ra^n? heo ~ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR REPORT NO. 4 EFFECT OF SIZE OF CUT ON TOOL LIFE IN TURNING TITANIUM By Lo V.a COLWELL Project M993 Uo S. ARMY, ORDNANCE CORPS CONTRACT NOo DA-20-018-ORD11918 January, 1953

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SUMMARY SHEET I. Engineering Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. II. U. S. Army, Ordnance Corps. III. Project No. TB4-15 Contract DA-20-018 0RD-11918, RAD No. ORDTB-1-12045. IV. Report No. WAL 401/109-4. V. Priority No. - None VI. Investigation of machinability of titanium-base alloys. VII. Object: The object is to investigate the machinability of commercially pure titanium and three alloys of titanium. VII. Summary: Cutting speed, tool life curves were obtained with 18-4-1 high-speed steel tools at feeds of 0.003, 0.006, and 0.012 ipr. with a depth of 0.020, 0.050, 0.100, and 0.150 inch "at a constant feed of 0.006 ipr. All tests were run dry. The tool shape was 0,28,,6,6,,15,0.010 for the Type 304 stainless steel and 0,32,6,66,6,15,0.010 for SAE 1045 hot-rolled steel, grade Ti 150A titanium and grade RC 130 titanium. IX. Conclusions: (a) The interrelationships of cutting speed, tool life, feed rate, ad depth of cut for optimum tool rake angle are summarized in the exponential equations of Table V. (b) The sensitivity of cutting speed- toic.hanges in feed, depth of cut, and tool life is less than linear. (c) The sensitivity of the cutting speed is greatest for changes in feed rate, and least for changes in tool life. (d) Conversely, the tool life is most sensitive to changes in cutting speed and least sensitive to changes in depth of cut. (e) The cutting speeds for optimum rake angle should be reduced 20-25 per cent for rake angles in the range of 0 to 15 degrees (see Progress Report No. 2 for support of this conclusion). ii

TECHNICAL REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST Copy No. Contractor 1 Department of the Army Office, Chief of Ordnance The Pentagon Washington 25, D. C. Attn: ORDTB - Res. and Matls. 2-3 Same. Attn: ORDTA - Ammunition Div. 4 Same. Attn: ORDTR - Artillery Div. 5 Same. Attn: ORDTS - Small Arms Div. 6 Same. Attn: ORDTT - Tank Automotive 7 Same. Attn: ORDTU - ocket Div. 8 Same. Attn: ORDTX-AR - Executive Library 9-10 Same. Attn: ORDIX 11-12 Commanding General Aberdeen Proving Ground Aberdeen, Maryland Attn: ORDTE R. D. and E. Library 13 Commanding General Detroit Arsenal Center Line, Michigan 14-15 Commanding Officer Frankford Arsenal Bridesburg Station Philadelphia 37, Pa. 16 Commanding Officer Picatinny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey 17-18 Commanding Officer Redstone Arsenal Huntsville, Alabama 19 Commanding Officer Rock Island Arsenal Rock Island, Illinois iii

Copy No. Contractor 20 Commanding Officer Springfield Armory Springfield, Mass. 21 Commanding Officer Watervliet Arsenal Watervliet, New York 22-23 Central Air Documents Office U. B. Building Dayton 2, Ohio Attn: CADO-D 24-25 Commanding Officer Box CM, Duke Station Durham, North Carolina 26 Chief Bureau of Aeronautics Navy Department Washington 25, D. C. 27 Chief Bureau of Ordnance Navy Department Washington 25, D. C. 28 Chief Bureau of Ships Navy Department Washington 25, D. C. 29 Chief Naval Experimental Station Navy Department Annapolis, Maryland 30 Commanding Officer Naval Proving Ground Dahlgren, Virginia Attn: A. and P. Lab. 31 Director Naval Research Laboratory Anacostia Station Washington, D. C. iv

Copy No. Contractor 32 Chief Office of Naval Research Navy Department Washington, D. C. 33 Commanding General Air Materiel Command Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Dayton 2, Ohio Attn: Production Resources MCPB and Flight Research Lab. 34 Commanding General Air Materiel Command Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Dayton 2, Ohio Attn: Materials Lab., MCREXM 35 Director U. S. Department of Interior Bureau of Mines Washington, D. C. 36 Chief Bureau of Mines Eastern Research Station College Park, Maryland 37 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1500 New Hampshire Avenue Washington, D. C. 38 Office of the Chief of Engineers Department of the Army Washington 25, D. C. Attn: Eng. Res. and Dev. Div. Military Oper. 39 U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Technical Information Service P. O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, Tennessee Attn: Chief, Library Branch v

