Inte~rna1 Re~cct O6flO.-iAjprwll, 19165 hii 4J. tob inason D. J. SeKsw:,ppairtcni f.A.fcla n The, Uniklzt~"trsi4.y o u!-X'-' U icLusa rqrt'h P-4i —rtrt rm Miatien Inc.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page I Nominal Flow Data Dimensions of 1/2"1 Throat Diameter Stainless Steel V,'.:nturi 3 2 Cavitation arumber versus Gas Content at 33 ft/sec. in 1/2" Stainless Steel Venturi at 75-80~ 6 3 Cavitation Nmnber versus Gas Content at 33 ft./sec. in 1/2" Stainless Steel Venturi at- 270OF 7 4. Caviitation Number versus Gras Content at 33 ft/sec. in 1/2" Stainless Steel Venturi at 400OF 8 5. Cavitation Lumber versus Gas Content at Various Velocit;ies in 1/2" P1exiglas Venturi at Room Temperature 10 S. Cavitation i~mber versus Total" Volume Percent (H2O + Gas) at Various Velocities in 1/2' Plexiglas Venturxi at Room Temperature 22 7. Nomrraali.zead Cavit4';:ion Number ( = / min gas) versus Gas Content in eorcury in 1/2" Stainless Steel Vent'uri at Various Temperatures 24

to INRODUCTION A realtively comprehensive series of cavitation number vs gas content tests has been recently completed in dry Mercury using a 1/2"8 throat diameter stainless steel enturi (flow-passage dimensions identical to 11 venturs previously used1 e.g.) Tests have been conducted at room temperature, v 2700F, and A 400F x in a].l cases using the that velocity (34 ft./sec.) which has been most frequently used in previous tests 1 eg A total of 81 pevious unreported pressure profiles have been measured resulting in as many cavitation nu:ber vs. gas content data points, and covering a gas content range (for argon) between 0.2 and 4O pp (by mass). Corresponding mass ppm values for hy oveng assuming the same voluretric contents for the two gzaasN7w7OUld be, less by tho ratio of the molecular weights, 14e.,. a factor of 20. Since the Px-es.Tntly aa1beresults are quite compreb!^1,sive and indicato,;, 1'rands wb5jhch are belia-evd to be of into-21-z-tst i —1 was believed dasira,.le to prasent thism at th.-is 40i5e even tUhoughi they a~re. in a ratherz prelim]inary forma. LtIN it IS p.Lnnned -to issue a fozrmal Technic-,al Report which,vill. include the present data und zlso complementary data as'IIl be enzpla'ned in the report necessary to achaieve a more The maximtma temperature was reduced from the previously dis-~ cussed_- %~ * ^-.- 000F to A41Q1Jat*.-.-%__. the ugetion of Mr Jme &w

desirable and comprehensiblo form of presentation. II, XE N IM TAL DATA As already stated, 81 axial pressure profiles have been run lor cavitation.nitiation for a "'standard" 1/2"J stainless steel venturi1 (Fig. 1 shows the nominal flow-path dimensions) in "dry" mercury, covering gas contents from the minimum presently attainable (about 0.2 ppm) up to approximately 4.0 ppm of argon, and including room temperature, " 270~F, and P0400~F, all at a "standard" threat velocity. Since some of the mercury tenperatures were too high for plexiglas, it was necessaary to use a sitainless steel venturi. This same venturi had boen previously tested at minimum gas content with room temperature me'rcury, and the resul'ts comparod to thos: from t'he 1/2" plexiglas venturi, which had previously been used for gas content 2~3 Vs. cavitation number tests with room itemperature mercury.293 As has been frequently discussed in past correspondence39 e oga there are several methods by which cavitation initiation can be characterized, and, considering the present state of the theory, it is not possible to define precisely the relation between them; e.go. in a transparent system the first visible indication of two-phase behavior can be used (and often is). However, this "visible initiation" may not precisely correspond to "sonic initiation", i*e,,; the first manifestation of a change in audible signal (as observed by stethescope or electrovni.cally) fr~om that characteristic of single-phase flow. A further possible definition of cavitation initiation, which

