~ University of Michigan Department0 aof. Mechanical Engineering Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory Report.: No. UMICH. 320711-1-I PROFICORDER E XAMINATIONS OF AEROJET SPECIMENS by Peter G.G. Felbeck for.. M. E. 490 prbj ect under. Prof. F.. G. Ham.itt-?' niversity:of Michigan (Work -Study and SEP)f unds Ap ril 14- 1978 ri:.

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PROFPCORDER The following is an explaination of the process of analysis of cavitation samples through the use of the proficorder. A proficorder is a device that gives you a profile, along a straight line, of the surface contour of a specimen. This device consists of the followi ngv a beam approximately ten to fourteen inches long upon one end of, which is mounted <;;*#(~e Lihar t'r iV(e r 2ifF1re2? ql rYf C 4 #r er a needle with a diamond tip.. This tip rides, very lightly over the surface of the specimen as the beam is slowly pulled across it. Any change in tilt or angle of the beam induces a change in voltage of the linear variable differential transformer at the other end. This change of voltage is then amplified and sent to-the recording pen. To take a sample of a cavitation specimen the distance moved by the pen is first set. Because most cavitation samples 5t.rt $ 3 5op have a ring of undamaged surface around the outside, I tried to start and stop the needle in these DL... areas. These undamaged areas also serve as zero points for the:recording pen. Samples are never level when placed under the needl-e.

so to obtain a level pen-trace with the starting and stopping points at zero, th'e beam must be moved at an angle relative to the sampe to obtain a level reading. The proficorder has different sensitivities available These vary- from sample to sample, with a low sensitivity for adeeply deep ged specimen to very high sensitivities for marina lly damagedpeens. The s. The sitivities used for each specimen is indicated on the recording pen copy.There were threedifferent paper speeds available. The slowest speed was chosen because faster speeds didn~ t show anything more, and the shorter paper lengths were more easily mounted and viewed. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLS" I was given several Aerojet specimens to analize. These consisted of two alinum, five titanium, and two stainless steels. The analysis consisted of taking proficorder traces and surfce photographs. For aluminum only one proficorder trace was taken beca se:upon examination. of the photographs the damage appeared to. be consistently random. Thus one traceis: as good as another. 2 For the remaining titanium and stainless samples more than one proficorder trace wasa takenat various angles, so as to compare traces.a These:traces are eithered numred':(I or 2), or:given symbols. These numbers/

symbols are marked on the side of each specimen and indicate the start of. the trace. In every case the trace went as near as possible through the middle of the sample. in all the following proficorder traces except one, the vertical sensitivity is set at 1000 microinches per division. This is so one can become accustomed to the scale, thus allowing inter-comparison of samples without conversion.

ALUMNUM A1 llO0#9 Al #16-AtAerojet For the alumium sample the c-avtation is fairly random, with the heaviest damage done near the center. The maximum depth of penetration is greater than 9 ils-. Even though the vertical sensitivity was set at the least sensitive level the readings still went off scale.

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STAINLESS STEEL SS 17-4 (w) #8 For this sam ple the heaviest damage appeared to be concentrated at or near the center of the sample. The maximum depth of penetration is 5 mils occuring at the center; the diameter of this hole is 5.7 mils. There are several other holes, near the center, ranging from 2 to4 imils in depth. The other radial traces indicate the many different types of holes near the center. There is also a broken pattern of rings in the form of concetric circles.. This phenomena will be covered in Titanium. SS 17-4c #3 This sample appears to have one major oblong shaped hole at the center. The maximum depth of penetration is 6 mils; the length of e oblong is 26 mils with the width being approximately 5 mils.

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TITANIUM This sample has da damaged surface consisting of concetric circles made up of grooves and ridges. The approximate distance between grooves is 3 mils. Near the center there are two deep grooves (or possib e circulr: groove) with maximnnm depths of 2i mils The proficorder did not go through the central hole but from the photographs it has a diameter of 6.1 mils. Ti #1 Titanium #11 has smooth even damage with a fairly even maximuM depth of penetration of I.mil. Upon close examin tion of photo #15 rings can be seen, but wheather they are conetric circles or a helix cannot be determined from the picture. Ti #18-A:This sample is similar to- the- preous samples beause it too ha-s conceric circles with a.maxmum penetration of 2: mils, but examination of photo #17 will show a helix at the center, which proceeds' for'approximately 2 revolutions before turning into concetric circles.: Again, the proficorder did not go through the: central hole. Photo #20 shows that the rings go, al1 the-way out: to the edge.

NOTE t The occurance of the rngs, which were not apparent before damage, appears to be too regular to be. a-natural phenomena. The regularity of the circles (and the helix at the center of Ti #18-A.) appear to be a result of mach4 i~ tng. Upon ta:king to —th machinist (Francis.~th), who made Ti #16-A and Ti #11, he Ld-n-t know what could have caused the rngs, nor did he know what his tool advance was. Not knowing what the heat treatment for the Titanium was I found that the average elongation to fracture for Titanium 6ALLV was 12..5% S.DX*=2.5%o Nowhere else, except a little in SS17-4#8(W), do these rings occuro Perhaps an explanation for the rings would be that in manufacture on the lathe, the surface of the sample has been cold-worked in such a-way so as to cause the rings to be produced during cavitation so that the location of failure coincides-with that of cold-work (or it's absense), No further explanation can be suggested at this time.s

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appendix #1 PROFICORDER SAMPLES OF UNDAMAGED SPECIMENS Proficorder readings of two specimens were made prior to damage. The first one 316 SS#l shows a peak of 0~5 mils at the center and the sides hollowed out to a depth of 0.25 mils. The second sample shows a smooth surface with virtually no faults. Both specimens were made at the same sensitivities.

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UNVRITY Of MIHIGAN 3 9015 02826 7527