Copy No. Contractor 40 District Chief Detroit Ordnance District 574 E. Woodbridge Detroit 31, Michigan 41 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Via: Boston Ordnance District 42 Commanding Officer Watertown Arsenal Watertown 72, Massachusetts Attn: Technical Representative 43-44-45- Commanding Officer 46-47-. 8- Watertown Arsenal 49-50 Watertown 72, Massachusetts Attn: Laboratory 51 Dr. James E. Bryson Office of Naval Research 844 N. Rush Street Chicago 11, Illinois 52 Ford Motor Company 3000 Schaefer Road Dearborn, Michigan Attn: Mr. R. Lesman Supervisor, Development Section Manufacturing Engineering Department Engine and Foundry Division 53-54 Engineering Research Institute Project File University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Initial distribution has been made of this report in accordance with the distribution list. Additional distribution without recourse to the Ordnance Office may be made to United States military organizations, and to such of their contractors as they certify to be cleared to receive this report and to need it in the furtherance of a military contract. vi

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN REPORT NO. 4 EFFECT OF SIZE OF CUT ON TOOL LIFE IN TURNING TITANIUM This report concerns the effect of size of cut when turning titanium with high-speed-steel tools. This phase of the program, i.e., the effect of size of cut, is a continuation of the larger program discussed in Progress Report No. 3 on the effect of tool side rake angle. As before, tool life curves were obtained for cutting conditions that were held constant except for the cutting speed. Curves of this type were obtained for a range of both feed rates and depths of cut. These curves constitute the basis for evaluating the effect of size of cut for grades Ti 150A and RC 130B titanium in addition to SAE 1045 hot-rolled steel and Type 304 austenitic stainless steel. TEST CONDITIONS The cutting tools were 18-4-1 high-speed steel as provided under the trade name of "Blue Chip" by the Firth-Sterling Steel Company. They were in the form of 1/2-inch square by 4-inch long tool bits ground to the ASA signature 0,28,6,6,6,15,0.010 for the Type 304 stainless and 0,32,6,6,6, 15,0.010 for the three other materials. It will be noted that the tools were the same except for the side rake angle; this angle was selected as the optimum for each work material as shown by the results of Progress Report NOo 3o In the variable-feed series of tests the depth of cut was held constant at 0.050 inch and the feed was held constant at 0,006 ipr.during the variable-depth series. Tool life curves were obtained for feeds of 0.003, 0.006, and 0.012 ipr for each of the four work materialso The combination of 0,006-ipr feed and 0*050-inch depth was used in the eries of tests for Report No. 3, but it was repeated for this series because of variation in properties of the titanium from one test bar to another.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN For the same reason, the 0050-inch depth with 0.006-ipr feed was repeated in the variable —depth series The four depths of cut included in this series were 0.020, 0.050, 0.0100, and 0.150 inch, TEST RESULTS Effect of Feed Rate Results of the variable-feed series of tests are summarized in Figs. 1-8 inclusive. The cutting speed for a 10-minute tool life (V10) is plotted as a function of feed rate (f) for each of the four work materials in Figs. 1-4 inclusive. Similarly, the cutting speed for a 60-minute tool life (V60) is plotted as a function of the feed rate in Figs. 5-8 inclusive. Since all data points are well represented by straight lines on the logarithmic coordinates, the results for each work material can be represented by an equation of the type Vx = Kfa. A summary of the equations of V10 as a function of feed rate is given in Table I. TABLE I V10 VERSUS FEED V10 = KlOfa When f =.010 ipr Work Material Kl0 a VO, fpm vil. RC 130B titanium 2.51 -.608 41.5 2.9 3 Ti 150A titanium 3.13 -.625 55.7 39.4 304 stainless 11.85 -. 437 88 7 62.6 SAE 1045 steel 7.95 -.625 141.5 100 * Depth of cut is constant at 0.050 inch A similar summary for V60 as a function of feed rate is given in Table II. 2 --

