ENGIEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSIT OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR TEB PASSAGE OF SHOCK WAVES OVER OBLIQUE OBSTACLES REPORT 51-4 ROBERT N. HOLLYER, JR. ALFRED C. HUNTTING Supervised by OTTO LAPORTE Project M-720-4 U.S. NAVY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH CONTRACT NO. N6-onr-232 T.O. IV 27 August 1951

THIS REPORT PUBLISHED FOR /n9Hi,6m 7"'cc4 SftI~CeeAat WUCea0010 PW6&eet ^t/AAlt S. t — FMWtWrc c zr Sowvwwwed neU

r ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TEE PASSAGE OF SHOCK WAVES OVER OBLIQUE OBSTACLES The series of shadowgraphs presented in this report were prepared at the request of the ARMED FORCES SPECIAL WEAPONS PROJECT &ii TEE SANDIA CORPORATION. They are being distributed with the hope that the{ will be of interest to other investigators. In three previous reports,2,3 the passage of shock waves over vertical walls and over rectangular obstacles, all of which were aligned with and at right angles to the flow, were studied. In the present report rectangular walls are placed at certain definite angles to the flow. Due to the complexity of the obstacle no real theoretical interpretation has been attempted, although many details can be understood using standard textbook procedures. Fig. 46 shows the method of mounting a typical block for this study. The tape along the edge of the false wall and along the edge of the model served primarily to prevent gas leakage between these surfaces and the test section windows. Blocks two inches in width(*) were mounted at an angle of inclination (0) of 300, 45%.5 600, and 900 (Figs. 1-20, 30-45). In addition, a model one inch wide was mounted at an angle of inclination of 450 (Figs. 21-29). Photographs have been taken at three values of primary shockwave Mach number, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 and at several positions of the primary shock wave. Complete data for each photograph are contained in Uhlenbeck, G., Diffraction of Shock Waves Around Various Obstacles, E.RB.I, University of Michigan, Report No. 50-1, 21 March 1950. 2. Hollyer, E. N., and Duff, E. E., Effect of Wall Boundary r in the Diffraction of Shock Waves Around Cylindrical and Rectangular Obstacles. E.R.I., University of Michigan, Report No. 50-3, 7 Nov. 1950. 3. Hollyer, B. N., and Duff, B. E., Growth of the Turbulent Region at the Lea Edge of Rectangular Obstacles in Shock Waves Diffraction, E.R.I., University of Michigan, Report 51-2, 18 Jan. 1951. * Width refers to the dimension across the shock tube, parallel to the direction of observation.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Table I. In all cases the pressure (Po) ahead of the primary shock wave is one atmosphere. The time (t) for each photograph is the time elapsed after the primary shock wave had reached the leading edge of the model and was computed from the measured position of the primary shock wave. In all cases, the upper edge of the photograph coincides with the plate to which the model has been attached (see Fig. 46). The photographs have been reduced slightly to facilitate publication. The proper scale factor may be determined by noting that the actual thickness of the models was 0.50 inch. It may be possible to correlate the size of the turbulent region at the tip of the block with the flow speed in a manner similar to that previously reported3; however, no such correlation has been attempted at present.

TABLE I For All Pictures, Po = 1 Atmosphere Figure No. *t Shock Shock Flow Flow 0 Velocy Mach o Veloiity Mach VeociNo. lb se a.C/sec7 [m.//Osec. sgrees 1 59 0.380 1.08 0.056 0.152 30 2 162.379 1.08.054.148 30 3 292 383 1.09.062.165 30 4 85 416 1.19.108.293 30 5 126.413 1,18.104.283 30 6 175.417 1.19.109.297 30 7 267.416 1.19.108.293 30 8 285.418 1.20.1105.300 30 9 28.456 1.31.162.425 30 10 134.454 1.30.16o.420 30 11 189.443 1.27.145.385 30 12 72.379 1.09.054.148 45 13 178.379 1.09.054.148 45 14 237.38o 1.09.056.152 45 15 86.417 1.20.109.297 45 16 173.417 1.20.109.297 45 17 213.415 1.19 106.290 45 18 39.449 1.29.153.405 45 19 82.435 1.25.134.335 45 20 184.45o 1.29.154.406 45 21 18.378 1.8.053.145 45 22 199.379 1.09.054.148 45 23 305.5380 1.09.056.152 45 t = time in/sec. after passage of shock wave past leading edge of model,

