW OF LIQUID METAL IN THE LAMINAR AND TRANSITION REGIONS NP-TR'676 1961 856 PETUKHOV, B*S., ET AL, THE PROBLEM OF HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE TURBULENT FLOW OF LIQUID IN TUBES. MAY, 1959. TECH TRANS 5, NO 8 851 PETUKHOV, B*S, ET AL, HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE I'NITIAL PART OF A TUE WHEN THERE IS A MIXED BOUNDARY LAYER. JULY, 1960 RTS-1435 TECH RANS 852: PFISTER, C.G. ET AL,' D-C MAGNETIC FLOW METER FOR LIQUID SODIUM LOOPS. NUCLEONICS 15, OCT. 1957. 853 PIERCE, R.D., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID DYNAMICS IN MERCURY WATER SPRAY COLUMNS. 1955. BNL-2433, OR J AMER INST CHEM ENG 5, NO 2. 1959 ASD b 61-594 130

854 PIKE, J.To ET AL, EFFECT OF GAS EVOLUTION;!ON SURFACE BOILING AT WIRE COILS. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 5io NO. 17 1.95.5 855 PIRETi" E*.L, TWO PHASE HEAT tRANSFER IN;NATURAL-; CIRCULATION EVAPORATIONF AM INST CHEM ENG HEAT TRANS SYM, PAPER NO 4' 1953 ATOMIC ENERGY:8 NO 4. JUNE, 1961, CONSULtANTS BUREAU PLACZKOWSKI+ Ei J. EXAMINATION OF tHE FO'RCED CIRCULATION STEAM GENERAtOR FkOMS THE Lt Q!UID!METAL HEAT TRASER TES ACLITY At ALPLAUS NEW YORK, KAPL -M.-JP_-2 APRIL i 19'54 PLANOV$sKIi, A ET A ALi PRACtICAL EOUAtiON FOR DETERMINING THE COEFFII ENt Of HEAt EMISSION IN BOILING LIQUIDS, KHIM PROM NO 5 28,1129 0 1955 PLESSET;,- M.. AND PSi EPSTEiN, ON,THE STABILITY OF GAS BUBBLES IN LIQUiD-GAS SOLUTIONS. J CHEM PHYS i8. 1956 866 PLESSET4 M*S;i ET ALP:A NON'STEADY.DIFFUSION PROBLEM WITH SPHERICA. L SYMMETRY. J APP PHYS 23. 1952 PLESSET,.M*..S.: ET AL..~ ON THE DYNAMICS OF VAPOR BUBBLES IN LIQUIDS. j MATH AND PHYS 33 i1955 82 PLESS.Ti M.S,; ET'iAL* THE GfROWTH OF-1VAPOR BUBBLES IN SUPERHEATED LIQUIDS AD-19784 J APPL PHYS 25i 1954 PLESETj MJ.Se'! —NOTEOO-N THE FLOW OF VAPOR BETWEEN LIQUID SURFACES# J CHEM PHYs 20* 195.2 864 PLESSET ) MiS. RATE:OF FORMATION OF VAPOR IN A UNIFORMLY HEATED LIQUID NAA-SR-53 1949 865 PLE$SET, M.S. tHE DYNAMICS OF CAVITATION BUBBLES. J APPL MECH i6i 1949 866 PLYSHCHEV. VE. * ET AL, DEVELOPMENT AND RECENT;STATE' OF TECHNOLOGV F RIB`DI UM AND CESUIM AND OF THEIR COMPOUNDS. AEC-T 3826 1957 867 POKROVSKIY, N.L.* ET AL, AN APPARATUS FOR. MEASURING SURFACE TENSION AND DENSITY OF LIQUID METALS IN VACUUM, 1957 TECH TRANS 5* NO io 868 POLETAVKIN, P.G* ET AL.'A NEW METHOD FOR THE INVESTI'GATION.OF' HEAT TRANSFERI; N HTHEBOI LING OF LIQUIDS, DKLADY AKAD NAUK SSSR 96. NO 5* 1953 ALso NP-TR-1 8s6 POLET'AVJIINP. # 4i:E4 AL, HEAT TRANSFER IN SURFACE BOILING OF WAtER, AERE-LIB tRA S-813 1958 876 POLETAVKIN, P.G.* ET AL. TAGGED ATOM METHOD OF INVESTIGAT G6 WAtER ANO STEAM CONTENT DURING SURFACE BOILING OF ti.UIDS, AEC&t- 4206 195$8 POLETAvKI+h P*G T AL:, WAER AND'STEAM CONTENTS IN SURFACE BOILING OF ATE ERE, A-CRE:B TR AS804 1958 ASD i 61-594 131

872 POLETAVKIN, P*Go:HYDRAULIC.. RESISTANCE WITH SURFACE'BOILING OF WATER. NOVs 1960b RTS-1513 TECH TRANS 873 POLOMIK* E. E,, VAPOR VOIDS IN FLOW SYSTEMS FROM A TOTAL ENERGY BALANCE GEAP-3214 AUG 1959 874 POLOZHII,V S.V, LIQUID BOILING WITH HEAT SUPPLY THROUGH THE WALL AERE-LIB/TRANS-814 1955 875 POLYAKOV* Go M.* ET AL,f CRITICAL THERMAL LOAD DURING BOILING OF A LIQUID IN LARGE VOLUME. IZV AN SSSR.OTD TEKH NAUK NO 5 1951 876 POLYAKOV, G.M.9 CRITICAL THERMAL LOAD OF LIQUID BOILING IN A LARGE VOLUME AND A VERTICAL TUBE, TRUDY SARATOV AUTO.-DOROZH INST NO 12 141-152 1953 RZ-K 1954 NO 49270( ABST 877 POPoV, B3.Go, ET AL,t STUDY OF HEAt EXCHANGE IN BOILING AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF MINERAL SALTS o IZV VyS UCHEB ZAV KHIM 1 KHIM TEKH NO 1 173-182 1958 878 POPPENDIEKO H.F:1 ET ALi: THERMAL ENTRANCE REGION tiEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID METAL SYSTEMS' CHEM'ENG PROG SYM SER 51s NO 17. 1955 879 POPPENDIEKi HF. -FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN THERMAL ENTRANCE REGIONS. MAR, 1951 ORNL-913 880 POPPENDIEK. HoF HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID METAL FLOWING TURBULENTLY tHROUGH A CHANNEL WITH A STEP FUNCTION BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE NASA-M-2-5-59W MARCH, 1959 881 POPPENDIEK, H.F, HEAt TRANSFER SYMPOSIUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. UNIV OF MICH PRESS, ANN ARBOR MICHIGAN. 1953 882 POPPENDIEK, H.F. TURBULENT LIQUID METAL HEAT' TRANSFER IN CHANNELS NCIUCLEAR SCI AND ENG 50 390-434, 1959,JUNE 8'83 POSEY, W.J. PROGRESS REPORT NO 30 FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER 1955w NP-5779 884 POSEY, W.J, PROGRESS REPORt NO, 33 FOR FEBRUARY AND MARCH 1956k NP-5921 885 POSEY, w.J. PROGRESS REPORT NO 36 FOR AUGUST AND SEPT 1956. NP-6132 88. POSEY, WI.J PROGRESS REPORT NO 37 FOR OCTOBER AND NOV 1956. MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES CO. 887 POSEYW.J. PROGRESS REPORT NO 48 FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER 1958# N7-6985 888 POSEY, W.J, PROGRESS REPORT NO 49 FOR OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER 1958* NP-7101 889 POSEY, WJ. FINAL REPORT (A REVIEW OF THE WORK FROM DEC 1953 TO DEC 1958 WITH ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS ISSUED. MSAR-59-29 MARCHI 20, 1959 ( ON LIQ METAL TECHNOLOGY ) 890 POWELL, ReWc THE THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUID MERCURY PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL PHEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 4 ASME ASD TR 61-594 132