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TABLE II V60 VERSUS FEED *V60 = K60f When f =.010 ipr Work Material fpm V V K6 a V60, fpm V6 RC 130B titanium 2.36 -.601 37.8 29.6 Ti 150A titanium 2.73 -.619 470. 36.7 304 stainless 11.35 -.415 77.0 60 SAE 1045 steel 7.1 -.628 128.0 100 ~ Depth of cut = 0.050 inch Effect of Depth of Cut The cutting speed for constant tool life is also an exponential function of depth of cut. Thus the results of the variable-depth tests plotted in Figs. 9-16 inclusive are summarized in Tables III and IVo TABLE III V10 VERSUS DEPTH OF CUT V10 = C10db When d.100 in. Work Material 0Co b Vl fpm V10, % RC 130B titanium 44.2 -.117 58 30 Ti 150A titanium 50.5 -.172 75 38.4 304 stainless 112.3 -.067 131 67 SAE 1045 steel 153.0 -.104 195 100 * Constant feed = 0.006 ipr 3

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TABIE IV V6o VERSUS DEPTH OF CUT *V60 C 6odb.When d =.100 in. Work Material 6 _ - _ _ C6o b... V60o fpmi V6o,. RC 130B titanium 40.6 -.094 52.5 30.6 Ti 150A titanium 43o0 -.162 62~ 5 36.4 304 stainless 98.0 -.o66 114.0 66.0 SAE 1045 steel 136.0 -.102 172 0 100 * Constant feed = 0.006 ipr Combined Effect of Feed and Depth The empirical equations contained in Tables I to IV inclusive can be combined and further altered to include tool life as a variable, Any such equation can represent only average performance for the particular material for which it was obtained, since it does not include the mechanical properties as variables. These equations are summarized for the four work materials in Table V. TABLE V EQUATIONS REIATING CUTTING SPEED, FEED, DEPTH AND TOOL LIFE Work Material Equation For f= 0.010 ipr; d =.100 Work Material Equation V-60o fpm ", v6o. lo RC 130B titanium V = 1.42 f —60 d-10 T-'075 38.6 30.9 Ti 150A titanium V = 1.18 f-.62 d-.17 T-.100 45.6 36.5 304 stainless V = 7.52 f-.43 d-.07 T-.085 91 72.9 SAE 1045 steel V = 425 f-.63 d-.10 T-o06l 125 100,~~,.. -...,.....4

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The exponents of the variables are averages of those obtained from several groups of laboratory tests-and. although they will not predict cutting speed for tool life with a high degree of precision where the properties of the work materials vary they can at least be depended on to suggest a workable cutting speed for any particular size of cut. The exponents are a meas~ ure of the sensitivity of the cutting speed to changes in the corresponding variables. For example, if the depth of cut and tool life are to be held constant and the feed is to be doubled, the speed.will not need to be reduced to one-half its original value; instead it will be reduced to 2 —6 or 0.66 times for the RC 130B titanium. Similarly, if the depth is doubled., everything else being held constant, the cutting speed must be reduced only to 2-.1 or 0.93 times its original value. Thus the larger the absolute value of the exponent, the greater the sensitivity of cutting speed to changes in the variable. It should be recalled that the equations given in Table V are applicable only to the optimum rake angles previously specified.. If tools with rake angles in the range of O to 15 degrees are to be used, the cutting speeds calculated from the equations of Table V should. be reduced from 20 to 25 per cent. It may be necessary to use smaller rake angles on interrupted cuts such as occur in milling, shaping, broaching, etc., in order to prevent even superficial crumbling of the cutting edge. ORIGINAL DATA All original data from which the specific effects of feed and depth of cut were evaluated are plotted as cutting speed, tool life curves on logarithmic coordinates in Figs. 17 to 44 inclusive. CONCLUSIONS (a) The interrelationships of cutting speed, tool life, feed rate, and depth of cut for optimum tool rake angle are summarized in the exponential equations of Table V. (b) The sensitivity of cutting speed to changes in feed, depth of cut and tool life is less than linear. 5

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (c) The sensitivity of the cutting speed is greatest for changes in feed rate, and least for changes in tool life. (d) Conversely, the tool life is most sensitive to changes in cutting speed and least sensitive to changes in depth of cut, (e) The cutting speeds for optimum rake angle should be reduced 20-25 per cent for rake angles in the range of 0 to 15 degrees (see Progress Report No. 2 for support of this conclusion). 6

CUTTING SPEED - FEED (~ 400 C ~ ~ I................. ___ o o Co. -00 U. -. 500 TI. 150 A DEPTH 0.050 IN. 30 __..... __.0005.001.002.005.010.020.060 FEED-IPR FIG.

