etmo Report #1 D, M ErIc-son, Jr. s Thesis IDvestigation Laboreatoy f3or 0Heat Tran fer & Fluid Flow Phenomena Nuclear Fngineering Depar'Utment University of Michigan Dnitial Results From Cavitation Scale Effects Investi gatione, THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ENGINEERING LIBRARY Da prd M, Ericsonm Jr. Fe Go Hmi-mitt.Peril, 1984

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Acknowledgment Financial support for this inveatigation is being funished by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Atomics International.

INTRODUCTION: This memo presents initial data on scale effects phenomena in a cavitating venturi with water as the working fluid. It must be stressed that this is only the initial data and many remarks are preliminary in rnatur especially insofar as conclusions are concerned, and a are therefores subject to revision as the investoigation proceedsi OBJECTIVEST'he goal was to evaluate tlhe cavitation number 0% for incipient cavitation, and also for more developed cavitation conditions, where: and Pn t ininmum pressure in venturi pV 8 vapor pressure working fluid p densityo~ working fluld. VT = velocity in vent-uri throat and the eaxamine the applicable correlating pxrameters. The evaluation of ro- was conducted for various combinations of air content, temperature, and velocity for 3 degrees, of cavitatimon in' a venturf with nominal 1/21' diameter throato The pressure profiles required to determine the minimum prMssure were obta.ied from a Plexiglas venturi having a nomnlal * This is nitial data for Ph.D thesis by D. Erieson, Jr.o "Observatioms and Analysis of the Deviations from ClassicLa Similarity Laws in Gavitating Flow",

1/2f" throat diameter and throat L/D of 4 4.6 (ieQ,, geometrically similar to those used in previous U*I investigations(6)). The inlet and diffuser both have 60 included angle with the diffuser'3X as long as inlet. Overall venturi length is lha inches. The static pressure was measured at 14 points along the venturi wall using,040" dia, taps suitably manifolded to a set of Heise gages, Figure I shows3 the pressure tap locations projected to venturi centerline wi.th distances from throat exit as indicated, Me water loop in which the venturi weas located has been described earlier (1) so ccoplete description is not included here, It is sufficient to note that the cavitation condition can be controlled Ui. th system pressure and pusp speed (ie., velocity is a function of pPump speed); the air' content (within certain limits) with systei deaerator and temperature via loop cooling circuits, Occasionally these tests required oper-ating the loop far. from its design psoints; the problems thus encountered will be mentioned when necessary to explain or justify the data, CAVITATION GCO)ITIONS: As. stated, 3 degrees of cavitation have been examined in this work~. They have been arbitrarily labeled: visible, standard, 1st Mark, It should be noted that these conditions as defined below are somewhat diferent than those in earlier reports on work (6) in U41 facilities a) Visible a cloud of bubbles about 14f6 1/8" wide by 1/4 -m 3/8" long on the venturi wall with upsatream limit thIe edge of tap #3~ b) Standard the cloud of bubbles visible to the eye extends to a point 3/3" from the throat exit,

c) let Mark the cloud visible to the eye extends 1- i 3/4" downstream of the the troat exit, We observed that only in the most advanced (greatest amount) of cavitatio!n was the bubble cloud unifomn or did it fill the volumt in the th3roat-diffuser area, For "visible" the cloud is quite localized in the vicinity of tap #3 and for "'standard" there were several distinct site0s (This is observable in the photographs Figures 2 & 3,) Although the experltimnts were not necessarily conducted -n the following orders this sequence has been selected for clarity n presenting the data. Io We shall consider first the effect of air content on cavitation number for visible initiation, The results are as indicated on Figure 4, where C', is plotted against air content in percent by volume at Standard Pressure with throat velocity as a parametero Temperature w-as held at lowest possible (50-*55w, @ 64 & l100 /s and?70a80OFo @ 200 eJ/).. The highest pecentage for which date was taken corresponds approximately to saturation at s'tandard pressure and the tempSrature in question: Severa! trend s are immediately apparent* a) (c' increases with air content; intuitively one expects this, assuming that the more m air the greater the percentage not dissolved but entrained and thus a larger number of possible nucleation sitess, This trend agrees wJith work reported by Rugger & Gelder(2) for audible inlttiation althoughi thiey did not cover as wide a range in air content or velocity. Their "fvisible" showed "no esffect" wfith air content, but "visible" in their ftacility is about equivalent to