s,,, /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~51 i, L _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~vM I, I' I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -3 K. - \~~~~~~~~~~~~~<~~~~j N7 - - 5,8 10,560 ~~~~~~J~~Zi35 2 90 I..330 2180 ao - ~~~~4~~-~~~6985 -%2to H-4 i~o F- 0oo 1%30 ~~iLZ~~~~~ \ ~~Typical.Ia Detal1 Typical a e~i I r0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 51 -O

i~iay have more meaning for the pump designer, is that flow coniition for which a given change in the gross flow parameters occurs. The parameter loss coefficient ioe., the proportion of throat kinetic head which is not recovered in the diffuser, has been previously used in the present investigat.on for such a purpose, since it has been found to be very sensitive to the cavitation condition ("degree of cavitation")o For the plexiglas venturis of the present study, "visible initiation" has been used, and it has been attempted to obtain a correlation between this and ""sonic initiation" using the signal from an "acoustic probe" displayed on an oscilloscopeo" In the present tests with a stainless steel venturi, "sonic initiation" only can be detected, and hence the comparison with previous results from the plexiglas venturis involves the personal interpretation of a relative noise signal on an oscilloscope, However,, to obtain a more precise and repeatable determination of cavitation initiation, comparison to conditions of constant loss coefficient, which could then be taken as a definition of a given "degree of cavitation", as, e.g,, initiation, might be preferableo For fixed loss coefficient, it could then be assumed, from the viewpoint of the designer, that there existed a given "disturbance" due to cavitation of the predominently single-phase flow. Mere is i nforaation in the literature'Indicating that an.-ncrease in gas content in a cavitating fluid may result in a reduction of noise4 The sago observation has beexn made in

this laboratory in the water tunnel when it was observed that the noise from cavitation, as judged by the human ear, decreased by orders of magnitude when a small amount of air was injected upstream of the cavitatiog region. It has also been a relatively cmmon observation, found both in the literature5 and in discussion with powerplant engineers, that injection of substantial quantities of air into a cavitating region may very strongly reduce cavitation damage. This is also taken as confirnation that noise may be expected to decrease for a given "tdegree of cavitation" for higher entrained gas contentso Hence, the approximately constant sonic signal used to describe the initiation point for the present datap would indicate more cavitation at higher gas contents, which would result in a larger venturi loss coefficient as has been observed, Then the measured cavitation number would be too low, since the "'degree of cavitation" corresponding to "initiation" would actually be greater for high than for low gas contents. Hence it is felt that the high gas content cavitation numbers shown in the Present data (Fig. 2, 3v 4) should actually be corrected upward. It is expected that this correction will be accomplished at a later daaie when coastant loss coefficient curves at fixed gas contents become avai.able, F.igures 2, 3, and 4 show cavitation number plotted against gas content for room temperature, ^ 2700F, and #40C0F, respectively. The number of axial pressure profiles, which are averaged to form each poinat shown, is indicated by the number

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of cross-marks above (or below) the point (usually 3). Pressure profil8s, taken over such a time period that it is believed that the gas content cannot have varied appreciably between measurements, are averaged together; their corresponding gas contents are also averaged to form0 the composite points which are shown. It is believed that this method of reduction is desirable, since on physical grounds it is known that the gas contents for such a series of points must actually be close. The vertical length of the line through the points indicates the standard deviation as calculated for that. particular data set, thus showing the approxminate range of repeatability of the cavitation number data. As indicated above, for all these points cavitation initiation is "'sonic initiation" as determined by thes acoustic probe and oscilloscope, and the loss coefficients vary, generally increasing for increasing gas content. The assuned explanation for this latter trend has been already discussed. Fig' 5. shows thlle previously reJorted cavitation ntumber vs. 2 gas content data from the 1/2" plexiglas venturi. For these tests cavitation initiation was visually determinedo I I DISCUSSION 0F1 RESULTS A. Compa:-ison of Plexiglas and Stainless Steel Data Comparison of Xig. 2 for the room temperature stainless steel ventursi data with Fig. 5 for the plexiglas venturi room temperature data (considerin-g for comparison only the 33 fto/sec. curve of Fig. 5) indicates that the trend is the same for each venturi in that the cavitation number increases