CUTTING SPEED - FEED 400 ______- 300 ~~ — 200 -_-_150 -__ LL I ____ _____~ ____ __ ~__ _________ __ 00 w 0 bi 50 __ __ IL:> zt 3 S 30 __ _~RC. 10 B 3 ~01 1DEPTH=0.050IN. 10.0005.001 002.005.010.020 060 FEED-IPR FIG. 2

V0o CUTTING SPEED-FPM - g $ g 8 o~8 8 $o o -n -o R 00 I F~ mI I I I i I I o~ r?Za -- --- 0 l m -- | r. ~ 0 1 ) - / — 0 e,~~~~~~~~~^^ I~~~.-~~

CUTTING SPEED - FEED 400 -.., _~_~~.~.~.-. 300 -~~ - 200 - 150.~~~. 100._.___~ "-.-.060 tL 0....304 S. STEEL 10.0005.001 -002.005.010.020 060 FEED-IPR FIG. 4

CUTTING SPEED - FEED 400 -_.- _____. 300 200 _____ -________ 150__ ________. 100... IL. 1 70_ ______ ___________ _ 7 ^ 00 _U_ s 50 __ l____ > X TI. 150 A 3::, DEPTH- 0.050 IN. 10 l I I. lII I II I I0 - - _______.0005.001.002.005.010.020.060 FEED-IPR FIG 5

CUTTING SPEED - FEED 400 - - 300 I I II i 200 ___-_ L I 00 Lu " 3b to, RC. 130 B S PO DEPTH 0.050 IN. 0 20- ____I___I __I.0005.001 002.0 05.0 02 0.60 FEED-IPR FG. 6

CUTTING SPEED - FEED 400 __ ___1__ _ 300 - 150 _ - I v I.I 100- - 1 IL 70 -.____.___________________ 0 o W 50 __ __ _ S.A.E 1045 ST EL S.A.E. 1045 STEEL 3n) o 0DEPTH 0.050 IN. 10 ___ ___ __.0005.001 002.005.010.020.060 FEED-IPR FIG 7

CUTTING SPEED - FEED 400 -.____ ~~-~- ~.~. 300 _____ ____ 200 ~~~~~ 150 - - - -... 100...........~ IL. 70 50 s_ 20 - - I > ( K.....0 -. -. -.... t^ 304 S. STEEL n DEPTH 0.050 IN. 00.,___.0005.001 002.005.010.020.060 FEED-IPR FIG 8

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400_ _[v - -_.___ I____. - 300 200 -__ —________: —r - - -- I........ 100 -....__............__ ____..________ ___ I 100 ~ Lu W 50 2 30 FEED - 0.006 IPR. 10 __ 0.01 0.02 0.05 o 0 Q20 0.60 DEPTH- IN. FIG.9

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400 - _____ _ _ ~ —_~ _ ~_~_ 300 -- ~ 200 15,0 -__ __________-_____ __~____-_____ I _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ __~ 150 >0 ___ __ ~_____ __ ____ ________ __ 0w 50:> t: i I RC. 130 B 8 eol IFEED 0.006 IPR. go ____ -_10 0.01 0.02 0.05 Q0 0.20 0.60 DEPTH- IN. FIG. 10

CUTTING SPEED -DEPTH 400 - _________i _______, ~______________, _ 300 200 - 150 2 5 _____________________ ________ __ ____________ B. I00 LL w 5 1 0 -___ ___~~~ ~~~ -a. >(0 ~ _________________ ___ _ _____________ 0w 5 2 30~ ____ S.A.E 1045 STEEL ~3 90FEED=O.006 IPR 10 10~ i _____________ ___ __ ________________ 0.01 002 0.05 0.0 Q20 0.60 DEPTH-IN. FI II

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400 _________________ 300 - -, ________ 200 -_-_ 150 _ I. I00 UL 0 Lu...50 _ Z 30 -...________ t H1 1304 S. STEEL 8:: 0| FEED 0.006 IPR. 10 ____ -___ -________ _____ ______ ____ ____ _________ _____________i 10.01 0.02 0.05 00 0.20 0.60 DEPTH-IN. FIG. 12