891 PRAMOK, F.S., ET AL, EFFECT OF AGITATION ON' THE CRITICAL'TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE FOR A BOILING LIQUID. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 52o NO 18. 1956 892 PRIOGOV, M.S. HEAT TRANSFER tO SODIUM AT SMAL4:VALUES OF tREYNOLDS NUMBER ATOMNAYA ENERG. 8S 3.67-8APR 1960) IN RUSSIANO 893 PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC WORKING FLUIDS AND COOLANTS FOR SPACE APPLICATION, SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTi WADC TECH REPORT 59-59"8, DECi 59 894 PROPOSAL FOR A LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER LOOP NP-7323 PUGACHEVICH, P.PO, EXPERIMENtA L STUDY OF THE STJAFACE tENSOSN OF METALLIC SOLUTIONS. I. tiEMPERAfUREi DEPENDENCE OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF MERCURY AND OF SODIUM AND POtASSIUM AMALGAMS. ZHUR FIZ KHIM 25 NO 11 1365-1373 1:951 896 PUMPS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS FOR LIQUID METALS, BIBLIOGRAPHY MAY, 1959i AERE-BiB-120 AERE-INFjBIB-93 4TH ED.) 897 PURSEL, C.AS TUBE BURNOUT AS A LIMIT TO IN-PILE BOILING# HW-32820 1954 898 QUARTERLY-STATRUS REPORT ON LAMPRE PROGRAM FOR PERIOD ENDING MAY 20J 1961; LAMS-2564 89-9 RADCHENKOJ I. V/. THE STRUCTURE OF LIQUID METALS AEb-TR-97?1 1951 9q0 RALKO.;'I A. Vi' ANALYSIS OF; STUDIES ON UNSTABLE'HEAt AND,MASS! RAfN.FER P4 PHAgE AND CHEMICAL tRANSFORMATIONS. t~UDY MTIPP NO " 1951 RANKIN, S., HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUIPS UNDER CONDITIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND FORCED CONVE CTION. UD-FB-13 FEB 20, 1958 902 RATHBUNs A.S, FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN A,PARALLEL CHANNEL PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR. BETTIS TECH REVIEW MAy, i959 RATHBUN,- ASA * ET AL, NATURAL CIRCULATION OF WATERk AT 1200 PSIA UNDER HEAtED' LOCAL'BOILING AND BULK SOILING CONDITIONS, TEST DAtA AND ANALYSIS4 WAPD-AD-7H-470 DEC, 1958 904 I RATIANIi,G.Vi. HEAT TRANSMISSION DURING BOILING FROM SURFAC:ES PROVIDED WIi TH RIBS'! OF SMALL DIMENSIONS. SOOB AN GRUZ SSR19 NO 3 321-327 SEPT 1957 905 REACTORi ENGINEERING DIVISION QUARTERLY REPORT JUNE 1 THROUGH AUG 31) 53 ANL-5s134 906 REACTOR DPEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PROGRESS REPT FOR AUGUEST, i9.6 ANL-6215 16 SEPT 1960 067 REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE OF i956, TID-7529iPT,1i ASD TR 61-594 1533

908 REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER INFORMATION MEETING HELD AT BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY OCTOBER 18-19, 1954o BNL-2446 909 REICHARDT, C.L. HEAT TRANSFER RATES TO CROSS-FLOWING MERCURY IN STAGGERED TUBE BANK II. TRANS ASME. APRIL, 1958 910 REICHARDT, H. THE PRINCIPLES OF TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFERs NACA-TM-1408. 1951 911 REITZ, J.G. J ZERO GRAVITY MERCURY CONDENSING RESEARCH, ZERO SPACE ENG 19t NO 9. 1966 91? REITZ gJ.Go INTERIM REPORT ON FIRST ZERO G MERCURY CONDENSING TEST, THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRtDGE NEW DEVICES LAB 919 RENALDO, PAM. i EFFECTS OF DIAMETER ON BOILING OUTSIDE TUBES. THESIS M.I.T. 1947 914 REYNOLDS, JM., BURNOUT IN FORCED CONVECTION NUCLEATE BOILING OF WATER. JULY 1, 1957 PB-157-688 AD-235-387 9'15 REYNOLDSi J., ET AL, TUBE FAILURES DURING BOILING. NDA-24 FEB 23i 1956 916 REYNOLDS, JoB. LOCAL BOILING PRESSURE DROP, ANL-5178 1954 917 REYNOLDS9 JM., BURNOUT IN FORCED CONVECTION NUCLEATE BOILING OF WATER NP-6476 M.I.T. JULY. 1957 918 REYNOLDS, W.C. HEAT TRANSFER TO FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW IN A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH-AtBITRARY CIRCUMFERENTIAL HEAT FLUX. J HEAT TRANS 82, MAY, 1960 919 RHODES, Fa.H, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUID. TRANS AMER INST CHEM ENG 35. 1939 920 RHODES, J.E. HEAT TRANSFER TO A BOILINa LIQUID, AM J PHYS 21, JAN, 1953 921 RICHARDSON, B*L. SOME PROBLEMS IN HORIZONAL TWO PHASE TWO COMPOL'.!NP FLO' ANL-5949 DEC, 1958 922 ROBERTS$ H.A. A REVIEW OF NET BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP FROM THE LITERATUREo AERE-ED/M-22 1955 923 RORERTS,H.A., FT AL, BOILING EFFECTS IN-LIQUID COOLED REACTORS NUCLEAR POWER Jr NO 39, 96-101, MAR5 1959 924 ROBIN, M., FET A[L_ INSTALLATION FOR THE STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH HIGH FLUX DENSITY, LEA-703 1957 925 ROBIN: V. A., NEW HEAT TRANSFER AGENTS'FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT EXCHANGERS, TEPLOENERGETIKA 5 NO 5 61-63 MAY 1958 926 ROBiN. V.A.. USING A MIXTURE OF ALUMINUM CHLORIDE. AND ALUMINUM'BROMRIDE AS A HEAT TRASFER AGENT TEPLOENERGETIKA B NO 7 27-34 JULY 1956 ASD TR 61-594 1154

927 RORINSON, D.B*, ET ALr EFFECT OF VAPOR AGITATION ON BOILING COEFFICIENTS CHEM ENG PROGR 474 1951 928 ROCKOW;:.R.A:k SURVEY OF THEILITERATURE PERTAMNING TO THE PHENOMENA OF NUCLEATE BOILING NAA-SR-MEMO-4160 AdU 14, 1957 929. RODABAUGUI. Ri TWO PHASE FLOW AND ACOUSTIC PHENOMENA IN GASES AND LIQUIDS JPtA Lt - 177 JULY. 1960 93,6 kODEBUS:H, W.H, SPONTANgOUS NUCLEATION IN SUPERSATURATED WATER VAPOR. IND ENG CHEM 44, P ii 1952 ROEBUCKi A*H. BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF CORROSION PRODUCTS, CORROSION 1i3 FEB, 57 932 ROHRMANkN, C.A. REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER BY BOILING MERCURY 204, HW-60564 JUiE 1, 1959 933 ROHSENOW W.M. A METHOD OF CORRELATING HEAT TRANSFER DATA FOR SURFACE BOILING OF LIQUIDS, NP-3443 M.I.T. JULY. 195i 934 ROHSENOW. W.M. i CORRELATING HEAT TRANSFER DAtA FOR SURFACE BOILING LIQUIDS. TRANS ASME 74 1952 935 ROHSENOW, W.M., ET AL, A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER TRANS AM SOC MECH ENGRS 73, JULY, 1951 936 ROHSENOW- W.*M, ET AL CONSTRUCTION AND. OPERATION OF APARATUS FOR STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH SURFACE BOILING, NP-3543 M.,I.T JULY, 1950 937 ROHSENOW, WM.,i ET AL, CORRELATION OF MAXIMUM HEAT FLUX DATA FOR BOILING OF SATURATED LIQUIDS, NP-5738 M.IT, 1955 938 ROHSENOWi WI M., ET AL,, HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP DATA FOR HIGH HEAT FLUX DENSITIES TO DATE AT HIGH SUBCRITICAL PRESSURES: HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID MECHANICS INSTITUTE STANFORD U PRESS, 193 1951 93g ROHSENOWf,:W.M,, AND H.Y,. CHOI, HEAT, MASS AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER. PRENTICE-HALL 1961 940 ROHSENOW, W. M., HEAT TRANSFER, A SYMPOSIUM 1952. ENG RES INST., U OF MICH 941 ROMSENOW9 W. M., ET AL., DISCUSSION, TRANS ASME 80, 716-17 APR, 1958 942 ROHSENOW, W.M. HEAT TRANSFER ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEATE BOILING. HEAT TRAN AND FLUID MECH INST. 1953 STANFORD 94. ROHSENOW9 WoM. HEAT TRANSFER AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN LAMINAR-FILM CONDENSATION. TRANS ASME 78, 1956 944 ROHSENOW,W. PRESENT STATUS OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER, SEMINAR, DEPT OF ENG., UNIV OF CAL IN LOS ANGELES. NOV. 1959 94. ROMANOV, A4. AN INVESTIGATION OF HEAT EXCHANGE IN CLOSED TUBES UNDER NATURAL CONVECTION CONDITIONS, 1957 TECH TRANS 2. NO 9 ASD TR 61-594 135