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substantially with gas content over the range tested, which is about the same in either case. However9 the actual cavitation number values obtained in the plexiglas venturi (Fig. 5) are considerably greater over the entire gas content range., It is believed that this discrepancy in cavitation number values is the result primarily of two factors: 1o The relative roughness of the venturis is different, and since the plexiglas is subject to relativelyg rapid cavitation damage in mercury9 it is probably the rougher, thus tending to cavitate at higher cavitation numbers (i.e., higher pressures)o Cavitation is often triggered by local r'oughnesles89 and it may also be that burrs or other irregularities around the pressure taps in the plexiglas venturi are greater than in the stainless steel unit, 2. "Visible" rather than "sonic" initiatiation was used for the determination of cavitation initiation in the plexiglas. In a previous attempt to correlate cavitation initiation in the two venturis3 by setting flow conditions so that the oscilloscope signal from the acoustic probe would be the same in the two cases9 a somewhat similar discrepancy in cavitation numbers was found. However, it was also found that the loss coefficient for the stainless steel venturi was considerably larger9 indicating that there was actually a higher "degree of cavitation" in that unit, so that the lower cavitation numbers 4 Although these tests were with "wet" rather than "dry" mrcury as in the present case, the results are believed applicable i.n the context used,

would be expected. The significant values are stulmarized in Table I. TABLE I COMIPARISON OF PLEXIGLAS AND STAINLESS STEEL V~n1iURIS Venatur.i Cavitation'Number Loss Coeff icient Plexiglas 0.0484 + 0,0066 0.215 Stainless 0Q)0262 + 0.0006 0 o 2488 Steel In both cases. gas content is about 0.2 ppm and 1120 content about 370 ppm. The indicated precision of the cavitation number values are equal to the standard deviations calculated. As already mentioned,, in order to precede further in systematizing the data, it is necessary to obtain the partial derivative of cavitation numbser with respect to loss coefficient around the applicable point, so that results can be presented on a constant loss coefficient basis. This will require supplementary tests, The fact that the absolute values of cavitation nunber depend upon geometrical factors as relative roughness, etc. is not a substantial difficulty if the correction to be applied to the basic, mininum gas9 cavitation initiation number can be obtained. If such a correction is found to be relatively independent of roughness, etc., then the necessary data9 relative to gas content effects from the viewpoint of the design engineer, is at hand, This possibil

ity is further discussed in a later section, B. General Gas Content Effects from Present Data On theoretical grounds it would be expected that for very low entrained gas content the cavitation number would decrease markedly, very likely becoming negative, and for very high entrained gas content, it would increase substantially, resulting eventually in a break-down of stability of the flow as may be encountered in high void-fraction9 two-phase flows. The low gas content effect would be due to the inherently substantial tensile strength of the pure liquid, which is not attained ordinarily because of entrained gas "nuclei"t as has been discussed in the literature for many years4D e0g. In addition, since the effects of gas upon bubble nucleation, growth, and collapse are primarily volume rather than mass effects, it would be expected that similar results would be attained with the same entrained volume of different gaseso Previous to the present investigation, however, these effects have not been generally investigated experimentally for cavitating flows. The present data can be taken as confirmation of some but not yet all of the above expectations BHowever, it is not inconsistent with any of the above. Examination of Fig. 2, 3, 4, and 5 shows the following: 1o Over the gas content range from - 0.2 to 4. 0 ppa (argon), the cavitation initiation numbe3r (at 34 fto/sec throat veloc..ty) Inc seaos by a factor of at least 2 for all temperatures