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400 ____ ____ _______~~ 300 30 0- -____-_-__~~~~ ~~~~_ _ 200 150 ________ q 100 UL > ( ____ ____ _________________ _____ ___ __________________________ 00 LLII w iso _____ TL 150 A 8 WI IFEED=0.006IPR. 10 -~~_-___ 0.01 0.02 0.05 QIO 020 0.60 DEPTH-IN. FIG. 13

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400 __ __ ___ 300 950 __..__ I i I i i _______ I00 I __ 50_ ____ ________. a10 C, Z 30 ____ RC. 130 B:> FEED =0.006 IPR. 90 0..____.__ _. 0.01 0.02 0.05 09 020 0.60 DEPTH-IN. FIG. 14

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400___ 300 ~ 200 IL1 0 _ _ _ _._ __100._ _ IL lte (DO o 0 FEED 0.006 W R. 0 r /- 80 i~ ~~,~~ ~~_-_i _i__ i_ o.01 002 0.05 o.o Q20 0.60 DEPTH-IN. FIG. 15

CUTTING SPEED - DEPTH 400 _______.___ 300...___ 200 - -..., 150 __ Q. 100 tL 70 oW 50 - COL.. >0 __________ 304 S. STEEL::::) FEED = 0.006 IPR. 10 - 0.01 0.02 0.05 o0.o q20 0.60 DEPTH-IN. FIG. 16

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 300 _____ Tt- 150 A IrLG SB 200et f~ _~I~ ~111 FEED = 0031PR ~ f l101 hi ______ l_______ _ ______ a0 I0 z 7.6 1. 20 3.0 5.0 Io.1 20.0 240.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 17

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400. - - - in1 TI- 150 A 200I l _ L - - 1 FEEDO=.006 IPR IJ 100___ 0 L 1.)____0.0ll20~0 1.10 l. TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 18

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 300 __- ______ ________- -- ________ _____~~i TI- 150 A z 20 0- ^__ ________ FEED=O.OI21PR A: QI hli I I0 _____________.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 00.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MMINUTES FIo. 19

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400.. 30 -________L RC- 130 B a 200... I I I I I I FEED=0.003 IPR A: II Ito a ao. F. __20 I..__ _____ ___ 0. 9.021.20~3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 4001 —-jr,300 ___ 1 _1_ i^. RC- 130 B o o 200 ____________ _____ _________ FEED= 0.006 IPR hi 0 1 300______________ I6 l ~? 2.0 30 5.0 o10.0 20.0 40.0 6 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES P10.21

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 40 300 - ______ _1IL - RC-130 B s 20 O-_~_ _________ 1 _ _____ _______ __ ____ FEED 0.012 IPR Is 0 -2 15 0 - Z 0 L0___0 3.0 __ _ 20.0 40.0 _____.0 30 -_~ —_________ _______ —____________________.6 1.0) 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60. TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FI0. 22

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 20 - — ___ ~ id 0 _10 F _ ~___ __ _ ____ __ o SAE 1045 STEEL FEED 0.003 IPR 30_ _________________________________.6 1.0 2 0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 23

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 206 =1 hi ^ o^~ — ______ __r_______________TT IL 10 QI z 70 50 10.^_____ _______ ^ _________________ ^ SAE 1045 STEEL FEED = 0.006 IPR 30____ ___ ________.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.01 20.0 0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIB. 24

CUTTING SPEED- TOOL LIFE 400 3 00. i __ "I 150 a: kdo I Ioo,' I _ _I 0: z 7 I ~ ~.-~~~ ~ 5 0 __ __ _______ _ SAE 1045 STEEL FEED 0.012 IPR 30 -1 i I I -1 I - 1'.6 1.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG.25

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE.400.m — 300.______ ____ - -__________ _____-~~-~ 200 150 I 10^^________________^______ _____ ^ hi 10 W ~ ~100________ __ __ _ _ _- ___ ________~~ ~ ~ s 50_________ 0 00 0~ z 70_ (I304 STAINLESS STEEL FEED = 0.003 IPR 3 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ^i~~iii I i l l l ___.6 1.0 20 30 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 26

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 400 30 30 STAILESS STEEL _. I _._ 1040 60 WI 5I__ FIG. 27 PIG. 27

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 400. 30______ N 0 ~_ _ __________ __ __ _. _._________ ____ __ _. I 200-___________ ___._______ __ _ 020 W 5 0 ~_ _ _ ~_ co c z 7Q 304 STAINLESS STEEL FEED= 0.012 IPR 3Q_.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 o10.o0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE -MINUTES ^fp6. 28

