THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory Report No. 01357-10-I HYDROABRASIVE WEAR OF METALS UNDER CAVITATION by S. P. Kozirev (in Russian) Figure Legends and Bibliography Translated by O.Ahmed (in English) F, G. Hammitt Financial Support Provided by: National Science Foundation Grant No. GK-1889 May 1970

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page Introduction............................................. 3 Chapter I. Hydroabrasive Wear............................ 5 Total and Local Hydroabrasive Wear............. 5 Cavitation................................... 12 Chapter II. Equipment for Testing Wear of Metals by Abrasive Cavitation...................... 16 Hydrodynamical Tunnels........................ 16 Ultrasonic Installation....................... 16 Chapter III. Study of Cavitation Phenomena and Cavitation Abrasive Wear in Hydrodynamical Tunnels.... 29 Equipment.................................... 29 Cavitation Phenomena and Wear Around Circular Profiles in Hydroabrasive Flow.............. 32 Cavitation and Abrasive Cavitation Wear on Circular Rough Surfaces and the Resulting Appearance..............................49 Cavitation and Abrasive Cavitation Wear on Surfaces of Projected Corners.............. 57 Chapter IV. Impacting Specimens with Water Jets............. 62 Experimental Data..............................62 Impacting Forces...............................65 Chapter V. Effect of Water Jet Velocity and Other Factors on Wear.............................. 69 Impacting Jets from Nozzles.....................75 Wear Tests.................................... 78 Simulati on of Damage by Jets................... 78 Effect of Jet Diameter on Wear...................83 Effect of the Jet Section From on the Wear........ 87 Effect of the Spacing between Nozzle and Specimen on Wear................................... 90 Chapter VI. Cavitation Wear of Metals..................... 91 Progress of Cavitation Wear with Time........... 96 Chapter VII. Hydroabrasive Wear on Electric Weld Seams..... 126 Studies of Stabilized Cavitation on Weld Seams.....126 Hydroabrasive Wear on Weld Seams..............133 Studies of Combined Cavitation-Abrasive Wear on Weld Seams.......................... 135 Literature............................................136 i

aTauHH). CJneBa BHseH yqaiCTOK 6 MeCTHoro H3HOca (co cJezaM; KaHaBOK), cnpaBa - yacToK a paBioMepHoro o6mero in31oca. 1-lanpasietnHe noTOKa cnpaBa hIajeBo. JiHaMeTp aeTainH 1200 MIt. Ha (jPr. 2 noKa3aHa THInoBaS 3niopa H3Hoca 3THX AByX yaCTIKOB (a - coTBeTCTByeT yqacTKy o6Lero H3Hoca, 6 - MeCTeoro). Ha j4)r. 3 noKa3au yqaCTOK a o6iuero H3HOCa 06nJHU4OBKH If yaCTOK 6 MeCTHoro H3HOCa 6OKOBOH qaCTH Kopnryca 3eMJiecoca. Hai6o0.bmeMy '3HOCy noaLBep>Ke|!....-.MaKcH,Mab:'HaH rnyO6imla 1,cI-. OHHbl COCTaBnqIeT 25 MtAL. Ha 4)Hr. 4 *nKa3aii yiracTOK MeCTairFO -1H3Inoca i11icpe.......: Hei iKpbILU'KH 3eMJecoca Ma;i-. CHIMaJIbHla1 rjiy'H6ta.BbI6OIi3 cocTaBJjiSeT 10 lM. a-at..H Ioao>06HbIe n.oaBepxi.ocTri 'i:i':iHS T 1S... " i i; or6mero H MeCTH'O x 1 H31IOCal Ha6JloJaaIo TCa y pqiIa AeTajieii rlpOTyip6iHH i pi iix:pa:6orT (Hr. i. T3HOC nepeaHef KpbimKLlK 3 H, cepKaLeH B3B3Cgecoca Tnma 3FM-2 (yMeHbuJeio WeHHbie HaHCbi, y eTaii a —yqacTO o6mero HSHOca; 6 -- yacTOK Typ606.yp'OB, pa6OTaOIoiIx 1il MeCCTHrO 113HOCa. rJIH'HH'CTbI'X.pacTBopax, yrICecocax I r. n. Ha (br. 5 noKa3aI H3HOC jiornaTKH i H o6oaa 2 Koieca Typ6o6ypa, pa6oTaBrmero oKOJno 70 i a rJ.HHcCTOM pacT-ope. AlaKcii_ b --- -b a - ___J______SO.._____ ----50 --- (lDr. 2. TilnoBa 3nriopa H3}soca nepeaHefie KpbImKH 3eMNnecoca. MaJIbHIaI rFly61Ha KaHalBOK H3I-OCa 6 Aim. MaKCIiMajbla5l,'illliciien;Ji CKOpOCTb B3pa8melHlt IonarTOK paBiia OKOJIO 60 it/ceK. TaiKIM o6pao.30M, o06mi i MI iecrTHbii riApoa6pa3lBllili 11 'i!'I Ha6nIoLAaeTci y ncex pOTOpi-IX rFHpOMMaiurI1, pa6oTallOmLxII i' l t'. coAepi>ameii TBrepjbIe tlaCTIUbl. KaK BIlMHO 113 lnpllBe,,IIAHIIbIX npepOB, MeCTHlblii 113110C:;N'; ' P " pe r HajlvlttIieM ir-y6oI<iiX BLbIOllH Kallai3oo6pa31oiiol (l)OI)O\>,I '"lN ' " t pa3Mepbi nOCeICHl.X, CC.JIl 'iX xapalKTep)l30nBaTb Ai,1t10, 1 ' "iil 6 Figure 1. Wear on the Front Cover of a Suction Dredge Type 3rM-2 (reduced 10 times), a) edge section wear, b) inner section wear. Figure 2. Standard Section Cut of Wear on the Front Cover of Suction Dredge. -1 -

H rjy6HHoi, KOJe6jilOTCf1 B WIHPOKHX npeCeJlax, HanpHMep, or 20X8X10 IMt lo 250X20X35 MM.t. inp 3TOMI, eCJI, HanpHMep, BeJIHqHHa o6mero H3HOCa 3a onpeAeneH1Ib1H nepnoa pa6oTbl no TOJI-.>Hr. 3. H3HOC B MeCTe CTb-Ka o6.1nmoB" Our. 4. MeCTHb-il U3HOC 3a 3neK::',:::::~!:.~~:-:o, ~ ~ '.....''-..'.:.... -:....: -..4 '*. -. - onaTKa 2- o6 -A. HKar Ibii TUn B M TajiC C MOeT OU MeTb o4.peMencHbIie pa3Mep.::..I - Bep H opnyca 3eMOTOp oBepea (yMebweHo TpoUeannasoecTi.oy J 3macy. n epe-Hei ae e Ko6 bIIII HOC - MJeCOCOB BbXOT 3 CTpOI B 6 pOCIIOBOM 3-3a3). BMecTioro icTioca JI ao eTancoaTJIb, OH MtBJITc M BeyIluM Tpy6bI iKe, no KOTOIpbiM TpairinopTlIi)yCeTCi rHApoa6pa3HBHab CMeCb, Bb[Xoj5T 1H3 CTpOR 13-3a o6auero umioca. Figure 3. Wear at Joint Place between Lining and Cover of Suction Dredge (reduced 3 times); a) edge wear, b) inner wear. Figure 4. Local Wear on an Electric Welding Seam on the Front Suction Dredge. Figure 5. Wear onBlade and Rim of Turbine Rotor,' 1) blade, 2) rim. -2 -Suction D redge.:~~-x~~::; ":~~.~:~~

Heo6XOAHMO OTMeTHTb,,TO o6mHiH H MeCTHbIH H3HOC 3aBHCRT KaK OT H3HamIHBaoIKHxX <<KaIeCTB>> IIOTOKa (CKOpOCTH, COaep;KaHHH a6pa3H'BHbIX qaCTLHU, IX pa3MepOB H T.,.) H KOHCTpyKTHBHbIX OCO6eHHocTefi noBepxHOCTH (npqMoni-HHeHiHa, KpHBOjnHHefIHa), TaK H OT noiO)KeHHI nIOBepXHOCTH no OTHowme'HL1 K HanpasaeIKHt) ABH)KeHHN nOTOKa. IocneAHee o6cToqTeJIbCTBo HMeeT oco6o Ba>KHoe 3Ha'eHHe AJIl cJIyqaeB 3aKpy'eH'HbIX IIOTOKOB,. Koraa B03HHKaIOT AonoJIHHTeJIbHbIe UeHTpo6e>KHbIe CHnJI, 'npHKaAbIlBaeMbie K a6pa3HBHbIM qaCTHIaM. TaK, HanpHMep, eCJHi npOCJneAHTb AsBHueHHe ra.lpooa66,pa3IIBH'Of cCMecI B 3eM-,f 3 Jiecoce (mHr. 6), TO yBHAHMI: 7 c \ 1. Bo Bca cbaiomeLeM naTpy6 -'^ (~2 I r | t IKe 5 'IOT.OK O 'BH>KeTCq:npIp.MOJIHHeIHHO, ropH30HTanbHO H napain\\\\~ 4 ineJIlbHO M3HalH,BaeMOH nOBepx2 j.\\\/ HOCTH (30o1a d). f 2. B MeKJInonaToqHo M n, pocTe\ paHCTBen pa6ouero Koneca I /,a \ * (3oHa e) InTOK noA B03oaeiCTd BHeM KOHTpBHXp o noniyqaeT - - t- CJIO)KHOe 3aBHXpeHHO-nOCTynauHr. 6. HanpasneHiH jiBHKeHHHt rHl- TeJIbHOe ABH>KeHHe. poa6pa3HBHoro nOTOKa B 3eMhrecoce: 3. B OTJIHBHOM KaHaJe yJIHTJ-Koneco; 2 -aanHR3 KpuIxa; 3-yHwT- KH 3 I'OTOK a'BHEKeTC- KpH'BOJIHKa; 4- nepeAHHs KpbUIKa; 5 - BCaCbiBa3ltmHr naTpy6K: a, b, c, d, e- 30HbI, 3anoj- HeitO. HaeMbre rHApoa6pa3mBHbMH nOTOKOM. 4. B OCTopal'CTBax MeHy pa6o'ouiM KOJIeCOM.I KpbmIaKaMi 4 H 2 (3oHbI a H b) noTOK 3aKpytIHBaeTC5. H3HamHaeMbie noBepXHOCTH TaK)Ke pacrInooJoKeH bI 'ropH 3oI'raJIb'HO H IBepTHl'KaAJbHO. B cjyqaax 2, 3 n 4 B nOTOKe BO3HHKaIOT ueHTpO6e>KHbIe CIJIbI, KOlROpbIe npHJI'OmeHbI K a6pa3HBHbII iacTTlluaM H qacTo iHrpaoT Ba>KHyio pOJb B o6ueM iH3Hoce. Ho KaI BIUHHO }i3 npHBeReHHO1I cxeMbI, STH CHJIbI MryT 6bITb HanpaieHm no pa3JnHqHbIMH yrJIaMH K i'3HaInHBaeMAOH nOBepXHOCTH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Op;IeHTaLIiH nocineHeii. EcJI paCCMOTpeTb jB>)KeHmHe noTOKa HI B ApyrmX pOTOpHbIX MaLUHHax (Typ6'HHax, Typ6o6ypax H T. a.), TO MO>KHO BbIAejIHTb OCHOB'Hbie THnO'BbIe CXeMbI B3aHniopacnono>KeHHu 3JIeMeHTOB noBepxHOCTefI nIOTOKOB B unenOM c yteTOM HanpaBJeHIiH LleHTpO6e>KHbIX CIl.. Hpii JTOM MbI HCXOJlHM H3 o6mero npeiCTaBJIeHHI, ITO Ha a6pa3lIBHyIo 'IaCTHUly BO3JIgeiCTBVioT TO.IbKO ABe OCHOBHbIe ciHJbI: CHia P2 rHApoAIHHaNMHtecKoro B3aHMoeficTBsH5 qaCTIUbi H rOTOKa nI ueliTpo6e>KIJ!aA cIIna Pq. npII 3TOM CiJla Pz nepeMemaer MaCTHUL BlOJIb H3aHluHBaeMofl rnoBlepxHocTII, a cjia P nplpHT>KH1MaeT ee K noBepxHOCTH. Ha c;ir. 7 noKa3aHibI ocHOBsIie cxeMbI B3alnMIIoro pacnoJio>Kemiiis noBepx'HocTefi }AeTaJleii. nHOTOKa c yqeTOM IeCI-Tpo6e>KHbix CIifI. B cjiyqae a IeHTpo6e>NHbie CIIJILI oTcTCTByIOT; laCTHIubI K l3N{alhllBaeMoii noBepXHCocTH 1 3THMII CeHInaMi e nplIKIiMaioTCR. B c.Jy8 Figure 6. Flowing Direction of Hydroabrasive Stream through the Suction Dredge; 1) wheel, 2) back cover, 3) helix, 4) front cover, 5) suction lines (a, b, c, d, e, -- zones filled up with hydroabrasive stream). -3 -

qae 6 Ha qacTHRub Bo3seficTByeT neHTpo6e>KHaS cwna, HanpaBneHnas TaK, ITO OHa TOJIbKO H3MeHseT HanpaBJeHHe H yBeJHmHBaeT CHJy, ABB)>KyIyIK qacTHubi. B cjyqae 8 leHTpo6e>KHaI cHJna y>Ke npH>KHMaeT aCTHrlbI K H3Ha3lHBaeM-ofi nOBepXHOCTH 1; OT nOBepXHOCTH 2 YaCTHUbl TOiH Ke CHJIOH OT6paCbIBaiOTCc. TaKHM o6pa3oM, nOBepX!HocTH AeTaeefi npa o6HmeM H3Hoce MoryT H3HaLUHBaTbCI KaK 3a cqeT TpeHHH MeKay a6pa3HBOM H noBepxHOCTbIO, TaK M 3a CqeT yAapHoro Bo3AIefiCTBHI qaCTHII. rIepeMeuIeHHe a6pa3HBHbIX qaCTHU nOTOKOM COnpOBO>KAaeTC5 Typ6yJleHTHbIM nepeMeulHBaHHeM >KHAKOCTH. CTeneHb COOTBeTCTBHR nepeMeieHHA TBepbIX qaCTHRI nepeMetReHHMo K'HAKOCTH 3aBHCHT OT KOJHiecTBa TBepAbIX qacTHr, HX pa3Mepa, HnIOTHOCTH 'H (OpMbI. LIJ _. _ a) 6) 8) a^P aIHr. 7. THnoBbie cxeMbi pacnomoeKeHH H.3HaurIlBaeMbix noBepxHocTei ALeTajieH OTHOCITeJlbHO nOTOKa: i - HenoABHxCHa noBepxHocTb; 2 - Bpauiaioilasci noBepxHocTb. MO)KHO C4qTaTb, ITO qelM MeHbme pa3Mep TBepAbIX iaCTHU, TeM BepORTHee ix nepeMemeHHe no TpaeKTOpHRM, 6JII3KIHM K TpaeK<TOpHRM nepeMemHBaHH )KIIRAKOCTH. rIpHf6tKHeHHO MOKIHO Ct'HTaTb, ITO Typ6yjieHTHoe nepeMeiiBaHHe >KHAKOCTH TOKAeCTBeHHO Typ6yJIeHTIIOMy nepeMemUHBaHHio cMecH. B CBI3H,C 93TIM, B HayKe o rHApOTpaHCnOpTe BBReeIHO nOHRTHe Typ6 yJeHTHoro nepeHo ca, noA KOTOpbIM noIfiMaeTCI nepepacnpeAeJeHiie npHMecefi B nOTOKe noa B03AeflCTBHeM nepeHoca >KHAKHX Macc H3 oiHOro CAORI B pyrofi. KpoMe Toro, B nOTOKe yCTaHOBjieHO HaJIrHn e nyJbcatHii CKopOCTefl. 3sMepeHHe nyjbcaLHUii 3eKTpOTepMorHApoMeTpOM noKa3aJno, qTO MrHOBeHHbIe nyJIbCalHOHHbie CKOpOCTH MOrYT OTKJIOHSTbCH OT cpeAHefi CKOPOCTH nOTOKa na 40,% [2]. TaKHM o6pa3oMi, B noTOKe 'HMeeT MeCTO iienpepbrniioe tepeloBaHHe CJiyqaHHbIX MrHOBeHHblX CKOpOCTIlbIX noneii. Ha a6pas31B'!iyI taCTHUy B03AefICTByIOT MaCCbI NKHAKOCTH pa3JH'IliHbIX CKOpOCTeil, np'HqeM B $HeKOTOpbIe MrHOBeIII CKOpOCTb qaCTIIR BC.ieACTBIIe 3Tr'O MOKeT B03paCTaTb B nio6bIx HanpaBneHHI3x. no 9TO li pHiille TBepAbIe taCTHUbI, coAep)>Kaunllecl B HOTOKe, yAapSIIOT fno pa3JlIHbIMIbIMj yrJIaM;H no orpaHIIIHBaIoumleii noroK CTeHKe, iBbi3blBaH Te\C CaMbIM ee hI3IIoC. 9 Figure 7. Typical Schematic for Surface Wear Details Relative to Flow; 1) stationary surface, 2) rotating surface. -4 -

Ha 4)Hr. 8 np'HBeaet (POTOCIHHMOK nOTOKa BOLbI, /ABHm}Kymeroc5 no KaHaJiy c rJFajKHMH CTeI'KaMH. CI'HMOK BbIIOJIlel JII. Fnpatirur:le 4QOTOKa:MepoH, KOTOpaa nepeMemaJiacb co CKOpOCTbIO nOTOKa. Y cre*HOK KaHaJia BHAHbi BHXpH 9JIsIuITTHIeCKOH ()OpMbI C 6o0nbmoii OCbO), HanpasjieHIHOi no TeeCHHio. HpoH3BeAeHIasI TaKiKe JI. lHpaIIlATJeCM KHHoc-beMKa npouecca pa3BHTH5I BHXpeni noKa3aJIa, 'ITO B MOMCl'r o6pa3oBaHHR BHxpH HMe1OT He6oJbmUHe pa3MepbI, 3aTeM OIIH pacTyr H, AOCTHrHyB onpeienjeHHoro pa3Mepa, pacnaJaIoTCH, Bbi6pacblna B nOTOK OTaejbHbie MaCCbI 'BOIAb. ECJIH BHXpH QOpM.HpyIoT51 B noToKe, coaep>KameM a6pa3HB'Hbie qaCTHIUb, TO OHH BMeCTe C i>K 1 -KOCTblO BO'BJIeKalOT B BHXpeBOe ABH~<eHHe TaK>Ke H qa'CTciublI. KIpoMe.*;_+,l'-:Q.~:'"^....'.... ~Tlr. 8. BllXpeBaS CTpyK}sTy pa noTO la BOAbl. BMeCre C nOTOKO:, 10 3TO np...B.AT K 6o.. ee paBIIO.e.IION.,...!.... 10 Figure 8. Vortex Structure of Water Flow. -5 -a6pa31lB1ibIX liaCTHLU Ha H3HawiJBaeMiio IIOBepxHO0CTb. CyIU~ccCrBo3 -6e)RbUX CHJI. iiOBepx1I0CTeii. Figure. 8. Vortex Structure of Water Plow..~~.'....~-5-,..............:......":"~...........'.......~ -..: -. "~.K~.:''.'':~..::'';;.:-::''......,...'~"..._~....~ j/:.:......~.....T~...........+. >../.~..:-IH~...e~e E.:,r ~:... +.. ~';.:''~'%-,:.::.i!.......2,~,, acc D~ b,~:,' ~ '"~~.-~?~;L~.~,,~,a.>~:-.. ~6'eee --- —-e:a..... 31e. ' "1~,,:'v::~'.~ ~ ~'+~......." -: ~ ~H2::~;:~.:.~.~::.,.~..-~..~-f{. ~ -.. <:".~,,~s.~~,c,,::.::.~,./......,:'...<.~:,I.~,,:.'..........:~.'.M~ ' -:'I~r.. x.~:.:. ~..~"'wBbr ya'5~r.......z.,++..++..~,y~... p~........,::~..::...,^_...:....,:....'.:.~~~ ~. ~ ~.. ~~pH~c~ n.:2 "'.:~~~~';"::: ~''..*:""'-~...''.~~"-...':~.... ''~':::.':'M..'~"~h.......::i.c,o...'".~.-..'~., ):.:~...`~..ii:~~~...`.~;:~:~:.;L~.:.;.~.:* '~.~CTI ~ ' ~..:~.:,+.?'lle~bX. oe so i.....\.:..~,'~?:...:: i.i....~",~:'.::.'... Oys?~,' "L~.~-,~.uen ~6aYOC.:..,.:;.......,.....,~~../..~_............~::~~"."Z~.."~;m.'.:.:.:.m,~. "...: '.~......M.,.MI. 6,:x... ~1 '~./'' + ~ )~,.:''Io....I~~OC....CB~eX 1LIT-... '...~5" ''...~..z [e H~ C J.......:-<,........:...':''.".';':',..;,.... TaK~lM opa30xr, o6LH~iiM3HOC MeT KaK 3 C~eT Te~r~: '"~" J1d I O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.~: ~"-~,~.~.~~.~:!,.TKI aCe I Y?.~..,m '~.;.'+.,-'.. ~:~.<I ~~OnII~~~~eCT~~~eHH~~~~e COOT~~~~~IOU~~~eH~~~e II3HO~~~~~~a 3a C'L~~~~~~IeT Tpe~~~~~~rrcr ar Ir3~Noc~~~~~~~~~~~. r.-...z.~':?j.,!~~ ~~,....~~,., -::2,../:.::..+.'~.~:*"...~ -'..-:y,."''+~;*......7.> '"~:'~rd.:.5:,...i' %...'"'~~. TOO qCHH I OyT3Cgb~aBFILeHp~lHfiqc-t Bx~I a

npH Ha6JnioaeHlH 3a o6pa3oBaIIHeM MecTloro H3Hoca Ha nOBepxHOCTIX exTaeieI JIerKO yCTaIOBHTb, ITO H3HOC, KaK npaBHJIO, B03HHKaeT npewcae Bcero 3a KaKHM-nH60 MeCTHbIM npenITCTBsHeM (HepoBHocTH o6pa60TKH nOBepxHocTH, 6yropKH 3aieKTpocBapKH, 6oiToBbie OTBepCTH HII T. A.). TaK, noKa3aHHbli Ha c)Hr. 3 MeCTHbIi H3'HOC B BHAe KaHaBKH p6pa30Bajici B pafioHe meJi-CTbIKa o6JIHaBKH H Kopnyca 3eMJIecoca. Ha (HNr. 4 noKa3aH H3HOC, o6pa30BaBuiHHCH 3a njeKTpoHannaBO4HbIMH UBaMH. B CBI3'H C 3THM, HpHIIHHOHI o6pa30BaHH MeCTHOrO H3HOCa czJeAyeT C4HTaTb 3aBHxpeHHI 'H KaBHTaUHOHHbIe gBJIeHHH, KOTopbIe pa3 -BDHBa OT.CSI a B03M'ywMeH OM noTOKe 3a nipencTCTB'HeM. YiKa3a.HHbIe BJieHHI5 'HMeIoT / / OAR-H o0o:6eHHOCTb: OHH B03 -AejHC'ByIOT nOq4TH.nOCTOMHHO Ha OjHiH H TOT ite yq.a:CTOK nrcBepxHOCTH. < t Ha Q4)ar. 9 noKa3a'Ha cxeMla o6TBKaH nOTOKOM He- /W/ /// e pOBHOCTH B BHAe nopoa)KKa. 3B TOM cJinyae,,KaK tH3BeCTHO, uar. 9. CxeMa o6pa3oBaHHfl BIxpS 3a npenpH,HeKOTOpOM 3HaqeHHHI naTCTBIeM B BBHIe nopoKKa: qHCJia PeHiHOnbACa, JIlHH.HI'I TO- I —JIHHHH TOKa; 2 - I3HaiHBaeMaa nOBepx-a I oa nnperlzcTTCT:B Hem - HOCTb; 3 - npenITCTBHe. Ka 1 ca nperITCTB'HeM J oopa3yIOT 3aaxKHyTyIO oo6naCTb, a KOTO.pOHi 'npouCxoHXT KpyTrcBOe e BKeHIe > lKOGOTH, T. e. o6lpa3oBaHHe 'BIIXpi. Co BpeMeHeM 'BIXpb yBeJlHiH'BaeTC5 B pa3Mepax. HpH 'qHcnJe PeiHOJIbica,,npeBblwmaioueM HeKOTopoe KpHTH'MeCKOe 3Ha,'e-,Hme, BHiX.pb CTaHOBHTCH acHMMeTp'H'IHbIM (yiHUHeHHbIM B HanpaBJeHHH TetIeHHIjq) H noKIlaaeT npenrTCTBCHe. CnycTa HeKOTOpoe BpeMI fnocne OTxoaa OT:npenr'TOTBH5 IBHX'pb pac'naraeTcH, a Ha ero MecTe o6pa3yeTCH HOBbIli BHXpb HI T. 2. Nh IlplI 3TOM OKa3blBaeTCH, MTO 3HaHeHHe -U, Ha3bIBaeMoe t-HCJIOM CTpyxaan, AJiH MHOriX )opM npermrnITCTBHH HBJIsHeTCH npHMepHO noCTOSIHHbLM [4]. rnapaMeTpbI, BxoAHumHe B 'IHCJO CTpyxajin, o3'HaaaioT: N - KOjWmeCTBO BMXpef, o6pa3yioImlxcH 3a npeniTCTBaHeM B ealHuHuLy BpeMeHIl; h- BbICOTa npenRITCTBHIR; V — CKOpOCTb HOTOKa. no JIHTepaTypHbIM HCTOqMIHKaM 'IICIO CTpyxaa JIl a npeniTCTBar 11B BIHe nopo>KKa MO>KeT 6bITb nplHH5TO paBHbIM 0,2. B TaKOM ciayae KOJaIMeCTBo CpblBaIOmLIXC5 BsHxpeft B erHHHLy.~peMenH 0,2v N h 203 11 Figure 9. Schematic for the Formation of a Vortex Behind an Obstacle as Result of Flow Separation; 1) Laminar flow, 2) wear surface, 3) obstacle. -6 -

HHiKe. B 3THX MeCTaX B )KHAKOCTH nIORBHTCH KaBHTaIHOHHbIe, T. e. 3anoJiHeHIHbie napOM H ra30M ny3blpbKH IIJtH K a B e p ' bi. O6bIiHO CqHTaIOT, qTO o6pa30BaHHe KaBHTaUHHOIIIbIX ny3bKOB HJH KaBepH HaqHHaeT npOHCXOjHUTb B TOM cayqae, Korma AaBaeHHe B >KHAKOCTH naAaer o BenaHsqHbI lraBaeHHM napoo6pa3oBaHmH np' AaHHOi TeMnepaType >KHaKOCTH. KpoMe Toro, qacTO o6pa3s0BaHHe 30H pa3Horo aaBseHHa B noTOKe npOHCXOA'HT 3a cqeT pa3JInHqHbIX KpHBOJIHHefiHbIX TeqeHHH. Ha Hmr. 10 cxeMaTHuHo noKa3aHbI HeKoTopbIe cjyqaa Teqemi,. npH KOTOpbIX npOHcxoaHT o6pa3oBaHHe 30H pa3JIHLHOrO AaBJeHHH B nlOTOKe. 3oHa nOHHrKeHHO'rO iaBineHuI A o6pa3yeTci npH BTeKaHHi nOTOKa 'B 'HacaIKy HJTH meJeb (4)nr. 10,a), Inpin BHXpeo6pa30BaHHH - B IeHT- _ a; pe BHxpH (4ur. 10,6), np 4 O6TeKaHHH KpyTOO6TeKaeMbIX |_ _ TeJ (c4r. 10, a) H npH Mc- a)J J KpHBJaeHHOM nOTOKe (piir. 10, z). 3oHbI B nOBbimeHHoro -aaBjieHHI pacrao>KeHbI 'Ha. 'a HeKOTOpOM paCCTOlHHH OT 30H A. 2) rnpm onrpeiejieHHbIX yCJo- ' 0 BHlX B 30HaX.IOHIH>KeHHOrO Dr. 10. 30Hb pa3nJl4HbIX )aBneHHu aaBnJeHNHR nIpoHcXOzrHT o6pa- B nOTOKe ICHAKOCTH. soaBaHHe KaB:HTa:LiOHHbIx nSY3bIpbKOB HJIH noJIOCTeH. aLJI oieHKH B03MOHKHOCTH B03HHKHOBeHHH KaBHTaIHH B nOTOKe HcnoAb3yeTCH K3OCp)HJIJHOHT KaBHTarHH k. k. - 5pv 0-,5p0 ' r.e p - CTaTHqecKKe,aBJleHNe B nOTOKe. p,v —aBjieHHeB TO0Ke o6pa3oBaHIHi KaBHTauHOHHOH noJIocTH; p - nJIOTHOCTb >KHAKOCTH; Y - CKOpOCTb ROTOKa. IeM 6onbibe BerlHuiHHa k, TeM MeHbUIe BepOqTHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHI KaBHTalHII. JI5I Ka<KJoro KOHKpeTIIOFO cnyqai o6TeKaHHRM npenrITCTBIH5 lHeeTCi KpHTHqeCKoe 3HaqeHIIe BeJ1HnIHbI k, npH KO-TOpOM B03IIIKaeT KaBITaHIH. B KOHeMHOM HTOre KaBHTaumI npIIBOnlIT K HapymueHMH HOpMaIbnoro TeqeHHR >KHKOACTH (HanphMep, B rtIapoiMaiHHaX), KOTOpOe conpBo>mKAaeTCH BHS6pauiefi arperaToB, CHH>tielIIeM lHX MOULHOCTH, CHHKieHHeM KI.. ii. A. KaBHITaUIHOHHbIMIl pa3pymeHtIiHMli noBepxHoCTeH AeTaJnei. no Mepe pa3BIlTHl TexYIIHKftI II IHTeHC'i(iiKalmlH pa6o0IX npo-,AeccoB MaUIHH, aBneEHHe KaBHTauHl npoRnBJeTca Bce IB 6o.bmLHx 13 Figure 10. Zones of Pressure Variations in a Fluid Flow. -7 -