946 ROMIE, F.E., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING MERCURY, j HEAT TRANS 82s NOV, 1960 ALSO ATL-A-102 947 ROMIE, F. THE GROWTH OF BtUBBLES IN SUPERHEATED LIQUID. DEPT OF FNG, UNIV OF CAL IN LOS AN".ELES. 1952 948 ROS, N.C.J., SIMULTANEOUS FLOW OF GAS AND LIQUID AS ENCOUNTERED IN OIL WELL KONINKLIJKE / SHELL EXPLORATIE EN PRODUCTIE LABORATORIUM, AICHE MEETING, TULSA, SEPT 25-28-. 1960 949c ROSENTHAL, M*W,o ET ALo AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRAN!SIENT BOILING, NUC SCI AND ENG 2. 1957 950 ROSF'NTHAL,'.'W! TRANSIENT S30ILING INVESTIGATION APRIL 1956 NDA-26 RO SS D.P. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF'.RC!JUY. NP-7o16 MAR 20, 1956 95? ROSTOKER, W., ET ALt EMBRITTLEMENT OF LIQUID METALS. REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORP., NEW YORK. 1960 953 ROUNTHWAITEf C., ET ALo.HEAT TRANSFER DUJRING EVAPORATION OF HIGH QUALITY WATER'STEAM MIXTURES FLOWING IN HORIZONTAL TUBES, PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 1 ASME 954 RUCKENSTEIN, E. ON HEAT TRANSFER IN REACTORS* 1959. AEC-TR-3609 955 RlUCKENSTEI N E HEAT TRANSFER IN THE CASE OF BOILING, ACAD REP Pr-PU LARE ROMINE INST ENERGET STUDII CERCETARI ENERGET,8, 1958 95h IRU.FORD,, Fa HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH.OILING LIQ'JID FILMS J SOC CHEIN, IND 66, 1 947 957 RYANS.A. COMPILATION OF EXPERIMENTAL BURNOUT DATA AS OF MARCH 1958 KAPL-M-D iG-TD-4(PT-] ) 958 RYNCHKOVAIo ET AL. AN EQUJATION FOR DETERMINING COFFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR BOILING LIQUIDS. NP-TR-40 1955 959 RYNCHKOV, AI.4 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT EXCHANGE DURING 30ILING AND INNER (MOLECULAR) PRESSURE OF A LIQUID FIZ, ZHtJR, AKAD. NAUK BELORUS. SSR NO. ll.63-71 (1959)NOV IN RUSSIAN 96 0 SAPERSKY, RoHo, ET Al., ON THE RELATIONSHIP 3ETWEEN FLUID FRICTION AND HEAT TRANSF ER IN NUCLEATE T RO I ILING JET PROP 259 1 955 961 SAFER.SKY, R.H.# ET AL,o ON THE START OF NUCLEATION IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER JET PROP 25.i 19:55 962? SARERSKY. R.'H., ET AL,, ON THE EFFECT OF NUCLEATION IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. JET PROP 25. 1955 963 SACHS:, P,9 ET AL, A CORRELATION FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN STRATIFIED TWO PHASE FLOW WiTH VAPORIZATION. INTER J OF PHEAT AND MASS TRANS 2. NO 3, APR. 1961 ASD TB 61-594 136

964 SAITO., R., ET AL, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE BOILING PHENOMENA PT. 1. THE JAPAN 1, JUNE, 1959 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF STEAM WATER MIXTURE IN THE MULTIPLE RECTANGULAR CHANNELS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, J. ATOMIC ENERGY SOC. 965 SAtLMON, D.F. TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER FROM A MOLTEN FLUORIDE SALT MIXTURE TO SODIUM-POTASSIUM ALLOY IN A DOUBLE-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER, ORNL-1716 NOV 3, 1954 964 SALMON. O.N.9 ET AL, SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM MONOXIDE IN LIQUID SODIUM, KAPL-1653 NOV 30, 1956 967 SANEYOSHI,' J. ET AL, GROWTH AND EXTINCTION OF BUBBLES IN VWATER. OYO BUTSURI 12. 1943 968 SANI, R.L., DOWNFLOW BOILING AND NONBOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN A UNIFORMLY HEATED T UBE, U.CRL- 9 023 DEC, 1959 969 SARUKHANI:AN, G. HEAT TRANSFER ON EVAPORATION9 AEC-TR-2063. OR CHEM ENG TECH 25, 1953 976 SAUER, E.T. HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUIDS. THESIS M I.T. 1937. OR MECH ENG 60, 1938 971 sAvICi P THE COOLING OF A HOT SURFACE BY DROPS BOILING IN, CONTACT WITH IT NAT. RES. COUN. OF CANADA. DIV OF MECH ENG. REPT, MT-37, 1958 972 SCHERER, V.E.. ET AL. STUDY OF BOILIN," PROCESS. NDA-2Z4 FEB 23, 1956 973 SCHORR,. MOM. BOILING HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS, KAPL-M-MMS-1 JUNE 1, 1958 974 SCHRIVEN, L.E. ON THE DYNAMICS OF PHASE GROWTH. CHEM ENG SCE 10. NO 1/2, 1959 975 SCHRIVEN, L.E. ON THE DYNAMICS OF PHASE GROWTH. REPT, P-659* SHELL DEVELOP CO. EMERYVILLE, CAL* 1958 976 SCHROCK, V*E., ET AL, LOCAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTSIAND PRESSURE DROP IN FORCED CONVECTION BOILING. U OF CAL RADIATION LAB. LIVERMOREs CAL. SEPT 30, 1957 97 7 SCHROEDER, R, W., ET AL DESCRIPTION OF INTERMEDIATE HEAT'EXCHANGER AND STEAM GENERATOR SELECTIONS FINAL REPT TID-688i FEB 25 1958 978 SCHURIG, W. WATER CIRCULATION IN STEAM BOILERS AND THE MOTION OF LIQUID GAS MIXTURES IN TUBES. VDI FORSCHUNGSHEFT 365, 1934 979 SCHWEPPE, J.L,, ET AL EFFECT OF FORCED CIRCULATTON RATE ON BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN A SHORT VERTICAL TUBE. CHEFM ENG PROG SYM SER 49 NO10 5. 1953 98O SCORAH, ReL. HEAT TRANSFER FROM METAL TO BOILING WATER. DEC, 1948 AECU-116 OR NEPA-804 ASs TR 61-594 1537