otsaax~ in y %he plssenwotA [A of s iZi as t g:e syt t^he*s 2 lusic3s ito casiya$ttaio Tro~nr xrzifcrett ~ ~ Aer lo, r o. a;.;t@1,z rtog rGUltO 7it (Sflt i 4 In Ly, eim;d I th w0 c::cc Ou ira 2 o tct?, c, ~ ar r t. b) heo sth6~ef ai t cLea:~t dts,:,cenate$ w ~ h vo iC orssta c,:r -t~ o- ebi-'ty (io~el..pesuare n ai,~ cinencrae lEess k.~ 0ffeei l?o.i n 0: 1,ai i"kS3 i22 88 2022 -71 ( ) tvcr c. Ocilla 1 thn %6:0s. 0..n ti tL r, G.,a:@cz &,Ua,:,.9 ).!. decreasme's (Xr a 3hA"I"." 11149", lwmg, l prnrssure a 32/.21/009. 09 e. to (2) r it% t'matc Lsc-r (airthd,a am a i..- (Ind Son&4h(2) tSv3eoit tile to zroe tcA5 p'- $ireats et aicyeboi Gocc:h ~ obt tioo. g.quv a: t: 2esn-E-ti n Mod 3so thdri m8y lae a f6c%~ccd sdlt, -Iuolfr:14sxtin O -e:a g 0 2100 I/> 230 Ao290 psig >'i;94 b~ ~ Z;, jL, -n, Pi-l 72 7 i:X3 ~ WG & am3'ix $I (a ta IP CP'-u; pcm swrqn- ra I, (Th 4 ny rgv tf'"lr t?' t'Jct 434.t$'Z'C.@ (1& (2.) a'ym 0-1- t b b mqt ir~ a hi 1. ticaal. I. y t:ati nd to& io ur n tf p17:ts a xAra uiot is ttt o..f'oo t a nourJ.wne t7xat ae sst cci poan kn-dtran " &Oa. ~L~su-i~n?~ ~L ~ka~%~n~re Cu~re, MIaBEff~ B~Bte~n$~93

dissolved air Di ever causw on first t-rial the observe] y-d w a lowerP tn tha t for tbh sabtation condtition0 We notod at' this point that it had been customaary to maintali. the system pxrswu:o (LPo or pmp:mIet) consideObhly above that for cava.Ltion initiation (erpXecieak, y at the lower velocities) while the air wes being added axaud OAxr oenatczt vtva*x" tedj simply brz b;r'cavse the loop is more stable in opr*oration len rthin is done9 h'e has b.oen soae evidence (7)1. tkEA. pr.e-prssur. izvattton Ted:is to irCeo.ros.ed tension capabilities in water (wiaet lower c.:.tation n tlmbes) With this to1ught ia mind the. os2+ iTi s Caot /,up w.t Wth 25% air and p.morsurai inrearased for boLut a. ho-ur, Then ca:sitation s i nit.ia ted amn pmrsaasurm proNXles taken oveor SvelaJl hours. i ne recsifts at.%x shoman Oi TF i uXgurS, Cukrt. Ix Pu'qu ypIm2 dat w,;u for pWihaugh 3br1sd; thich tea hsmir b'in, tr1hA y m th areuol t be,'ro Lbv n he ds ~cox,'pucere, r,irSoxor d uc re<Scr3. eduMcird Cieo G. X i.od Ian II.. t he oreQ pressuri zasion theoey o e':e It does stron ty indicate tfa the effect of a given air content or) etaio~ mnu be:i depends sigxif icantly -on the prertous his'story of -the ~Jutid aud pesu;t~b.1y on the gas dirposition, i%*a dissolvcdz enmatirazined, bubble sise sxct, AetcO iIL T'he seccnd vari..able to be conAslo-dered is the offiect of fluid LtnPi r Eatum mie -?h e ca..Z2t-timoa numbeSr0 The cO'.ipiSg cAit f te -ys~& 2i tin on one side anci the stengtLh e 2ct8rt? 1;r~fknNs t-i o$ x) the0 w. $ 6tL. 2 on the other so o)nly the range 5Q9r 1~0 OF has been i vxestigated0 Northelesss thte trend Jn the da&t seeas to be cadeq'!t z de6 mns:astted Figure 6 is ploitted for saturated ca ditions Wie wfere ua able to get complete sets under