MbIX AJI15 HCnbITaHHSI MaTepHalOB Ha KaBHTaUHOHHblf H3HOC B qHCTOf BO.e. no pRAy npliqHH HaMlH 6bIJ HCnOJIb3OBaH naKeTHblM MarHIITOCTpHK0HOHHbIH BH6paTop. nocJIeAHHH H3rOTOBJieH H3 TOHKHX (0,2 MM) OTO;KKeHHbIX nepMeHAJopOBbix1 IIJaCTHH, cKJieeHHblX B nlpMoyrOJlbHbif nraKeT 7 (4)r. 11), pa3MepaMH 110X36X30 Mu. K OAHOMy H3 KOHUOB naKeTa lpHnla5H TpainccopMarop CKOpOCTH (KOHueHrpaTop) 8, KOTOpbfi 'npeACTaB.jrleT co6oif MeTaJiJltqecKHii KOHyC. npHMeHeHHe KOHlleHTpa'TO'pa I1'03'BO14aebumocmpucquo HHsm/t JAeT lnoJny4aTb Ha ero KoI;re no- uapam BbIlmeHHbIe aM'nIJInTyabI,KojiedaHHH. 4.MarH-HTocrp.TIrKHHOHHblH na- KeT HMeeT O6MOTKy, COCTORIIiUYO 2 O || 7 H3 44 aHrKOB.npoBoja THna _ nB-JI-1, AHaMeTPOM 1 MM. K o6- MOrKe, 4Hepe3 yoHJC'HTeAb TY-600, noAaLeTrc 'nepeMeHHoe Hanp5>Ke- \ HHe OT '3'ByKO'BOPO reHepaTopa 3r-12. napaajiejbHo Ha 3Ty Ke 5 o6M'OTroKy 'n(!oaeTcq noOCTo5HHoe Ha'npHKeH.He noiM arHHqHiBalHiH I OT RBb'lZpIM'HTejiW BCA-5, KOTO- ODr- Ii. npHHUHnlajbHa5 cxeMa IH Tey YBCA-5, KOTO- ynbTpa3ByKoBoO yCTaHOBKI AJH HCpoe cnOcO6CTByeT yBeJl'HtMeH:MHO nIbTaHHi MaTepHaJiOB Ha H3HOC aM!'nJHTyabI KOJIe6aHIHHI;BH6pa- B ni1ppoa6pa3HaBHM noTOKe: Topa. Ap:occejIb 6 tnpenRiTCTByeT I-3ByKOBft reHepaTOp 3r-12; 2-ycHnIHTenJb MOUlHOCTH TY-600; 3 - BbIXOaHOi TOKy BbICOKOiil LaCT1OTbI 0'T yCIO- TpaHc]opMaTOp; 4 - eMKOCTb; 5-BblnpRJI-H-Te.TI i ionlaaTb 'IB BblIrnlp5MHkI- MHTenb BCA-5; 6 —Apoccenb; 7 - nepe.-rea inoTnaOaTb -'B BbIrr pnMH- MeH2TJOPpobI1 naKeT; 8 - KooHIeHTpaTop. Teflb.,n/]J TorO ~'TO6bI TOK n1,oaMa'rHHIt'IBaRH51 He np;OXOHJli K IBbI.XOLHOMy Tpa'HC4OpM'aTlOpy ycI'HniTeJI5i, CTaBHTC51 COOTBeTCTByiOIIHH KOHIJeHCaTOp 4. YCTaHOBKa pa6oTaeT 3a noporoM JInbIIlHMOCTH Ha qaCTOTaX 18-22 Kzc, nos0TMy Heo6XOAHMMOCTb B CneUMaIbHOHi 3ByKOH30JIHpyiomefi 3amiTe ornaaaeT. Ha c)(r. 12 noKa3aHa cxeMa BBoaa yJlbTpa3ByKoBbIx Kone6aHH' B rHApoa'6pa3HBHbIf nOTOK. 3aecb MarHHTOCTpHK4HOHHbIf BH6paTOp (naKeT 11 H KOHueHTpaTOp 12) CBepxy BCTaBneH B pa6otyKo KaMepy 1. CHapy(HI MarHHTOCTpHKUIOHHblHi naKeT 3aKpbIT oxJIaKalOaIoiHM KOKyxoM 5, B KOTOpblH noA HanopoM nepe3 luTyuep noaaeTcs oxjnaKjaIomasl naKeT BoJa. BH6paTop nocpeACTBOM JjiaHua KpenlHTC K oxna>raaIomleMy KO>yxy, nocaeaHHIi, B CBOK) otIepeAb, TaKKe nOCpeACTBOM 4JaHua npHKpeInieH K Bepxy pa6oqeli KaMepbi. Pa6oqafl KaMepa HMeeT,,Ba nnleKcItrjiacoBbIx oKHa, qepe3 KOTOpbie BeaercfI ila6,nioIReHie 3a o6 -pa3IuoM. CHIi3y, HanpoTHB KOHIueHTpaTopa, B KaMepy BBepTbiBaeTCH Aepm<aTeiab 18 o6pa3asa, ia KOTOpIiU HaBepHyTa noACTaBKia 17, no-iAepHKisaBaioIman o6pa3eu 14. O6pa3eu KipenITcs HaKHlHoii raiiKo/i 16. 1 CnjiaB Kc6ajbTa, >i<eie3a H BaHaAHf. 2 2148 17 Figure 11. General Schematic of Ultrasonic Facility for Testing Materials for Wear in Hydroabrasive Flow; 1) sound wave generation 3r-12, 2) power oscillator TY-600, 3) input transformer, 4) capacitor, 5) rectifier BCA-5, 6) choke, 7) core, 8) vibrating horn. -8 -

B AaH'HOM cJiyqae HcnbITyeMbliA o6pa3eU HenoABI>KeH; 3TO cAeJlaHO JJlns Toro, qTo6bi HCKJIIOqHTb yaapnoe BO3jieHCT'BHe o6pa3ua iia a6pa3HBHbie maCTHI~bI npii ero KonefatIIH. O6pa3eu ycTalHaB.nIBaeTc nHpOTHB TOpua KOJe6nIoiLoerooc KOHreHTpaTopa c 3a30poMl, KOTOpbIfi AJIH Toro, MTO6bI HICKJIIOqHTb npiMoe e Aoa6imee Ie1icTBHe a'6p'a3HBHbIX laCTIIM, OJI>KeH 6bITb 1B HeCKOJIbKO pa'3 GoJIbIH',M, 8 qe 9 eM,'HamMeTp ',acCT'I. HCII IOJlb3ye^'7\^ ^ f 0O Moaro a6pa3Mi.Ba.!llpI TaKofl cxeMe o6pa3eu npH KaBHTauis B 6 i - f qHcTroH iBOAe pa3pymlaeTcH no'l -_= -"' RL-"eI BO3eHtCTBHeM IKaB'HTaUOHHbI'X nIly3bIpb:KOB, KO'TOpbIe o6,pa3ylOT5 19 CY B 9a. CH IB 3a30pe OT.KoIe'6aH.H`I Topua 4 s KOHLeHTpaTOpa. FrApoa6pa3HB-....._. HbIHl nOTOK B pa6oqyio KaNMepy nocTynaeT no Tpy6onpoBoy 2. 4. i I!. I 8 CKOPOCTb noTOKa B KaMepe nod3\~^ \^ =n t ~- /? J Aep>KHBaeTCHI,OCTaTOqHOIH,J'I1 -.- l /:_ npeypeyep AeHIH oceAaHtio a6pa3' HBHbIX qacOTIL.. qaC'THUbI,BXO5.IT 2 '' ', /4' B 3'OHy IKa'BHTa;IMHI:H, nojiyqaa AO > OJInoIITeJbHbIe HIMnyJIbCbI OT _,, ___ ].. ^^= Koone6a.iomerocq TopLa ii}oHHle'HTt —. =i- r7 paTopa Hi, rT.a'BHbIiM ol6pa3oM, or nyjb ca.n'H KaIBHtTa nHOHIbIX 'n-y\\.:- 1F$5 3bIpbKOB, yaapHO BO03IeIICTByIOT ti [ ~,<>./..~'/:/..j-:f6 Ha pa6oiqyio noBepxH'ocTb o6pa3 --:T._ t/17 aa. B pe3vabTaTe, nocnJIeJH9a noJBe pra eTC5R CJIO>KHOM'Y O0IHOniir. 12. CxeMa n30oa y.ILTpa3BYiO- BpeMi y B3AeTBO apa BpeMeHiHOMy 'B-O3:aeHi;CT'BJtO a6paBblX IKOae6aHIuIi n r:I1POa6Pa314Hbl/i BnXOTOK: 3I6aHIBBHbIX aaCTIL'l1 II KaBHTalIHH, ITO I-KaMepa; 2 -noABoasunTi Tpy6onpo- aOBOJIbHO 6.nHR3:KO 'BOCinpO'Il3B'O1:IT BOA; 3- mTyAep MaHOMeTpa; 4- noaBol npOTeKaHile KaBoITaHIOHIO-a6paoxnaMaaoame/i BOabI; 5 -oxniaaKqaiouni i KoKyx; 6 —OTBOA BOAbl; 7- Kpblmxa; 3H'BHOrO I-3HO'Ca,B,peaJIbHbIX Ma8-raf{Ka; 9-o6MOTKa; 10 - ca.IbHIiK; K a He m o 0TeTi 1 - naKeT; 12 -- KOHIieHTparop; 13- IIHHaX. Heo6xoAHLIO OTMlTIITb, BCTaBKa 14 — o6pa3es; 15 - OTBORMrIIqufi Lrp OJHO'BpeMeHHO, XOTH H C Tpy6onpoBoa; 16 - raiiKa; 17 - noACTaBKa; 18 - AepaTrejnb o6pa3ua. MeHbI:eII HIHTeHC:I'BHOCTbIO,,nIpOHiCXO,11HT HI3HOC TOpua fKOHlIeIITpa'Topa, no3TOM.y a.nJI npenyrpeyKnpe HHeHei ero lIpe3MepH-orfo H13Hloca B Toperu n'JOTHO BBepTbIBaeTC51 BCTa'BKa 13. Topeu 'BCTaB'K 'nrepnHoauItIeCKU mnJIH(yeTCn; B c.iyqlae HeO,6xoaI.nMOC'rTi BCTaBKa 3aMein5IeTCi. rFHpoa6pa3HBIHbIi nOTOK 113 pa6ofeii iKaiepbI no Tpy6onpoBOy 15 ()fHir. 12) OTBOIHTC5 B c6oplblii 6aK 3 (l)iir. 13). Hacoc I HenpepblBi-o no,aer no Tpy6onpolBoo Iy 6 cIecb BOa.L I1 a6pa3iiBlllX iacTIul B pa6otiylo KaMepy. UASI TOrO I'ro06i, a6pa3HBHIbIe LiaCrliltb, tle oceaajll B 6aK<e, a TaIK>Ke,5 I pcryaiipronBaRlll CKOpOCTrI IOlTOKi B pa6otcii KaMepe, HaCTb nOTOKa 113 ianopiioro Tpy6onp)olo;ai 5 18 Figure 12. Schematic Representing Ultrasonic Vibration for Hydroabrasive Fluid; 1) compartment, 2) inlet pipe, 3) manometer tap, 4) cooling water inlet, 5) cooling jacket, 6) water outlet, 7) covering lid, 8) sealing nut, 9) lead wires, 10) stuffing box, 11) core, 12) vibrating horn, 13) horn tip, 14) specimen, 15) outlet pipe, 16) holding nut, 17) support, 18) specimen holder. -9 -

tiepe3 TpexxOQABOH KpaH 8 no Tpy6onpoQBoy 9 nepenycKaevrc o6 -)aTHO B 6aK. 3Aecb CTpya rAipO.A1HaMHiecKHM AeHcTBHe.M Bce BpeMsr noAlJepKtiBaeT a6pa3MHBIHbe qaCTHribw BO B3BeLe'HHOM COCTOHHHH. JlUnj no;mep>KaHHH TeMnepaTypbi nOTOKa nOCTOHHlOfi cayI.rT 3see1nIKOBbIH XOJIOAIiJIbHHK 7. I3MepelHIe CKOpOCTH nOTOKa npOH3BO-,IHTC 'lnpHcnoco6neHHeM, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha npiHMe6eHrH Tpv6KH IUTO, Hwaa nyTeM 3aMepa pacxoAa noToKa. LaBneHiie B pa6oqefi KaMepe perHCTpHpyeTca npyaKHHHbIM MaHOMeTpOM C pacI'HHyTOf UIKaJloi. 6 B Onr. 13. C6opHbMI 6aK Ana rHApoa6pa3IIBHofi cmec: (PNr. 14. O6pa3ltb, IIci - Hacoc; 2 - OTBOA oxjai<AaOLaeRi BO- nbITb[BaeMble Ha II3HOC AN; 3- 6aK; 4 — nOBO BOA B; 5- Ha yJibTpa3ByKOBOH yc9aeKTpoABsiraTeJb; 6-H-anopnHbl Tpy60- TaHOBKe nDOBOA; 7 — XOJIOAlIIJIbIIIK; 8 —TpeXXOAi07 BOA KaH:; 9 -nepenycKHoft Tpy6onpoBo2; I - pa6oqaR nOBepxHOCTb; 10 - noaBoA rulpoa6pa3lBnofl cMecn. 2 - aanjequHKH. HCnbITyeMbIe o6pasubI npeACTaBA^srT co6oi cTyneHqaTbie aHJHHApbI ()Hur. 14). OueHKa H3HOCa npOH3BOAHTCH BeCOBbIM MeTOCOM. HcnbITbIBaeTC.He iMeHee 3-4 o6pa3uoB H13 OAHOro MaTepHaja. Pa36poc aaaHHbIX, HanpH.Mep, npH 10O%-HoH HacbImeeHHoc'r BOAbI KBapueBbIM nerCKOM He npeBbimaer t8,%'. OueHKa H3HOCOCTOiIKOCTH MaTepHaia npOH3BOAHTCH OTHOCIITeib'11O H3HOCOCTOiIKOCTI o6pa3sa 113 apMKO->KeJie3a, KOTOpoe npHHFITo 3a 9TaJIOH. HCrbITaHHe OCHOBHbX o6pa3IoB H 9TaJIOHHbIX BeAeT;CH rooqepeAHO B O,1HHaKOBbIX yCJIOBHIIX. TaKUM o6pa30MI, onHcaHHlta ycTaHoBKa Ino3BOJI5eT HCInbITbIBaTb MHaTepHaJIbI Ha H3HOCOCTOiIKOCTb B YCJIOBH51X COBMeCTHOrO KaBI,!iTa1UIOHHO-a6pa3HBHOrO BO3AejIfCTBHI. HPEI 3TOM, MOH<HO IH3MIeHITb HHITeHCIIHBOCTb Ka)AKOrO 113 9THX 4QaKTOPOB OT IHyJIH A Ma(KCIIManbHbIX 3HaqeHHH. HHTetICHBHIOCTb a6pa3IIBHOrO B03AeIICTBHI Ma.eHCeTCH B 3aBHCIHMOCTHI OT npouleiTHOrO COIep)iKaHH5 a6pa3IHBribX 'LaCTIIU B nOTOIKe, a IIItTeIICIIBHOCTb KiaBHTa11OHIIOrO BO3AeiiCCITBHH - B 3a:BIHCIIMOCTII OT aiMlInJIITVXAbI KO1oe6alaiid K<oIueHTplaTOpa 11 Co03aHIl5I B pa6oqeii KaMepe H36bITO0IIoro AAaBjeI-IIr1n B[.r0oTb AO Bieni-I.HIHr, npH KOTOpii o6pa30oBalIre KaBIHTatLiOIIInIX-i n3b1pblKOB IInpCpamlae'rcn. KpoMe Toro,!]Ie60JIbLuos o6reM rnooKa (4-5 A) Ino3BoJnsT IIccTe2* 19 Figure 13. Assembled Container for Hydroabrasive Mixture; 1) pump, 2) cooling water inlet, 3) container, 4) water outlet, 5) electric motor, 6) supply pipe, 7) cooling coil, 8) 3-way valve, 9) by-pass pipe, 10) inlet of hydroabrasive mixture. Figure 14. Specimen for Wear Tests in Ultrasonic Facility; 1) working surface, 2) mounting holder. -10 -

AOBaTb:H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb MaTepHaIOB tB pa3IHMHbIX cpeaax (Boae, KHCJIOTaX, MacJlax H T. A.) C pa3JIHqHbIM a6pa3HBoM (necKOM, rJIHHOfi, 30JIOH H T. A.). HHTeHCHBHOCTb H3HIOCa o6pa3UOB 3aBHCHT TaKxKe OT Be.IH4HHbI 3a3opa Ah Me>Ky o6pa3UoM H TOpUOM KOHReHTpaTopa. Ha 4Hr. 15 noKa3aHa 3aBHCHMOCTb noTepH MacCbi anioMMHIieBoro o6pa3ua 3a 30 MUHt HCHblTaHHiI B qHCTOH BORe OT 3a3opa \h. KpHBan HMeeT 5IBHO BbIpa)KeHHbIfl,MaKCHMyM, KOTOpbl COOTBeTCiByeT Ah=0,2 -0,3 At,. HanjiHHe MaKCHMyMa CBR3aHO C TeM, MTO HaH6oJabuiMM pa3pyumaomHM AeHCTBHeM o6naAaioT KaBHTaUHOHHbIe ny3bIpbKH, co6cTBeHHaa 4aCTOTa KOJie6aHHI KOTOPbIX coBnaaaeT c qacTOTOH KoJe6aHHH KOHueHTpaTOpa., LHaMeTpbI TaKHX ny3blpbKOB MOrYT 6bITb onpeIeJieHbI H3 c(opMyJnbI, npHBeAeHHOfI CMHTOM [27]: 066 d = f rAe d - AMaMeTp ny3bIpbKa B CM; f- maCTOTa KOJIe6aHHi BH6paTopa B Kez.,aJInH maCTOT 20-22 Kzt pe30HaHCHbIH AHaMeTp ny3bIpbKOB paBeH 0,3-0,33 MM, qTO ROBOJIbHO 6JIr3KO cOBnaAaeT C 3a30opM, npH KOTOPOM B HaLeM caiyqae Ha6jiIOaaeTC5I MaKCHMaJIbHbIH' H3HOC.,25 5. 0,5 1,0 15 dhn 1H4r. 15. H3HOC B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3a3opa A h Me>Kay o6pa3oIM ii Bmn6paTopoM. TaKHM o6pa30N, MaKCHMaJIbHbIi H3HOC o6pa3ua nponIcxoIoHT B TOM cjyqae, ecnjH BenNHHHa 3a30pa Me>iKRy o6pa3UOM HI TOpLUOM BH6paTopa COOTBeTCTByeT aHaMeTpy pe30HaHCHbIX ny3bIpbKOB. IOBepXHOCTb o6pa3UOB, H3HOUjeHHbIX npH COBMeCTHOM B03IAeHCTBHH KaBHTalHUH H a6pa3HBHblX qaCTHIU, nplf HaCbIILCeIHOCTH rlOTOKa a6pa3HIBHbIIMn 'aCTHuIaMH 4-10%, HMeeT MIeJKie MIRTHHbI-oTne-.iaTKH (c4nr. 16, a). B npouecce H3HOCa, no Mepe yrny6.JeHHR c)poHITa rI3H1oca B Teno o6pa3ua, BHI H3HOmeHHOHi nOBepXHOCTIH IIe HN3MeHeTCI.n TaKMI o6 -pa3oM,;npH OTHOCHTeJbHO 6OJibmIOM CO.ep>KaHImI a6pa3IIBa B OIe pa3pyieHOIe nponcxOILHT rJaBHbiM o6pa30oN 3a C'IeT yVapHOPO B03 -AeficTsBH a6pa3iIBlIblIX taCTIIl. 3HepFIIIo tIaCTilibI nplioGpeTaIOT, KaK y>Ke ynoMHHaJIOCb, 3a CIeT AeiiCTBHIf KIaBlTraIIlf}OJIIIblIX lny3LIbKOB ut laCTtI1HO 3a cqIeT KoJe6afifii Topua KoIIUeiiTparopa. 20 Figure 15. Wear as Related to Spacing &h between Specimen and HTorn Tip. -11 -

BHa paspymeHHbIX nosepxHocTeii o6pa3uoB, nojlyqeHHbIii npH HnoJIb3oBailHH MHCTOI BOAbl, TaKOH >Ke, KaK H B O6bltiHbX MarHHTOCTplIHKUHOHbIX yCTaHOBKaX ()Hr. 16, 6 H o). no Mepe Ao6aBjieHH9 B BOuy a6pa31iBHbiX qaCTHU, BHA H3'1HomeHlblX rnoBepXHOCTefi H3MeHeReTCH. npH ManOM COAepKaHH*ii a6pa3HBa KaBHTaUHOHiHb1 I13HOC onepexKaeT a6pa3IIBHblfi H nOBepxHOCTb HMeeT xapaKTepHble cJieAbl KaBHTaUlgOtlHOrO II3HOca (nnacTHqecKIIe OTne-. 1 K "-***'>' ^ ^: ^ ' '* <y *7 *4. '.'k:"';.:: z;i '.:, '::..4-.":!..::.-.;.:.~'.. < '...: $:;5:"~ (.).. '..:- '3.: '*"3~~':'? ' O6Tr. 16. IUonepx. OCTb o6pa3HoB, H3 -Bat^^^.^.::...:.:4...:.!..: a-o T 6pa3a p B3e-:6.e.:......y.......':... (yeHO B 30 pa)::- 6 ~ -l noc cl ciloFigur`;:` (yneanqeHo B 15 pa3). U-ltasoc aFloM ty Sa) M Wear on steel specimen by cav of a(yberaqeso B 4 pa3a). bTKH 'HWa ofHTTlH. sOeP.rbne paKoB bb), a npH 6oaIbO10M coaepmareIHg ~~~HOXa6ypa33BByoro BO3yefiCTBcta. CTPYEY... AP' Ay CTA HOBKA 6e t MarHnTOCTpH~JIbo}iOM B0i6paTope) KaBHTaBHoHHan 3ota co3~laeTc~.HCKyCCTBeHiiO It,H3HOC 30pa ),OB npOHCXO 6-T 3a c Be HeiCTBH~ KaBHTatUni. B o'Hoay cTpyeyaapaibx ycBaiOnOK no4Co>KcHa c) Wear on aluminum specimen< by cavitation of clear water (mag. x4). -12 -aa`o eiBX ~*~j~:I ~ ~~:~:~,27:)~8:::v R '~' Xfii~~s~::i:~i ~.:: Rd ~~:: ~ W va' ~~~ im.roopaiaKal~a iifBIIITffBA 6a-;g_ lo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (YANCOB a~) maTI4MA 114THMO:epaOB:-l ),a pH60IMJ.1cu pilaiia a~paM~aiiao6OPT, iia 1O~ePXHCT5IX ffijlibl -14L~b -AH-14,,rie"b a~~pa3,1iB'H~~~~~rO B03, T jeH-CTB:::::15 1. CTPYEYRAP~~~~~~~~i~~g YCT:lr~: $I:OBKA~ B PaCCMO~peJ1Hb1 Bb~we ~'M-11 1B~aX (rimpoaiiiixiii uixill TO V 6e i m rHHOCT 1 K 11011-0N,1 Bi:jaip ) K BIM 110111q 3 ia CO 3,aeTCq 1CKYC-;efno 1 -13,OCo~pROBnj)HCX a1T 3 cleT -!1fl CT131-1,9 KaB1J~aU~ij~j. B OCROBY C~p~,eyaaP11b1X ~TT,-IJIOBOK r1O.10>KeI ~~~~~~v~2 Figure 16. Surface Wear of Specimen Tested by Ultrasonic Facility.~c;~. ~ ~-~-~ —~~ a)Wer n tel peimn y avtaio o araiv prtcls b) earof ea spcimn y cvittin o clarwatr (ag x15). ~

HaeL yaapa HeKOToporo o6ieMa BOHbI o InoBepxHocTb o6pa3ua, IoCKOJIbKy B KOHeHniOM HTOre KaBHTaulHOtIHblIH H3IIOC npOHCXOALIT HMeHHO BcjieACTBHe TaKHX yaapoB. B OCHony pa6oTbI onicaHiiOfH HH>Ke ycTaHOBKH s noJIo>KeH MeTOA nepeceqeuIH CTpyH. YcTaIIOBKa (4)Hr. 17) COCTOHT 143 ueHTpo6e>KHOrO iiacoca 1 lTuna 3K9A, 3JIeKTpoJBHraTeaJI 3 nepeMeHHoro TOKa 13 MOmHOCTbiO 4,6 K6T, n = 1440 o6/MuHt, Baia 16 c 3aKpenjieHHbiMH Ha HeM Aep>KaTeJI5MH 12 o6pa3- 1 78 9 - 10 - 12 1652 1 3 7 Our. 17. CxeMa CTpyeyaapHofi ycTaHOBKH (BliA CBepxy; no3. 13-15 Bn1a 6oKy): l-Hacoc; 2-noaaqa BOAbI B cajibHHK; 3-J.9ieKTpOaiBHraTerlb; 4-BeAyiUHft fiKlHB; 5 6-KHHOBble peMHl; 6-BeaOMblU IKHB; 7 —noA.umunnnKH; 8-CTpyepacnpeAe.nHTeJqb; 9 - lacaAKu; 10 - o6pa3abl; 11 -- cjiuHBHof Tpy6onpoBOn; 12 - Aep)KaTenH 06pa3aOB; 13 - ipy6a OTBOjla BOtbI; 14 - Hacoc; 15 - 6aK; 16 - Bajn; 17, 21 - TpexxoAOBbae Kpalbl; 18 - nepenycKlIofi Tpy6onpoBori; 19 - Tpy6onpoEoIA OTBoAa cMecH; 20 - BCaCblBa1OMiHao Tpy6onpooB0R: 22 - Ko>Kyx-6aK; 23 - pea3HHOBa o6AHIoOBKa. 10UB, Ko>Kyxa-6aia 22, KJnAHopeMeHHOfi nepeAa1aii 4-6, Tpy6onpoBO;1OB H TpeXXO.OBbIX KpaHOB. PaooTaeT ycTaHOBKa cjie1yiomHlM o6pa30M: ueH1TpO5eX<HbIfH HaCOC I HO BcaCbIBaiomLLeMy Tpy6onpOBo;ay 20 13 IHIi'HefI 4acTH 22 Figure 17. Schematic for Testing Materials by Impacting Jets (top view except 13 —15 are side view); 1) pump, 2) feed water for stuffing box, 3) electric motor, 4) driving pulley, 5) belt, 6) driven pulley, 7) bearings, 8) jets distributor, 9) nozzles, 10) specimens, 11) overflow outlet, 12) specimen holder, 13) water outlet pipe, 14) pumps, 15) container, 16) shaft, 17 and 21) 3-way valves, 18) by-pass flow line, 19) inlet tube of water mixture, 20) circulating line, 22) container wall, 23) bubble liner. -13 -