981 SCOTT, A*.B THE SURFACE ENERGY OF SODItJM PHIL MAG 45, 1954 982 SCOTT, A. W., ET AL., HEAT TRANSFER INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE FLOW'J OF STEAM: RANGING UP TO SONIC VELOCITY. PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 983 SEEVOLD, RoEr, ET AL....P T7-Ki,?iil C...C/Tl. (.')i. IVI TY OF MERCURY, NRL-4506 MAR, 1955 984 SEtLBY, JD. A CrO"iW~'AA!.,','.:;:.',. I' T... -E LI:QUID >IFTAL HEA._T TRANSFER SYSTEMS FOR WlfAo'A P L —,-J[.S-1 APR 20, 1949 985 SEMENCHENKO, VoK. SURFACE EFFECTS I!N MiETALS AND) ALLOYS, (IN RUSSIAN) GOSTEKHIZDATt MOSCOW 1957 986 SHAMRA I, F e I. LT, ITH..! AND EITS A L I OYS. 1.952, AEC-T-R34 3 9873 S.HARI (c VSKAIA~iS, SUY HEAT TR ANSFE IN A ROIL I t- LAYE' B Y THE' ET H 0 D OF A QUAS I -STAT I ONARY CO'iD I T I ON I ZV S B OTD AN SSSR NO 7 1958 9 88 SHELDON, L.A. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MERCURY VAPOR. ASME-PAPER NO. 49-A-30. JAN 10, 1950 989' SHEPARDi O.EC WETTING OF HEAT TRANSFER.SURFACES WITH LIQUIFIED METAL HEAT TRANSFER MEDIA, U S PATENT 2,763,570. SEPT 18, 1956 990 SH'R, N.C. LIQUID HOLDJUP IN TWO PHASE, STEAM WATER FLOW. M.S. THESIS UNIV OF MINNO 1955 991. SHR, N.C, FT AL, BOILING PRESSURE DROP IN THIN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS REPRINT 146 SESSION 24. A.I*CH.E., 1958 99.) SHFRMAN, A., ET AL, THERMODYNAMIC AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF HG VAPOR AT PRESSURES BELOW ATMOSPHERIC (10 MINUS 4 TO 1 ATM) AND HIGH TEMPERAT URES (UP TO 15000K) AFOSR-TN-60-657 FEB, 1959 - FEB, 1960 993 " SHEYN, V.B*.,CONVECTIVE PHENOMENA DURINr- EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM VERTICAL TUBES. UCH ZAP MOLOTOVSK UN-T NO 4 85-92 1955 RZ-F NO 12 1956 34410 ( ABST ) SHRAGCE, R.W., A THEORETICAL STUDY OF INTERPHASE MASS TRANSFER. NEW YORK COLUMBIA t..U PRESS l953 995 t i TW"iTi..EWrTHE, RT. PRO PHYS SOC, 63A, 1950 SIFDERs E.N., ET ALo, HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP OF LIQUIDS IN TUBES. I r ND ENG CHEM 28, 1936 997 Si'GEFL, R, ET AL, A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDy OF BOILING IN THE ABSENCE OF,GRAVITY. ASME PAPER 9-AV-37. NASA LEWIS RESEARCH INST ALSO TRANS ASME, JOUR OF HEAT tRAds 81, 1959 998 SIEGEL, Re, ET AL, TURBULENT FLOW IN A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH ARBITRARY: INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES AND WALL HEAT TRANSFER. J HEAT TRANS 81, NOV, 59 ASD TR 61-594 1538

~90 SIEGEL, R., ET AL, UNSTEADY TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN TUBES. J HEAT TRANS 82. AUG, 1960 iboo SIEMES, W. GAS BUBBLES IN LIQUIDS. I. FORMATION OF GAS BUBBLES FROM VERTTICAL CIRCULAR JETS. CHEM ENG TECH 26 1i954 101 SILVESTRI,M,* TWOQ PHASE ( STEAM AND WATER ) FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 1002 SINGH'i K.P., ET AL, TRANSPORT OF HEAT BY CONVECTION AND BO.LING.IN LIQUIDS ENCLOSED IN VERTICAL TUBES. PROCEEDINGS OF THIRD CONGRESS THEOR APPL MECH BAGALORE. INDIAN SOC THE-EOR APPL MECH. KHARAGPUR 1957 1003 SITTIG, M, SODIUM.!ITS MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES, AND USES. REINHOLD PUBL CORP, NEW YORK, 1956 QD / 181 /,N2 / 562 1004 SKAPERDASt G.T. HEAT TRANSFER, IND ENr, CHEM 440 JAN, 1952 1005 SMIRNOV, A*Gi, FREE THERMAL CONVECTION OF MERCURY IN CLOSED CIRCULAR TUBES. ZHUR TEKH FIZ 27 NO 10 2373-2380 OCT 1957 o106 SMITH, A. A. A ET AL.* SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERACTION OF LIQUID SODIUM WITH'"CAST IRONS AND PLAIN CARBON $TEELS U OF CAMBRIDGEi EhlG J IRON STEEL INST t LONDON) i96 1966 SM THu E.S.E THE CALCULATION OF THE VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDMETALS IWITH SPtCIAL REFERENCE TO LITHIUM). RBD(R)/TN-1 JAN, 1952 1008 SODIUM. AERE-ED/D-10(ISSUE 2) 1009 SOKOLSKAIA, L. A., CONVECTION IN MOLTEN METALS. IZV AN SSSR OTD TEKH NAUK NO 9 1365-1371 1949 1010 SOLDAINI', 6o SURVEY OF HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES BY MEANS OF BOILING WATER IN THE UNITED STATES, ENERGIA NUCLEARE (MILAN) 1, A1AR, 1960 (IN ITALIAN) 011o SONGINA, O.A. RUBIDIUM AND CESIUM. 1959* F-TS-9782/III TECH TRiANS 3, NO1 11i2 tONNEMANN, G, A METHOD OF CORRELATING BURNOUT HEAT FLUX DATA NUCLEAR SCE AND ENG.5 242-7 1959, APR 1001 500 S s* EFFECT OF THt WALL ON TWO-PHASE TURBULENT MOTION. JAPPL MECH ENG 27, NO 1. 1960 i614 B0o0 S'L. ET AL, DETERMINATION OF TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID PARTICLES IN A TWO-PHASEISTREAM BY OPTICAL AUTOCORRELATION. REV SCI INSTRUM 30, NO 9. 1959 5OROKIN. A. F.. APPLYING G.N.KRUZHILINS CRITERIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE HEAT EXCHANGE DURING THE ROILING OF SOLUTIONS, NAUK DOKL VYS SHKOLY ENERG NO1 151-154 1958 L016,O\/IET RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIT OPERATION OF HEAT TRANSFER. A BIBLIOGRAPHY. JAN, 1960. PAL-60-14. tECH TRANS. SD TR 61 ~594 139