2 ABLE I (cout'd) For All Pictures, Po = 1 Atmosphere Figure No. t Shock Shock Floww 9 - loc _Vach Nelocity Mach o. elo, sec- i /.sec l bkseci Dgre 24 30.416 1.19.108.293 45 25 158.420 1.20.113.308 45 26 244.420 1.20.113.308 45 27 49.445 1.28.148.391 45 28 155.445 1.28.148.391 45 29 184.445 1.28.148.391 45 30 35.80 1.09.56.152 60 31 126.381 1.09.057.157 60 32 240.380 1.09.56.153 60 3 39.416 1.20.108.293 60 54 104.415 1.19.106.290 60 35 221.416 1.20.1O8.293 6o 36 51.450 1.29.154.406 60 37 110.450 1.29.154.406 60 38 229.454 1.30.6o.420 6o 39 49.380 1.09.o56.152 90 40 159.378 1.09.053.145 90 41 19.415 1.19.106.290 90 42 121.415 1.19.106.290 90 43 37.58 1.32.165.432 90 44 89.460 1.32.167.438 90 45 106.461 1.33.168.441 90 * t = time in sec. after passage of shock wave past leading edge of model.

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DISTRIBUTION LIST ABMY: COPIES Commanding Officer 1 Ballistic Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground Aberdeen, Maryland ATT: Dr. C. W. Lampson Commanding Officer 2 Watertown Arsenal Watertown, Massachusetts ATTN: Laboratory Division Commanding Officer 2 Frankford Arsenal Philadelphia, Pa. ATTN: Laboratory Division Commanding General 1 Army Chemical Center Technical Command Edgevood, Maryland ATTN: Col. J. A. MacLaughlin XAVY: Commanding Officer 2 Naval Ordnance Laboratory White Oak, Maryland ATTN: Dr. G. K. Hartmann Library Room 1-333 Chief, Bureau of Yards and Docks 2 Department of the Navy Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Plans and Research Officer in Charge 1 Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory Naval Station Port Hueneme, California

AIR FORCE: COPIES Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory 1 230 Albany Street Cambridge, Massachusetts ATTN: ERHS-1, Geophysical Research Library Director of Intelligence 2 Headquarters, U. S. Air Force Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Air Targets Division Physical Vulnerability Branch Chief 1 Research Division Research and Development Directorate Office DCS, Development Headquarters, U. S. Air Force Washington 25, D. C. Director of Intelligence 1 Headquarters, U. S. Air Force Washington 25, D. C. ATTN: Mr. D. H. Gagon Air Targets Division ATOMIC EIERGY COMMISSION: Chairman 1 Military Liaison Committee to the Atomic Energy Commission 1901 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington 25, D. C. J-1 Division 3 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory P.O. Box 1663 Los Alamos, New Mexico ATTN: Dr. A. C. Graves U. S. Atomic Energy Commission 1 Division of Research Washington 25;, D. C. OTHERS: Commanding General, Field Command 1 Armed Forces Special Weapons Project P.O. Box 5100 Albuquerque, New Mexico

OTHERS (Cont'd) COPIES Dr. E. Bo Doll 1 Stanford Research Institute Palo Alto, California Dr. Ro P. Peterson 2 Director, Applied Physics Division Sandia Corporation Albuquerque, New Mexico RAND Corporation 2 1500 4th Street Santa Monica, California ATTN: Dr. E. H. Plesset Dr. S Raynor 1 Armour Research Foundation Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois Professor Ro Lo Bisplinghoff 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39, Massachusetts Dr. R. Jo Hansen 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 59, Massachusetts Dr. N. Mo Newmark 1 1ll Talbot Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Dr. Walker Bleakney 1 Department of Physics Princet on University Princeton, New Jersey Office of Naval Research 5 Department of the Navy Washington 25, Do C. ATTN: Code 438 Chief, AFSWP 10 PoO. Box 2610 Washington 25, Do Co ATTN: Blast Branch