6alia 22 3a6HpaeT rmapoa6pa3HBlIylo cMeCb (nynbny) Hn noRaeT B ianopiyio MacTb iacoca. OTcioaa qaCTb nyJibnblI iepe3 TpexxoJOBofi Kpain 21 noaaeTci B cTpyepacnpeaenlJTeinb 8, a iacTb no Tpy6onpoBoAy 18 nepenycKaeTc3i o6paTHO B HIHKHKIOO nojiOCTb 6aKa. fIpi 9TOM, nepenycKaeMaYI nynbna CBOHM rHapoH1iaMHieCKHM LefiCTBHeM noj=ep>KHBaeT a6pa3HBiHbie qaCTHRbI B 6aKe Bce BpeMR BO B3BemeHHOM COCTOgHHII. KpaH 21 no3BoJ1IeT peryJIHpOBaTb,Hanop nyiJbnbI B CTpyepacnpeaemiTeJie H KoJnIqecDBo nepenycKaeMoil nyJibnbI.,Uainee nyJibna 113 pacnpeaenuHTejii 8 InocTynaeT B conkia 9. B 3aBlICHMOCTIH OT HeCO6XOitMOCT11, OAHOBpeMeHHO MOryT pa6OTaTb or qeTbIpex Ao o.AHioro conjia. Ccana,a paicnioioo'eHb i,no KBa.pa Ty pacn peAe- 7 AJIHTeJI (4uTr. 18) 11 COCTOT H'3 UTy- 6 3 Iuepa 2, HacaaKu 5, HaKHAHOH ralfKu " "" 4.H lnpoKJIaaj.KH 3. HacalKMH H'3r0OTODBJI5IIOTC1 '1H3 H'3.HO!COyCTOHIHBOFH CTa'H. _,JIJI H3ylqeIH'HI 3a'BHC.HMOCTIH HSHocCa OT AHaMeTpa CTpyH HacaAKH H3rOTOB- 3 $l I jieHbl -pa3:lHblX AHaMeTpOB: 6, 8, 10 H 12 MM. i 2 OHr. 18. YCTpOfiCTBO conaia CTpyeyaap- Pimr. 19. qlepwaTeab o6 -Hoii ycTaHoBKH: pa3ua: I - pacnpeeJliTeJb; 2 - mTynep; 3 - npo- * - Ban; 2 - AHCK; 3 - AepKjiaAKa; 4-HaKHAHmiax raflKa; 5- HacanaKa. K<aTejb; 4 - orpaHllHlTeJlb; 5 - o6pa3eu: 6 - KOj0mO; 7 - rooIoBKa. rHJApoa6pa3HBHble CTpyH4;HenocpeACTBeHHO y BbIXOaa 113 HacaaIJK nepeceKalorcsq o6pa3uaMH 5 (4)Hr. 19), KOTOpbie 3aKpeneJ1iebi B cneuH1aJlbHbIX roJIoBKax-Aep>KaTeJnIx 7 orpaHlt,.1TejR1MiH 4. Bo 136e>KaHHe o6pa3oBaHiuR Ha pa6oqefi noioepxHOCTH o6pa3ua BOa.-HOiI noAymuKH, Bepx'HiH qIaTb ero cBo6oaHa, qTO o6ecne'illBaeT 6ecnpenfITCTBeHHbIfi CTOK rHipoa6pa3HBHofi cMecH c noBepxiocTHl o6pa3ua noa Bo3JaeiCTBHeM LLeHTpo6e>KHoii CIJIbI. roJIOBKa 7 MO>KeT 6bITb rioBepHyTa Ha UTOKe Ha Tpe6yeMbliI yrojI; aJIH 4lKcCawlll yr.a BiHHS3 rFOJOBKH H mTOKa HMeeTCR COOTBeTCTByioman mKaJia. PaccTOqHHe mMea<Ay ue'HTpaMiI AHiaMeTpaJibHO pacnojio>KeHHbIx o6pa3uoB paBHO 350.Am; npli Heo6xoaiMOCTH 39TO paCCTOIHHie y'BeJHIqiHBaeTCn5 Ao 500 A.Mt 3aMeHofi AepiaTejieIi. KoJInIqecTBo oAlHOBpeMe!HHo HCInbITbIBaeMbix o6pa3UonB Mo>Ker KOJie6aTbcu OT AByx AO ieTbIpex, npll 3GTOM OIalI 113 o6pa3UoB tBJ11 -eTCH 3TaJIOHOM. H3MeHeiHe JHIeiiHeoii CKOpOCTII o6pa3RoB npoH13BO23 Figure 18. Lay out of Nozzle for Impacting Jet Facility; 1) distributor, 2) carbine, 3) gasket, 4) cape nut, 5) mouth piece. Figure 19. Specimen Holder, 1) shaft, 2) disk, 3) holder, 4) limiter, 5) specimen, 6) ring, 7) head. -14 -

,IHTCH nyTeN H13MeCeHell aHaMeTpa OKpyKHOCTH Bpauteiin oOpa3LaoB H qHCJaa o6opoTOB npHBOjHoro Bajla 3a CteT neperaToq or4O qtcaa KJAHHopeMeHHOiH nepeQaqnH. Bani c o6pa3aMtH nl)pHIBOAITCH BO BpameHHe qepe3 KAHHOpeMewiyHo nepeiatay OT Beaymero UKHBa, KOTOpblii Haca>Kel Ha My4)Ty, coejltHImIomylo BaJbI aJ1eKTpOlBuraTeAJ H HaCOCa, HJH >KC - OT He3aBHCHMOrO 3JieKTpOBiBHraTeJa. CTpyH rnipoa6pa3HBHOi cMecH nocaie yAapa o noBepxHocTb o6pa3ita pa36pbI3rHBaercq H cTeKaeT no CTeHKaM Ko/yxa-6aKa 22 (4(Hr. 17) BHH3, rae nepeMemHBaeTca c Hepa6oTaBimei cMecblo, H OnfTb:aCTHqHO 3a6HpaeTcq HacocoM.,aTi npeaoxpaieHHn aopa3HUBHbIX 3epeH OT qpe3Mep.Horo Apo,6jieHnM CTeHKH Ko)Kyxa o6aiH1oBaHbI AIHCTOBOtl pe3,HHOfi 23,.......... -...... /.,: —...... -, - i. a Bce Tp'y6orLpioBobI BbInOnJI HeHbl te-''::. ^w~ *~;.~pe3H H OB blN I i1. iK.^:;,,-;....i.:-,B,? aHLA npemoxpaHeHH5a OT H'3" "^ iK'':..'.,;,,:,,;,Y l ^ HO ca Hcoca CaB caJib ':J^I:'"': HUHK n'O HaHOpMo no"aercsC M4HCTa5Si Boa, KO'TO,pa5 TaKHsM o6pa"'': ' g — 'i'":: 30,M H!e',npepbIB'HO Ao6a'BR eTCH5...S K OCH'OBHRO ulpKyJrIpylowgii t-"""::...:...."..: CMeCH. ]]ZJlI 'npeoxp'aHeiiuf or:- - gi - -:-^^^ nepeInoJI.He-HH 1 KOKyxa-6aKa B HeM Ha IBbICOTe 300 t.MM OT a.HHUla c.eJIaHo OTBepcTlIe, liepe3 IKOTOIHr. 20. 06pa3uu I a1 HcnbITaHHi poe (no Tpy,6onpOBsoy 11 f36bIHa H3HOC H 3amHTHbie KOJIbua K HHM. TOK BOabl Cj1BaeTCH B C6OpHbIH 6a,K 15 (ia 4ixr. 17 BlI, c6oKy). 14,3 6aKa 15 Boja nacocoMx 14 c6pacbrBaeTCsr B tKaHa.il3aliiio. Bocia, nocTrwaioIaai IB 'CHCTeMy iepe3 caJibHH'K 'Ha.coca, iHrpaeT Ta li(,e ppOjib ox.ji'a>Kjaiomee cpe, bI no.MjepK'HBaeT TeMrnepaTypy cMCec'i nocTon0aHOH. OTpa6oTaBma5 rHmpoa6pa3HBlIai CMeCb 113 KoiKyxa-6aKa ywtaJIeeTC5 OCHOBHbIM HaCOCOM qepe3 Tpy6onp'o1Bo0 19 npi nepleKlloleHHH Kpata 17. Kox>yx-6aK 22, B KOTOpOM BpawmailTC o6pa3UbI, COCTOllT 113 ta13yx nOJIOBHH. HiH>KHR f OJI OBIHa OHOBpeAMeHHO CJIVyN1lT I C6O[)IIIl.X 6aKOM. B MeCTax nIpoxOKjeHHqt BaJia KO>KyX,:leeT UBa ca&.'i,iniia. C6oKy H CBepxy KO>Kyxa pacnojioxseHbI JBa Bnpo3paibllx 0o1K1 I:1MM.eTpOM 200 MMt, KOTOpbie CJiymKaT AaJI Ha6ajoAeHiiml 3a oGpa31i.nMI 1i HX 3aMeHbI. KoKyVX TaKH<e HMeeT OTBepCTHCe, 3i3.1HJB3 IO),',Ai I lIUTyuep,JIUa TepMOMeTpa. Bcq yCTaHOBKa CMOIiTIipO1nanci na o6mefn cBapHoiI paMe. J,IJn npaBoaa Baaa c o6pa3uaMNI l a p1My MO>KeT 6bITb yCTaHoBJieH 9jieKTpoaBBHraTejib.,}itlllIa ycTalIOlK 01 1400 tMM, miHpiiHa 1200 AMMt, BbiCOTa 1200,MMt, Macca 200 K,. O6pa3IbI (qlpr. 20), HCnojib3yeMbIe B /AaHHOi yCTaIIoBKe, npelCTaBJIlOT C6Ofi aIICKIH raiaMeTrpolM 20 —30.MM }\ I'o.' Ij\oii (i i.l.t.i Bo 1136eA(aliHe l131iOCa 6OKOBoio noBepxlHocTTI o6p)n3.loi,,3 x f;i-,aeBaIOTC51 3=amIHTHbie KOJIabIa, H3roTOBTJeHHble 113 TO-O;KC.Mar'rcpH:i:' 'ITO H o6pa3UbI. 24 Figure 20. Specimens for Wear Test and Their Shielding Head. -15 -

Ha })Hr. 21 noKa3aHo B njiaHe B3aHMHoe pacnoio>)KeHHe o6pa3 -ua 2 H CTpyH 4 B MOMeHT coyyAape'HlH. O6pa3eu cBoeHf nAocKof noBepxHOCTbIO yJapReTCH o CTpyIo. rlpH 3TOM BOaa ii a6pa3HBHbie qaCTnHUb B03AeHJCTByIOT Ha o6pa3eu c HeKOTOpOfH CyMMapHoi CKOpOCTbMO V - - V2 + V2' rAe VI - -.HHeHiHa5 CKopOCTb o6pa3iua; V2 - CKopOCTb HCTeqeHH51 CTpyH Mt3 conjia. B o6mneM ciytae v, KaK BHAHO H3 4uHr. 21, a, Bcer~ja HanpaBneHa noA yrjoM aTaKH a K noBepXHOCTH, nO03TOMy B AajibHeHimeM Heo6-, 'A / k I 1 0 C aX + (90 o-a2j aii ) 0.Hr. 21. CxeMia coylapemHm1 CTpyH BORbl ']i o6pa3ua: I-conno (HacaAKa); 2 - o6pa3ei; 3-Ko]abRo; 4 - CTpya BOAW. XO'AHMO yqHTbIiBaTb H V2, HeCMOTp5I Ha ee 3HaqHTeJIbHO MeHbIUylO BeJIMqH'Hy nc cpaBHeHHIO C VI. TaKHM o6pa3oM, yroji aTaKH a IBJI5eTCH (PYHKuLHeHi VI H V2 -Cjie.ROBaTeJIbHo, npH 'H3yqeHHH 3aBHCHMOCT H3HOCa o06pa3ua or yrJIa aTaKHl, nOCjieaHHfi MOH<eT 6bITb noAo6paH nyTeM H3MeHeHHH CKOpOCTefi. KpOMe Toro, B KOHCTpyKUIHH npeaycMoTpeHa B03MO>KHOCTb rnoopoTa o6pa3uoB HenocpeaCTseHHo BOKpyr OCH Ha Heo.6xoaHMbiHZ yroji. ripH 3TOM, KBK BHJAHO H3 qm)r. 21, 6, yrori aTaKH a == a + (90~- a2), rpIe xi - yroji aTaKH KaK f (V1 V2); a2 - yroJI nBopOTa o6pa3ua OT BepTHKaJIbHofi ocCi; vl onipeAejeTcq no H3BeCTHOI 4)opMyne, CBH3bIBaiomei qHCJIO o6opOTOB H JIHHeHHyIO CKOpOCTb. lHCJIO o6opOTOB 113MepqeTCH TaXOMeTpOM. V2 KOCBeHHO H3Mep5eTCs npHcroco6JIeHHeM c Tpy6KOH HIHTO. Tpy6Ka 1IHTO 10 (H1r'. 22) yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCI Hia ropH30[HTanbiiofi qacTH Tpy6onpoBOaa 2, noaBOaRmuero HOTOK K CTpyepacnpeaejIlITeAlo, H ()HKCHpyeT CyMMy rHApOlJIHaNMH4ecKoro II CKOpOCTHoro ilanopa. qepe3 mTyuep 3, coejiiIHeHHlblil C Tpy6onpoBoBaoM, 4(IKC1[pyeTcs 25 Figure 21. Schematic for Impacting Water Jet and Specimen; 1) mouth piece, 2) specimen, 3) shielding head, 4) water jet. -16 -

TOJIbKO rHaIpOJHHaMHtieCKHH Hainop. Pa3HIocTb ypOBHeII l)IIKc1IpyeTcn pTyTHbIM JaHJ))epeHUaJbIIbbIM MaHOMeTpOM 16. BepTHKaaJbHaS qaCTb Tpy6KH 10 npOXOAHT qepe3 CaJIbIIIK, coCTORIIIH4I H3 KOpnyca, HaKHIHOH raHKiI 4 it pe3HUOBOii npo6KII 9. jljiJ perUcTpautHH nojioKeH1H Tpy6KH B pa3aHqHbIX TO4Kax nIo ]il.iaMeTpy 1noLaBORwImeI Tpy6bI iHMeeTCa yKa3aTeJIb nojio>KeHIIH, COCTOS.IMHIH 13 HanpaBJIaiomelr 7, na KOTOpOHI HaHeceHbI.pHCKI, H n.alKii 6, coeaHHeHHoH C Tpy6KOfi. IlITyuep 3 H Tpy6Ka 10 coejrnHeiIbI c A11()cjepeHLuaJibHbIM MaHOMeTpOM iepe3 OTCTOHHIIKH 15 HI 14; nocjaeanje 1 t; 13 5v 1\ / \ t15 -KpaH An oT6opa npo6; 2 - Tpy.60npooA; 3 - UTyuCp; 4 - rafiKa; 5- Aep>KaTejb Tpy6KH; 6-KpOHWTerIH; 7- ianpaB.ijomasi; 8-KOpnyc canbHuKa; 9-npo6Ka; 10-Tpy6Ka; 11, 12 - Tpy6OnpOBOAbi nolBOaa cMecH; 13 - ManoMeTP; 14, 15 - OTCTOAHHKH; 16-iMaHOMeTp; 17-Tpy6bi npOayBKII OTCTOHiII1 -KOB 11 MaHOMeTpOB; 18 - KpaH AIR oT6opa npo6. HMeiOT KpaHbI aJIq Bblnyc'Ka BO3,]yxa H necKa. K OTCTOi'IIIIIKy 15 TaKxKe 'noacoeaIHeH Hpy>KIHHbIHi MaHOMeTp C paCT5I1yToii miKaJoii. Tpy6Ka uIHTO, KpoMe Toro, no3'BOJ5ieT npon13BOLIiTb 3a6op CMCCIi BO.RbI H a6pa3IIBHbIx qacTlII 1-3 Jiio6o'Ii TOqKII no a^NIIaMcTly IO;in,30-,aiuero Tpy6onposBoaa qepe3 KpaH 18 anI II3,mepeiiiin IacbLieiI}IocTH 'nIOTO.Ka TBepabIlMH aI cTIIlLaMII. 3TO MO>KHO TaK>ie CAejilaTb II tlepe3 60KOBoe OTBepcTIie B Tpy6on.pOBOJe. CKOpOCTb CMeCH onpeaeJIaeTC5 'B TpeX TOqKaX no BepTIIKaJIbIIOMy aHaMeTpy Tpy6onp!oBOaa; 'IHcJeHHaH BeSiqtiiiia onpie..ciCeTCal no 4)opMyjie V2 = k V2gh, rwe k-,nonpaBoqHbIII K03)q4uLHIIeHT, nojiyieIIbii npIi TapIlponKe Tpy6KH o6'eMiibIM cnoco6oM ii paBlIbiii 1,04; 26 Figure 22. Schematic for Pitot Tube;' 1) sampling valve, 2) supply line, 3) tap, 4) sealing nut, 5) supporting tube, 6) cantilever, 7) slideway, 8) stuffing box, 9) plug, 10) tube, l 12) inlet tube of water mixture, 13) pressure gauge, 14,15) settling tanks, 16) manometer, 17) draining pipes for tanks and manometer, 18) sampling valves. -17 -

h= P- 'hp —CKOpOCTHOHI Hanop, BblpaHKeHHbIH BbICOTO}I C'TOA6a BOpl. 3J^ecb Tp- yAenbLIbHbI Bec pTyTH; T - yAeJIbHbiH Bec BOAbl; hp -pa3HOCTb ypoBHefi pTyTH B AHI4epeHLnuajibHOM MaHOMeTpe. a-Ha CTO B, 6-Ha BOIe C a6pa3biMII aCTaM. 27 - 18 - -'"''' "'":-.!'!.T i!!::::!:""""!::-.4.. -: ':""'""~.' — ~" -,..,,....:::':... - ". "-.:::..:.. ~. by the Impa:cting Jet Facility ( x 4), a) pure water, '~::: '':~f.:.~.-~. i-18..

Ka 5. YCTaHOBKa o6opyaoBala CHCTeMOI MaHOMeTPOB, KOTOpbie 1O3BOJIK)OT KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb CKOPOCTb HII ABJIeHHe nOTOKa. B CB5I3H C TeM, ITO KaBHTaUHOHHbie 5IBJIeHHH npOTeKaiOT C OtiHb 6ojibI HMIi CKOPOCTYIMH, npH CrirbITaHIiX 6bijia HcnoJb3osBaia cBepxCKopoTia5q KHHOKaMepa CCKC-1 c 4aCTOTOH CvbeMKI TW 200 TbiC. KaApOB B 1 ceic. KiHoKaMepa CCKC-1 pa3pa6oTaHa H H3roTOBJIeIna B JIeHHHrpajCKOM HHiCTHTYTe TO4HOI'H MexaHHK HII onTHKH H. H. KPbI)KaHOBCKHM. HanOMHHM, qiTO cCaMaq 6oJIbmai LaCTOTa KIHHOC'beMKH, 7I 8 9 - 0 18 2 13 3^ ^ Oir. 24. CxeMa nepeo6opytoBaHHohf iuapou1HaMim1eCKOH Tpy6bl: 1 - Hacoc; 2 - 3jieKTpoQBiraTe.1b; 3 - Tpy6a nPOMb!BK11 cajlhHbHKa; 4 - HanopHa.f Tpy6a; 5 - xoJ1oa1,bI1,iK; 6 - HarHeTaTejibHbII{ Tpy6onpOBOa; 7 Tpy6a nOaBoIa BOAbi; 8-Tpy6a oTBO)ia BOWl,; 9-Tpy6n0poEOPol c/KaToro Bo03Jyxa; 10 - KOH(4)y30p; 11 - pa6oqaq KaMepa; 12 - Axuulxy3op; 13 - BcaCb1BaiollaH Tpy6a; 14 - Tpy6a OT6opa npo6; 15 - peciBep; 16 - Tpy6a CuIHBa BOQbi; 17 - TpY6onpoBoa B032ayxa OT KOinpeccopa; 18 - ypaBBniiTeJibHaq 6aunim. npHmeHeHHa5i J5I jiiyieHmii KaBHTamiH B nOTOKe BOWbi aMeepHKaHCKHM HccjieaOBaTejieM KHannoM, 6bujia paBHa TOJlbKO 20 TbIC. KaaTpoB B 1 ceK. CBepxcKOpocTHbie KiiHOKaMepbI B OTJIiilnHe OT HcHOJib3OBaBwiixcA panee annapaTOB CBepxcKOpOcTHOHI 4j)OTorpa3IIIv ]ialOT TOHOe pacriojioKeHiie KmpOB Ho miary, LI TO o 3Boj5IeT pacuncHpOBbiBaTb 3aCH51Tbie IBjleHiii C JIOCTaTOL11Ho1 TO4HOCTbIO H o6ecreqHBaioT B03 -MO>KHOCTb Ha6ijiiioeHii5i pa3BHTMII5 npoaecca B JUiiaMHKe npHi jeMORCTpauiiH (1)IiJ-bMa Ha 3Kpaie. KaMepa CCKC-1 npeHa3iatieHa,aJ151 KiHOC~e1MKii GbicTponpoTeKaiomwx Hipo[eccOB Jii1TeJTbHOCTbIO OT 0,0005 ao 0,5 CKc H.ooecoe30 Figure 24. Schematic for a Hydrodynamic Tunnel Facility, 1) pump, 2) electric drive, 3) pipe for flushing stuffing box, 4) pressure vessel, 5) cooling coil, 6) supply line, 7) cooling water inlet, 8) cooling water outlet, 9) air ventilating pipe, 10) nozzle, 11) test section, 12) diffuser, 13) recirculating line, 14) sampling line, 15) reservoir, 16) draining line, 17) airline from compressor, 18) equalizing tank. -19 -

qMBaeT B03MO)KHOCTb HX npoeK1HH Ha 3KpaH npT nIOMOmH CTaHJapTHbIX XHHOnpOeKTOpOB iAJIu 35-MHJIJIHMeTpOBOH nJieHKH. ra6apHTHbIe pa3Mepbl KaMepbl: BbCO'ra 705 MM, AJIHHa 740 MMA H IImpHHa 440 MAt. Bec KaMepEI Cco mTaTHBOM 220 icr. BBHAy yHHKaJIbHOCTH KHHOKaMepbI CCIC-1, npIsBeaeM KpaTKoe onucaHHe ee ycTpoHcTBa. nIpHHLUHninabHas cxeMa KHHOKaMepbl nIpHBeAeHa Ha ()Hr. 25. KaMepa.HMeeT o6'beKTHB 1, KOTOpbif CTPOHT H3o6paKmeHHe B ineHT- I. pe MHororpaHHOfi Bpatlaiomefica.. I1H 6njOKa pOM6iiieCKHX npLI3M 4 pa3.AeJi.eTrc, Ha psA OTAeJIbHbIX...-::. nyrKOB, HecyImx H306pa>KeHHH. 3TH nyqKH oTpa)KaIOTc OT 3epKa- 3. Jia 5 H nonbaialOT Ha o6 beKTHBbi Ho 6a; 7-6apa6aH. 3- ocKaT 4 pyKOTKa B3BOa: (MHOir. 25. CxeOa jKai6.bl CCI"C-1: 6ir. 26. O:: 6L iia ae HH3o6pa-mbi piKeHHe Ha a3pO.)OTOn.TeHKe, HaTHnyTOl XIa Bpamaio.eMcs 6apa6aHe 7..,yqBHiKeoHe IlieHKI H ABiHxeIlHHe H3o6pa>KeiiHi nipe:mieTra npOHcXOaHT CHHXpOIII-IO, nOAO06lIo AByM O6fiaTblBaiOUi-iMC5 pIlI(iuIOIilbIrM JAHCKaM, via OLIJIOM 113 KOTOpblX iJieiKa, a Iia BTOpOM - i3o6pa:KeHiyHI, KOTOpbie KaK 6bi ie'iaTaioTc5 lia njiciiie. HnelpilO 3KcIC03H1il11 peryJiipyeTCA 3jieKTpOMarlIIITIbINM AByXjnCHeC'TKOBbIM1 3aTBOpONIM. 31 Figure 25. Schematic for the Movie Camera: CCKC-1; 1, 3) objectives, 2) prism, 4) rhombic prisms, 5) mirror, 6) objective block, 7) drum. Figure 26. General View of the Movie Camera: CCKC-1; 1) view finder lever, 2) objective, 3) view finder, 4) gate notch grip, 5) door lock. -20 -~sae~~ / nHI M.'~~~............:::..iMUInp~~I~a npuc XOAT C~IHPOII-I, ni~OIIO ABYI OKaT I~aOUIIM~ CfPI1~~IO~Ilb:. K AHC~~aM,,Ia o~lroM N3 KOTO~~bIX nnerII~~a,?.i~ia..,~!.~::.....paKe HI~~~IR, KOTO~~~~b~~e rtar( B~~~~~I I~~~eI~~a~~arorcn Ha nncrr~~~~~~:~................~~ll view finder lever, 2) object~~~~~~~~~~~~i:;E!!? ~.;iii'"if~'*' 4) gate notc'l~ grip, 5) door lock, '..:..'.:

06mHA BHA xKaMepbi 'noKa3aH Ha <4nr. 26. KaMepa cHa6wKaeTc51 CHHXpOHII314PYiOLIHM npHI6opoM, OTMeT4HKOM BpeMeHH, nyJ~bTOM yn1paBjieHHA H T. a. n1peHMyaieCTBOM i aHHOH KHHOKaMepbi, KpOMe BbICOKOHI 'qaCTOTbJ c'beMKH, HBJA5eTCH1 H TO, 14TO nfloJnaab nojiyqaeNbix Ka~pOB HMeeT OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6oJ0bi iUie pa3Mepbi. TaK, BbiCOTa KaApOB, nOYjiyqeHHbIX KHHOKaMepoHf, KOTOpOH' *Iojlb3OBaJc5l KHann npH liaCTOTe c'beMKII 20 TbIC. iaaLPOB B I CefC, paBHa TOJIbKO <OKOJIO 2 MM. BblCOTa KaapOB, noJiyqeHHbIX KHHOKaMepoHf CCKC-1 npu tacTOTe c-heMKH 60 TbIC. iKaXpOB B 1 ceK, paBHa 7,6 MM. Bcero Ha nHjeHKe Mi1iHOPI 190 MM H aA11HO1 1400 MM DpH 3TOH 4aCTOTe c'beMKH pasmemaeTCq 6o.iee 1300 pa6otuX KaapOB. KABHTALLHOHHbIE 5BJIEHH5I H H3HOC HPH OBTEKAHHH KPyrjIoro nPO4>HJIq rHJ1POABPA3HBHbIM nOTOKOM MoaeJib KpyrJIoro npo4)HJi5I, 3a KOTOPbIM BO3HIIKaeT KaBHTami4, npejCTaBJi1,eT co6oH jiaTyHHbiH UHIJIHHaPHIK aiaMeTpoM 6 MA, KOTOpbiH noMemaeTCH B HCnbITaTe.1ThHyio Kamepy no cxeme cj)Hr. 27. - Pa6otaq KaMepa c tieTbipex CTO-- ^^^\- )-\y'^i - pOH 3aKpblBaeTC5q fpO3spa^tHblMil /y/// '.KpbIlIKaMIH 1. IJ1OCMIH CBHHLIOBbIUR o6pa3eL 3 KpemiTCsI K OaHOii 2s< ^^s-r / H3 KPbILeK 3ameAiKaMl. UuIJfiHHAPHK 2 paonoiioxKeH ropsonH______l__~. - iTaJibHO. Pa6oqia Kasiepa iiMeer 1 y/y//^/ *'7/ /'/ -npoxoaHoe ceieiiiie 6X25 MM. B OUbiTax ffCfOJlb3OBaJaCb Njr. 27. Cxema pacnojoxKeHHmi KpyrJIoft Boa (/13 BOTORpOBO1a), B KOTOMOAejiH B HcnbiTaTe.IbHOH KaMepe: I -* KpbIIfKi KaepbI; 2 - LHHJH!HJLhi pyio AOaBJI5J11C IHCbIt KBap(Moaeaib); 3- o6pa3ei: 4- HaKA3=1at. UeBbI4 neCOK C aiHaMeTPOM qaCTHU 0,05-0,40 MMtu. KoJIHueCTBO necKa B pa3Hb1X ONbiTax COCTaBJi5JO OT 0,5 ao 8% o6-beMa noTOKa. CKOpocTb 6e3 yiera cymKeHH51 KaMepbi MOuejibIO paBHqJaaCb 17 At/ceK. lJaBaJeeHHe B ypaBHHTejibHOI 6amnie COCTaaBJIJIO 180 KCH/A42 (1,8 aT). BH3yambHoe Ha6JIioteHiie noKa3ajio, HTO B rHJpoa6pa3HBHOM TIOTOKe pa3B1BaBi0TC51 BCe cTUaH KaB1ITaIHH, KOTOpbie Ha6j1io~aaOTCS1 H B qHCTOI Boae npii o6TeKaHirn TOft )Ke MoJeJiH. HHaLe rOBopq, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BeJji1ifHbI K034)(PHLuiieHTa KaBHTawini, npoiicxo-,aHT i3MmHeHiie CTpyKTypbi 3OHbI KaBiiTaU1tII OT ejBa 3aMeTHOFO MeJ.1bKaHi{5 KaB14Ta11IOHHbIX o6jia4KOB,EO TaK Ha3bIBaeMOII OTpbIBHO1[ CTazuiii. TaK, npii aaBJieH1iI[ B ypaBi1iTenJiiio1"t 6auitie (Bepxiinq ljaCTb Tpy6bi 4 4uiir. 24) r-iapoj0iiHaMlitiecKOii TpyfbI 1,8 CaT 1\ CKOPOCTH rnuipoa6pa31iBHOro noToKa oioJio 8 AZICCK 3a uUIi.IIH, PInKwM nO5BJI5I1OTC5I Ba MBajiebKiix MeqbKaioiLInx KaBHTamiO1UibiX o6aIatIKa (ciir. 28, a). 3aTeMi, [no Mepe yBeJII-LieH115 CKOpOCT1i nOTOKa, pa3Mepbi o6njatIKOB yBe.nit1J1Ba1oTCR n OII coexiJiiHSIOTCR B o01o o6JIaKO (4)iir. 28, oic). CKopocTb nOTOKa TipH 9ToI0 cMaAiiM KaBIITaLiii paBfia 32 Figure 27. Schematic for Arrangements of Cylindrical Model in the Test Section; 1) test section cover, 2) cylindrical model, 3) specimen, 4) holder. -21 -

c)Kono 17 A/ceKc. npH aianibHeieMBwem ysenuJieHHH CKOpOCTH noTOKal BHyTpH KaBHTaUHOHOHH Ka'BepHbi HalHateT 0603HaqaTbC5 npocBer (-;mr. 28, 3), KOTOpbIH B rOCjieJyioLeM yBeJiHqHBaeTCR. Ha 4Hr. 28, ic,.4 noKa3aHa OTpbIBHaS CTaAHB KaBlITaLUHI, KOTOpan xapaKTepna 3HaqHTejnbHOH AJIHHOH KaBHTaUMOHHOA 3011bl I TexM, 4TO Ha 6onbwine qaCTH o30Ha KaBHTauHH CBO6ORHa OT napora30 -BbIX ny3blPbKOB. <~XBOCT> KaBHITauLImu 'no-npe)KHeMy COCTOHT H3 nJIoTHO1i MaCCbI napQB03AyWuHbIx.ny3bIpbKOB......................'., ~Hr. 28. Pa..... Hbie cTa.. KasHTau.n. [4]. Hanpa..eHe noTOKa noKa.aHo CTpeIKOHI. BoMe. 4 4':4 x., '.. ' - - " < 4 4 4 ' - HI B ICTOUI BOAe, ASIHa KaBllTamIOXIHOI 30HbI, paBHan..8 M, H01H- 6Oaui-Ie 140-150 4 H,42 (1,4-1,5 CIT). JZi nOAep>KaiIin 3To eHrie KaBIITaminl *B iLapoa6pa3LBHO4 HaoTOiae lneCKOebKO oKfOerKeHo. 3 2148 33 Figure 28. Various Condi-tions of Cavitation (Direction of Flow Me JUIINb 3O~bI BT B pTe JIOib Aa:nellIe170-180ICH/4 (1 1 8 aT) O'ieBlo, B Belilie KaBHCaL I~poa~paIio 1 CCKJbKO o~ ieiio accodin to: Arr::~::oC~ow) Bce ~epeqiicieH~ie a mii llauimC0ILOBONK"22TCMPa3 JIHII~blNIH 3BYK~bIMH aP(PeK~axii (TpeK, wejiqH pa3 I~qHii'l ll, qbf rY eb. J) a aO ii BKB plKi i U-11BrHto~,i 3HB1101M rIOTO:,~:ie HeCKOJ::.bKO ciia:~~ee 3BYK~ OB npll KaB:;rI-.;- ~ a~-l:5ll B qlICT.~;.i. Boae. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~:i~~ 1~' ' '~~~~~~:~:~:.~:. BbIJO 3.NieeHO 14o npl COPOTII 7.illcK, cjyqaeKa~I~a 1111 MCTIl o eaJl~aK~l.~l II- f O. l pI ~ a 8 m,i~r e MM 'jic n iiFUIO~altici m aaiefl1 1 pa HI,,f, Holi 6 wi-e 40- 50.li 12 (,4-,5 T) )J N n jaei. imqai.i' we AJII-Illbl 3011bl Ka~lI~aU111,1 B 1-11,J-p~a~pa~l-l~fIONI 11O:o~i~e TpeO-O~a -II0Cb aa~~~~~jiefflie 170 -180 j~~~~~~jj/,4t2 (1,7 -1,8 aT). OqeB]IIHO, BO.31111K110-~~~~~~~~~~~~~i i.nieK.l: um, Bin po.al~lmnO~. iCOJb0oylrieio 3 2148 33- ~ -~~

B AajibHefileM H3yq4ajacb CTaAH5i KaBIITautiH, npH KOTopOfii i lrCToHf BOae Hia6lnoaeTcn IHHTeHcIIBHoe H3HaIHB,ainie. B 3TOM. civqae Beinni[4Ha;, xapaKTepFH3yiOLa lanIiHy KaBHTamiaO1Oii O 30114i, 6pajiacb paBHofi 3. rme 11 - jaiHa 3-OHbI KaBHITaUlTHi, CqllTas OT ueHrpa MOJeJ1iI; d - H4aMeTp MoAeJi in. 2\ - ";:-paXo'lei KaMepbI B.ia KaBia..,..4 ' k f{ KaK y>Ke roBopaOCb, npIiMene-,.J. HC C.KOpOCTetOH K. OC.eMK....3BO43 -aoaepa. -HOM, B OTpaI.eltHOM,CBeTe no cxeMe r. 29.~ BenIII~ Btr~ HC~nbHr. 30. TaTeHOf iaBeple B b KaTpe 6enoe o6oaqio ~ahUlTaumi. Ta, KOTOpa BI13HaJIbHOI Ha6Ji KpyreH11 OCHOBHbne CT1III KaBHTaIb30 -BaC Tipe KCTaBiopoeKTCI B BIieX CHOHO 6eonoro o6JiaKa KTOpboe 6T-aBKaeTC5I a6pa3n1BHbIMII liacT-Iuamii. COaKTH4eCCII,iKe iiaeT nepH0oItHLeK KaBHTaHOIIHi 3eCKI, npo c o6pa3oBaIHiC II CbPI~31/~~ rr JBa Kasepii. Ha -r. 29 B aelKTpC \}; $ n H1- - _ opKaure'i KaLepbb BUIa4. KaBHTaHCavitatBB6ion Cloud. \ ( nIoLulioro o6JIaKa. KaK 'iKe FOBOpJ11OCb, ipliimelle- He CXKOpOCT'HOI KH11OC'beMKlI [103BOF igur. 30. Cxema K tice Ka- MovieT Photograph of Cavitatioe neBH'auIIII: pHoabi pa3B11TH5] KaBepHi. KmiioKprbl1) npoclindrical; 2-Ka) test compartme npO3BO aCb, B OC ligOB4-KHsoKaMepa HOM, B m ov ieaCBeTe cxmera. (jPHr. 30.,2Iiq OCBet[leHlH5I 3Oibl KFaBHTaIMUII, KOTOpaR Bo3[IHKaIa 3a KpyrnblM npo(@i)HeM 1, HICfIOJIb3OBa.TiHCb LIeTbIpe KIjiiioripOeK.LIOITbIh1X (poIiapq 3, KOTOpbWO yCTalllaBTJ1HBaJIHCb CBepXy 11 B-1IH3Y KaBMepbI 2. CBeT OT (PotIapeii npOXOAIIJI> K KaBH1TaUHOLI1011 3oi-ie, OTpa~KaJICR OT iiee i nOiiajaJ1 B o6beCKT1111 iatHoiawepbI 4. 34 Figure 29. Actual View of the Test Section. In Center is Cavitation Cloud. Figure 30. Schematic of Movie Photograph of Cavitation; 1) cylindrical profile, 2) test compartment, 3) light sources, 4) movie camera. -23 -

KitHOCt'eMKa, B OCHOBHOM, npOH13BOJ4lJIaCb C qaCTOTOHi 60 TbIC. KaaPOB B I ceK. OTAejbiiHbe cbeMKH 6bJlaH cAeaaHbi npH 4acTOTe 130 TbIC. H 200 TblC, KaApOB B 1 ceK. O.iuaKO KaKHX-Jt60o oco6efiIOCTefi B CTpyKType KaBHTaUHOHIblX KaBepH npH noBblmeHLofi qacTOTe CbeMKH, no cpaBHeHiHio Co cTpyKTypo1I KaBeplI npl c-beMKe B 60 TbIC. KaapOB B I CeK, o6flapy~KeIio He 6bIIO. Ha 1Imr. 31 noKa3aHo nocneRoBaTejIbHoe pas3BTHe KaBIITaUHOHHblX KaaBepH, CH.9TbIX C IaCTOTO}I 60 TbIC. KaapOB B 1 ceK. 3aecb TaK:Ke, KaK H npHI KaBHTaLIHH B 4qtCTOII BOWIe, Ha6j.aoaeTCR LIIKJIHqa - ataJblaH pa-HOB;HHOCT;. IOCb, MTO UHKJIbI pa3B.PT3Ho H OTpbIBa KaBepH HeO:HHaKOBbl 11 He noCTOSHH~bI BO BpeN~eHH3, T. e. opMa KasepH n xapaKTep "Ax oTpbia o-r nOaepXHOCTH IO~eIIi nOBTOpRiOTCH Hepe- npOMeajyT04HbIe 3Tanbb HOTOpbIX )OpM KaBHTaUHOHHbIx KaBepH. TaK, MepaCy nOBTOpHnOmepCH pa3HOaBaH OCTbio a, KoTopaH npMI HJTa 3a HaTnbC bHy5T, Ha6HJIio0aXapaKTepen TeM, MTO KaHepCbe, JCepaX lI CKpaBaH CTIBaIOTC B OJIHy, 3* 35 Figure 31. Variations oT Cavitation Clouds; a) initial varieties. POC ~ H,eie~ K.. Ha-24-. 31 '~..e. ', ". K-OTO~~~~~~bIX~~ (.;~M;aBT aUHOH?,. b.~ Ka:':',,zHx...z,;.x Ta,~'~.~~. mez.~'-... c::BT:;;m:.:.-:.-,:,',/;....-.....,,'..,..; CH pa3H0BHAH0C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~bio a, KGT~~~~~~~~~~~mi npIJHA~~~~~~~~~~a 3a Ha~~~~~~~~iaJ~~~~bHYI0, Ha6.moja-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ eT'1 npiime'o 'eme"; ' po.e:K'T.xI:: bIX:paMB11.%HOC,*~'i+~-::~:g....~~ Di>~ar;i?.....6 xapaK~~~epell Tem,. T-.......-:'.....ib,;,.. a>-:+i~:;..,~.-:.~.~~ 'iv.:,, '.,..mi ~,.',.....~~. T.:....B 0'~,,',w~.'~~,~ a~ ~~~~~~~~...-: OT, ~t~,:./,-x...fe.m.ie..':.~ '.:,.' ti~- K~ p b ";..0IC.,a T.' OT....~ C.~j,,. H-a..: H:..... ~a ep b 1.,::..;.' '',...-.:...E,'.a*. a..::a..'K...e::ell'.'T-'x' ~....~I' ':.~.+"b;::, -:' *' —'.,'.:'~..~" "C.'' ~.a ~ep.:,:..... O~j:m:~~:.~:.:~~;...wa.z"...o ~i~:;.:~?.::..i. -T~ nP # 5.....~....,.:;x.(....~ ':....

IA.IT HenocpeACTBeHHO OT nrpoCpHJin, H T. A. KaaKabdi H3 rTalon:i'iIHMaeT ofnpeaJeJieHnbiH npoMeKyT.OK BpeMeHi. 3ran a CiiOBa 1noin). p.aeTc qe.pe3 1350 KaapoB, T. e. qepe3 0,022 cert. fipHMeHeHIle CBepXCKOpOCTHOi KIIHOCbeMKH.I103BOJIHJIO TaK>Ke yCTa.HOBHTb HeKOTOpbie 11OBbie KOJIiMqeCTBellble xapaKTepllcTiiKII npouecca pa3BHTH51 KaBnTaLuHH. HpH o6pa6oTKe K.'HorpaMM o6piaUaimOCb BHHMaHHe, npe>Kae acero, iia xapaKTeplCTHKll, KOTOI)bie irpaiOT cymecTBeHHY1o poJIb B KaBHTaUHOHHO-a6pa3.lBHOM H3iiauj!iBaHHH: qaCTOTy cpbIBa KaBepH, qaCTOTy HX flnyjibcauLH, CKOpoci't coKpaLmeHH1 KaBepH H T. A. AMOKHlO o>KiiAaTb, 4TO CCJIH KaBHTauiioii. 5 ^ _____ _____ ___ r-r- HbIH,ipouecc npoTeKaeT S - [1 B cpeme, coAep>Kameii If ^ | a6pa3HBHbie qlaCTHLbi, TO *.| /I — ^^_/ ---.._ — ^ KaBHTaUtlOHHbIe nydbcaIy LL^aHIH, npoxoALHUHe-c 6ojib0.30 --- —---- ~0.30 - -- - -- -- - -- IIHM.H CKOpOCTSIMH, 6y~ZI~~~ AYT nepelaBaTbC5 LiaCTicY --!_ __ uLaM,HT'nocJIeAHHe, TaKt!M 22 66 /1w 154 10-'ceK. o6pa3oM, MOryT nojiy~_____ ~____.._____ ___ 4'qaTb AOIIOJIHHTeJIbHbllble 1 2 3? 5 6 7 8 9 10 HMI1yJIbCbl 'H aKTHBIIO HoMep npormeymowoeo 3mana awrua BJIHHTb Ha H3'HOC. cI~~~Hr. ~ ~ ~ ~ KaK ya~e O TMe~aOHr. 32. 43aMeHeHme lcjia CTpyxaJH BO Bpe- KaK yp e OTmetiaMefH. J.oCb, npouecc pOcTa i CpbIBa <KaBepH c MoaejJiH flpOHCXOaHT nepHOJLHiecKH, HO, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3Tarna pa3BiTH5I, c pa3HOH UaCTOTOfl. HanpHMep, ycTaHOBJieHO, qTO 3a OJHO 11 TO >Ke BpeM1 0,0022 cec OTaejiIlOTCI TO ABe, TO TpH KaBepHbi. HpH 3TOM, CCJIH cpeAH55i LaCTOTa cpbIBa 3a Becb nepHoi4 COCTaBJaieT 1040 e'{, TO B OTteJlbHbIe niepHOabi oHa.Koje6jeTc OT 800,o 1350 eq. B CB311i C 9THM mHCjio CTpyxaji St, nrOACHTaHHOe AJI5 CKOpOCTH nOTOKa 6e3 yqeTa cy>KeHH, pa6oue/i KaMepbi MOaeJIbO, TaK^Ke KOJIe6.fieTcA B ripeaenax 0,35-0,47 (c{.Hr. 32). St = Nd rAe N - -qHCJIO KaBepH, cpblBalomHXc5 c npo0)HJI5 B 1 ceic; d-aHaMeTp npocInIJI (UL4.TlHapulKa); V - CKOpOCTb nIOTOKa, 6e3 yqeTa cy>KeHlH KaMepbl.nrpo(iiJeM. O6Hapy>KeHHoe KOJie6aHn4e HcJIa CTpyxaji5i cB5I3aHO c pa3BiTHleM KaBepH nO 3TainaM ()Hir. 31). B6blbmeMy 3HaieHHIO qICJia CTpyxajiq COOTBeTCTByeT CTma.Hi OTpbIBa KOPOTKIIX KaBepii iienocpeacTBeHHO OT MOaejjiH (qHiir. 31, a). Koraa:ae itae OTTpblB KaBepil 66Jlbmiero of6beMa (c4i)Hr. 31, 8), TO 41CJIO CTpyxaji5i nriojiyqaeT MeHbLUee 3HaqeHHe. 3TO o6i-bHCHteTct TeM, qTO ieM 6OJbUlHi o61eM 1MeeT KaBepHa, reCM 6o0jibmee BpeM1 Heof6xoJIiMO A5I ee pocTa I1 TeM MeHblue, cJIeAOBaTeJlbliO, KaBepH CpblBaeTC51 C npoq)njM B CllHHILy BpeMCHH. 36 Figure 32. Variation of Strouhal number with Time (number of intermediate cycles). -25 -

jlpyrofl CTOpOHOHf pa3BHTHl KaBepHbI HBJIIeTCi ee nyJbcIpyIomee AeficTBHle. TaK, HanpHMep, eCJI npocJieajITb 3a H3MemeHHieM 4p0pM CTauLioiHapHof KaBepHbI (T. e. KaBepIlbl, eme lIe oTrJenHBmeHCA OT *npo)HiHn), TO yBHlUHM, tTO OHa KaK 6bi nyjibCHpyeT, HenpepbIBHO H C 60oJIbUol CKOpOCTbIO MeHn1 CBOIO 4)OpMy. cHr. 33 JIeaJeHue CTallHolapHoiR KaBepbli: 1-6 - noceAeOBaTejibHOCTb xezeHHs. POCT KaBepH B npOJaobHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, T. e. no HanpaBJieHHIO TeqeHH-f nOTOi<a, npoHCxoAHT CTyneHqaTO. HanpltMep, B TeqeHHe 1,65- 10-4 ceK rpaHuia XBOCTa KaBepHbI HenHOBH?1'Ha, nocqe 0,485 X X 10-4 ceI KaBepHa yALJIiHHeTC5 Ha 1,8 MM co CKOpOCTbiO 6oiee O.r.: 34. 06pa3oBarinne nsMTnII nIa Kan..epax. 40 MI/cek. 3aTeM 'iua6JIoTlaCTcq pC3Koe yKOpotieinIe KaBepllbi CO CKOpOCT'blo -0 80 Mi./ceK. B noniepei-ioM IIanpaBJieiilI (no Lunupiie) KaBepHbI nPOIICXOJLIIT noLo6oe >Ke nepeMemelIIe ec noriBepxHocTII. OTMeeHIi-bie CKOpocT1Ible nepeMcm1eIIim nIOreCPXIIOCTII KaBepIHbl AMO)KHO YCJIOBIIO llPeACTaBITb KaiBK <<yaapbI~, KOTOpbIe IiepIIOauII4eCKII 37 Figure 33. Various Stationary Cavities; 1-6) successive variations. Figure 34. Generated Hollow Cavities. 26 -

npOH3BOiaHT noBepxHOCTb KaBepHbi no oiKpyxaiolieH ee KHIKOCTH. 1IpH 3TOM iIaCTOTa <<yaapoB>> B nlpOOJibHOM HanpaBBneHHH, B 3aBHCHMOCTHI OT CTaHHH KaBHITaUIili, paBIia 7-9 Kcat. Y HeKOTOpbIX CTaIHOIHapHblX KaBepH npli onpeajieeH1loiA Ajnile o6pa3yOTC5i meflKIK, no KOTOpbIM B aJlabHeflmeM IIponcxo,1HT OTrieJleHie 'aCTtl KaBepHbI (4)Hr. 33). B 3TOT nepHoa weiaKH TaKKe fnyjibCHpylOT C qaCTOTaMH 10-20 ce4. 1 8.0 b,0. 0,5$ 20k? T I 1 '6 5 6 1,65 3,3 4,95 6,6 825 10 ce ' Nir. 35. H3MeHeFmHe AiiaMeTpa oTrejiumleficn KaBepHbl BO BpeMeHlH: - H3MeHeHHe AHaMeTpa; 2 - yalaeHiHe LellTpa T.aweCTR KaBepHbl OT nponimlH. nCMHUMO aeneHlfi KaBepH Ha6.aoitaeTcI BHe3arnHoe o6pa3oBaHHe Ha HHX pa3JI14HbIX BM5THIIH (l);ir. 34). KaBepHbI, OTaeJIIBImCiecyi iienocpeACTBeHHO OT npoc)HJi 5 HUJI XBOCTa>> CTaUOHaplHOHp KaBepHbl, IiMeIOT CaMOCTO5TeJIbHbIH UHKJI -__ pa3BHTH5i. B 3TOT nepHoa OHIH M - i -.~ dx| TaK >Ke, KaK II CTaiHiolapHbie 3,0 r — KaBepHbl, nyJ1bcH1py1oT H BH^ '0<,,_OH3MeHnI-OTC51 BO BpeMeHIH. 2,0 -,-^- e _ > Ha 4(i.r. 35 noKa3afiO H3MeHe10_ __s __ _ Hue ajiaMeTpa OmIOH H3 OT-,0 I._ I aejiHBm'HxC5 KaBepH (IKpHBaq Q0 T.____ ___ I). 1OJIHbli IUIHKJI KH3'HII OT1,3 2,6 3,9 5,2 6,5 0o ceK,ejti1Blmefcn5 KaBeplibI CoTaBNi.,, 36. Ymibwi~eJIqevT 16,5- 10-4 cenc (100,KaIOnr. 36. YMeubmeuHe ycTofiqiBoro aliaMeTpa d H aMnnH1Tyjbi I pacIlnpeHilT pOB). FIociie OTpblBa KaBepHbI OTaejiHBUieric5 KaBepHbl BO BpeMeHIl. OT 'pOc'pIJilI ee HtaMeTp cpa3y:<e co'KpamaeTcI c 5,0 ao 3,5 Mt, 3aTeM, noc.ne ICeKOTopoii nay3bI, nlpOIIC.xoitIT pe3Koe pac-. mHpeiiie KaBepiibi iaMNerpo.Ni ao 6,7 MtM, T. e. nlOqTH B,JBa pa3a, H noRTop01oe coKpaiaeiiie ao iAHa:ieTpa 3,0 MMt H T. it. HIp.ii 3TOM o6iapyI>KIBaceTc{, 'ITO KaBepiia iiMeeT KBK 6bI yCTOiitllIBbllf MtIilHlMaJilbii xaIMeTl), Ha 1OTPopblf n[lepiio!HfqeciKH IlaKi.aAbiBaIOTC3 I *liKti MFrilOBCIIIIbIX pacmti,peHiiiii. 38 Figure 35. Variation of Diameter of Separated Cavities with Time; 1) variation of diameter, 2) displacement of center of gravity of cavity from the profile. Figure 36. Reduction of Stable Diameter d and Amplitude J of Expanding Separated Cavity with Time. -27 -

Ta CTalHoHapHofi KaBepHbi. IepHOAI BpeMeHH, Korea U. T. HenoABH)eH, RAOCTaTOqHO TOIHO COBnaralOT c nepltOAOM ClOKOHHoiro coCTOSHH5I OTJeJHBLueHCR KaBepHbi H C nepioaoM paBHOMepHoro pocTa CTaUHOHapHOf4 KaBepHbI. HocJieaHee o6CTORTejibCTBO TaK)e yKa3blBaeT Ha HaJIHlHe CBt31H MeAhy nyaJbCauliHMH XBOCTa CTaUHOHapHOH KaBepHbI H KaBepltbl.OTaRejiHBUeiCHc. BejiH4HHa.cKaqKOB IU. T., no Mepe yAajieHHH OT XBOCTa CTaUHOHapHOH KaBepHbI, yMeHbLaeTC5. pini ---| ---i —, --- —, --- --- ~ 2,0 ----- 92.0,DHr. 37. C KoPOCTb orae6aHiA noBepxHocTif KaBepHbI Qno ZaHHbIM rpanwqecKoro AbH4qepeHiLUpoBaH1I. OTMeTHM, 'ITO CKaqIKoo6pa3HOe nepeMeueHIIe KaBHTaIUOHUHbIX ly3bIpbKOB Ha6JIIOaeTCY H ripii yJIbTpa3ByKOBOII KaBHTauim. BaKHOfl xa.paKTepIICTIIKOiI KaBepHbI IBJI5ITC5 CKOpOCTH nepeMemeHHi ee nOBepXHOCTH BO BpeM o HyAbcaHnH. FpalHuHiecKoe xAIMpepeHUHIpoBaHIe yqacTKa a KpHIBOHi I ir. 35:OoKa3blBaeT, 'TO a eJI1 OTle;JIHBIueICHC KaBepHbI cpeaHne CKOpOCTIH nepeMemeHHu ee no0epxHoCT1I npi pacmiipeHH l aOCTIiraIOT 50 4/cec, a npH c>KaTHH - CBbIIme 80 iM/ceK (4)Hr. 37). CpaBHeHue CKopOCTeH nepeMemeHIHi nHBepxIHOCTH OTAeJiIBmefHcs KaBepHbI, HnoacCqIITaHHbIX no 4)opMyJIe Pa3jen, He jaeT cosBrnaaeHHH C OnbITaMH. KaiK H3BeCTHO, Puleli nojiaraji, qTO coKpameHHe KaBHTTalIIOHHOrO nIy3bIpbKa InponcxouIIT <<CBO6OaIIo>> RHOj BO3ueIICTBHeM BCeCT.OpOHHerO,aBBieHHSI HK'H1RKOCTII. B 3TOM cayqae paiaasJbHa5i CKOpOCTb coKpanLeiiHI ny3bIpbKa v 2/ 2.p Ro, 3 p R\ 40 Figure 37. Velocity of Oscillation of the Cavity Surface as Obtained by Differentiation of Graphical Data. -28 -

-4 0 - Figure 38. Variation of the Overall Cavity Size with Time. 6,0 UJ. 0 11! 3,33 5,55 7,77 10-4c ()lir. 38. H3MenIellle OCIIOBHbIX pa3MepoB KaBepH BO BpeMelH.;4 - 4 Figure 39. Oscillation of the Cavity IJ3-c | | lSize with Time. The Fig12 ___ ___ 3 _ ___ ___ ___ Fures Designate Successive 2 5 jo^ ~~~~Jumps. HH. uLtIpaMI. o6o3Haqella noc-e;oBaTeJbHOCTb CKaqKOB.