14 investigated (room, 2700F, and 4000F), and for both stainless steel and plexiglas venturi (where tested). 2, The consensus of the data now available is that the effect is not large below about 2.0 ppma, (, 2.0% by vol'ume) and then becomes substantial between 2 and 3 ppm, This is definitely demonstrated in Fig. 2 and 4 (room temperature and 400~F mercury in stainless steel venturi). A more continuous slope is shown in Fig. 3 (270OF mercury in stainless steel venturi), but this interpretation rests only upon two single-run data points at about 2 ppm, whereas Fig. 2 and 4 show many more repetitive data points in the same area. Fig. 5 is also inconclusive regarding mid-range effects, since there is only a single point in this region. 3, Non-stable loop flow (strongly oscillating pump and venturi inlet pressures) for gas contents above about 4 ppm (the approximate limit of stability is shown by a vertical dotted line on the figures) was observed. Some instability was first noticed at about 3 ppm but not to a great extent. The instability at high gas content was greater for the higher temperatures. It is believed that this observation is important in indicating an approximate maximum limit for gas content. consistent with proper component operation. It is not implied that the numerical limits found herein for the cavitating venturi loop are directly applicable to other components, but it is believed likely that such a limit exists for all such systems9 and it

may be that the present "*a='jl e onrt2ll~ izdt ts probable os.der of magnitudse. 4. Between 3 and 4 ppm of, en:trA ited arlyon t:1T,?e is an indication (F'ig 2 and 3 for tu~ tvwJ lower temper'-,4usres in the stainless steel venturl) tb't t? cvitt. tion I.utIer - Ctually decreases for increasing gs;: contents Ths.. is a not shown in Fig. 4 (400 F erencury), pe';, be:;us thR:c! hc iut nce of g~as is less in this case,.in th-:'i the 1: --— g-cda hiie g'aa i s a smaller por~tion of the total. gs witthin a bub-tie. includi'ng vapor, wh'ih becoimes relV.ta3 zy i'-o7 g'n: -. gnif t iT; i hih tempe.raturesso Aaso: t id: ircty co ni, i Fig, 5:J since the highes'; gans co:t'. e tr' cn ~s V~ t;\n 3 ppms however, the standard daeia;; iox on the h igher 7'as conteen. points are large which L:; c.;" is~-.nt wit"h.a1"o', It is believed thsa -th-e app arent dec rease o.1 ca:libtation number with gas contents ab3ive S ppm (argon) iL, rtesult of the method of determininig c..v'itaticn initiatio, a through ^'be attainment of a given sx ina"i.:from the acoustic probe, As was mentioned,arlier there is:'-ridence that tho.olso e from a given "degree of cavitation" -ecreases with ga; content, Hence to obta in ~ he rexi eu. red l *.i.s:.. - gnl., fo~ i-hese:zery I 5't gag contents.; considerably ree.o';:-r'degrce of cay Vttorn' may have been required, eXpna.qii: 1-g i;he lower cavi';r't:i.on nauberso This is veri f ied by an s:-a:am.na t l o" th o ss. 1i-. ients for the hi.gher g-.s con+nt.'ws. w;hiceh increaseo suv:!S'antialy wiltt; gas content t hus indi.nai in2;-^:';Le..bove increas,. tkdegre of