1017 SPARROW, E.M. ET ALt, A BOUNDARY LAYER TREATMENT OF LAMINAR FILM CONDENSA TION. J HEAT TRANS. 81o FE, 1.959 1018 SPIEGL, CoJo THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIEN AND TOXICOLOGY OF MERCURY. UR-469 NOV 6s 1.956 101.9 ST>.r yo,, - r c - 1 83 1959 1 0 2 ) 602 ] STAI ISZEWSK I B EL * NUCLEATE BOIING PUMB3LA GROWTH MFNGD DEPARTURE, NP-7984T CONDUCGSTM1 t 959 BOILING WATER IN TURBULENT FLOW IN AN INTERNALLY HEATED AN^NULUJS9 NUCLEAR ENG SYM, PART i 1022 STEIN, Ro Po, CRITICAL REVIEW OF ZUBER AND ZUB3ERTRIRUS THEORIES OF TRANSLATION BOILING.: DEPT. OF CHEM ENc.G ENG RES LAB COLUlMBIA UN'IVERSITY TECH NOTE IX tN-3-58 OCT 8 1959 STEINER, J,, ET AL' ELECtROMAGNETIC PUMPS WitHOUT MOVING PARTS FOR THE CONDUCTION OF LIQUID METALS, AFC-TR-3200 1956 1024' StEINLE, H.F, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDJOY OF THE TRANSITION FROM NUCLEATE TO FPi..M q OILING UNTNDER ZERO GRAVITY CONDITIONS. 1960 HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID MECH TUST STANFORD UNIV JUNE 15 - 17, 1960 1 02.5 STERMANL SL' ET AL., AN INVESTIGATIONC) INTO THE INFLUFENCE OF SPEED OF CIRCULATION ON TIHE VALUES OF CRITICAL HEAT FLOWS FOR LIQUID BOILING IN TUBES. I GRL-TL/W-6l0 1V 1:, 2 1026 WAtER AND ETHYL ALCOHOL IN PIPES FIZ ZHUR, AKAD NAUK BELORUS SSR 23NO 10, 40-5(1959)0CT IN RUSSIAM 07 7 STERMAN L.S INVESTIGATION OF HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE BOILING OF A LItQUID IN PIPES, AFRE-LIR/TRAMS-565 1954 1028 STER.T.AN a L.So O-N THF TtG-'ORY OF HEAT EXCH-JANtE ON PTILING IN PIPES A f t E- L I / T 1R 5 - 7 9 l C9.5 4t.....;.',~i", LSo ON THE T HEORY OF tHE HEAT TRANSFFR FROM A RBOILING IQUlID CTS-62 DErPT OF SCIEINTIFIC AND INnD!U.STRIAL RErSE-A-RCH, CHARL=ES HOUSE, C-11 REGENT ST. 9 LONDON SW-] _C, EN." LN,i"N) 1953 1030 STERMAN, L.S. THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY OF MOTION OF A FLUID ON HEAT TRAN'SFER DURING BOILING. AEC-TR-1781 1951 1031 STIUSHIN: N. G., INVESTIGATION OF tHE INFLUENCE OF RATE OF FORCED?OVEr!AENT OF FLUID ON H'AT EXCHANGE IN BOILING UNDER PRESSURE. ZHUR EtKS I TEOR FIZ 25 NO 11 1920-1930 1953 1032 STOCK,:' E''iJ. OBSERVATIONS ON TRANSITION BOILING HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA JUNE 1960 ANL-6175 ABD TB 61-594 140

1033 STRACHAN, J.F,, ET AL, THE EFFECT OF MERCURY ON THE CORROSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTI.ES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS. PART 2. MATERIALS EXPOSED TO STATIC LIQUID MERCURY AT 300C TO 50OC. AERE-X/R-1229 AUIG 11* 1953 1034 STRACHANJ.F., ET AL. THE EFFECT OF MERCURY ON THE CORRISION AND PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PART Si A SURVEY OF THE INTERACTION OF THE:MEtALLIC.::ELEMENTS WITH STATIC LIQUID MERCURY AT ROOM TEMP. AND 500C, AERE-X/R-1503 JULY 19, 1954 1035 STRACHAN. J.F.,ET AL, THE ATTACK OF UNSTRESSED METALS BY LIQUID MERCURY J iNST METALS 85, 1956-57 1036 STRAHL.H.. THE LARGE COMPONENT TEST LOOP 3/1/60, NAA-SR-4386 STROMQUIST, W.K.' EFFECT OF WETTING.ON HEATiTRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID METALS. SECOND QUARTERLY REPORT, ORO-52 OCT 31i 1951 1038 STUDIES IN BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. MAR; 1951. U OF CAL FOR AEC. C0024 1039 STUDtES#iOF DENSITY TRANSIENTS IN VOLUME HEATER BOILING SYSTEMS. AECU- 2529 JULY., 1953 1040 $TUDIES OF LIQUID METALS, BULL INFORM SIC ET TECH (PARIS) NO 31 JULY, 1959 1641 STUMPF, H.J*, ET AL, TEST RESULTS AND DESIGN COMPARISONS FOR LIQLID METAL-TO4AIR RADIATORS. ORNL, TENNESSEE CF-54-7-187,JULY 19, 1954 DECL. 9 OCT 1959 042 STYR1KOVICHW M.A. ET AL, CRITICAL THERMAL LOADING WHEN A LIQUID BOILS IN LARGER VOLUME. IZVEST AKAD NAUK SSSR OTDEL. TEKH NAUK NO 5, 1951 STYRIKOVICH, M. A.. ET AL.. OBSERVATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING UN"DER FORCED CIRCULATION, ZHTF 16, 1940 1044 STYRIKOVICH, M.A.. ET AL. J TECH PHYS 10. NO 166 1946 1045 STYRIKOVI CH9 M.A,.ET AL, SOME'RELATIONSHIPS IN HEAT, TRANSFER TO BOILING MERCURY IN FORCED CONVECTION, ZHUR. TEKH. FIZ. 1i01331-9 (1940O AEC-TR-3868 1046: STYRIKOVICH, M.A., ET AL, SOVETSKOE KOTLOLURBOSTROENIE 9. 1940 1047 STYRIKOVICH, M.A, ET AL, THE INFLUENCE OF NONUNIFORM HEATING OF THE PERIMETER OF A TUBE ON THE CRITICAL HEAT FLOWO SOVIET PHYS DOKLADY 4, NO 4, 1960 i048 STYRIKOVICH, M.A., ET AL., ON THE EFFECT OF ANGLE OF SLOPE ON THE TiMPERATURE STATE.OFTHE WALL OF STEAM GENERAtING TUBES AT HIGH PRESSURES. DOKL AN SSSR FO NO 1 57-66 1951 1,049 STYRIKOVICH, M.A. HYDRODYNAMICS AND HEAT. TRANsFER DURING BOILING IN HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS. JUNE, 1961. AEC-TR-4490 ABD Th 61-594 141

1050 STYRIKOVICH, fMA., G.E. KHOLODOVSKII IAND MeS. FOMICHEV, HEAT ENGINERING AND HYDRODYNAMICS. VOL 4. AEC-TR-4206 1958 STYRIKOVICH, M.A, THE EFFECT OF SUPERIMPOSED ELEMENTS ON THE BEGINNING OF BOILING IN THE STEAM GENERATING PIPES. TEPLOENERGEtIKA NO 5. 1960 1052' SURBOTINi V.Io, ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN MERCURY AND WATER FLOWING IN A CLOSELY PACKED ASSEMBLY OF RODS ATOMNAYA ENERG 9, DEC, 1960 1653 SUBBOTIN, V.oI1 ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO MERCURY FLOWING TURBULENTLY IN AN ANNULUS. ATOMNAYA ENERG 9, OCT, 1960 1054 SUBBOTINo VoIe. ET AL,* CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN WATER UNDER CONDITIONS OF RESTRICTED FLOW. ATOM ENERG 3 N08 149-151 AUG 1957 1055 SUSSKIND, H. A SURVEY OF BUlK BOILING STUDIES IN PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR SYSTEMS. AUG, 1960 BNL-636 1056 TACHIBANA, F.', ET AL., HEAT TRANSFER IN FILM BOILING TO SUBCOOLED LIQUIDS PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASM~ 1657 TAGAkIo S. THEORY OF FORMAtION OF BUBBLES. J APP PHYS 24 DEC* 1953 1058 TAIANAIKO,'IU. M., HEAT EXCHANGE DURING BOILING OF WATER IN A DRAINING FILM ~ IZV KIEVSK POLITEKHN IN-TA 17 75-82 1956 RZ-F N03 MAR 1957 6333 ( ABST ) 1b059 TAOs L.N. ON COMBINED FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION IN CHANNELS. J HEAT TRANS 82. AUG, 1960 1060 TATARINOV, B.P., SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BOILING LIQUIDS. TRUDY HI iT NO 17 3-15 1953 1061 TAYLOR, G.I. THE INSTABILITY OF LIQUID SURFACES WHEN ACCELERATED IN A bIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THEIR PLANE, PROC ROY SOCo LONDCI. 1950 A-26i 1 62 TbYLOR,' J*W, ET ALs SOLID MEtAL-LIOUID INTERACTION STUDIES$ PART II CONTACT ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS FOR SODIUM ON SOLIDS, NOV. i955, AER -M 2-1721063 TAYLOR,: Jo.W. WETTING BY LIQUIDS METALS, PROG IN NUCL ENERGY, SERIES V, MET AND FUELS, VoL 2 TAYLOR,; LE. s ET AL j HI'GH FLux BOILING HEAT tRANSFER FROM A FLAT PLATE, UIRL-5414 NOV9 25i 1958 1065 TAYLORs, J.WI AN ESTIMATION OF SOME UNKNOWN SURFACE TENSIONS FOR METALS. METULLURGIA, 50, 1954 1066 TEK, M.R. TOPICS IN MULTIPHASE FLOW,* UNiV OF MICH. COLL OF ENG. i961 1067 THOMAS, D.G., ET AL, NUCLEATE BOILING STUDIES WITH AQUEOUS tH-02 SLURRIES ORNL-2722 FEB 8, 1960 ASD TR 61-594 142