BepH B,cJIytae CpbiBHOfi KaBIITaIIhH 3a KpyrJIbIM npo)HjieM BOOOLLe He Ha.6Jiioaae-rc. KaBepHbi iie <<3axJIonbIBalOTCR>>, a, riepHoiHmiecKl InyJIbCHpy5, InocTerneHHO yMeHbmalOT CBOHI yCTOilqHBbIH AtlaMeTp. ripH uiaMeTpe 0,5-1,5 MMl KaBepHa HauimaeT nepHOAHuecKH KaK 6bi MeHqTb LLBeT c 6ejioro Ha TeMHbIiH, IH HaO6OpOT, a 3aTem <<paccacbIBaeTci~>> iH Icle3aeT. rlo3AlHee, npliHMepHo uepe3 0,33 10-4 ceic, DHr. 40. H3MeHeHHe 4)opMbi oTqejmiBmHxcH -KaBepH. oHa BHOBb BblpHcoBbIBaeTC,. HMe. npeKHHe KOHTypbl 1 pa3Mepbi, HO c Melee RpKO I oKpacKOH. 3aTeMx, TOJIbKO qepe3 0,165 10-4 ceK, KaBepHa Hcqe3aeT OKOHqaTejibHO. 10'mm /cex Ta6AUqa 1 Our. 41. YCJIOBHaS CKOPOCTb o6'eiHo- 5 Ilopas- 0,5 6 150 10 COXPaloeHH/ KaBePHbl B 3aUCIIaIOCTH BoeHa rue ~o - Ha~ajnbHb~i pain,~yC KaIepHbI; - 30 ~ '::: ". gaMepala itqelaer OKOH3aTelibHO. BP'eM - 3 - OT5i0x IaHmepau. IeoBpeMT IlorepsC //0 J Hfl a KalHpaKHa Ba B T[HH o6pa3 -M5 - B % [ Teo p Figur. 41. YcaOBHaI CKOpOCTb o6feM1o- 5a ofaSa- 0,5 6 150 -30 -

Kawaa xKaBepHa lonpeaeJieHnHoro pasMepa HMeeT CBOIO ycJiOBHyIO oKOpocTb o6'beMHoro CoKpaileHHR B MM3/CeK. 3Ta 3aBHCIIMOCTb abIpa>KeHa rpa(l)iKOM ia (cHr. 41. 3Recb MO)KIO ycTaHOBlITb, qTO meM 6ojibse o6-beM KaBIITaULLHOHHOH KaBepHbi, TeM 6onibme yCJIOBHaS CKopOCTb ee coKpaIeHHHl.,an.qI H3yqeHHi1 KaBtiTauHOHHO-a6pa3aIBHoro H3HOca 6bIuIt npoBeAelbi OnblTbI IlO I3HOCy CBHHUOBblX o6pa3UoB npH -KaBHTalLuH B:.'.f:::!:'!$~ie;.::'.':!':, F';.,"'.: -5"i~. I...:' -Hr. 42.! 3HOWeilHHbie o6pa3ulbl (yBeJitleo B 1,5 pa3a): a - KaBHTaLHOHHlbIfl I3HO0C B iHCTOri BOae; 6-KalHiTamiXOllbirl H3O10C B rilap)oa6pa3efBHol cMecl; 8 - II3HOC npu~ OTCYTCTRstI KaBlITa'LU. HanpaBJIIeife IIOTOK3 cJieBa HanpaBo. IIHCTOIl BOae H BOue, coulepmKaneii KBapueBbin necoK. YCJIOBII! 011HiTOB 6bI1i1 TaKHMIlH ie, iaK II npII KiiHoc-bemiie. U,aiiHbIe OlbITOB nH)11 -BeleHbI B Ta6JI. 1. Hpu KaBIITaUlII B 411CTO1I BOaIe CpejH5n n1TOO)Wl aeca o6pa3LUoB B OnbITe JN 1 cocTaBljia 50 it8. 3oHa, noBpe>AlC1IIII~i KaBIITauiieH, IMNeCT BII JBYX tmaKCeJOB, BI15T151iyTbIx 110 IiHanpa)3 TIIIIo noTOKa (4;ir. 42, a). flo pacCnojnio)KLi1o 13iSHOuieiiiHai 3)1a coo,( - BeTCTByeT MeCTy KGoie6aiiiim rpamIi XBocTa ciTamionIapIniix\ ilKc 1 ii MieCuy OTpbIBa 11 IiHTefHcIlBIIIbIX OJIcOC6aIIIii OTe.LIIBIUIIXC51 Nl i'P 1 113HlomeHa5i nOBepXiHoCTb 1OKpbITa KpaTepoo6pa3liiblIMII 111ia1;1 -44 Figure 42. Variable Specimens (mag. xl. 5); a) cavitation wear with pure water, b) cavitation wear with hydroabrasive mixture, c) wear without cavitation. Flow direction to the right. -31

HaMH AHaMeTpOM OT 0,2 Ao 1,5 MMt; HO BHaaRHIi HMeeT B nonepeqHOM pa3pe3e noJIyc4epnllecKyIo q)opMy. BbilaBnjeHHbIf H13 KpaTepOB MeTaJiJI pacnoaiaraeTCH BOKpyr 'HHX HanAbI'BaMH BbICOTOfI AO 0,6 MM. iHahnbIBbI o6pa3OBaHbI HarpoMoK2aeHHeM OTaeJIbHbIX CJIOeB MeTaJijia 4H HMelOT paaHbIe Kpa5. TaKHM o6pa3oM,:BHR 3OHbI.pa3pyLeHHq MeTaJria iip}I KaBHTaMiHH B LHCTOH BOe, rOBOpHT 3a TO, qTO 'HOBepxHOCTb o6pa3aLa noaBe.p>KeHa MeXaHHteCKHM yfapaM. Ha}6oJiee pacnpocTpaHeHHOiH TeopneH npoHcxo>K/AeHH5I MexaHHuecKHX yJaapoB qBjneTCa TeopImI PmJIes [29], ocHOBaHHaBI Ha npeajnoxio>KeHHlI <<'3axnjo:nbIBaHHt~>> KaBDHTaIOHHOHorO nIy3bIpNKa,B cioe )XHJKOCTH. laBJaeH}Ie,,pa:3BUHBaeMOe 'npH STOM, \ p= 0,163 2-0, rae Ro-'nepB'OHaqanibHbii pa-auyc I 1Iy3bIpbKa; R -paa ayc rny3blpb'Ka B pacCMaTpH'BaeMblIH MOMeHT 3 4 'Bp~eMe.H; B- rHApocTaTHH; ecKoe n OaBje- O'Hr- 43. IoTepq yCTOAqPIBOCTII KaBHPe- rHJpOCTaTH'IeCKoe AaBJIe- TaUIlHOHbIM n'y3blpbKOM: HHe B,oKpy>KaIoameHi )KLUL- 1-44-j)a3b 11 3MeHeHH.S ny3abpbKa.:KOCTH. KaK.nOKa3bIBaeT aHanIH3 KH4HOrpaMM,,JIq.CpbIBHOH' KaBHTauHH 3a KpyrJIbIM npocHJIeM MaKCHMaJIbHOe OTHomeHiie Ro/R = 2. rlo-:TOMy, corJnac'Ho TeopHi P3ajie, i aJI aHHoro Tlna KaBHTauHH pa3 -BHBaeMoe KaBjieHlie 6biO 6bI paBHO TOJIbKO 300 CtH/,t2 (3 cF/cM2), qTO ABHO HeaOCTaTOtHO AaJI pa3pymaiomero BO3aeflICTBH5. TeopHu P3neq B aaHHOM cayqae He npHMeHlMa B B HAy O6Hapy><eHiofi HaMH oco6eHHOCTH zHH3HH KaBepH, KOTOpbIe, Ka-K onicaHo BbIme, He <<3axjIonbIBaIOTC~>>, a rniaBHbIM o6pa3oM nyJIbCHpyIOT. KOpHq()ejIbA H CyBOpoB [28], H.CXOjA H3 o6HapyKeHHOI' HNMH HeycTOIHiq.BOCTH KaBHTaUIIOHHbIX ny3bIpbKO.B, inojiyeHHbIX yJIbTpa3ByKOBbIM MCTOJROM, CIHTaiOT, ITO,npOHCXORHT KaK 6bI MeCTHOe npoaaBJIHBaHiie,roBepXHOCTH ny3blpbKa,,B pe3yAJbraTe iero Boaa, BpbIBa5Cb B Hero B BHtae MeCTHOI CTpyi'KH, npOH3BOjHT yaap no InoBepXHocTH o6pa3ta (JHr. 43). KaK 6bIJIO noKa3aHo BbILe, KaBepHbI CpbIBIIHOH Ka.BHTaUIH TaK>e o6JIaAaIOT HeycTofIIHBOCTbIO. CjietOBaTeJabHO, TeopHi pa3pymaiomero AeHCTBIIn, npeaJIO)eHHa5 KOpHqj)eJIbJOM II CyBOpOBbIM, npIiMeHHMa K CpbIBHOI * KaBIITamLHI. B 3TOM caytae /aBJIeIHHI, JocTaToIHbIe AfL paapymeHHI MaTepiajoB,.BO3SHHKaIoT npuI MeCTHOH RnoTepe yCTOHIlHBOCTII noBepXHOCTH KaBeplHb IIJIH npii ee jejieH.,ii. HpOHHKaioiua5 B nHOJIOCTb KaBeptlbI B 3TOT MOMeHT Macca BOabI npOI13BOAHT yaap no tI3HamIIBaeMoft noBepXHOCTHI; BeJmIILIHa yiapa MOrKeT 6bITb npiI6Ji>e.KeH1o oueiiena no )opMyie, npIIBeaeHHoIlI KyKOM, 45 Figure 43. Collapse of a Stable Cavitation Bubble; 1-4) phase changes of bubble. -32 -

tlOfi 30H110 TaKKe nMeeT BOJIHHCTbIi a6pa3HBIlbli 'H3HOC (I(Hr. 44, a). Ha (Hir. 44 noKa3aBa 3OHa COBMecTHorO KaBiiTauiHOHHo-a6pa3HBHOrO It3HOca. 3,aecb BIAUHO HarpoMoWKaeInle nnacTluqecKIH aecopMHpoBaHHbIX cnioeB MeTaTjia OT KaBITaUtiOHiiOrO ii a6pa3IIBHoro B3O3AeeHCTBII5. Jljifl TOrO 'ITO6bl BbISCIHTb pO0Jb KaBHTaUtHi B yCJIOBH51X OnbITa JNo 2, 6bulI nOCTaBjiel OnbiT '\fo 3 npHi no1aBJieHHIOi KaB}ITaIIII. 1H3 HOC o6pa3ua B 3TOM cjiyqae npoIecxoaiji noa BO3,jefiCTBHeM TOJIbKO a6pa3HBHbIX qaCTHUI B yCJIOBIH1X CpbIBa 6eCKaBHiTauHOHHblX Buxpefi.,.,-.:.... '!.. iur. 44t. OTzeibHble yUacTKI II3HOuleIHblX o6pa3uOB: a-BOJIHICTblfi a6pa3HIBHbIfl H3HOC (ynBenIueHO B 8 pa3); 6 -COBMeCTHbiO KaBHTaLHOHIHO-a6paalIBHb1fI H3HOC (yBeoiltieHo B 20 pa3). H3HOC B JlaHHOM OllbiTe B 3,2 pa3a MeHbme KaBIITaLtUIoHHO-a6pa3HBHOrO Hi31Ioca B OnbITe Nq_ 2. 3)TO npOH3omJo0 rJIaaBHbIM o6pa3o0 BCJIe^CTBHe }lOIOJIHIITe.TbHbIX IUMnyjibcoB, KOTOpbIe rnoJyHaJiii a6pa3HBHbIe MaCTILlbI npi rIlyJIbCaulli KaBIiTaLLIUOHHblx KaBepH B OilbiTe No 2. YqaCTOK o6pa3Lta BHyTpI 3OHbI KaBHITaItI}I ilMeeT He3Ha1tITeJlbHble InoBpe>KJleHH15t. rIocjieAiee MO>KHIO o6bICHtITb IICKa>KeHiieM KaBIiTatlIOHHOrO o6TeKaHIIH mIMtiiHHpLIIKa BCIeACTBile o6pa3oBaHLIl nepe}A HUM 2BVX KaHaBOK, KOTOpb1e 6JIarolapp cJIa6oM.y conpoTIIBJieHrnio.aTeptIaja (C.BHHuLa) a6pa3IBHoMy Il3HOCy, B03HIIKaJIII Ha o6pa3tte npemKae, heM npoaBJinJica KaBIITaliJtIOHHblii lI3SHOC. B.LaJIbHefImeM1 6biII npiiH51ITbi neypeype.ILTeJIbHbie Mepbl npOTIIB 3TOrO BJIHHIIHI 1 I TaK>Ie CTaBIIIC5I OIbIT JN 4 Ha KaBHITallIIOHHO-a6pa3lIBHbli1 13HOC 11 OnbIT J2o 5 npu nolaBJIeHHofI KaBInawLIr (Ta6JI. 1). KaBHTaUIOHHO-a6pa3IiBHbIfi 13HOC oopa3ua B OlnbiTe N2o 4 nIpoTeKaJ B 5 pa3 IHTeHciiBHee, qeM npIl OTcyTCTB1Im Ka.BIiTaLIH~I. Y'acTOK InoBepXHOCTH.l no3 30HO KaBIITaUlHII [1o CpaBHeIIIlO C OlbITa.MiI 1 yiaCTOI o6pa3ta nepe2 np)oP.I:eNM, re o6pa3OBblBa.fICb RalaBKH, II131'OTOBJ.nlJICH H33 jlaTyttti. 47 Figure 44. Separate Section of Damaged Specimen; a) wavy abrasive wear (mag. x 8.0), b) joint cavitation abrasive wear (mag. x 2. 0). -33 -

48,..:..,............. wear (mag. x 10). -34 -w ear (m ag.~ x..10).F.".,.~............'.::::::.~:~.?:.~: '.: -.: ' -:.:....

orfbITaX COCTaBAJiJ1O OT 0,5 ao 8 % no o6-beMy. ripH 3TOM, KaK H B CJjy4ae KaBIHTaRHH B 4HCTOHi BOJe npti o6TeKaiiHH TaKHX >Ke nopoKKOB, B rHApoa6pa3HBHOM nIOTOKe Ha6JIIOTlaIOTC5 Bce CTatuili KaBI/TaRUIOHHOrO o6TeKaHHs, T. e. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT K031q)iHKmeHTa KaBHTaLuHH HpOHCXOJIlT I3MetleHHe CTpyKTypbl 3OHbI KaBIITaRIIH OT eABa 3aMeTHoro MUeJbKaHiH5 KaBHTaUIOHIIbIX o6JIaLIKOB, AO TaK Ha3bIBaeMOHf OTpbIBHOH CTaakHH. B ueJIOM, npH BHI3yaJIbHOM HIa6jI)ieHHH, O-.. 46. CxeMa pacno.omKeHunl no- (ir. 47. CxeMa KmiiocbeMKII KaBnDpoKa B HcnblTaTeJlbHOii KaMepe: TaUllHh 3a inIopOmi<OM: i-K IbIWuKa; 2 - nopxeK; 3 - o6pa3e. I - 4)OHapb; 2 - KaMepa; 3 - nopoxceK; 4 a3epKaAo; 5 - o6'beKTHB. CCHOBHbie CTaaIHH KaBHTauHuHi (6ojiee KopOrKlie) n.peacTaBJI5IOTCP. B BHaRe cnIiomHoro 6ejioro o6jIaKa; 4caKTrIqeCKII Ke HaeT nepHOaiHqecKHfi, OqeHb 6bICTpbIin rpouecc o6pa3oBaHHs H CpbIBa KaBepH. B.CB5I3H C 3TIM aJII1 H13yqelHH 1 KaBHTauIHH B JaJlbHemtueM HCrlojIboBaaiacb CBepXcKopOCTHaS KHHOKaMepa CCKC-1. CxeMa KHHOC'beMKH, KOTOpa5I IpOH3BOOAIJIaCb B rpoxoaRIUeM CBeTe, TIOKa3aHa:ja!)Hr. 47. 3aecb CBeT OT 3oHapefi 1 npoxoaHT 'epe3 KaBHTauIIOHHVIO 30Hy, B03HHKaIomyLIo 3a nopo>KKOM 3, Hi naaaeT Ha 3epKajio 4. 3aTeM OTpa>KaeTCI OT Hero H nonaraeT B o6beKTHB KIJHOKaMepbI 5. CKOpOCTb nOTOKa B OnbITaX noaAep>KHBaJiacb paBHOI1 17 J.t/ce1c, AaaBIeHHe BO3JLyxa B ypaBHHTeJlbHOi 6amiiIe Tpy6bI 250 ICU/M2 (2,5 aT). Ha cwr. 48 noKa3aHbI HeKOTOpbie 3TanbI pa3BIITHS KaBHTauioHHbIX KaBepH npHI BbILUeyKa3aHHbIX yCJIOBHIX onbITa. KaK noKa3ajia paclmnq)poBKa KHHorpaMM, 3Aecb TaK ><e, KaK H npn[ KaBHTat1iH B qHCTOH BOle, Ha6JIIoJAaeTCH LIIKJIllqeCKoe pa3BHTle KaBHTaLtHIOHHbIX 'a:BepH. KaBepHbI nepHoaHIqeCKHI BO3HHKaIOT 3a nopO>KKOM, OTXOaJIT OT Hero H 3aTeM yHIIqToi<aioTC5I. Ha BepxHHX Kaapax 1 cIar. 48 noKa3aH nrocJIeaOBaTeJAbHbifi pocr KaBIHTauHOHHOiH KaBepHbi a 3a nopo>KKOM BbiCOTOi 1,0 AtAt (nopoAKeK pa!cnoio>KeH BepTHIKaJIbHO, cjieBa OT KaBIITaUIOHHbIX o6jiatiKOB). HanpaBJieHIe noToKa cneBa HanpaBo. Ha Kaapax 2 noKa3ati 60KOBOH BHIA, KaBIHTaLI1OIHbIX KaBepH, CH5ITbIX B OT'paxKeHIOM CBCTe. Hopo>Kei 6 B BHMIe TCMHOrO BbICTyna pacnooKeii cnpaBa. 50 Figure 46. Schematic of the Arrangement of a Wedge in a Testing Compartment; 1) wall (cover), 2) wedge, 3) specimen. Figure 47. Schematic for Movie Photograph of Wedge Cavitation; a) light source, b) test compartment, c) wedge, d) mirror, e) objective. -35 -

Ha Kaapax 3 TaK>Ke noKa3aH 60KOBOfl BlIA, HO KHHOcbeMKa KaBepH npoH3BeAeHa B npoxoJAmeM eCBeTe. HanpaBJieHHe nOTOKa noKa3aHo CTpeJIKoH. KaBHTauIOHHble o6inaqKa nepBOiaqaibHO 3apo>K. IaiOTC5I Ha 'HeKOTOpOM O'TAaJIeHHHI OT BepmHHbI nopo>KKa, nocpeaHiie KaHajia, B MecTe HaH6ojiblUHx CKcpOCTefi, H npeACTaBJIHIOT co6ohi TOqKH AHaMeTpOM 0,2-0,3 AtM. 3aTeM OHH pacnpocTpaHl1iOTC5H BAOJib OCH nopoKKa. 14.. (Diir. 48. Irn1HOKaapbl KaBHTLTaLuI 3a nopoIKOM: I -BHA cBepxy; 2, 3 - BHa c6oKy; a - KaBepHbi; 6 - nopo.KeK. CTpenKaMH noKa3a1o HanpaieHne noTOKa. YKa3aHHbiH xapaKTep 3aPoK eHHH5I H POCTa KaBepH o6i-bqcH51eTc5 TeM, '1TO nOCJIeRAHie 3apo0KalIOTC5 Ha OC5X BHXpelH, CpbIBaiomHXC5I C nopo>KKa, rae nipolCxoo4mT HanI6ojibuee naaeHHie AaBJIeHHIH. ]JaBJIeHHe pc lHa OCH BHXpqi Mo>KeT 6bITb onpeaejieHo [31], KBK prO PC PO O-42r2 rAe p rHhjpocTaTlHecKoe aaBjieHHe B 1nOTOKe, p IlJIOTHOCTb KHllaKOCTH; ri - paAHyc BHXP3; Fo - -IIHpKYJIU.I-I:, KOTOpa' "JI51 3aMKHYTOH' KpHIBOH [91 onpeA.eJI.IeTC5I 113 BbIpa>KeHH51 rO = ~ V cos acds, 3Aecb V CK0opOCTb noITOKa; a-yroji Me>KAy HarnpaBnieHIie CKOpOCTH V 11 KacaTeJIbHoi K KpHBOH; ds -jieMelIT 3aMKIIyTOi'l KpHBOH. B AaJibHeHimeM KaaepHa yBejiO.BlIMBBBaeTCH B lIIaMeTpe ei 113 KpyrJIOH AejiaeTcH B3SIJNrCOBIIjHOI, BbIT1lyTo01 no iianpaBieiiInio noTOKa. npH COOTBeCTTByI0Ome K03o4)4i1lleHTe hKaBIITaeUIII l aBeplia IlpocTIIpaeTC1 AO BepIll-lbI nopo0I KKa 11 CTtaOBIITCH CTaIijO-laptOH. TaKI1M o6pa30M, B 3aBIICIIMNIOCTII OT K03q)))lIlllIeITa KaBHITauIII, pa3Mepbi KaBepylbI B nonepetiom ceieiiiOai II3NMeIHIOTCsi B npeAenax OT 1 Ao 20 AMM. teM Meilble pa3ttep KaBepHbI, reM MeIlbLe pa3BITa KaBlITaUni. HIpii KaBHlTaunllI 3a nopoHKOM, ONTIHMO OTpbIBa saa4* 51 Figure 48. Movie Photographs of Cavitation by Wedge; 1) top view, 2, 3) side view; a) cavity, b) wedge; arrow designates direction of flow. K KpHB~~~~- 3;

BepHbi OT ncypo>KKa, Ha6TioJqaeTC5 OTAejiefHe qaCTeHi OT XBOCTa CTaJHOHapHOH (KaBepHbL, CpbIB HJIH OTXOJ KaBepH OT nOpO0KKa BeCJT K TOMy, 'TO MeCTO KaBepiibI s3aHMaeT BOJa, KOTOpaq YCTpeMJIneTC5I B oCBo6o>KJaeMoo npoCTpaHCTBO c 6ojibmoH' CKOpOCTbIO. 3TO co03aeT MeCTHbie yJaphi H yBenJHIHBaeT Typ6yjieHTHOCTb nOTOKa. B 3BBHCHMOCTH OT CTajUi KaBHTaLHH H BbICOTbI IiepOBHOCTH, 1aCTOTB CpbIBa KaBepH KoJie6 -JieTCH OT HeCKOJIbKHX AeC5TKOB ao -0,31? JI-eCTKOB TbICH4 e14. HIpi *OaHOH 'H TOl >e *CTaJUIii 0260 - KaBHTaUJHH H CKOpOCTH ROTOKa Ko4 Jl____________ JIHTICTBO CpbIBaiOmLHXiCq KaIBepH B $ 0,208 ejHfHliuy IBpeMeH.H paCTeT C yaeJHilI^/^ ____ ___ y -- neHmieM BbICOTbi nOPOpKKa B cjiepyiomei 3aBHCHMOCTH: 0, 104 t0052 BbicoTa nopo<K~a B MM. 1,0 2,0 3,0 0 4 --- —---- 2,0 mm Shfcoma (WflWKa Kon4qeCTBO CpbiBaioMlX- 890 1070 1500 cIDHr. 49. H1IMelieHe 4icjia Crpyxa- cS! KaBepH B ceKyHIy. JIg B 3aBBICHMOCTH OT BbICOTbI 00 -poKKa. B CB5i3H C 3THM TaK>Ke H3MeHHeTCY H 'IHCJIO CTpyxanI (4)Hr. 49) St = Nh rue N - 'HCJIO CpbiBaiomLHXCH KaBepH B ceKyHJy; h - BbIcoTa riopO>KKa; V - CKOpOCTb InOTOKa. B cniyqae KaBHTaB1lH 3a nopo>KKa.MH, KaK H1 opir o6TeKaHm1 Wi-.i'iHApa, y Bcex Ha6JooaeMbix KaBepH (cTamioHaplbix H OTJejiiiBIUHXC51) o6Hapy>KeHa nyjmbcaUiI, T. e. nepioAfLHqecKoe 6bicTpO0 HMmeHeHiie 4)opM, pa3MepOB H T. A. B 3TH MOMeHTbi npoHcXxoaiiIr Hepio.LimecKoe nepeMelueHiie IoBepxHOCTH (ycjIOBHofl o6fojioqKii) KaBepHbi Ha pas3JIILIHbie.paCCTOHH5I. HepeMewueHlHH yCJIOBHOH o0oJIOqlKII HpOHCXOJt4T B MHJIJIIIOHHbie aOJiH CceKyHJab H HpOTeKaI0T CO CKOpOCTYIMH, H3M3mp5eMbIMH Jec[TKaMH MCTpOB B CeKyHJay. ri03TOMY nyJibCaHlII KaHePH (IIx qaCToTa H CKOpOCTb) TaKHxe urpaeT onpeaCjeieHyIo pOJib rlpni KaBlTaUlHO'HHOH 3pO3HH. Ha 4imr. 50 IOKa3aHO H3MCIIHHCe jJHHbi a CTaMLoHapHoi! KaBopnbi, y~aaeH11e b YCJIOBHoro ueHTpa Tq>KeCTII CBo6oAHOII KaBepmHi or 1o0po>IKa 11 13Memiiemiie ee BbICOTbi d H UAIIIplbi C KaBeplibi 130 BPCMenm. CKOpOCTb noTOKa 6biia 17 Ah/ceK, CTa2Ij!5i KaBHTaulil COOTBeTCTBOBajia ujinie CTHaLiOiapHHOH KHBepibI OKOJIo 5,0 MtMt. BbiwcoT nOpoMKKa 2,0 MM. HacbimeHHOCTb BObi necmom COCTaBJiSJia 0,5o J o6-bcma noTOKa. 52 Figure 49. Variation of Strouhal Number in Relation to the Height of Wedge; Ordinate is Strouhal Number and Abscissa is Height of Wedge. -37 —

4acToTa nepeMeiueHH9, HanpHMep rpaHHUIbI XBOCTa CTaUiHoHaplbiX KaBepH B npoJaOJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, a TaKKe qacToTa H3MeHeHHH qpa3MepOB OTJeJIHBlUHXCH.KaBepH:B 60obmHiHCTBe cniyqaeB npu BbhlmeyKa3aHHbIX yCJIOBH5IX COCTaBJI5eT OKOJIO 9 icZe. flepeMeuleHne noBepXHOCTeH,KaBepH irrpoHCXoJAHT B cpeaHeM CO CKOpOCTbK) 30 MiceK, a Ha OTaejibHbIX yqacTKax aOCTHraeT 45 M/cec. Ha (4r. 51 noKa3aHo KoJIe6a-HHe xIaMeTpa oTaeJI'HBmllHXC KaBepH n'pH CKOpOCTH rITOKa 14 H 17 M/ceiC. B nepsoM cjiyqae (1) 6bijia paccMOTpeia TOjnb'KO wrTO OTaejIHBmaacA KasepHa, a BO BTOpOM (2)- KaBepHa, KOTOpaa yxie 3HaqiiTeaJbHO yAaJlHjiacb OT XBOCTa CTaUlHoHapHOH KaBepHbI. 4aCTOTa -0,32 2,64 3,96 1o-4cer' >Hr. 50. HMOHeiHe OCIOBHbiX ipaa3mepoB KaBepH BO BpeMeHH. ryjibcauLHH 3THX KaBepH npHMepio OJHLHaKOBa H paBHa 9 s4eq, HO MaKCHMaJIbHaA CKOpOCTb Hnyjbcaufi a51 nel)BOH KaBepHbl:npeBOCXORAT 40 M/ceK, a Jaai BTOpOH paBHa TOJIbKO 30 MAceK. TaKHM o6pa3oM, XOTS B nocJIieaIeM cjiyqae CKOpOCTb nOTOKa yBeJIHqeHa, KaBHITaUHOHHa~S KaBepla HMeeT MeHbrlylO CKO.pOCTb nyAbcauHH. H3 3Toro H apyrHx paCCMOTpeI-ibix npHMepOB MOMKHC ycTaHOBHTb, MTO qeM 66AIbMsH pa3Mep.MeeT oTAeJHBmascH KxaBepHa, H qeM 6JIiwMe OHa pacnoJI)KeIla K CTaUIHOHapHOH Ka'BepHe, TeM Bbime CKOpOCTb ee HyJbcamIli. AiIanI3 KHIIorpaMM, CHqTblX Hnpl tLaCTOTe 6- 104 KaapOB B ceK, rIoKa3aj, qTO HOjIHOrO <<3axJIOnbIBanltlI~>> KaBtITaUlHOIIIbIX KaBepll npH KaBHITauHI nopO)>KKOB He Ha6JioaIaeTcn. KaBepiibl JHmib nyJlbCIHpyIoT, HocTeneIuo yMeilbma5Cb B xILaMeTpe i CHII>iKa aNInJIrTylAy 'nyjibcaunii. jlocTIIrHyB aiiaMeTpa 0,5-2,0 MAtA, KaBepiIbI KaK 6bI 53 Figure 50. Variation of the Overall Size of Cavity with Time. -38 -

,O.. 1,6,,0 4.30,,., iir. 51. 43MeHemHe x1-aMeTpa OTrAe~aBWxc,KauBepH BO BpCMenIH: I- npH CKOpOCTH nlOTOKa 14 MlceK; 2-npH CKOpOCTH HOTOKa 17 M/ceK. x 2). - 3 9 -