deae'atsd conditions, hbut the data avaflable iundicates lower values of c at 5S&70.'Wtar atn 90-40 0F, w-ich 1 is? rteeverso of the saturated daa,'though not coclusively. The genertal decrease of C titih sicrea.se.L x T can be explaifnoed by tho "thermodnaric eoffect" ioseo. by asu wIing that a gtiven ca-itation condition repr-sents a givtn avapori Volumle.:gxalos? of velocLty or tempera^tur. Th n ase temipexreAture iLcre /es vapor denoity in. the bubbles must AcrensOe tibich it can only do b- y adding moas froi evaporation off the bubbloe ~waflse,,AsI heat'is tireianrt-d to oeVaporat:ae fuid, loca T ~&allr (and likeAse local vapor pressure) bel*ow bulk talues uend thuQ'1ai dc- ivrit4; fOots or b'ubtc gost;h ais reducedo IX 3Y notw Nrt i ouur tt-ent.ion,'to thIe effects of velocity n1 -ci A L ~lepy t'L'@ ~z~.;tion of'hle r-esultcns a Ge TO\.%.om Pigurae Y For each of the cvmditiions we note a os'r-p bre8ak:hwA tle curve in the I.ci nity of 100 3/s ThWi rharacteristio break osits s tether o ne poots th1 e correctAed or unsacorrected values of C0o (-Note: Corractions ~ce applieid mt the compnuter data ieduction prvogra hbichb take into accoumt the vapor forxatidoon in pessueur * tapS in tha low p- ressau regixas This at'll be imore f.ully desac bed isn t he'n.ite u3 of the computer r rp3ogrma for redu cig rag data, ) TI av as frunction of velocity was not aevicdenced in ear'.er woin at U-Mr(6) o'%6 Ju i hose experimonts the maximum veoc:,y rtAa59ro&e 1,~ EaOWo' 90:. no e'tt Tieaeto/0:' a eal'&ration oxP t-e ivA&3 4rav hZ~gh Speed Ca.tation Tunati. tzb^?SU (nomiaea1 2" diameter x 2.S" long throats 20 inacluded angle inlets, 7 diffuser) indicates a simlar tarend:

o.986 7765'/ 0o998 135O Os Siilar ~reults are also observed in Ti-p Vore Cavitaotio nrnaoers in a p' pe:: by:GJ!. & WliCea3Qn(O tt,hough at much loe e: Com itatton awasy f rom solid wial ohcnms can irncr ase ti -c G- t norwsti$rY &XO Sc rw sCi a & nr m2xn e ae. or no ohagpox a2 dmzr3eoacrt il.-aty 2ind' Oeso our pgro fat 6wt;,% In additimoz L& man ~ Yowg tfepor^t, h sdipt...,&cs in vm.xn.m, thtey t investfVgoWe In po r"apeo (5,6 ) it has b sen s;.n that ther'eIs 8e least pmti&al comr.Ut.tAizon o cr.ti Rpan lcs oo Froxm Figura 8 where we havm e Cyt-e ve'us Reeyaoncs Nold W %cr things are immediately aparei nt~ a) PFor a given velooityo the chhuge i. Oc with RoynolIs NMoO is simpjy the thoe rodynatic egff ect noted c....er b) Likeuwie thena for a given tnpera&ture the vairiation dith Rioyadler No. 1 4 ssent-21tiaiiy theat o: vei.oce ty., cM,,c- teotear ture u:d velocity are the o lr means of chnmging Renol ds No i n a fixed.igecztr,7 ie nust ai"t fLor saddi'titxona d&eta Rrm, or tt"Un:s - oK oth'or s izes bo-:oro any deoit ite conelusion ecau bea VX.tsa! oiX, F,,.z,~-~-,= 9-md tOa i!Js'ntrat tshst th e mo-tO @~ cd~~~ a#Aation ce oncitioa Sexltitb 1 simlar though not so drastic

Ha Emnitj t FP G. Q C vi"-ation DI)%e and Pex.9oworaom1nee Research Facilivies U — po re pr-ent-d A$5ld FlUidis g Meieting, Mtay, 1964h;2 ~Ruger i R. S, & T4 F. Golder, Effectx of Air Content and Water Purity on Liquid Tension t Inc'n Cavittion in 3 1Narayanan;, O " The Effect of Air Injecoion on t+he Cavitatic Limits of the CentfriugMI?.-ump" Paver present ts t Asian Conference t' Bngaior, Mayj 9., 1963 & Tv TactrA0a trtiO L an Hystteois, 1M,~$ thesis, De pt Aero, M'gyro Tlhe 1Pex3osylvarnia State UnInvernit-y June 196;g s H BoU3 Jo. dIaf c and G F. lisienu. s "cSale BIfIcts on Cavitatio~, 01 trans AS~T Seri es D J. Davic M-,g Vol. 83 196t, pp~ 38-5398o 6. yHanmitt%, F. G. "O sa -vatiOns of Caviction Scale s d.Thern,:c2~.a E.fLe Effects St atto'~.'y aGnad 2outn.g ompone WM' Witlh wvazTe arr! i-L raansb 1f4a510.0 JO, Elvasic -P9 Vold 65,, Sept,~b,:r)l,.1963, pp 3.47 359, Lehmiv A, F,'* I o, "M oapg,. iueo-ntal Investi gations or Incipient & Desinert Ca'itation', ASME Paper 63-A~2GT=20, DecembeB 1!962- to be publis.hed i Jo Basic hEbr,

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