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 40 -... 300 - -____~~~ TI-150 A S 2_0 L - - DEPTH OF CUT 0.2" _ 15_ 0: I -I#_______ I10 10MO e~l 6 m a_______ ____ ___ i i_____.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 I0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 29

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 400 300 Tl-150 A DEPTH OF CUT=0.050 1 5 I 15.^^_______________________~_____ ________ CD 0 10 I-~~~~~~~~~~~Eo CE,.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 30

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400. 300. -__LELL TI-150 A 20 0 SB _ 20~ -- DEPTH OF CUT=O.OO"~ 15 I 1____________ %II 0 10 0 0 ___ _________ ____ _____________________ I-.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 31

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 _ _ ____ ___I__ 30. TI- 150 A a e 200. ~ l l~ ~~~~_ X - DEPTH OF CUT = 0.150" IA. 1 a. ki 0_ Z 7100 _____ - U.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 32

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 400 300_____ - 1 1 1RC- 130 B TOO zo — DEPTH OF CUT = 0.020" 200 I 15o 10 IL 0 ~01.6 1.0 )20 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE — MINUTES FIG. 33

CUTTING SPEED —TOOL LIFE 400..RC- 130 B 200. -__ ____ - DEPTH OF CUT- 0.050" A: I 10 Sd 0 _0 _ _ IIIft I~~OO IE IUE F ____ _ ___ __ —— ~ ~~ 30. _ - __________ ~~~~~.6 1.0 2.0 3.0 ~5.0 00 20.0 40. 60.0 TOOL LIFE — MINUTES FP10.34

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 400 300 RC- 130 B 200 _,X DEPTH OF CUT= 0.100" I i10 tIl FIG. 35 O~~~~1020 30 5. 002. 00e I —~~~~~~TO LIF' —.,.MINUTE

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 -,~~~~ ~r~ 300 _________ RC- 130 B 0 aooQ ____ _ _ ___ DEPTH OF CUT=.0.150" hi^ I151 ^ 50 ^ ^_ _____________ _ ___.^ ________ _____ 0 1 ^ 100^ ^________ __- - ___ ~-^.6 1.0 20 0 350.0 o10.0o 200.0 4 0.0 TOOL LIFE -MINUTES PIG.36

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 30 0 0: 0" 1a 1 I50,~ 0 10 z I30 hi 0U SAE 1045 STEEL DEPTH OF CUT=O.O020" 30__i1 __________________ ____________ _____ _.6 )1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIG. 37

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 20 HI al'1 11I I I I I 1 111 1 1_ 0 L SAE 1045 STEEL DEPTH OF CUT = 0.050".6 1.20 3.0 5.0 I0o0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE — MINUTES FIG. 38

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 250 ____ Fl 1 ________ _______ ~0~60 Id SAE 1045 STEEL DEPTH OF CUT = 0.100".6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FP. 39

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 300-^__^_-__________________________-___- ~~~~~~ I I50._. II__________ _______I l______ ~I] 00 _ z 70 - ISAE 1045 STEEL DEPTH OF CUT = 0.150".6.o 2.0 3.0 5.0 o10.0 20.0 40.0 e0.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES PIO.40

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 400__ 300 I3 15 F 10_______________________ ki 00 Z 0. _________ o I 1 304 STAINLESS STEEL DEPTH OF CUT= 0.020".6 1.0 2.0 3. 5.05.0 1.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FI. 41

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400 -...... 30____ —~20. I 50I I0 ~l _____ _ 304 STAINLESS STEEL DEPTH OF CUT 0.050" 30 _________.6 1.0 2o0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE MINUTES FIG. 42

CUTTING SPEED -TOOL LIFE 40 300 s 200 0: 7 a: 5 mu mu 10^_________ ^^^__^ ^ ^ U) 0 304 STAINLESS STEEL ____ 30Q DEPTH OF CUT 0.100".6 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIB. 43

CUTTING SPEED-TOOL LIFE 400300. -__________ -- 200 t1 30 DEPTH OF CUT'...150ll a0 t lI CI 304 STAINLESS STEEL________________ DEPTH OF CUT OIO 50" _.6 1.0 2 0 3.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 TOOL LIFE-MINUTES FIO. 44