Bee paccMOTpeHHoe BbIme rOBOpHT 3a TO, 4TO qaCTHUbl, yaapanoMHUecq o nOBepXHOrCTH o6pa3Ia, HMeIOT 6o0JIblule CKOpOCTH, KOTOpbie, oqeBHAHO, 3HaqlHTeJbHO BbIIle CKOpOCTH HOTOKa. 3To nOJIlO>KetHie, a TaKw>e H TO, 4TO iaCTHiubl BHeupilOTC5I H o p M a J b H O K noBe'pxHOCTH, rOBOpHIT O,nOJIyieHHH tiaCTHuaMH JOnOJAHHTejlbHbIX HMny0ibCOB, HanpaBajeHHbIX nepneiiAHKYJIpHO K nOBepXHOCTH. HCTOqHIHKOM TaKHX 'HMnYJIbCOB 5IBJISIOTC5I nyjibCHpyiowie KaBepilbI. B 3OHe HaH6ojlbmHX nyjbcaUHHi qaCTHtJbI noa Bo3aIeHCTBHeM Ka'BHTaUHOHHbIX HMnyJIbCOB pe3Ko MeH$IIOT nepBOHaqaajib'Hoe Harnpa'BJieHHe H,c OHwIOH yAapqiOTcH '~li:..... inepineHPiHcyJIa9ppHo o0 TOBepxJ}-~rr,-,. ---...;. HOC'Tb. Ha 13TOM yqiacTKe ~ noBep.x" '~" '>~'~:... HOCTH BHlHbI rJiaBHbIM o6pa3o0N BM5I'THHbl. B 3oHe, yajieHHOH OT 1............".".. 0C OCHOIBHOi ao6jaCTmH IKaBHTaLUHH,.04 r e *KaBHTaLUHOH!Hbie HMI1VJibCbi ^^ -S z M M ^^^ ~3'Ha'LHTeJibHO oc.1ia6TieHbl, qaCTHR^S^SS-~i^^ 1bI TOADQKO HUCKpHBJIWIIOT CBOH.......TpaeKTO.pHIH.H i'aXO. -RT. K.)OR- S 4 BepXHOCTH -06pa3La rio-I pa3JrWln~Rtt-2 - t ~~HbIMim yr.. a.mH. Ha T —.om y.4 aCT.Ke ULJI5 OuLelfKH IIHTeHCHBHOCTH COBMeCTHorO KaBHTaLIJ'OHHO-a)6 -pa3I3HBHOrO H;3HOCa CTaBHJI'HCb iFir. 53. C.e.- cpe3aHHHi a6pa3,Bloh OibITbI Ji.1 H 2 (Ta6.n. 2) no MaCTHefl (yBeaHqeHo B 70 pa3). H3HOCy JaTyH.IHbIx o6pa3U11oB. O.InIT NI 1 'npoTeKa.i n' ycJIOBHIX COBMeCTHOirO,B,03,eH.CTB:H5 rKa'BHTauHOH H a6pa3H1B.HbILX 4acTHU. HOTepI Maccbi o6pa3ua 3a 6 (I cocTaBHTJIa 190 Me. Ta6Auqa 2 CKOpOCTb nO- Cozep aHHe |AnAHna 30Hbl nOTepq MacCbl N~ onbiTa KaBHTaBHSI ToKa B JM/cec a6pa3HBa B BO- KaBHTaHHH o6pa3ga B MA Ae B % B MM 1 ECTb 17 0,5 6-8 190 2 rlo.aB.neHa 17 0,5 - 65 B onbITe NQ 2, IyTeM co3,aHH5I ]aBJieHH5 B ypaBHHTeJibHOII 6aImHe Tpy6bI ao 600 KH/AIt2 (6 aT), KaBHTaLIHTI 6bIJia no0,aB.e1al H H3HOC nipoTeKa.i nroA BO3aeICTBHIeM TOJIbKO a6pa3IIBHbIx lacTIML B YCJIOBIIqX CpbIBa 6ecKaBHTaUIolHbIX BIIxpeh. HI3HOC 3a 6 q cOCTaBHJI 65 Me. TaKIINI o6pa3O0N, HajItLIe KaBITa2HIIH B aaI-lblX onbiTaX y;BeJIHHBaeT HHT.eiCCBHOCTb a6pa3ilBIToro 'J3HOCa o6pa3ua npllel)HO B TPII pa3a, no cpaBHeiHIno C I13HOCOM 6e3 KaBIITauIiII. 56 Figure 53. Microscopic Trace of Specimen Part ( 70 x mag. ) -40 -

Ha noBepXHOCTH o6pa3na BHAHO, 'TO yBeJnleleHHe H3Hoca npu 9TOM npOHCXOaHT KaK B 30He KaBHTaiUmH, TaK H BHe ee. YBeJaiueHle H13HOca HenocpeaCTBeHHO B 30ole KaBHTamIII npoH3omlJo, nO-'BIIAHMOMy, npeaKae Bcero 3a CqeT BXOQIetH5H a6pa3HBHbIX qaCTHU, B MeCTHbie CTpyH, KOTOpbIe BO3HHKaIOT HnpUH jaeeHHH HAIH noTepe y'CTOH4HBOCTH KaBepH, a TaK)Ke 3a CteT noJiyLeHia acTHMaMH AonoJIHHTeJIbHbIX HMITnyJbCOB rrpH nyjibcaUrHH KaBepH. YBeAHqeHHe H3Hoca BHe 30HbI KaBHITaLUH HpOHCXOaHT TOJIbKO 3a cqeT InyJibcauHHH KaBepH, pacnIpocTpaHaIomHxc5 Ha OKpyKaiomwee npOCTpaHCTBO. KABHTAUHfl H KABHTALHHOHHO-ABPA3HBHblR H3HOC nPH OBTEKAHHH inPIMOYrOJIbHOrO BbICTYnA B aaHHOM OlIbITe i3yiaJiacb KaBHTauti,,BO3IHIKaioiLa5I 3a BbICTynOM, KOTOpbIH IIMHTIIpoBaJI qacTO BCTpeqalioLLiecA HepOBHOCTH B BiHae BbICTynaioHUX 60JITOB, ial, HanpHMep, OTAeJIbHbIX 3JIeKTpoHanjlaBOiq'Hbix 6yropKoB. KaBHTraiuHOHHas 3oHa 'co:3r'a.Bajia.cb 3a 'BbICTynlOM 1 (~)ir. 54), KOTOpbI.HMej ". BbICOry I1 UMM H lmlipHHy 2 MM. BbiCTyn i BMeCTe c o06pa3ilOM 2 MOH- f' Oiir. 54. Cxema pacnoio- Oir. 55. KiuoKaapbi i<awKeHH5 BblCryia B lcnblTa- BHITailIH 3a BbiCTynom: TeJlbHOll KOpo6Ke: a -- KaBepHa; 6 - BbICTyn. - BbiCTyn; 2 - HcnlbTyeMbifl o6pa3eq; 3 - pa6o0Ma KaMepa. THpoBajiC5 B pa6otefi KaMepe 3 rHEatpo'i'HaMHqIecKoH Tpy6bi. OcrajibiHbie yUcnJo1,I onIblT a BCOOTBeTCTPBOB&a.1 II yCJIOBII5.lM N 3y'!eHI-H Ka-BHTaLLIll 3a nopo?<iKaMlllH. Ha (nir. 55 noKa3alHbIl KIIHOKaapbl 1IKOTOpbIX 3TariOB pa3BhIT15 KaBwrTanIoHIbIx KaBepH. HanrpaBJieHHie nFoTOIKa - cjieBa inanpaBO. BbICTynI 6 paCHOJiO)KeH CJieBa OT KaB1ITaLLOIIIOIb[i KaBeCpii a. I\aK nroKaajia pacWII(PpoBKa KlIHOIpaMM, 3;IeCb TaK xie, iais 1p11 KiaBI1 -TaiH;ii B 'IIICTOH BOa e, lpa6JijoaeTcs mIKJ1IiLoCe pa3BIiT1ie KaBiiia57 Figure 54. Schematic for Arrangements of a Projection in Testing Compartment; 1) projection, 2) tested specimen, 3) compartment. Figure 55. Mvovie Photographs of Cavitation with Projection; a) cavity, b) projection. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4':: ('"ii -'

LUHOHHbIX KaBepH. KaBepHbI nepaHOIHtecKH B3O1HKalOT 3a BbICTynOM, OTXOA5IT OT Hero,H 3aTeM yHHtTO)KaiOTCq. KaBHTaIMHOHHbIe o6jiaaKa BHatqaie 3apoKJalOaTCI Ha HeKOTOpOM y.ajieHHiI OT BbICTyna, B ReHTpe CpbIBalOLnHX'C BHxpeHf. 3aTeM KaBepHbI BblpaCTaIOT B o6beMe tIM.0.0 t B 0 V3 8,6 12,9 1ocex (OHr. 56. 1I3MeHeHiHe JIHHbl CTaIloliapHOf KaBepHbi npH KaIBIlTau.11ti 3a BbICTynOM. 1i.npHMWbKaiorr K BbiCTyny; B 3TOM cjiyqae.Ka'BepHa CTaa'HOB-HTCH cTaLImoHapHofi. no Mepe jiaJbHefimero yniHHeHHs KaBepHbI no.HanpaBJneHHIO noTOKa, OT ee KOHLa HaqHHaIOT OTAeji5lTbCq qacTH. HpH MeHee pa3BHTbIX CTaJHltX KaBepHbi HMeIOT He6OJIbmJHe pa3MepbI iH OTXOJIaT OT BbICTyna, He npHMbIKa5 K HeMy. HHorAa y>Ke OTaJIIHB0 0,525,65 23'7 30 o'cem imr. 57. M3mNeIleHie miameTpa d KaBHTa~lIlOHFIOj KaBepHbl H yirajieH'e I ee U. T. OT BbICTyna. IJieCH KaBepHbl BHOBb COeQUII5OTCH C OCHOBHIOhI KaBepHOH'. Ha KaBepHaX Ha6JmOLaeTCR o6pa3oBaHnIe pa3JIIII~bIX BMN5TII-I, HepOBHOCTeRI H1 T. -. aK y 57. Heee OTmeLIaOCb, HnM KaBITal KaOHTamio-a6pa3IBHoM b I3 HrpaioT pOJlb TaKiie xapaKTeplCTIIKII KaBIITamlIIII, KaK qaCTOTa CpbiBa KaBcpH, aCTOTa.lx nyJIbcau'll 1i CKOpOCTii coKpamegiiiI IaBepH. B 3aBIICtMOCTH OT CTaHUII KaBIlTamLlH, ICKOpOCTIt IHOTOKa i! 58 Figure 56. Variation of the Length of the Cavity Boundary by Projection Cavitation. Figure 57. Variation of Diameter d of Cavity and its Displacement J) from the Projection. -42 -

Ta6Auqa 3 CKopOCTb no- CogepKaHHe | p.nIIa 3OHUI FlTepn fM~accI Ni onblTa KaHTaBuHa ToKa B M/CeK a6pa3Hea B KaBHTaUHH o6pa3, a B Mt uBOfe B % B MM. 1 ECTb 17 0,5 6-8 104 2 IloAaBjneHa 17 0,5 38 B OnblTe Nb 2 nyTeM c03aaH1H rHjpocTaTTnecKoro aaBneIIIIs n Tpy6e Ajo 600 KH/Aj2 (6 aT) KaBHITalIuH 6bIJia noaaB,,enia, it 1131i0C noBepXHOCTH npoTeKani 1noA BO3AefiCTBHeM TOJIbKO afpa3ilBllblX tlaCTHII B YCJIOBHHX 'CpbIBa 6eCKaBHTaUIlHOHHbIX BHXpefi. H43UOC 3TOrO ultr. 58. rIoBepXHOCTIi o6pa3ua, ]t3HomeHHoro npi KaBHTamlml B rniA;poa6pta3,i~i,,,!1OTOKe: a —yqaCTOK B 3oHe KaBHTami.ll (yBejn~qeuo B 10 pa3); 6-yqacTOK BHe 3Oi!M KamStlT;,itlt! (yneaiqeHO B 30 paa). o6pa3ua 3a 2, cocTaBHji 38 me. TaKHM o6pa30M, Haanie KaBHlT<I1IIHH B JlaHltbIX OI1blTax yBeJIIMHBaeT IIHTeHCttBIIOCTb rtt21poa6pa3111nHoro ii3Hoca o06pa3ua npHMepHO:B TpII pa3a. Ha <}r. 58, a.noKa3aHbI noBepXHOCTH o6pa3ua, II3noLueill()l', npI 1taJIHqIIHI KaBHTalittH. 32Iecb MO>KHO BbIjIeJIlITb xapaKTetI).li BOJIHHCTbI}I yqaCTOK, KOTOpblii pacnoJIO>eH B 30oe Ka'B{iTanl.., npl1ieralomne nojii o06pa3ua 'KaK 6bi tCneitUpellbl OTleJIBIblMiIb 11.1'i THi~laMIl. Ha q)Iir. 58, 6 c ynBeJIIae.i eM B 30 pa3 noKas3a <).'il}! ~{ 00KOBbIX y~aCTKOB C nORO,6bIMH BMflTIInaMnt. Bolfee o'i'/iaI.iciii'tl ' ytlaCTKtt 3OIIbI KaBtlTaLlttH noBpe>K.Ien,.i nl[I~TH }IC ttM(2IOT. Ha noBepxiiocTIi o6pagua, KOTOpbfin I3.iamiBamanc I '11l/rp}:1~'; 3tHBIHbIM n~OTOKOM, HO I1plI OTCyTCTBIIIII KaBHTamliI, 'raK/tKe Illt'; ' y3tlaCTKi BOJIHIICTOrO ii3Httoca II yLIflCTOK C OT]IelbilbIMIIl B\ISI 1'll{1l1;"' Figure 58. Specimen Surface, Damaged by Cavitation in Hydro-Abrasive Flow; a) section in cavitation zone (mag. x 10), b) section outside cavitation zone (mag. x 30). - 43 - ex c 4 ~~~~~~5'-~~~~? Q v*'~~.,~. ~,,. ~A4s.~ A 5 ~';r 8 H~eXH~TI o~a~a 13HIIJHH~Oripi aBHaUIH rI~pa~a3I-uo, HOTO~~~~~~~~~~~~e~a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~k yAco OdKria~~ ~B~He~ 0p3 ~coxBl 011KIITII 60KO~I (myag.K cx30). l BN5THMN1. Oe TV~"'l YtaCIM301h K-lllauiHnOJ~~-43- iilr~l~lle IIT

H3 KBaapaTHOHi HacaLK'H cetieHHeM 7X7 MM noa Ha'nopoM 30 cn/tM2 (3 M eo9. CT.). Ha Kaapax 1 H 2 'BHIHO, KaK o6pa3ea c6jH>Kaelrcq co CTpyefi. Ha Kaupax 3 \i 4 npOHCxoAJIT jaecopMauiui CTpyH, o6pa3eR'KaK 6bi.BXORHT B CTpyio. Ha Kaapax 5, 6 u 7,npoH'cxoAuT pactuipeHime (pacnbuIeHHe) CTpy'H. CxeMarTH4ec, MOMeHT ae4opMaiHH ICT'pyJH (BH.A c6,oKy) n'o- iKa3aH Ha '4)Hr. 61. Ta-,HM o6pa'30M, rnpioLtecc coyta-peHIH tCCOCTOHT 113 r'Byx 3TanfOB. Ha inepBOMN 3Taine npoHCXOJHT Ae4lopMamli,nonepe- Horo celemH'H cTpyIl: OHa 1H3 KBaalpaTHofi aleJaeTc51- /R pIM — yrOJIbH'OH (14Hr. 61). Ha,KHHOKaJapax 3 i 4 (q4r. 60) BHmaHO, r ) KaK H3,MeHieT:C5.BbICOTa CTpyH.. -npOITHBOrIOJiOHa a iCTOpona /a / cTpy'H eme 'He ae;',opMHpyeTCH H -He pa36pbi3rHBaeTcql. Ha BTO-,W pOM sTalne npoIHcxolHT KaIK 6bi Oiir. 59. CxeMa KiIHoc-beMKH npoaecca pa'cuI'HpeHiHe 2,e4'OpMH4ipo'BaHHOHi coyaapemiai CTpyH it o6pa3ua: 'IaCTH CTpyH 'H ee paaoria, 'Ha 1 - o6pa3ewu; 2- KHHOKaMepa; 3- 4onapb; 4 - CT1y51. MeJiKHe,Ka,.naH,,KO'TOphbe O'TJeTaIOT 'OT nOBepXH!OOTH o6pa3ua. Ha -KHHO,Kapax 5, 6, 7 3TOT,npouecc Ha6jioaoaeTCH IB BHIe BCe tBpeMt yBeni4MHBalOmer'ocH o6JlaKa,,KOTOpoe ABHKeTCHl BBnepeaH ou6paana. cur. 60. IlocjeJoBaTeJ}bHble K1HOKaJlpbI y~iapa o6pa3uta o CTpyiO BOibI. loio6iHai KapTHHa Ha6JIioJlaJIacb npn BCeX CKKopocTiX coy.apeHHRt, np}IHHTb~X rIpU liccjepoBaiHnn. 1npM 3TOM oKa3aJIocb, qTO Jec()opMaLUmn Aa CTpyH TeM 6ojibme, heM MeHbme CKIOpOCTb coyaapeiiiHI (Ta6n. 4). Aa a-a1, re a - ToJnim.HIa cTpy O yjapa; al - Tojiumiia CTpy1I nocie jeq)opMatu~I. 63 Figure 59. Schematic of Movie Photography for the Process of Impacting Jets and Specimen; 1) specimen, 2) movie camera, 3) light source, 4) jet. Figure 60. Successive Movie Photographs of Specimen Struck by Water Jets. -44 -

3aBHCHMOCTb Me~)Kiy BeJIHqHHaMH -wa H CKopocTbKO coypapeHHS Bblpa>KaeTCa n'plMOHi ((Hiir. 62). 143 yCTaHlOBJeHHOft 3aBH'CHMOCTH MO>KHO 'KOH'CTaTHpOBaTb, qTO 4eM 60ojabe Aa, TeM 6o0ible BpeMi XOHTaKTa CTpya Hi o6pa3ua 'Ha -nepBOM STane yjapa, HJiH teM 6onibme _ I a-epBbi Tan 6-T 3Tan. Be-H0,75a B... 50 8,4 64 2,0 0,50,5 18 8.4 44 4,0 0,225 a) X) " ~ ar. 61. CxeMa aepopMaLHH nonepeu- 0 25 50 75 m/ce/ HUX pa3MepOB CTpyH B MOMeHT yaapa: C~~Ococmb Coydapeillm aCKOpTb - nepB e, eTa; e e ppo KHTaTan. TaKMr. 62. 3aBCIITe NOCT BIeObl n lbi i |e4coOTBaHHoT B aCT OT CKCT ape yaapa. Ta6iuqa 4 BeJwqIHHa B MMU ecTHo aHaor pen ce a 80 8,6 7,6 1,0 1,0 50 8,4 6,4 2,0 0,5 36 8,4 5,9 2,5 0,4 18 8,4 4,4 4,0 0,25 CKOpOCTb coy-japeHHlI, reM heHbLwe BpeqM KOHTaKTa CTpyH H o6pa3 -na npH yilape. TaKHM o6pa3OM, CKaTIe iH pacunpeiiire CTpyII BOjbi Upil yJni t' COOTBeTCTByIOT B KaKOIR-TO CTeneiIi no1Bejeii.iio 11p11 y.jape TBeJ).:i\ TeJI. KaK H3BeC/HO, TaKaqi alamraOiti 1OK01a3alla TeopeTlllleCjWlMl.ll H 3KOnepiiMeHTaJbliblblI llCCjneOBaHiutMI t i H~i-iKOCTeii pa3.MI'illll B53'KOCTIH, npoBejeHitHbMlI Kopi4|)eJIbM11. nH. 1Ko6eio [10] nro 'T'1 Bonpocy nilueT, 'ITO npt)I p)e3KliX yljap)iblbX iiarpy3iax pejiaKc'i(iii'. iie ycneBaeT 'pa3BilTbC5i 3aMeTliblM o6pa3o0NM jae B MaJlowi:tll\ cJcTeMax, f nocJiejuiiie pearipyiOT ia BHiemiiee B03LeifCTI31e 1;!> yiipyriie Tejia. 64 Figure 61. Schematic of Diametrical Size Deformation of the Jet at the Moment of Impact; 1) before striking surface, 2) after striking surface. Figure 62. Dependence of the Rate of Deformation on the Velocity of the Jet. -45 -

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H bI M; K HeMy npHMbiKaiOT n e p e xoaHbI H OCHOB11O H ytliacTKH [12]. C B o 6 oA H a n1 CTpy5 HMeeT TaKoe >Ke cTpoeiiHe. npH HiCTCtIC — HHH CTpyI BObI B B03JiYX Ha iiaiajbHOM yacrTKe ABH>Kenie no1v.I nIpOHCXOtHT OTHOCHTeiibHO CrIJIOLuHOH, KOMrnaKTIOii Maccoii. HepeXOQHbIH ynaCTOK xapaKTepeIi inepexOAHblM COCTO5HHeM nOTOKa or CnJIOImHOrO K HeCnJliOIHOMy, c pa3 ejieHHem ero ia OTAeJlbHbie CTpyHKH. Ha OCHIIOB- HOM yiIaCTKC nOTOK BLBH>KeTC, B BHAe OTleJIbHbIX CTpyeK H:.:: KaneJib. noBepXHOCTb CTb Y Apy' i-fi 3aecb npeaLCTaBJiseT co6ou -;,'k.',.nOBepiXHOCTb pa3pbIBa <H5A- l.': KOCTH, o6.n aaiowyio CBOH- iS.,: CTBOM HeyCTOHHBOCTHi. Ha:. 3TOHI1 nOBePXHOCTH B03H KaT0T -.:: O -::::.''-:BOJIHbl H BHXpHi, nOa B03,aeH CTBHeM KOTOpbIX CTpy3 a3pHpyeTCH H B aJabHeHmeM pac-.. naAaeTcs., Ha clnr. 65 rnoKa3aH BH1, I CTpyll, BbITeKaioHx 11H3 Ha- | i: CaAKH 'CTpyeyUaip;HOH yCTaHOB-.:N. I. ', KH no0 pa3JHIHbIM HaIopoM.; o -.. Conrio lKpyraJoe 1iaMeTpoNI. / 8 MMA. )OTorpa)iiH nrpelcTaB-. L_^ M^ T. H.C8_KH. Ha1o. 20....... I f4 - -. \ i &S-.x. * *- *4. 4Hr. 64. Cxehia cTpoeHii5 3aTOflIeIHoii eTpyli: Oulr. 65. Kaxpbl CKOpOCTHO1 I(1O1'I.0C1Mks I - Ha~ajibHbhfl yqacToK; I/- nepexoAHblii CTpVH. BbITeKaOI-lX noa pa3llblM iJnir>|H>M: ynaCTOK; Ill-OCHOBH~fiI)ntaCTO^ d - o _ 1 2 -1 Hanop, 2 KH/AL2 (32 M. r) A~~awe~p HacaaKH. J - Hailop 30 Kii/M2 (3 Ml (10). er.); 4 - Hanop 60 KH/Mi2 (6 l cio(). cT.) JIHIOT CO6O0I OT,~eJIbHbIe KHHOKailpbI, CHITbIe C IaCTOTOII S* 10* Ka~apOB B 1 ceK KHHOKaMepOii CI<C-2 B npoxofIneM H OTp.Iwilnllm) CBeTe. CTpya o6pa3[aMH He nepeCeKaJIaCb. Ha Ka^pe 1 CH5ITa CTpyI B OTpa/KeHoM CBCeTe B MOMC1IT (<C J k 1; B 1JiiHny npHi 'ia;nope 20 KIt/At2 (2 M sod. CT.). Ha iaipax 2, 3 \\ J CHHTbi ycTaHOoBHBL1Hec5I CTpyII B npoxo0X0JLeM cBeTe [ipli 'I3iIIopt':20. 30 r 60 /CH/,2 (2, 3 HI 6 A 6od. CT.) 3,uecb BHJIJIO, 'ITO IIoiu'|~\ii(;!CTpyIf foKpbiTa BoJInaMH; BbIcoTa BOJIII lix KOJIjileCTI3O I3mMcI51in' I 1 CTpys?KIUJJOCTII, BbiTCKaioIua5 B ra3006pa3liylo cpc;iy 'urn l;IIXIKo(nl ~* i)t IJIOTIIOCTII. 70 Figure 64. Schematic of the Assembly for a Submerged Jet; I) inlet section, II) transitional section, III) basic section; d - -nozzle diameter. o Figure 65. High Speed Movie Frames for the Jet, Flow in the Right Direction; 1, 2) pressure 20 kg/m2, 3) pressure 30 kg/m2, 4) pressure 40 kg/m2. -47 -