- 16cavitation". (Table II shows typical values). When these points have been corrected to the same loss coefficient as exists for the lower gas content points, it is believed that the cavitation number curve will continue to rise for higher gas contents. Also, as previously mentioned, the f low conditions are not stable for these higher gas contents so that the data points are the result of considerable averaging of pressure readings, and hence, may be subject to error in this respect, however the repeatibility of cavitation number is still indicated by the calculated standard deviations. 5. There is no observable decrease of cavitation number for low gas content, previously mentioned as a theoretical expectationu It is believed that such a fall-off would require considerably lower gas contents than are presently attainable, since substantial tensile strength of liquids has previously been observed only under very carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Under such conditions, however, theoretical values of the order of -300 atm. in water are reported4' e.go It is conceivable that some improvement in cavitation performance due to this tension effect might be achieved in liquid metal systems where very high purity exists. However, it is believed that this cannot be expected in the presence of even very small quantities of entrained gas, or, perhaps, in the presence of radiation flux, which can also serve as a nucleating agent (indicated by previous rough tests here, and perhaps elsewhere,

TABLE II Avezaged Cavitation Number Data in Mercury T-,~ —~T~ G, —-~ —TAS Loss i /I _ _-~___in__.gas.otl b, Cfoef Tempo [ Venturi Velociy Weight Ericson Data.0.970.06 75 1/29 33 Ft/ec 3!roa~ 1.640.085 (PFrom Fig. 29. 013 0.010.130 flex0 06110-2-T).035 1,.00G.230 1 ) 2.04' 1.39.j" 20 ( ) 3.033.15.450.0 5 3I 1.60.540 1.0%5 2.683 11.6313 I_ 1." I I.I 2 06110-S-'r) i "" 9r.01-e 1.005 0.40 1 0 1 1 6~.o235 0.50 0.68.0164 0.935 1.59 { 2 /.0250. 1.4 0 0.74 0.242 1 {.;1. 045.8 137 0. t 3.0.0106 0.950 1.99 0.233 1 75 F 1/29? 3 Ol."O i1.120 2.09 0.207 /.02{03 1.160 2.47 0.263 3.0416 1 2.380 2.72 0..2,77 7.0270 1.540 34 0. 297 I.0339 ja2.220 4.10 0.307 1 S I 1~~~~~~~~ I 1.013 1 9. 0.2230 0.355.0245 1. 05 1.290 0.261 1.02401 1.610 2.219.21 27 F 1/2 SS 33 Ft/ec 3.0431 2.880 3.02 10.302 ~s~ 027 1. 540 3.4 { O. 29 3 8.0332 2.220 4.09 0.273.0321 2. 140 4.238 0.266 2

TABLE I I Averaged Cavitation Number Data in Mercury (Continued) Gas Loss... 6____ s' Conc. Coef. Temp. Venturi Velocity Weight.0153 1.010 I.691 0. 273 1. I. I. i 3.I0179 1.195 0.691 0.215 2.0124 0.827..982 0. 256I I 3.0233.550 1.165 0.259 1 1.0180 1.200 1.220 0.245 3.0180 1.200 2.112 0.228 400~F 1/2" SS 33 Ft/sec 3..0177 1.180 2.349. 265 3.~ 0292 50 1 3. 195 0.255 5.0344 2.290 3.510 0.231 3.0365 2.440 3.692 0.269 2.0391 2.605.. 3.739 O.a a 386

and also by the existence and use of "bubble chambers"). 6. For any gas content, a decrease in cavitation number for an increase in temperature would be expected (cavitation "Thermodynamic parameter" concept originated by Stepanoff6.) It was reported earlier3 that this effec't was observed for minimum gas content tests at room temperature and 270~F using the present 1/2" stainless steel venturi. A comparison of Fig. 2, 3, and 4 shows the same effect for various gas contents (cavitation number values from a "best curve" for 0.59 2.0 and 3.0 ppm are listed in Table IIX). The two higher gas content points at 270~F (2.0 ppm and 3.0 ppm) do not exhibit this effect. However as previously mentioned, the data in Fig. 3 in this region is not conclusive, while the other two figures are consistent in this regard, and are well documented in this range. The present data cannot show ef'Iects due to change in the entrained gas, since only argon and air have been used, and they do not differ sufficiently in their properties. Howevers some indication of the likelihood of the importance of volumetric rather than mass effects is afforded by comparison of previous tests carried out with entrained water2 with the present entrained gas data. Very roughly, 1 ppm of entrained air or argon in mercury is a gas mass equal to that provided by 15 by voltme at STP. lUnder sueh conditions, the vol&ume percent of gas in the carvi