10,68 THOMSON, G.oW, ET AL. PHYSICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUiM.o A CRITICAL REVIEW. ETHYL CORP. RES AND ENG DEPART, NOV. 1955 1069 THORPE, P.E'. ET AL. CALIBRATION OF THE MERCURY VAPOUR DETECTOR TYPE B AERE-ES/R-2124 JAN. 1957 1070 TIDBALLi: R.A; ET AL. FINAL REPORT ON THE 1OOKW AIR COOLED, LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER LOOP. NP-5751 AU,, 16. 1955 1071 TIDBAL;. R.A., ET AL. FLOW DECAY IN A SODIUM HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM, NP-549i!. # 1955 1i072 TIDBALL. RA, LIQUID METAL HEAT EXCHANGERS, POWER io4i 82; 1960 1073 TIDBALL' R.A. PERFORMACE OF SMALL LIQUID METAL HEAT EXCHANGERSi CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 49, NO 5i 1953 1674 TIM, DtPS FREE CONVECTION tN NARROW VERTICAL LIQUID METAL ANNULtI. BNL-'2446 OCT. 1954 TIMCHUCK' BO.J. STUDY OF HEAT EXCHANGE, IN LIQUID METALS DURING PHASE TRANSFORMATION. INZH FiZ ZH NO 11, 195~ 1676 TIMMERHAUS, K. D., ET AL,. AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF;OVER-ALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR CONDENSING AND BOILING HYDROGEN FILMS - RPR1EPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 1077:; TiMO, D.Pp,i FREE:CONVECTION IN NARROW VERTICAL SODIUM ANNUL, KAPL-1082 MARCH 5 1i954 1078 TOBILEVICH. N.Y, ET AL, THE STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS DURING BOILING IN..PIPES* V SB GIDRODINAMIKA I TEPLOOBMEN PRI KIPENII J KITLAKH VYSOKOGO DAVLENIYA AKAD. NAUK SSSR, 1955 1079 TOLUBtINSKII,V, I., HEAT TRANSFER DURINc BOI:LING OF WATER IN VERTICAL TUBES AT LOW HEAT FLUXES. TRUDY INST TEPLO NO 10 12-14 1953 RZ-K 1955 1080 TORIKAIt K., ET AL. TrHE FLUID FLOW RESISTANCE THROUGH THE ROUND TUBE IN NMET BOILING, J ATOMIC ENERGY SOC JAPAN 2. NOVt 1960 1081 TORIKAI, K. HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF BURNOUT INl BOILING, 1961 J AERI 1017 1082 TRAMONTNIN Vo.NoET AL. STUDIES IN BOILING HEAT TRABNSFER, LOS ANGELES DEPT. OF ENG. U. OF CALIF.. MAR., 1951 1083 TREFETHEN.i L.M. H EAT TRANSFER PROPERtIES OF LIQUIC MIIETALS. NP-1788 184 JULY 1, 1950 TRESHCHOV. G.G. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH SURFACE BOILING OF WATER. TECH TRANS 3. NO 8 1958 ASD TR 61-594 143

TIR —YA. OVI AoP. JFF:CT OF ULTIRASOUND ON THE INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT 17 X C t~ A N,3 ~-i W,'- [.).... 2 5 9;- 6 ( r i AL1 r" T259-T691 73o.C. 1- i! Ii.'T, MEiAL.-i NS S..AS. R.3AF. Y. R NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. A REPORT ON THE DEVELOPM4ENT OF SUI TABLE HEAT EXCHANGERS AND STEAM GENERATORS, MECH ENG 75f, JUNE, 1953 1087 TROCKI: T. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THE USE OF LIQUID METALS FOR HEAT TRANSFER, AECU-1608 1952 1088 TROY,M. ANALY'SIS OF MSAR TRANhSITION BOILING AND FILtM BOILING DATA FOR WATER AT 2000 PSIA, LAPD-AD-TH-492 APRILo 19"5 0 ].089 TROY, M.T. LITFRATURE SEARCH ON:OILINc OF WATER. METTIS LIB. MAR 10, 59 TyROY s. NATUr'/I rO.VEi Crtt r,' r:V 1 P AT c'00 P IA'T,O L ING IN VERTICAL R-CT.ANG(L " IAR CHANEt!r:-L S UNHr C0UR CONDITITONS OF ZEF-FO- IFT Tt-ROJUGH FLOW, WAP)-T:- 4-5 OVT, 1958 TROYM. UPIJ FlO JW BURRNO7UT DATA FOR WATER AT 2000,1200,800 AND 600 PSIA IN VFRT ICL L 07 IN tY 2e25 TN BY 72 TN LONG STAINLESS STEEL RECTANGULAR f-EHANNFI N, WA T. - 408 JJULY.....1.958 1092 TRUMMELi J M. SOME OBSERVATIONS MADE ON CAVTATING SODIUM FLOWS IN A VENTURI CF-54-8-225 AUG 31, 1954 1093 tRUSELAs R.A.,' ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS OF SPACE VEHICL.E POWER SYSTEM WRIGHT-PATTERSON SAE PAPER 154C, 1960 1094 TURNBULL, Do, FT AL., HOMOGElNFOUlS Nl.JCI.E -ATION, ItN TFXT THF': PHYSICS OF POW'DER METALLURGY o K I T,, CTON,.,.o, C...L, N. EU YOR, K. Y I..951 1095 ": <, T'., I,VLS"TI':ATt I N: OF S.TS I LOE FRL f.'FR T YPESH FOp TH-iE LARGE i-!P F PI ING. DEC, 19 58. NAA-SR-ME.,M0 O-3 4; 7 10,- 6 ULUGOL, V.L PRESSJURE GR/-",DIENTS ASSOCIATED WITHI-t NON?.DT,A"" ATIC(" TWO-(-PHASE FLOW. HEAT TRAlNSFER tAND T HER N.ODYNA,,IICS LYAS. U OF SFilCHF 1.961 1097 UNGAR, ER Wo, PARTICLE IMPACTS ON MELT LAYER OF ABLATING BODY. J AMER ROCKET SoC 30 NO. 9, 799 1960 ] (008 UNTIERMEYER, S. BOILING REACTORS. D RECT ST.AM rG N!R4T ION FOR POWAER. NUCLEONICS 1 7. NO 7'/ 1099 R U Z OV' S K I Y S, S L A AE rCT -. "U E P- T -If -. V-,..TI'C SURFACE TFNSIFON. JUINE, 1.95,:,.T T:: T....!.. 3s,,,, 1100oo UREYo' H*,C, BOILING WATER EXPERIMEN T.S RELATIVE TO BOILING REACTORS CF-51-8-45 195 3..S I KINb C. H., FT AL. <ME PAPER 60-HT -10, 19'60 USISKINC,,C!o EVT ALoe AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BOIL!NG IN THE ABSENCE OF GRA'VITY J H.4EAT TPRANSFER TRANS. ASM,4E SERIES C VOL 83 1961 ASD TR 61-594 144