HaKOBblMH pa3MepHOCT.MH. KpHTep.HeM-CHMIJIHKCOM HasbIBaeTCa OTHOIleHHe AByX OFlOHMeHHbIX, T. e. HMetioimx oHHaKOBble pa3MepHOCTH, BeJIH'qHH. 3TO yCmjoBHe B BbIpa>KeHHH (e) TaKmKe BblnojnieHo. CeMb H3 aeCHTH BeJIHqHH, BXOAAWLIX B 3aBHCHMOCTb (a), He HMelOT OAHHaKOBblX pa3MepHOCTeH, H B Bblpa>KeHHH (e) MbI HMeeM COOTBeTCTBeHHO TpH,KpHTepHI4-CHMnJIeKCa; dl/do; pt'/P; VO/vx. ~. --- 30 0 500 N15CO fr (Dimr. 67. CxeMa 3aMepoB Ila-,Hr. 66. CTeneHb pacUmpeHHH cnpyH MeTpa crpyH: B 33BHCHMOCTH OT KpHTepHR Fr. I, I1, II - MecTa 3aMepoB. He H3MeHaR o6mero KOJili4ecTBa KpHTepHeB B Bbipa2KeH.HH (e), H3MeHH'M KpHTepHH PePM v2 Ha pp P V2 2Ree2(Ga) `-'= Pp6p - gpodo- I Ha pdoa-' (Ga)-V/3 = pev:a-Ig-/, rae KpHTepHH PeiHOnbaca Re _= C20o; gdo KpHTepHH raaJiHes Ga= -2. IVC 3aTeM', nIptHHS1B PP61p H veV'1 nOCTO5IHHbIMH, BbipameIeHIO (e) npHlAaAJHM cjleAyioLtlHH BHa: F3 ( Re; Ga; P 2 ' P*(: ) HCXOIa, H13 Toro, qTO Inlpi HCTeqeHHHII CTpy}I BOlbl H3 HaCaaKKH CTpyeyaapHoHI ycTaHOBKH aBa InocJIeaHHX KpHTep,1H B Bblpa>KeHHII v2 ()K) BJIAlIOTC1l rIOCTOIHHbIMH, a TaKKe 113 OTHOmieHHa1 Fr = gd = Re2 -= G, BbIpa)KeH;IIO (>K) npHiAaHM OKOHtaTeJlbHbIlH B Ha d- F4(Fr, Ga) IpoH3BeAeHiaq CKOpOCTHaI KtiHOCbeMKa CTpyHI, BbITeKaioIllX 113 HaCa.KH CTpyeyAapHiOI yCTaIiOBKH C pa3JIHIIIbIMH CKOpOCTlMIH (Ha:nopaMHi) B aTMOC(c)epy, no03BOI3JIIa 3KcnepiiMellTaJ1bHO ycraliO74 Figure 66. Degree of Expansion of the Jet as a Function of Fr. Number. Figure 67. Schematic for the Locations of Measuring the Jet Diameter. -48 -

npH 3THX yCJIOBHHrX 30Ha Ma'JKCHMabHorO H3HOCa iMeeT HaH6OJ0bmIHH AHaMeTp H HaH6onbmyuyo rjiy6HHy (qHr. 68). np'H jaajbHeHLueM yBeJIH1qeHHH Hanopa H, KaK yyKe ynoMHHajiocb, H3HOC inaAaeT, OTHOIeHHe - B STOT MOMeHT cjia6o Bo3pacTaeT, a rjiy6HHa H aHaMeTp 30HbI MaKCHMaJIbHorO H3HOCa yMeHbunaiOTCH. ORHaKO 3TO He o3HaqaeT, 4TO C yBeAHqeHHeM H 6oinbme 25 cH/fM2 (2,5 m 60od. CT.), 30Ha MaKCHMaJIbHOrO H3HOCa AOJI>KHa CABHraTbCH no xoiy CTpyIH. CneuHaJibHo nocTa'BJeHHbIH aKcnepHMeHT npH H= =50 K/MAt2 (5 cod0. CT.) H nepeMeuieHmH o6pa3ua no xoAy CTpyH.'.... —': —.... —: —:200 400 600 800 Fr OHr. 68. nOBepXHOCT'I o6pa3UoB, Di'r. 69. 3aBHCHMOCTb H3HOCa AG HSHomeHHbie npH pa3JIHtHblX Hano- a oTHomeHHH b OT KpHTepH Fr pax cTpyH. Ha pa33JIHqHbie paCCTOMRtIn Ah noalTBepAHJi, MTO npn yBeJHqeHHH A/t H3HOC yMeHbtliaeTCH. Haajiine 30HbI MaKCHMaJIbHoro H3HOCa it ee 5iBHO Bbipax<eHHoe nepeMemeHIe, a TaKxKe HanTHLe MaKCHMyMa npii H3Hoce, HaBOLT Ha MbiCJib O cymeCTBOBaHHH B CTpye oripeJAejeHHOii 3OHbl, KOTOpa5 'KaKHM-TO o6pa3oM HHTeHCIH)HUaHpyeT H3HOC. H. H. BloraqeB H P. M. MuHHu[15], Hcc.ienayI H3HOC MeTa.nio1 Ha 'noAo6Hoii yCTaHOBKe H npiH noAo6HbIX napaMeTpax olnbiTa, o6iapyKHJ1Hn yBejiqeHHe IH3Hoca no Mepe HeKoToporo yzaaeians o06pa311i OT HacaaKH ()Hir. 71). Han6oJibmHi H3HOC InpI onpeAejieHHoM Ah OHH 06IAiCHnIOT HajiHlHmeM B cTpye B 3TOM patioHe KaBHTaWiOliHOH 30HbI.,1Jl5 BbICHeHH5t 9TorO Bsonpoca HaMH 6bIja npoBe.eHia BbICOKOCKOpOCTHa2 KHIiOCbeMKa CTpyn BOblI, BbITeK<aioileif 113 HacaAKi noi(; pa3JiH1IbIIMH I anopaMlIi. KIIHoc'beMKa inpoH3BOHTIaaCb B OTpl)aeilIl.lM H nrpoxoARlueM CBeTe, o011aKo, iKaKiix-JIi6o <<nyCTOT>> B CT)pye.lie UIf.': o6Hiapymaeiio. Kpome TorO, iaMii IICKyccTBeHIio 13 cTpye co3.1aBIa.:~'i} 30oia <<nyCTOTbI>> B o6iJIacTII coyapeintI C o6pa3lIoN ((Piir. 72). '.l'l' 3TorO B 'IfacaiKy 1 10o ULITI)py 6buIO BMOIITIIpOBa10O njpefllTCT1;Cl( '. HMieomIee ia KOIuLe BbICTwynaiomywio roJIOBKy niaMeTI)OM 2 —1 MM.. 76 Figure 68. The Surfaces of Specimens Exposed to Different Jet Velocities. Figure 69. The Dependence of the Damage Loss AG and the Ratio a/b on the Fr. Number. -49 -

npH o6TeKaHHH.npenlITCTBH5 CTpyef BOWbl, HenocpeACTBeHHO 3a npenITCTBHeM co03aBajacb <<nyCTOTHaI>> 3oHa. 3ry 3OHy MO)KHO 6bIJio npH Heo6xouHMocTH nepeMeuaTb BAoJlb CTpyH sa cqernepeMeleH H5.npenfTCTBH5 4. O6pa3eu 3 inepeceKaeT cTpylo B paio ie o6pa30BaHHOH 3OHbI. IpH 9TOM, npH BCeX B03MOKHbIX BapHaHTaX pacrionowKeHHli 30HbI H IpH pa3JIHqHbIX 'CKOpOCT5;X HcTeqeHH5l CTpyH H13HOC o6pa3uaa 6but B 'HeCKOJibKO pa3 MeHblle no 'cpaB.HeHHIO C H3,HO- V2 COM B,cnAoH10HOH CTpye. OnbIT 'noKa3bIBaeT, qTO npH --. _yKa3aI'HIbIX CKOpOCTRX 3- ___~.... 5.4/ceK,,a)Ke B yCJIOBH5IX 3aKpbI- _ - Toro noTOKa,IH npH HaJIHqHH CO- Co OTBeTCTByIOILero npeIn5TCTBHR K' M I K (HanpHMep B FIIApORIIHaMIlIie- Ah1, CKOH Trpy6e), KaBBHTaIInI 'BO3HH- b" - _ v, KaeT iC TpyAOM. KaK.nOKa3blBaIOT nHamH (HCCIeieaOBaHHi, o6pa30Ba- I)Hr 70 CxeMa B3abiMHOpo pacnoJloxaeHHH CTwpyI BOtbl I! o6pa3LRa npi yiape: He,H rnepeMeLmeIHHe 30HbI Ma.KCH- 11 -a po cTpyli; Ah- 3a3Op MexAy o6pa3 -MaJIbHOrO 'H3HOCa CBH3aHO C Ha- UOM H HacaAKoA; V1 - CKOpOCTb o6pa3aa; JlHIHeM Sapa cTpyIl iia ee Ha-. Vz - CKOpOCTb CTpyIl; dn- AnaMeTp 30Hoh MaKCHMajnbHoro H3HOca; I - o6pa3eq. qaJIbHOM yqaCTKe, II MaKCHMaJIbHoe pa3pymaiomLee AeficTBHe CTpyH Ha6jiioJaeTca, KorAa coyAapeHHe c o6pa3uoM npOHCXOaHT Ha nepexoAHOM yqaCTKe CTpyH, T. e. B KOHue ee alpa (CM. Hmr. 64). g, -. - -. KaK y>Ke ynoM!'HaJIOCb, aJIlHHa Ka)x/\,Aoro yLacTKa cTpylI 3aBHIHIT OT CKOpOCTH J5;8 f - CTpyH,HJIH OT Hanopa H. HanpHMep, no 500 -- 16 14 12 OID hmm |V 4S'nr. 71. H3MeneHue 13HOCa Oir. 72. CxeMa o6TeKaHHi npenHl'CTBH5 cTpyei: B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3a30pa A/ I -HacaaKa; 2 - 60JIT C rafKoft; 3 - o6pa3eg; Mex)KAy HacaJRKOAf If KpOMKOfl 4 - npenaTCTBie. o6pa3ua. e.pe yBeJi.ItqeHH1 H H npoIIcxOaHT pOCT iiaqaIabHoro yqaCTKa:(uapa) CTpyn B,rnHHiy, oHaKo 'nociie TOFO, KiaK i po AOCTIHieT onpeaeJieHHIOIf AJIIIHbI, rnocJIeAnH5i yMenbmaeTCe. TaivHM o6,pa30M, no Mepe yBeJIHIeHHIft H ytaCTOK CTpy.I,,co3,jalaoIiIi MaKCHMaJIbHbIfi H13HOC, nepeMemaeTc2.no xo0y cTpyI; IB 3TOM cnyliae TaKiKe nlpOHCXOUIHT nepeMemeii'Ie 301bI MaKCHIMaJIhHIOrO!I3HOCa no noBe'pxIiocTI o6pa3 -4a. 3areM, nocaie aOCTIHKeHHH KaKoro-To IH, BCJIeACTBHe yCHIjleHlH 77 Figure 70. Schematic for a Mutual Arrangement of the Water Jet Striking the Specimen Under Test; JL = length of the Jet; Ah = space between specimen and mouthpiece; 01 = specimen velocity (= 50 to 200 m/sec. ); x2 = jet velocity (= 4-10 m/sec.); dn = diameter of maximum damage zone; k = specimen. Figure 71. Measured Damage as Related to the Spacing zAh Between Mouthpiece and a Chrome Specimen. Figure 72. Schematic for a Jet Induced by the Flow Around an Obstacle; 1) mouth piece, 2) bolt with a nut, 3) specimen, 4) obstacle. -50 -

B moMelT, KoUra Aep)KaTejib o6pa3Lia 2 6oKOBOHi laCTbIo nepeKpblBaeT OTBepcTHe HacaaKLKH 1, CTpyR npoAoJi>KaeT BbITeKaTb, yaapHH o, 6-OKoBYIo rIO.Bepx'HioCTb AepoK A JY, IH npo6HTCH 'Ha OT aeJ bibIe CT yK~H. B cJ eLCTBIIC 3T01' llTOpeL CTp yH 4 'nocoie nlpoxo)KeH.HfI aepKaTeji: HMeeT pa3Jpo66ieH.HbIR BUa. np.u aajibH eulmeM yAJHHHeHI u CTpyH, in0A.B03JIaeHCTB.HeM CO-... npOTHiBJieHHH <B03Jyxa B03My- 4:.- {l?ll. S weiI.Hs TOpua CTpyH yBeji1HI- ' ''i BaBOTCS IH ipaonlpOCTpa'HfHIOTCH - i, I.; 3HaSHTHTeJIbHYIO 'laCTb IJIiHHI BOCCTaiHaBJI>H.BaeMuOH cTpYH. HO9TOMy B03MOKH an AviH a I. W::::..i:, OC'HOHOrO yLia!CTKa (qapa) |.:..m CTpyH!COOTBeT*CTBeHHO yMeHb 1 waeTcH. O,!HaKO B ieanoM, B ': npeAeeJiax HCCJieAOBaHHbix Ha X.a nIopoB 5-70 IH/M2 (0,5 -7,0 At 609. CT.), yCTa.HOBiCeHO, BTO C pOCTOM o6MHeiH UIHHbI o e- H. H.b BO-ccTaHOBjieHHOI.CTpyH paCTeT H aJIHHa H9pa. o03TO- My AJi- HHa BOCCTafH-OBjoeiHo" H: —;> CTPYH HrpaeT BaKHyIO pOJIb |:..,.'g B 13HOce oSpa3Ua npH ero co- t-::yjapeHHH co CTpyel. |: *,,, lJJIHHy BOCCTaHOBJieHHOH:...:'.-.S crpyH MO)KHO onpefejiHTb Teo-; ^|iBl peTHiecKH. 06pa60TorK a KHiHO- ''ssS rpaMM noKa3aJia, To pocr T,. AJiH!HbI CTpMyH iocJie pa3pyme-::. HH5 BO BpeMeHilH nHpOlHCXOHT —:,'' JIH:HeIIHO; 3T0 3HaqIlT, T.TO:CTpys YAJIHHqeTCHi c paBHO- *; -;; - MepHOH CKOpOCTbIO. B TaKOM t:. i; cjiyqae ejJi;HHa CTpyll =T - A/u2~,.:..;? f l rae V2 - CK0O-pOCTb &HCTelei1wr5I jCTpy.1; S At = — BpeM1 M)e>Ky fio- (Iir. 73. Kaapwi Ci(OpOCT1O1f KIiiocT.eMm'i V1^i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r npoLtecca pa3pyuieiiii CTpyI: CJIeaylOmuIMII -CoyA- I - nacaiKa; 2 - o6pa3en; 3-CTpy; 4 - BOCpeHIIMH; CTaIioBJienltan CTpyS; 5 - OTcetieHHan qaCTb PcH~rIH~rl, Cipyi. 79) Figure 73. High Speed Movie Frames for the Process of Jet Damage; 1) mouth piece, 2) specimen, 3) jet, 4) jet recovery, 5) Fragments of Jet. -51 -

V1i- jHHeiIHai CKopOCTb BpaIueHHn o6pa3uoB; S a —IlnyTb, KOTOpbIHf npOXOAHT o6pa3eu ao yAapa; 3Aecb D-iaiaMeTp OKpy>KHOCTH BpameHH5 o6pa3LtoB; a —qHcqo o6pa3JUOB, OAHOBpeMeHHO pacnoJio>KeHHbix no OKpy)KHOCTH. 0 2 4 t 10 AW/^I c6Hr. 74. 3aBHCIIMOCTb IHHbI BOCCTaHOBJJeHHOf CTpyH OT Hariopa lnpi HICTeqeHHIH: 1i - JAHHa IApa; 1 T -AJIIHa CTpyH TeOpeTHqeCKa:; l - A1HHa CTpyH 3KcnepHMeHTajibHaH; 2H/do-OTHOueHHe Hanopa K AHabMeTPY HacaAKH. TorAa C apyroi CTOpOHbI, vL == -iDn H V2 =V2gH, rAe n- HCJIO o6opoToB o6pa3UOB B ceKyHAy; H - Hanrop CTpyH npH HCTe/eHHH; g - yCKOpeHHe CHNJbI T#?KeCTH. OKOH4aTeJIbHO nOniyqHM 1 F=eH an B nOCJIeRHeM BbIpaKlemIH BeJi'lMlIHbI g I a nocTOlIIIibIe, C.ICj,(BlOTeCbIbI, JaJI onpeyejieIioro AiiameTpa iIacaaIK BoCCTaIoB1OIIIII,5I AJIIHHa CTpyII 1BJIHeTC1H yIIKUIeCI H J /y. Yia3aIilas 3aBnICIIMOCTII HaMH np OBepelia 3KC1ne)11eMeTaJbLO nO aamibiM Kiaioc'beMIi. 80 Figure 74. Dependence of the Length of Recovered Jet on the Pressure of the Outflow;jt - length of range,X T, - theoretical jet length, Q) - experimental jet length, 2H/do - ratio of the pressure to the mouthpiece diameter. -52 -

Ha 4)r. 74 noKa3aHo H3MeiieiiHe aJJiHIbI BoCCTaHOBJ3eHIOH CTpyH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HarInopa H npii n=53 o6/ceK H a=2. 3Jecb BHAiO., IITO 1JIHHbI CTpyHi, nojiytefiHHbie 3KcnepiHMellTaJibHo (13) t TeopeTll'IecKH (IT) npH Hafnope ao 40 KH/.2 (4 M 6od. CT.), npHMepHlo coBnaaalOT. HpH aaJibHefuieM noBbImeIHHIi H I aKTHqiecKa9 AiHwiia CTpyI najiaeT B'CJIeJCTBHe yBejnlli4BaiomerocH pac;IlnbleHHI5 TpeTbero yqacTKa CTpyH. PacnIbieHiHe lnpoHcXOHIlT no Mepe yBeFjH4eHH51 CKOpOCTH CTpyH B CB313 C pOCTOM conpoTHlBJieiiHlll BO3/qyxa. f[JiHHa Ii 5Aupa CTpyH C yBeCjnUeHHeM Hanopa MeAJIelHo Bo3pacTaeT. BO3BpauLaflcb K pe3yJIbTaTaM OrbITa no 1H3Hocy B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Hanopa (CM. qiir. 69), I nIIcxo~a 113 BbImenoJIy'eHHbIX pe3yJIbTaTOB, MOKHO cJeji aTb HeKOTopoe ao6aBJIeHie. tIt;tr..-.... — KaK BIHT'HO 13 cHr. 74, MM \ - AIi;HacakIKH jHaMeTpoM 8mt npHp H==25 —35 'cn/. 2,' _ - _\ " -- (2,5-3,5 x 0od3 CT.) JIil- - Lr Ha 11 Hapa BOCCTaHOBJieH-s HOiA CTpyI,paBHa 25- 1 0 30 AMM; npH 3TOM noBepx- 1~ -. -- HOCTb CTpyH Ha 3TOIH jIiHHe HMeeT OTIHOCHTeJIbHO MajIO B03MymeHHH. n- o Mepe 0 -' - AajibHeiimero yBejiwHe4HH} H,aJIHa uApa paCTeT, ouiaKO ItHTeHCIHBHOCTb HOBepXHOCTHbIX BO3MymeHHifH y'Be- 25 50 75 VI H1/cK JiH4HBaeTCY, a 9TO, KaK ' ---- - -- I!1000 2000 3000 n Co/Muw y>Ke rOBOpHJIOCb, npT HBOX.IHT K <~C'beJaHH1O)~ 51pa, T. C. i~rHP. 75. 3aBslCINM1OCTb JIJIIIHLI BOCCTaHOBHiOCJieOHee CTaHOBHTCia K~K JTCHHOH CTPyI OT CyOpOCTI ee coyjape3iii c o6pa3uoM: OhI MeHee KOMnIaKTHbIM. 1I - JIHHa napa; 1 l —A/Iia CTpyB TeopeTll-leM 6oJIbuLe H, TeM 60Ib- 'iecKaf; 1-.aJAHHa CTPYIn 3KCnepHMeHTaabHaSa. me rnpDOHCXOIIT <<ctbejaHiie>> 5jlpa, H ero pa3pymaioimas Cnoco6IOCTb naiaeT. TaKHM o6pa3oM, AJ1151,aHHbIX ycJIOBHHi OJnbITa iHa.6ojiee 39qej)CKTIIBI1bIM oKIa3bIBaeTcH Hapo, oppMHipyiomLeecH npn H = 25 —.35 KCH/.,12( 2,5- 3,5 At Bco. CT.). HFccJieoBaHH5 3aBHCII.MOCTH AJItIHbI BOCCTai-IOBJIeHOil CTpyl H ~upa OT iHCjia o60pOTOB ti o6pa3na B ceKyHly -npoII3sBOa4lJHCb npH nOCTO9HHOM Ianope H=30 KH/iM2 (3 t 60od. CT.) H jiiaMeTpe HacaaKI1 8 MMt. HHCJO o060)OTOB o6pa3lua np)HMienIocb B npene.aax 12-53 B 1 ceKc (750-3200 o6/.Mutt). H3 pe3yJbTaTOB, npeACTaBJeHiHbIX Ha c)Hr. 75, 'BHUHO, 'ITO B npeAejiax yKa3aHIHbIX o6opOTOB Jia1fa 1, BOCCTaHOBJieiHioHI CT)pyn y,\iMeIILbaeTC5I C 'IIOBLIICiIeIIIeM tl. I/I3MeieHfiIe TeopeTIleecKOii tJIIIIbLI 1, CTpyn IINMeCT TaKoii i;e xapaKTep. B 3TOMI cjiytae jinia nII pa CTpyIn TaKKeC yMeI-btIIaeTcH, 1IO wMeiee HHTeIICHBIHO. HaMlH 6ObIS1 Tal>Ke HIpOBeAkCIIbI IICCJie1aOBalIIIl BJIlfIIIsi JIIaMeTpa ilacaAKHI lia AJIIIH1y BOCCTaiOBJIeIIHoii CTpyn npl I17=30 K/i/t'2 6 2148 81 Figure 75. Dependence of the Length of the Recovered Jet on Velocity and its number of Impacts with the Specimen; J - length of range, -T - theoretical jet length, 3 - experimental jet length, 2H/do - ratio of the pressure to the mouthpiece diameter. -53 -

(3 t 6o00. CT.) H n=3200 o6/Muu. B iaaHHOM cjiyqae KaK Am.lmla I BOCCTaHOBJieHHOii CTpyH, TaK H AJIHHa 1l ee qipa no Mepe yBe.iiqeHH5 AHaMeTpa iiacaaKH yMeHbwlalOTCq ((Hr. 76). HaH6oaee pe3xoe yMeHbLmeiHHe AJnJIH 1ii H 1,.rpoHicxoxtr ila yqaCTKe c aHaueTpoM HacaaKH 4-8 MM. IocKOJb'Ky AiHHa BOCCTaHOBnJeHHofi CTpyn HJIH ajiHaa 5apa HrpaeT Ba>KHy1o poAb npH H3110CC o6pa3LUoB, TO jI rImoJiyeHI5IA OnlTHlMaJbHOrO H3HOCa HI ConOCTaBI.1MbIx pe3yAbTaTOB KpaHHe Hieo6xoAHMO 3HaHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTefl BOCCTIa2?H/d?7 HOBJieHHY CTpyHi B CTpycyAapHOH yCTaHOBKe. ~HHtt~~~ \ n~rIOABOjR5 HeKOTOpl)i~ '. HTOr, MO>KHO cAeJiaTb' Bblf45 — ^. ^s^ -- --- -- 18 BO,, 'ITO pa3,pyIma1om;011a cnroco6fiHOCTb CTpyH 3aB11Cil r _____306s^ _____ _*^!^'_ ' OT,LByX OC.HOBHbIX q)aKTOP'QB: aIJIHHbI upa BOCCT./HOBJIeHHLOH CTpyH I1 COCTOSI15 f.f l_ ^ IHHH ee no1BepxHOCcTH. B TaKOM cjiyqae, ecam, iiainipHMe'p, B OTnblTe BeJIH\\ll\l,) cl -__ ___ ___ i -- ---. n, a H VI OCTaIOTC5I I1OCTo111 -2 < 8 10 ^doM HbIM:H, TO H13HOC B OCHOB1IOM 6oyeT onlpeACeJITbCq iiarlonir. 76. 3aBHClHMOCTb AJJIIHbI ' BOCCTaHOB- pOM H CTpyH H aHiaMerJIeHHofi CTpy{ OT AliaMeTpa do HacaaKi': pOM do iacajIKI, TBa 1K1K is -AAHI^ lsApa; 10 -AmAHa CTpyH sKcnepa- 9 meHTa~nbHa. 3n.,HnapameTpbI BX.OA21T O.lH,0BpeMeHHO.B.KpHTO)pI1ii ipyJaa (Fr), KOTOpbIHi XapaKTepH'3yeT,pa3pymaiomyioo cnoco6iiOCTI ijlApa C TOqKH 3peCHHi nOBepXHOCTHbIX BO3MyleiHHii, H BMeCTe C T(..1 OT 3THX Ke rnapaMeTpoB 3aBHCHT aJInHa BOCCTaHOBJieHHoro 5.[tl)i. *KOTopa5 TaK)e BJIHneT Ha H13HO.C. B peanJbHblX yCJIOBHIX 3TH /IBa ()aKTOpa 'aefiCTByIOT COBMeCTIIO. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BeJiHqHHbI Hanopa BeyLayyio poJib rnpH 1310((oce' MO;KeT HrpaTb KaK aJiHHa apa CTpyH (npn MeHbIHX 3HaqeCHH5ix H), TaK H HHTeHCHBHOCTb rnOBeDpXOCTHbIX BO3MymeHIfHH (npH 66jnblIJllX sHaqeHwHx H). an.I Ka>K.,oro aHaMeTpa HacaaKH H ianI Kax>K;oii CKopocTH coyjtapeHHH CTpyH c o6pa3uoM HMeeTC5 onpeaeJnelIiblii pa3rpaHH4HBaioLHH Hanop. TaKHM o6pa3oM,.HCXOaH H3 nnpHBeieHHbIx coo6pa<eHInf ii rrcnoJab3y5 BbIpa>KeHHe Jul51 CKOPOCTH HCTeueHII5 CTPyH V2-= 1/ 2/1 U2 KpaTepni Fr= =-gd MOjKHO npeo6pa3oBaTb B BbIpa>Keine Fr =-2 do HI B TaKOM BHae HcCnOJb30BaTb KaK <<yHiBepCaJlbHIib>> napaMepTI):1.' O1LeHKIH H3HOCa B 3aBHCHMOCTI OT JJIlHHbI lApa BOCCTallOBJIeIl"If CTpyH H COCTOIH51H ee noBepxniocTi. 3TO xopomWo noATBep>K/aielit;l 82 Figure 76. Dependence of the Length of the Recovered Jet on the Diameter of the Mouthpiece do; J. - length of range, JQ - theoretical jet length,- - experimental jet length, 2H/do - ratio of the pressure to the mouthpiece diameter. -54 -

6) I1jt,1 ocuinKe B.JIHtIHHS Ina.xt -::. _.I I v -a -- lv BOcct''r lU1'10111101! CTp 11 HaMi! 6Ibi.1 '- 3 ' r- -,.:,vC. 6......1..pa —_.___ I' i - '4v.T Mg Merpa F-Ic:.: -....-. —:::. nope (c:.t - -,.:< v '-:,..,- -- - - 3 aBIIC-MOCT":- tl: -:^ ^;-3 a^t / ICTpV - ^ - 2,5 _-i —HGH —, q, 'lHO? T ' a.'\ \ / ~ sn3,eirb H-".. / B) T-c-r Z r t- ^;V, "a ~/ I d MeTpa,-2C -": _. '. - _ _ _Ha/ e n o 3 c x: —,.- "i: Y' ". ' 210 ^ -. Ka; rit.11 ( - - ^x3; -L d C) o nepeMx e::. —a ^:-,-:.? '.... -:i:. _TaK.,.sw c'3.i.-, _,5" 1-. 1 B'.'yvf.' q ir.~ 77.i; M8C~b oI3a1oca cO O'3 I','1C 00 *nepe.tC.e\.:4x 31 e: ue 1'KT'o-.:i " J I.~j, 11' \.'lC lV 38l MCT1 ll36IOFO sB epi11ll ol Ysx 51ws~e 1 Z1' --- pn^Muil8xv} l,.~, Ioop.aiHaTax). HaF,'Ifl~O noZTSO?:'K.i; Toq O'. trOM, Hia 0:r.. 78 noK32' x\apaKrTc;.': teMocrlnl uvtt;~, oSpa3ua (noTepii ero.cN ~G) or 7'.;. c;I>t:,! }^.ca<';ul., * ', ^.P anope H2., = 20 Kn.t" t2. M;.. c-.- l l aope!/:.'- M -;,n.I (3 M. sod. cr.). yc.o- 7 m.m>~ 77'. ' O i31MOM Te ibe, HT2 1 B 3p1-, 7 '1^1 ll lcIT f11 rIlll (C Tp. 83).(B /e K-', t t;t c':. 3a(e})Ir. 78, a~l Iae1 - ^, _. / - ^MC 1111 K 110t MaTC1I oTpaII a CXOCTa- f4/p er |. "lo~ni^ '10 nno pbi H^M 61 H3, 31Ia- ^i V o. '...... \, I'l 100,.,'n- 1l eH 6 Mie tanoi3Hpa o... 'tl,1! n1 1..:I Npe T11OrO yBe.'Iwieic0n _ 110'V'?t! h. -'O4r. 3 eCb. O 1n 1iOiNO, npe o-. I tt'A t,. \0 I, I Cpbi H1.,, 3tlayulv>^lsw i M\s ' I. B0l }, B,10AM;11O)1I, or 01;, 10'';l \ tp- 4i..,'l 1 ' 111tV.\ ';\\ I''1ni 10 C!381IXOj C IIiIOC, - fle - e Spl A.l. jp \ *o./. ', -\tts(on \lo.s cale).i m J,... llp, J 'a.t,.^ V.11, f 1 M npllDf fere,.,, Presurs H' ) " p of 20'''g/r T;'.IK lt \l1i i!;,,,. 3,eCub,Ca 3bIlB eT* C ~~~~~~~~~~~~Figure 77. 3Dependence of Damage on the Diameter of the Jet, (2 m of water), H3C - pressure of 30 kg/m2 ( 3 m of water). -55 -

!... >...... O', -..... DHr. 79. H3HoUIeHHbie o6pa3u1. 300 200 ' /^ —< 625 ' i 200 400 600 800 DWOO I20 Fr 6 I0 t,0 90 m0m i iir. 80. 3aBHcII1mocTb ii3Hoca OT KpII- ir. 81. OrnTiMaiabHoe m aqieHie KpiTepiH Fr: Tepiim Fr RJISI HacaAOK pa3JIIi4Horo 1 - HacaAxa AHaMeTPOM 10 MM; 2 - HacaAKa AHaMeTpa. AiameTPOM 6 MM. 86 Figure 79. Damaged Specimen. Figure 80. Dependence of the Damage on Fr. Number; 1) 10 mm mouthpiece, 2) 6mm mouthpiece. Figure 81. Optimum values of Fr. for different mouthpiece::::::::::::- 66::::