TABLE I I!I Thermodynamic Parameter Effects in Cavitation Nunber in inMercur tenperature Cavitation Number Gas Content (OF) / V.1/2g (ppm by mass Argon) (pmin-Pv)/ Vj/2g 75..0190 0.5 270.0170 0.5 400.0160. 5 75.0200 2.0 270.0230 2.0 400.0175 2.0 75.0255' 3.0 270.0285 3.0 400. 0245 3.0

21 tation region would be much greater than 1% since the absolute static pressure would be near zero, and, conversely, it would be much less than'1% in th^ high-pressure portions of the loop. Fig. 69 previously reported,2 shows the effect upon cavitation number of water contenits in mercury (in a 1/2" plexiglas venturi) ranging from near zero to about 2.0 volume percent (gas volume posrceat for these tests is believed near 0 2%). The volume percents shown, if the entrained fluid were gas rather than water9 range in mass equivalent from about zero to' 2.0 ppm (argon); hence they are appro";dmately comparable in range to the gas data shown in Fig. 2 - It is noted that the proportionate increase in cavitation number over this range is also similar to that in the gas data (Fig. 2 - 5), The proportionate increase at 34 ft.sec., (chosen to compare with the gas data) is9 however9 somewhat greater than that for the gas datao Since, in the low-pressure cavitation region, it is presumed that the water will be largely vaporized and hence will behave as a gasp it is significant that its effect, when compared on a volume basis9 is roughly comparable to that of a gas (the mass contents of water and gas in this example differ by a factor of 1000). Hence9 this is taken as a relatively strong confirmatory evidence of the predominence of the volumetric effect. C Normalized corAposit-a Curre The previous discussion has oemgphasized the simxilarity in data obtained for the different; temperatures and the two yen

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turis. It has also been indicated that further data on the slope of a loss coefficient vs. cavitation number curve around the points of interest would allow a correction of the data to a constant loss coefficient basis, which it is believed would be more consistent and significant from the viewpoint of a pump designer. Of course, similar detailed information on the effects of velocity, size, and geometry, as well as gas content are also required by a pump designer, but these are not within the scope of the present discussion, although data relevant to them is being produced in this investigation, and has been discussed in other project reportsl,2,79b. Even though the present data are incomplete and not yet analysed and modified as believed desirable, it is believed useful to attempt a method of presentation which could be used as a first approximation for estimating the effect of gas content in a given component design, as, e.g., a centrifugal pump. It is expected that the available data, as applied in this form, will become considerably more precise and meaningful as the investigation proceeds. Fig. 7 shows all the averaged data points from Fig. 2, 3, 4, and 5, in terms of "normalized" cav itation number vs. gas content. The numbers of points and standard deviations for each point are listed in Table II as previously mentioned for the individual figures. The cavitation numbers are normalized by dividing through for each set of data by the approximate cavitation number corresponding to minimum attainable gas con

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tent for that set, as taken from the "'best curves"3 The value of the cavitation number, normalized in this fashion, can be taken to be a correction factor to the cavitation initiation number (or to NPSE, for a given velocity), presumed to be known experimentally or theoretical.ly, forP miniraUr gas content. Thus a first-order approximation is affored a pump designer, Since this cannot be taken to be at all precise at the present time, still, in the absence of any other applicable approximation, it may have some value. When a "best curve" is drawn througlh the dat'a points shown on Fig4 79 it is noted that it follows the general trends previously discussed for the individual curves, showing essentially only a s5aall.o;Coc in th. stainless steel venturi for all test temperatures up to about 2 ppm, and then an accelerating effect for the higher gas contents. The "correction factor"' to the minimumt gas content cavitation initiation number would, e.g., be about 2 for 3.25 ppm argon. In the abrsence of gas effect, the c-vitation number, so normalized, would of course remain at unity for the entire gas content. range. The curve for thes pl.-igAlas venturi shorws an almost amediate and approximately linear efi~ct perhaps due to roughness effects etc. as explaned earlier. * It is expected eventually to process the data for a least mean square fit to a simplified polynomial cuxwe, so that precisely-de fiized'best curves" wtill be available.