1103 USISKINoC.M. ET AL. AN EXPFRItvElNTAL STUDY OF BOILING IN REDUCED AND ZERO GRAVITY FIELDS. AS'ME-AICHiE IHEAT TRANSFER CONF. AUG. 1960 BUFFALON.Y. 11.:04 VANDERWATER, R.G. BOILING LIMITSt 1952, HW-23251 1165! VAUTREY, Li ET.AL., STUDIES OF LIQUID METALS.BULL. INFORM. SCI. ET TECH. I PARIS ), NO. 59t APRIL. 1961 ( IN FRENCH VELTISHCHEVA, VoA., ET AL., THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MERCURY TEPLOENERGETIKA 5 NO 10 80-82 OCT 1958 1107 VERSCHOR, H. SOME ASPECTS OF THE MOTION OF A SWARM OF GAS BUBBLES RISING THROUGH A VERTICAL LIQUID COLUMN. TRANS INST CHEM ENG 28. 1950 1108 VEST, R*W. THE ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF REFACTORY OXIDES. AD-260-194 1109 VEYNIK, A I A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE IN1TENSTTY c'F' E'r EXCHANGE IN MOLTEN METALS BY FREE CONVECTION TRUDY IN.S-!' ETERGET AKAD NAUK BELORUSS SSR 3,62-7 (195,) 1116 VISCARDI, J*.Eo, REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER. PRO'RFSS. NDA.29 AUG. 319 1956 VISCARDI, JoEo REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER PROGRESS, NDA-28 JULY 10, 1956 ALSO NDA-29* AUGUST, 1956 VISCARDI, J.E. BOILING BURNOUT NEWSLETTER NO 4, NDA-6,.,.ISSUE NO 5 NDA-8......PROGRESS NO 5, NDA-9.., ~o~PROGRESS NO 8, NDA-24 1113 VISCARDIo J.E. REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE OF 1956, TID-75 9(PT,1) 1114 VISHNEVI.P.,ET.AL HEAT TRANSFER DURINr THE BOILING OF LIQU9DS IN TUBES FIZ ZHUR AKAD NAUK BELORAS SSR? 3 IMAY 9 1960 1115 VISKANTA, R., ET AL, HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID METALS WITH VARIABLE PROPERTIES. J HEAT TRANSF 82, NOV, 1960 VOHR, J*H. FLOW PATTERNS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW - A SURVEY OF LITERA'-.RE, DEC 15i 1960 TID-11514 1117 VOLMER, M., ET AL, ABOUT THE COEFFICIENT OF VAPORIZATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID MER CURY, PHYSIK. Z 7, 1921. 1118 VOSt AoSo SUPERHEATING AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEMP4PERATI...i: I,' THE LIQUID AND VAPOR OF BOILING LIQUIDS. (IN DUTCH) INGENIEUR 7.,;'O 7. 1959 1119 VOS A.S., ET ALs HEATTRANSFER TO BOILING METHYLETHYLKETONE MIXTURES I: WITH WATER. CHEM ENG SCI 5, 1956 1120 VOSKRESENSKII, R D~,Et AI;L, APPROX IATE.CALCULATIONS OF IIQUID METAL -EAT TRANSFER, TEPLOPENEDAC, HA I TEF ORIYA TEPLA, ACAD, OF SC USSR, MOSCOW, IGIS-53RDD/ W) TRANSLATED TECH TRANS 5, NO 15 61.-13027 1959 ASP R 61-594 145

1 1 21 WAHL M.Ho, l. IETTINlfG lITH SODUTLhi'.i No P-5811 NOV 7, 1955 1122 WALKER, KoWo HEAT TRANSFER TO WATER BOILING UNDER VACUUa, THESIS M.I.T. i940 112 3 WALLIS, G.B., ET AL, LIOID' AN,!D GAS DIST RIB.UTIONS I.N A TWO PHASE BOI!. TI,G ANALOGY, NP-72/ i I olo, DS' rpOJEC' NO 1-7 673 D'RC NS 1t958 1124 WALLIS,*G.:" B. ET AL.,,'OSCILLATIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOW SYSTEMS J' —iEAT TRAN VOoL 83 SERIES C NO 3 AUG 1961 1125 WALLIS, G. B., GAS-LIQUID ANALOGUE OF NUCLEATE BOILING, NUCL POWER 5 NO 52, 99 1960 1126 WALLIS, G.BE. SOME — IYDRODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW AND BOILING PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME I127 WALLIS,G.B. THE ANALOGY BETWEEN THE BUBBLING' OF AIR INTO WATER AND NUCLE ATE BOILING AT SATURATION TEMPERATURE. 1960, AEEW-R-28 1128 WALSH, J3B.3 M.I.T. BOILING HEAT TRANSFER PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT. JUNE 7, 1953 NP-4925, ALSO AUGUST 9, 1953 NP-4926 WARD, A.GGiET.AL, METALLURGICAL. INVESTIriATIONS OF SODIUM HEAT TRANSFER RIG AERE-M/M-148 FEB, 1957!130 WATT, D.A. A SINGLE PHASE ANNULAR INDUCTION PUMP FOR LIQUID METALS. AERE ED/R-1844 JAN 21, 1953 ]] 31 WATT, D.A. THE DESIGN OF ELECT'ROMAGNETIC PUMfPS FOR LIQUID M'ETALS. PROC INST ELEC ENGR (LONDON) PT. A, APR, 1959 WATT, D.A. DESIGN OF TRAVELING FIELD INDUCTION PUMPS FOR LIQUID METALS. SEPT, 1957. AERE-R/M-144 11 3 WATT, D,,A. DIRECT CURRENT PUMPING OF LIQUID METALS, AERE-CE/R-757 SEPT 28i i951 1134 WATT, J*So) ET AL, MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATION OF TUNGSTEN SUSPENSIONS AND DENSITY OF LIQUID SODIUM BY GAMMA RAY ABSORPTION, AUSTRALIAN ATOMEI ENERGY SYMPOSIUM, 1958 WEATHERFORD, W. Do. ET AL., PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC WORKING FLUIDS AND COOLANTS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS WADC-TR-59-598 DEC 1959 WErCH, Af, D FL.UKr, G. HOW TO TAKE SAMPLES FROM LIQUID METAL LOOPS. J C)F MICH., NUCLEONICS 15* NO 10. OCTi 1957 3137 WElL, L. HEAT TRANSFER IN BOILING FLUIDS. KALTETECK 5. 1953 1138 W.EILLS, J.T. STEAM! BUBBLE SIZE AND RATE OF RISE THROUGH WATER AT ITS NORMAL BOILING POINT. 1956 CT-910 1139 WEISS, D.H. PRESSURE DROP IN TWO-PHASE FLOW, OCT 20, 1952 ANL-4916 ASD TR 61-594 146

1140 WELSER, D. HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS WITH MERCURY. AEC-TR-2ti6 1948 1141 WERNER' R.C. LIQUID METAL TECHNOLOGY FINAL REPORT. NP-5614 MINE SAFETY CO. MARCH 29, 1955 1142 WESTMORELAND,'J.C NATURAL CIRCULATION STEAM GENERATORS FOR NUCLEAR POWER. NUC SCI AND ENG 2i i957 1143 WESTMORELAND, J..C. PREDICTION OF THE PRESSURE LOSS AND DENSITY FACTORS FOR TWO PHASE- ANNULAR FLOW WITH OR WITHOUT HEAT GENERATION` KAPL-1792 FEB 19-57 1144 WEST'WATERg- JEW AND R-F. GAERTNER..POPULATIQN OF ACTIVE SITES IN NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. AICHE PAPER'NO 1 i60 AICHE AND ASME TRANS CONFERENCES STORRS., CONN. AUdUST. i959 WESTWATER',T J. W* BOILING OF LIQUIDSO PART'li IN ADVANCE$ IN CHEM ENG VOL i ED. T.B. DREW ACADEMIC PRESS INC NEW YORK 1956 1146 WESTWATER, Ji.W BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. AMER SCIENTIST 474 1959 1147 WJES5TWATER, Je.W. ET AL, APPROXIMATE. THEORY FOR FILM BOILING ON VERTICAL SURFACES. CHEM ENG PROG SYM SER 56, NO 30. 1960 1148 WESTWATER, J, W., ET AL, MEASUREMENTS OF BUBBLES FORMED IN BOILING METHANOL AICHE JOUR 2 1956 11 49 WESTWATER, J.W.t ET ALt SOUND OF BOILING. SCI 1224 i955 i56, WESTWATER1$ J.W. ET AL, THE EFFECT OF TRACE ADDITIVES ON THE HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING ISOPROPANOL. U OF ILLINOIS 1151 WESTWATERi J.W. PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF BOILING, IND ENG C.HEM 47. 1955 1152 WESTWATER, J.W. THE BOILING OF LIQUIDS, SCI AMER 190, 1954 1153 WHINERY, L.A., 2000 KW SODIUM TEST FACILITY, LAMS-2541 MARCH, 1961 WHITE, P*D., ET AL., HORIZONTAL CO-CURRENT TWO-PHASE FLOW OF FLUIDS IN PIPELINES, THE PET. ENG., D-40 —-D-46 AUG. 1955 1155 WHITMAN, M. J,ET AL. BOILING RUBIDIUM AS A REACTOR COOLANTPREPARATION OF RUBIDIUM METAL, PHYSICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND COMPATIBILITY WITH INCONEL. CF-55-6-49 iPT1 ) AUG, 1954 11.56 WICKSKM.,ET.AL.* AM. INSTITUTE CHEM. ENd. JOUR. 6N0.3 Pi463 1960 1157 WILKINSON, W.D., ET AL, ATTACK ON METALS BY LITHIUM. aNL_-49-0 OCT 13, 19'50 WILSON: RH. [LITERATRUR E SURVEY RE, BUBBLE FORMATION, CF-50-4-148 APRIL 27, 1950 1159 WINKLER, H.H., ET AL, METHOD AND RESULTS OF SODIUM WETTING TESTS kAPL-P'231 DEC 27 1949 ASD TR 61-594 147