IV COCLUS 401TS Many detailed conclusions from the present d&nta have been drawn throughout the report. The following are believed most significant, 1. The effect of gas content upon cavitation initiation number for mercury in. a 1/2" venturi appears to be relatively small between the minimum attainable gas (d0. 2 paP) and -: 2 ppm of argon, but becomes a factor of~ X2 or -iof'e for gas contents in the 3- 4 ppm range. This has been damnost;rated by the present data to be the case for tme'cury tepelratures ranging from room temperature to about 400CF, at a single velocity and in the steel venturi. Previous work 9 P27 has also indicated strong velocity and size effects fo~r cons':nt g$ rontent. a2. The present tests afford some experIimental vebification of the'theoretical expecta tion that gas vot2uaetric rather than nass effects control, 3. A curve showing rough correction factors, derived from the present data (i.e., for ons velocity, size, and gross geomsetry but over the full temlperature range to 4400~F, to allow an estimation of the effect of gas content on cavitation initiation number is presented. 4, Various inconsiste ncies between the present data and theoretical expectations are believed to result pa"rtially from the lack of precision in the definition of "cavitation D~etaile d geome try differences in roughness, etc., do exist between the plexiglas and stainless st eel venturi, as explained in the report.

inisttiation". It is believed that'this can be a.argely remedied by. referring cavitation number moaasurements to a constant loss coefficient basis (as explained in the report), and it is anticipated that the additional data necessary to effect this transformation will be obtained..

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Hammitt, F. G., Ericson, Jr., D. M., Ivany, R. D., Garcia, R., and Robinson, M. J., "Feasibility Iwnvestigattion of Cavitation Humber Measureaments in Iiercury and Water with Gas Injection", Laboratory for Fluid Flow and Heat Trans — port Phenomena, ORA Report 06110-2-T, Univ. of Mich., July, 1964 2. Ericson, Jr., D. It., Memo Report #3, "Results from Cavitation Scale Effects Investigation", Univ. of Mich., August, 1964 3. Ericson, Jr., D. M., - Memorandum to F. G. amnmitt, September 18, 1964, forviarded to Atomics International with Project 06110 10th Monthly Progress Letter, September 21, 1964, F. G. Hammitt to L. 1i. Flower, and in which the memorandun results are discussed. 4. Strasberg, W!., "Undisolved Air Cavities as Cavitation Nucciei, Cavitation in Hydrodynamicas, Nat.oral Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, October, 1955, pp. 6. p. 1.to p. 13 and B. p. 1 to B. p. 7. 5. Godfrey, D. J., "Cavitation Damage - Revyiew of Present Inowledge", Chemistry and Industry, June 6, 1959, pp. 686 to 691 J,, $Stepanoff, A. J., "Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps vw th Liquio.s Other Than w.ate", ASi, ap 4o. 5S'A- 1:"3 and Stahl, ib an-d tp'no',, A, J. "T~-'...'-':,; Aspects of Cavitation in Centrifugal Pump:' s ASNE, 1956, pp. 1691-1693. 7,. ErlosOn, Jr. D. M., Memo Report #5,'~So: <r. br Te~zs Aixr Conten t Data for Wiater Tost s, Univ. 0oi Michigan, November, 1964 8. Ericson, D. M., " Results from Caviitation Scale Effects Investigations", Laboratory for Fluid Flow and feat Transport Phenomena, Report 06110-5-I, Univ. of Mich., January, 1965