1.66 WISSLERj E*,H,.i, ET. AL. OSCILLATORY,,iBEHAVIOR, OF A TWO PHASE NATURAL CBIRCULATION LOOP. A I CH E JOURNAL 2 JUNE, 57 1 161 WO-OBDRUFF, O.Ji, ET AL' COOLANTSt NUCLEONICS 11 NO. 6. JUNE, 1953 116'2 YAGGEE F.L,' ET AL, THE RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF LIQUID LITHIUM s6DIUMi AND EUTECTICtiA-Ko AND THE ~PECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID LITHIUM ANL-4458 APR 21~ 1950 1663 YAGI::S..~ ET AL, NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER ON HORIZONTAL FLAT SURFACE THE SOCIETY OF CHEM ENG, JAPAN. CHEM ENG VOL 25, NO 1. 1961 1164 YAMAGATA, K.' ET AL, NUCLEATE BOILING OF WATER ON THE HORIZONTAL HEATING SURFACE. MEMOIRS OF THE FACULTY OF ENG. KYUSHU UNIV 15i NO 1. 1955 1165 YAROSHf` M.M. EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF LIQUID METAL AND MOLTEN SALT HEAT EXCHANGERS. NUC SCI ENG 8i NO i. 1960 1166 YEREMENKO. V,;N ETIAL., HEaWETTING OF BORIDES AND CARBIDES BY LIQUID METALS 19:60 TCH TRANS 4, NO 7 1167;; ~AADUMK1:N"i S.N.,,AP'PROXIMATE ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURES OF METALLIC LIQUIDS AE&-TR-4404 1966 1168 ZADUMKIN4. S*N, SURFACE TENSION AND HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF METALS DOKLADY AKAD NAU K SSSR.'.i, - PT 1, 1953 TRANSLATED. TECH TRANS 2, NO 9 CCT-222TT 1169 ZENKEVICH. BA. THE CORRELATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON CRITICAL HEAT LOADS IN FORCED CONVECTION OF WATER HEATED BELOW THE BOILING TEMPERATURE. SOVIET JOURNAL OF ATOMIC ENERGY 6, NO 2. SEPT, 1960 CONSULTANTS BUREAU ZERBY, C*.D. DESIGN OF SMOOTHLY FLOWING GAS AND LIQUID MIXTURES CF-51-10-130 OCT 11 1951 1171 ZMOLKA. P:C. ET';AL"* POWER REMOVAL FROM BOILING NUCLEAR REACTORS' DEC 1i95 MEETiNG OF ASME 1172 ZMOLA9 P.C. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF BOILING IN LIQUIDS. THESIS. PURDUE UNIV. 1950 1173, ZOZULIA, M.V., HEAT TRANSMISSION DURING THE CONDENSATION OF VAPOR AS AFFECTED BY THE CONDENSATE VISCOSITY ( WiTH SUMMARY IN ENGLISH ), P AN URSR NO S 272-275 1958 1174 ZOZULIA. M#.V. INVESTIGATIONi OF" HEAT TRANSFER DURING CONDENSATION OF VAPOUR ON VERTICAL TUBES. JUNE, 1960. RTS-1438 TECH TRANS 1.1 7 5 r.UBER" N. g E1 AL, F"U.ITHER REARIS ON THE STABILITY OF BOILING HEAT,i ANSFER. AECU'363i JAN 1958 1176 ZUBERi N.., A NOTE ON THE CORRELAtON OF DATA iN NUCLEATE POOL BOILING ROM A HOR IONTAL SURFACE, JUNE 19 ASD TR 61-594 148

1177 ZUBER, N.., AND TIBUS, THE HYDRODYNAMIC CRISIS IN POOL BOILING OF SATURATED AND SUBCOOLED LIQUIDS. PREPRINT 1961 INTERNATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE PART 2 ASME 1178 ZUf.ER, N., ET AL, ON THE PROBLEM OF LIQUID ENTRAINMENT. OCT. 1960 ANL-6244 1179 ZUBER, N. HYDRODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AECU-4439 JUNE, 1959 1180 ZURER, N HYDRODYNAMlIC AE'TrS OF NUCLET-AT- POOL BO I L I N; l T I REGION OF ISOLATED BUBBLES. RW-RL-164 RAMO WOOLDRIDL(E DIIV D "V THOMPSON-RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE INC JAN 271, 1960 1181 ZUBER, N. J AMER INST CHEM ENG 3. 1957 1182 ZUBER, N. ON THE MAXIMUM HEAT FLUX iN POOL NUCLEATE BOILING.TO SUBCOOLED LIQUIDS. MEMOR, DEPT OF ENG# UNIV OF CAL AT LOS ANGELES, 1957 1 18'3 ZURER, N. ON THE STABILITY OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. TRANS AM SOC MECH ENGRS 80, APR, 1958 1184 ZUBER. N. ON THE VARIABLE DENSITY SINGLE FLUID MODEL FOR TWO PHASE FLOW. J HEAT TRANS 82. AUG. 1960 ZtJQER, N. REPORT ON BOILING HEAT TRANSFER. AECU-3569 SEPT, 1957 1.. 1 ~6 Z., N. THE DYNAMICS OF VAPOR BUBBLES IN NONUNIFORM TEMPERATURE FIELDS. INT J OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 2, NO 1/2 MARCH 1961 1187 ZURERT N. THE RATE OF GROWTH OF A VAPOUR BUBBLE IN A SUPERHEATED LIQUID. MS THESIS UNIV OF CAL AT LOS ANGLES COLLEGE OF ENGIN 1954 1188 Z'WICK, E.B., ET AL, SPACE.VEHICLE POWER SYSTEMS." AMER ROCKET SOC. PAPER 867-59. PRESENTED At SEMIANNUAL MEETING IN SAN DIEGO. JUNE, 59 11'89 ZWICKSA.*, ET AL, NOTE ON THE..DYNAMICS'OF-;SMALL VAPOR BUBBLES IN LIQUIDS AD-46932 CAL INST OF TECH FEBt 1954 1190' ZWICK;, S.A. GROWTH OF VAPOR BUBBLES IN A RAPIDLY HEATED LIQUID. PHYS FLUIDS 3, SEPT OCT, 1960 ZWICKi S.A. THE GROWTH AND COLLAPSE OF VAPOR BUBBLE~S AD-54059 PHDITHESIS. CAL TECH. ALSO HYDR LAB REPT NO i1-19 AT CAL TECH DECO 1954 ASD TR 61-594 149

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