IlacaIRKii do=8 -MM. MaKCHMaJibtlblil H3HOC COOTBeTCTByeT Fr=650. Jlw do=6 Mm Fr=700, a jian do= 10 MJ Fr=600 (n)Hr. 80). Yc.JIoBHIq onbiTa JI1 alaHlHbix c(Hr. 80 He OTJHqaaJHCb OT npHBeacleiiblX nia CTp. 83, 3a liCKJiioeHHeM Hanopa, KOTOpbI i AAi Ka>KAofl iiacaaKH H3MeHSJICH B npeaejiax 5-70 KH/M2 (0,5-7 600o. CT.). Ha lnHr. 81 noKa3aHa 3aBH'CHMOCTb HaHBbIroJHeHimHx AJ5I H3HOca 31atlieHlH qncjia Fr OT aHaMeTpa HacaAKH. HIcnojib3yq HaHaeHHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb, JierKO MO>KHO noao6paTb tHeo6xoaiHMyio AJn CXeMa a a CxeMa a a MaKCIlMaJIbHOrO,H3HOCa BeJIH- coyd3apeHuR Mr coyOapeHuR MF imn'ly ianopa Ali JioK)6oro y JaHaMeTpa HacaaKH a.npeaeaiax 6-10 MM. LJias 3TOrO 2 310 c.neyeT iHafTH COOT.BeTCTByIO- 1 4/ mee 3HateHlHe KpHTepH4 (Ppy- / 2H aa 1u H3 3aBHCHMOCTH Fr = - noACIHTaTb H. I YKa3asHHbIe 3Ha4eHHU tIHC'- 1 2oo Jia Fr HaReHbI IHaM H ajsHaH- H A - 281... 2,0. 6oAee qacTO HicnroJb3yeM'oH 1 _ AIHHeiiHOH CKOPOCTH o6pa3ua, paB:HOfi 80 M/ceK,.H LByx OR- |_ III V- -- - IIoBpeMeH;HO HcnbITbIBaeMbIX 2 o6pa3sOB, iH cnpaBeaJJHBO aIH r9: 2 / CTpyii KpyrjnoH,4OpMbl. 94 9 BJIHAIHHE *OPMbI CEqEHH5I CTPYH HA H3HOC OBPA3LIA _ I - " Jio,HacTonmero BpeMeH;i J -J1,0! _ ~; / 3TOT BOnpOC,He HCCJieaOBaJIC5I. I 5 HaMi HccjieOoBa'HbI CTpyH c KpyrJlblM, KBaapaTHblM, npa- _ ____ ___ __ MOyrO~JbHbIM H TpeyrojibHbIM celielineM. CxeMbI coyapeiHnii I)ir. 82. CxeMbI coy.RapeHHi cTpyf (2) CTpYH III o6pa3uia npeLcTaBJie- pa3saHqHOrO ce'qoRla C o6pa3RlONM (1).:1bi Ha (PHr. 82. YCJIOBHI OnbITa 6bIHU cJIeyiomwInIMH: MaTepaaa o6paalUoB......... AjlHlleBblH cnjaB A Jluieiiliuaa CKOIOCTb o6p)23La.... V1 = 80 AJ/!ce -anop CTpylln........ 25 cn/Am (2,5 6o0. cm.) 3a3op MelKAy conjioM 1 K)pOM.KOi o6pa31aI Ah == 3,0 M,it I l'oala,1b nl)oxo;1Horo ceicn ia acaAoiK F — 50.umt' BpcMsl fcnlblTam i.......... A — = 2 urtu l.rioHlajni npoxoAiiblx celeiHii; aI5n Ka>i210oi iiacaju<l coxpa-IIi!Cb IOCTO IIUIblMtl. 87 Figure 82. Schematic of Impacting Jets (2) and Different Sections of Specimens (1). -57 -

MaKCHMaAbHblfi H3HOC o6pa3ula Ha6alojajics npi coyrapeini} ero co cTpyefi TpeyroJIbHoro ceqeHH (cxeMa 1, inir. 82) H B TOM CJyqae, Koraa yiap o6pa3ua npHxoAHjicH no ocHOBaliHfO TpeyroAbHHKa (t)Hr. 83, a). EcanH Ke yzap -npHxoHajcC rno Bepuiiiiie TpeyroJbHHKa, TO o6pa3e[l H3HamWlBajic otieHb MaJIo ()jIr. 83, c).............;OHF. '.83.. i iH.:o:-eHHb'e '"dpa3Ubi... Ho HHTeHCIBHoCTH H3Hoca o6pa3Jla 3a CTpyeii Tpey rOJIbHOro ceteHiS HJeT CTpyI KBajpaTfroro ceqeHl5, 3aTeM- KpyrJIoro. Hpi yiape o6pa3ua rio 60ojibmo CTOpOHe 'npIMOyrOjbHIIKa CTp.'Y:.p'MOyrojibHoro ceueHin (cxeMa IV, 4IIr. 82) H3IHOC o6pa3ua npOICX0OIJT B JeC1TKH pa3 HHTecIcHIBHee, HeM 1pH yiape no Majiofi CTOpoHe npIMOyrOJibHHKa (cxeMa VIII). He3HaMHTenbllbIi H3HOC o6pa3ua Ha6nJIioaJIcs B cjiy'iae crpyH KOJibLeBOrO ceqeHHu (cxeNIa VII) H B ciytiae nytlisa CTpyll (cxeMa VI). JloBepXHOCTH 11C1bITanHHbiX o6pa3UOB noKa3aribI Ha c(iir. 83. 06o3}ia'eHo Ha )\ir. 83 a | 6 6 a 0 e| Cxena coyltapemlsi no piir. 82 I IV II I III 1'I V 88 Figure 83. Damaged Specimens. -58 -ii~,i:;,:;i.:i'i::'.:...if'r.'-$.}.;.:M. E!.:-M:-::..-:...i...::-'..:~.'...x;;~:!:!~ 0;.:~~~j~,...,::A.....:.:.. l....::i.,';'.~~..o..... `4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i...'.i7i..::'~"-.:........-:..:. ---...w.v.:.:,~-, (Dr 3 Iwpmi ~all "'0 "4~i;:iiiHi;i!:7!i:::<~."8'-.".'-a:.':{e''..:-..........~~or..c..::....-'.:.>z:;::' HHA -Han CTPYR K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:a-'...a:!f:: ioiro<,~: c.ea eH...":!:...:'.;''.:~:.!-:: Kp:y'rii'."'.;':o!. H!!{~;'

OqeBHiHO, 1TO pa3pyiaiomee JIeHCTBHe CTpyfi 3aBHCHT OT }IX MaCCbl, AJIHHbl 5Upa H H HTeHCHBHOCTHI nOBepXHOCTHbIX B03MylelIHtif. BMeCTe C TeM, KaK BHaHO H3 OnbITOB, Ha H3HOC o6pa3Lia B 3HaqHTeJibHHOlH TeneHH iBJIHIeT cxeMa yjapa, qTO CB5I3aHO C OCO6e~HHOCTHMI1 niHApo- /1,lHFHaMHKM yaapa B Ka>K<aOM KO-HKpeT-!, __ ____! HOM cJIyqae. \ HaMH 6biZa H3yqeHa pa3pymao- Lma5 cnoco6HOCTb cTpyS KBaJLpaTHOrO 300 ---- - ceqeHHHflptH pa3J11'1qHblX 3HaieiHH51x Fr. KaK BHAHO 11H3 cpir. 84, 3,aeCb TaK>Ke 200 Ha6JIoaaeTcR pe3KO iBbIlpa2KeHHbIf 1 2 MaKCHMyM H3,HOCa npi Fr = 800. Yc- 1_s JIOBHtt onbITa 6bijil TeMH >ie, KaK HI B /nepBblX onbITax no H3HOCy (CTp. 75). Ha c(Hr. 85 noKa3aH BHA pa3p'y- o 400 100 Fr meHHOH noBepxHOCTH o6pa3uoB npH coyaapeH HH CO cTpyefi KBaLpa'THorO iir. 84. 3aBnIcHMocTb H3Hoca OT KpHTepiis Fr.JIU cTpyH ceqeH H npH pa3HbIX Hanopax. KBapaTHr cee. IpH uHanope 10 KH/M2 (1 M 6oo. CT.) (4imr. 85, a) CTpyql He yccneBaeT nrlOHOCTblO BOCCTaHaB.aHBaTbCH Me>Kay yaapaMH. JIns5 o6pa3quoB 6 \1 e tianop CTpyH 6ObII COOTBeTCT—. -.. -.. -.....-: -::........ Onr. 85. 06pa3Ub, panpy'LUeIHbie npil CoyApc1)ellH CO CTp'yei KBaapaTHoro ce'icnils (yBeJieieeo B 1,5 pa3a). BeHHo 10 1H 30 KH/it2 (1 ii 3 At 6o0 CT.). aiAbiCieUlee VBe.lTI'NiIC/ N Hanopa lo 50 KH1/,t2 (5.t eo8. CT.).npHBOClT.K pacna.y 5iipa BOCCTaiHOB.JICeiIOHi CTpyIl I Hnno nOOB&pXnIOCT1 OGpa831ial np)0*1ICOlX:iT K1aK 6bi yjap pa3po3IelllHbIx KIlneCjib ((l)iir. 85, 6). t13110C oopa3ua B 3 3TOM cjiyqae CIjilbnlO yMll-3bUcaeTCH. 89 Figure 84. Dependence of Damage on Fr. for Jets of Square CrossSection. Figure 85. Specimens Damaged by Impacts from Jets of Square Cross-Section (mag. x 1. 5) ~~~~~~~

BJIHRHHE 3A30PA ME)KAY HACA!,JKOR H OIPA3U,OM HA H3HOC 3aBHCHMOCTb BeJ1IHlHHbI H3HOCa OT 3a30pa Ah Me)Kjy HacaMKOH H KpOMKOi o6pa3ua H3yaJlaocb nJAi HacaAKH KBaApaTHOH cq)opMbI. Y.CJIOBII OonbITa 6bIJin cjieAyiolwuiMH: MaTep;ian o6pa3RoB.. AnlOMHHHeBbifi cnias JGM i__Al JIHHefiHas CKOpOCTb o6pa3suoB = 80 M/cetc 100~~~~~~~ ---- HanopcTpyH....... H = 30 KHIC/M2 75 3a3OP meway iiacaAKOH' H (3,0 M eo0. cm) 75 -3 --- —--- 3aaop MeaK21y tacaJlKOfl H KOMKOH o6pa3na.... Ah = 2-.15 MM 50 _ - __ - _ IJo1aAb npoxoAHoro ceqe\ HHa iacaAKH....... F = 50 MM2 25 -__-\ -__-_- BpeMI HCnbITaHHH.... At 1,0 MUH O __ __'^:~- 10 I HaPe3y.IbTaTbI OnbITa npeacTaBne!Ht 2 6 10 t ahnnm Ha (Pitr. 86. 3,aecb "B'1H,HO, q1TO C yBeJHDHr. 86. 3aBICHMOCTb H3Hoca OT meHHeM Ah iH3HOC o6pa3uLa (noTepq aa3opa A h Me)Key HacanKOR H MaCCbI) yMOHbLmaeTCH. 3TOO6'bgCH.HeTKpOMKOAL o6pa3Uta. C5I TeM, tITO npiH nepeMelmeHIH o6pa3 -iua -no xoay cTpyH, fnpH HeH3MeHHOM.. ":-.................:..,... — op-..o-.p....-...... B XOHT.. H 3 0 M....ta I H O -o. -... xopomo...T...... x..o..e.. - A h = 6 MMt, e - A/i = 15 Mt. Figure 86. Dependence of the Damage on the Distance AH Between the Mouthpiece and a Chrome Specimen. -60 -

BHAy BCS K'apTlHJa npeicTaBsieT co6oHi KaK 6bi MHOaroKpaTHO nepeAe(PopM.HpoBaHnyio Ba3KyIO Maccy. Ha6mnioeiiH 3a ai'H aMHKOHfi pa3B'HTH5I KpaTepOB noKa3a'IH, YTO nocjieAHHe o6pa3ylITc,nocTeneH'no. Ho Mepe pocTa rjy6t5iHbI ln aMeTpa KpaTepa TaK>Ke pacTeT H BeaiuHHHa HanabIBa BOKipyr Hero. rlo3>Ke HeKOTOpbie H3 BepmHH HanJIbIBOB OTnaAaioT. CJiiiHHe ThByx KpaTepOB B OAHH npIBOAHT K yAaJ1eHHio 6o0.bmefi iaCTH rpaHHlIauero HinarnbBa. YqaCTKH noBepxHOCTH o6pa3ua, npHJieraioimHe K OCHO.BHOH 3OHe pa3py eHHH, nOKpblTbI 6ojiee MeJIKHMH oTneqaTKaMlI. Pa3BHTHe H3,HOca BO BpeMeHH npOTeKaeT HejiH'IiHeHO. TaK, 113 12 it BpeMeHH HCnbITaHHHfiI OKOJIO 40% BpeMeHH 3aHnMaeT <<HHKy6au1IOHHbIIH nIepHo~>>, T. e.,ne-pHo1, B TeE f4e m '~ > qieHfle KOTOiporO H3Hoca (rIpH ouleHIKe ero rio0noTepe Ma'CCbl) iie Ha6JiiolaeT,Cl. B 3TOT nepniio ^^^ l i|t ^l^ npo~X'ogXoHT inocTeneHHoe o6pa-..:.;::,...~.t:.: a:30BaH:He IBI 'THH-OTr.e.aTKOB..........,.......BiemH1HI BI,,H' 3OHbl pa3pv-.........'...:.;e.eHHI - o6pa3ua npn,Ka:BHTa LHIi..B.r H 'poAHHaMHniec.KOH Tpy6e roBO, PT 3a.TO, TITO pa3pyie eHiue V. I...rI. npOH(CXOLtIIT rIpeKae BcePo Iioa W:;> l l.giR,.SlZ -..> X B03AeHCTBHeM MexaHHqeCKH.X..|..... icHJI. B OCHOIBe 3TMiX CHJI ieoaT,..,.|..|.................. y.apbi Macc CTpyefH BO.b O,n,o-.. 'BepHOCTb o6pa3ina, o,eyM roBO-.pUT o6pa3oBaHite JIyHOK-oTneOnr. 88. HoBepXHocTb o6pa3ua, pa3py- '1aKOB H KpaTepOB C no0yccepumeHHaa KaBHTaunefl B rnlApoiHaMjItIe- qeOKHM L,HOM. Y.LapbI BO3HIIKaIOT CKOR Tpy6e (yBeJIijqeHo B 10 pa3). npH,KoJe6aHHInx KaBepHbI HalI noTepe HMH yCTOfIHIIBOCTlI.;JJI5 KaqeCTBeH'HOrO ConoCTaBjieH.I nojiyqeHHbIX pe3yjIbTaTOB CTaBHJIHCb OfnbITbI IIO H3HO'Cy TaK2Ke CBHHItOBbIX o6pa3uoB ynbTpa3ByKOBOH KaBHTaw'HeH. YcJIOBHH OnbITa 6blJIiH cjieyioLLIHMH: AMnJInTyaa KO.aie6aifi......... =-X 40.'wc qacTora KOae6aHiill....21 Kce t 3aaop Me>KAy Bin6paTopoM ti o6pa3noM Ah= 1,5,MM BpeMa ICrlnblTatHii...... At = 5 MUti KaBHTaui, nponicxo2.iaa 'B HenoABHnCHHOH BOe. Pa3pymemiiaq noBepxnOCTb o6pa3ra B AaHiHIOM cnjiyae TaKiKC noKpbITa KpaTepaMHI-BnajIIHaM'H, BOKpyr KOTOpbIX o6pa3OBaHbI HanJIbIBbI (q(',Hr. 89). H3HOC npo`11CXO,'HT BCJieaCTBIie OTwJ0e1ei-H-1 'aCTIIII MCTajijia c BepmInII I}IaHnbiBOB. 3aeCb TaK xKe, KaK 11 B CJIy1aeC OInb)ITo B rHnApoIIHaMNiite'CKOti Tpy6e, -npH Hn31oce IHa6JIIoaeTc51 imlIKy6oauiOiHblH nep'uO.. HaKOHeu, 06pa3Lub, tI3rOTOB.le'fTIbl 113 3Toro >Ke CBHIIUta, lul'I1l IlCnbITanbI iia CTpyey.japiino yCTa-HOBKe. 92 Figure 88. The Surface of a Specimen that has been Damaged by Cavitation in a Hydrodynamic Tunnel. -61 -

yCJIQOB.Hl OnbITa 6bIJIH CJIeyiOiuhMH: JinHeflHas CKOPOCTb o6pa31OB.......... v 40 M/ceK CKOpOCTb HCTeqeHIIH CTPYII............ V2= 4 A/cec 3a3op MeCAy HacaAKoR -H KpOMKOH o6pa3nua.... h = 3 A JRuaMeTp HacaAKH............... do = 4 Am BpeM HCHbrIlTaHH5................. At= 2 MUiS 4HCJIO yAapoB................ N 6000 H B 3TOM cJIyiae pa3pyLeHHa5i nOBepXHIOCTb no0 BHeiieMy BHay CXOAHa C yiaCTKMH i o6pa3UOB, H3HOLueHHbIX B rHApO0JJIHaMHqeCKOH Tpy6e, H yjbTpa3ByKOBbIM Bi06paTOpOM (c4)Iir. 90). ur4. 89. nosepXHOCTb o6pa3Ra, paspy- our. 90. nosepxHocrb odpa..a, pa.pymHHaS KaBHTaRunen B yjibTpa3ByKOBO~f meHE~aS la CTpyey~apHOHt ycTaHOBKe YCTaHOBKe (YBejnImeHO B 10 pa3). (yBejEIlqeHO B 10 pa3). TaKHMr o~pa30M, nlpn Tpex cosepm~eHH~o pa3ji.HHHbix cnloco6ax. ICnbITaH noyaeTc OHaKOBa KapTHHa papymeH noepxHOCTIS. 3To rnO3BoJIeT cnen aTb BbIBO, iHl 06 O~lUHOCTH CHJI, nlpOH13 -BOP5S'xI pa3PymeHHH. BO BCex Tpex cJIy~aRX paspymleHile InpO}cXO-,ZWiT BCJIeAllCTBIie 160M16apZipOBKH IlOBepXHOCTHI MaCCaMHd CrpyI iBORbl. Ha (l)Hr. 79 nO'asaHa nOaepXMIOCTb o6pa3LOB 11 aJIMOM11H1I51 HCX.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~. IlbITaH8FHbIX Ha CTpyea3apOH ycTaHOBKe. 3pyecb Ta9epOe B'roaIHO opa30 -CBaH BKe yaeInbIBOB,H BMHTHII. OT1eJIe0H0e MpTa)JIa (ypOaeCxjOT OT BePTaH pHarI~bBOB, ripelCTBpe MoarOpIeaTHro pA3ecJopMbpOXBancoII. 1ipOCnyKTbI H3Hoca 0y pec5aBKSIoT C060II HaCr3a1bJ HenpaB eXbHO<1)OpCbiT C pBaI1b0l51T Kpa JIBMb. bIBaI H6CTIILma HoCeT CJIeHIJI fej)0pJ1au14T iLa.HOMa a JJLoaIOTCIH HacoeBH0 THIIb TM.M.,. ((TlHr. 91). HairO7eiinoa aa paB BTOIIbeM HIoCa, janpiMe, opa3oa 1H4 CTarIH CT. 3 npIaIHT cnabCTa X iBiP a cTOpyey.a oii icTaT)oBKe npnI CKOpOCTaI3 coyBapOHeiTI 60 3/CbO nOYIaTbiBaeT, OiITO B 1eYna4ebria npoIc)ixyTOr BpeiLH HnBOCJIe 54 C104 YIPMOB p a T nOeBepXiOCTHi Ofpa3)pa nMO.BanoTC1I (JHTb BjeCT'B~iieb1MH 1(palH.IpOBH~i nOepHO1 maaciica MH~ CJICThI BCjOp-I Ha noemiir. 7 a poia3B-HTIC n H31O~boapma3pim ep, o~ajiioma P13 icTnbiCT. 3bI Eai HCrbTpy),apIiioIX YaCTpejaHOBoe. 3yaCbTaixiOe BnpiiH Io~paOCOTAieJbHbaIe MeCjIB11e paKOBiibI OT BbIKajIbiBaiie MeTaaia n (piCir. 92, a). 93 Figure 89. The Surface of a Specimen that has been Damaged by Cavitation in an Ultrasonic Set Up ( mag. x 10). Figure 90. The Surface of a Specimen that has been Damaged by Water Jet Set Up. -62 -

.3aTeM no Mepe yBenHqellHq 4HCJia yAapOB KOJIHnecTBO paKOBhil pacTeT, a cyLleCTByIomHe yBeJiHtiHBaiOTci rmJaBllbhM o6pa3oM B RitaMeTpe; KpoMe Toro, IIpO1ICXOAiT yaajieHiie MeTaJijia Mei/Ay paKOBlilaMU. flocie 81- 104 yapoB oKIa3bIBaeTCH yLAajeH:HbIM CJ10i MeTaJIjla noqTH Ha BCefl niomaAH o6pa3ua; TOJlUJH}a y;ajie-iioro cJoa npnMepHO paBHa rjiy6Hie nepBOHaiqaJbiibiX paKOBH.H (FHr. 92, 6). 'ep^ llA.'. np'o ' I*;i; r. 91. flp1ayKTbI HUHOCa OT -A -;s^^i^ l^ -CH$TO B OTpa^KHHOM CBeTe. 3TO AOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO B HaIajibHbIH MOMeHT H3'HOca npl onpenJieHHOII HtHTeHCHBHOCTH MeXaHHleCKHX yAapOB.IpOHCXOpHT HaKJienlbI Ba~H'He noBepxaocmHoro cJIoi MeranJiAa Ha onpeHaeJeHHyio rJiy6 Hy; 3aTeM MeTaJIJI BbiKpaLUBaeTCH C nOBepXHOCTII H 'npOHCXOAxIT yAaJIeiHme cjioI. B nocjiepyioIeM CHOBa npOHCXOvAHT HaKJIerIIBsaHHe o6IIa)KCHHbIX ya4CTKOB iI lIX yJaJledIae. Hp-H yBeJIpi'IeHIIII CiOpoCeTr coyrtapeni'H CTopyI eI o6pa3ua yH 80 At/cec KapTHIHa pa3pyWmeHII- nOBepXIiOCTII o6pa3ua BHaiaJIe COXpaH5IeTCH TaKOh >Ke, KaK H flpI1 CKOpOCTiI 60 M/ceiz, HO 3aTeNCM 94 Figure 91. Damage Induced by Cavitation (mag. x 1. 5);a, b)taken with light transmission, B) taken with light reflection. "~.~'.'~'""~'::'~.,.~.'-'....'.6:''." 3::,'~:,,: —,..;~':?...:. i...

InpoCXOAHT 3,Ha1THTeJibloe paClMHpeH-He 3OHbI H3HOCa KaK no njiollaAH, TaK H B rny6.HiHy (4cHr. 92, e). TaKHM o6pa30M, H1pH KaBHTauTIOHHOM 143HOCe MbI, C ORIHOiH CTOpOHU, HMeeM rJIaBHbIM o6pa3oM HantniHe MexatixiqecKHX yaapOB no noBepXHOCTH MaTepHaJia, a c apyroH,- cnoco6HOCTb MaTepHaja npo-:.-,.,::::.~: a - Hn OC npn CKOpOCTU coy zape;H THBOCTO~Tb 3TH.M y9apaM. rHiOTOMy H3HOC MaTep.ala 6yaeT 3aBHCeTb OT:HHTeHbHBHOCTH Mexa'HHqeCKOrO.BO32IefiCTBHa H CnOC06HOCTa MaTep:Hajia,CO'HpOTHBjIflTbCH 3THM B03,en1CTBHfM. MOOH{]1O OTMe'HTb Ha'.6oJiee TUHn'cHbIe BapH0 caHBTb eaHIi 3IOCa: 1. MaTepnaa CtiJlb'1tO.naacT~HIeH (CBmHet, arnlOM,HIIrHii, Me~b lH lp.), a cHaa y~apa 31taqHTeqIbHO ' npeBocxo2HrT npe<Te6 TeKytIecTH. H3HOC B 3TOM cJIyqae npo}cIXojIHT Bc,,e./CTB}Ie MIIoroKpaTIioro nepeAe)opM'ntpoBallllt nJaaCTIItl.eCI{lI BbilaB.nelni3oro 1ti3 niyioK 'MeTapaJIa. 2. CGIna y~apoa HeaocTaToMya,Ji3I 3,ianTHmTeb.loro noyepx3iocTHoro Ae(opMHpoBalinH MCeTajaa. B 3TOM cJ1yCT ae npOCTxo11,HT 0 aKie95 Figure 92. The Surface of Steel Specimens Ct. 3 Tested on a Water Jet Set Up; a, b) the damage caused by jet velocity, 60 m/sec., (mag. x 5), B) the damage caused by jet velocity, 80 m/sec., (mag. x 3). -64 -

yqaCTOK JA'HHefHOi 3aBHCHMOCTH M3HOca nOBepXHOCTH OT.H-CJIa yaapoB. YKa3aHHblfI xapaKTep KpHBbIX H HaJIHqHe yqaCTKOB CBR3aHbI C oco6eHHOCTIMH KaBH1TaLHOHHoro H3HOCa. Ha nlepBoM yqacTKe a npu Ac if ____ __'__ HaqaJIe n3Hoca sB noBepiXHocTI HOM cioe MeTa Jnia.npoHoxo-,kI I'yHT <<,HaKainJiHBaHHe>> ate(op400 ___ _ __ _ // MaIHH HJIH -HHbIX noBpea)Kle// iHR. Ha BTOpa'M yqacTKe 6 cna // N.apo.: TIi (paeHloro CJIOM N u v =65: e~; 3-' -npi V1 'c 70 75 v/ - — ceV (D)v, i 93. 3aBHCuiMcOCb KaBxTai1HOHHnoro cIr. 94. 3aBtlCiiMOCTb ajIHTejIbHoCT1! H3uoca (noTepit maccH AG) o6pa3na OT (UHHKy6auiOHHoro. nepHoaa KaBHqcicaa N yaapoB: Tatill (Bbipa>KeHHOrO q1CJIOM N I - npPI.MHeiiorfi CKOPOCTH VI o6pa3ua 80 At/ceic; yaapOB) OT CKOpOCTH coyaapeenon,roTOBJieHHbie~> o6'ebe.Mb MeTaJia HaqHHaIOT OTAeji5TbC5 c C oBepXHOCTH o6pa3ua, HO He CoKaq'KO., a paCT5HyTo n0o.BpeMeHH. 3jecb MOX>HO nrperIomaraTb CTeleHHyIO 3aBHCNHMcTb 'noTep'H MaCCbi o6pa3 -ua or,inicjia yaapoB. YqaOTKy a cooTBerrTByeT pa'3sHTas cTaiHi H3HOCa. KaK BIaHO 113 rpa(I)nKa Hiir. 93, C yBejiHqeHHeM CKOpOCTH coyaapeHHl1 tAIHHa yqaCTKOB a HJIH npoJAOJ>KHTeJIbHOCTb <<HHKy6aL1oHHoro>> nepinoa pe3Ko yMeHbLlaeTC5. B o6bIqHOH CHCTeMe KOOpJHHaT 3aBHCHMOCTb MeKAy HIHKy6aULHOHHbIM nepHOAOM, Bblpa-:KeHHbIM MiHCJOM yaapoB N, H CKOpOCTbiO VI HOCHT Hapa6ojniqecKHfi xapaKTep ((nir. 94), a B JiorapwiipMm4ecKoft CICTeMe KOopJHHaTJiHHeHiHbfi. DTa 3aBIHCHMOCTb BbIpa>KaeTCa ypaBHeHHeM IgN =c-dlgvL, rae c H d -nOCTO5HHbIe )aJ1;aLHHoro MaTepuana H ycJoBHH onbiTa. iocie npeo6pa3oBain1i nojoytiHM npIi6JII>elIlly)o 3aBIICHIMOCTb npoAoJ>IKHTeJqbHOCTII <<iHiKy6aUIioiiIioro>> nepiioia KaBIITaulJII, BbIpaKieHHorO tIlICJIOM yyapOB N, OT CKOpOCT1I coyAapelnI CTpy1 H11 o6 -pa3ua: N -- 125. 1071v-3. 3 aB'HC11MOCTb cnpaBe.11Ba TOJIbKO a.jnI AalIHbIX yCJIOBHth OInbITa. 7 2148 97 Figure 93. The Dependence of Cavitation Damage (Mass Loss AG) of Specimen on the Number of Impacts N.; 1) under linear velocity v of specimen (Aluminum type ADI), 80 rrm/sec., 2) under linear velcity v1 of specimen, 65 r/sec., 3) under linear velocity v of specimen, 60m/sec. Figure 94. The Dependence of the Duration (inception) of the Cavitation Period (expressed by the number of impacts N) on the Velocity of the Jet N. -65 -

M3 rl'p:HBeeieHHOro:Bblpa>KeH.H, BHJIIHO, 1TO Aji1TeJIbHOCTb ~HIilKy. 6aujHonHoro> nepHoJa, BbIpa>Ke'1HHaY 'tHCJOM yqapoB N, c.cnbIIo 3aB'HCHT OT CKOpOCT.H coyA/apeHRi CTpyHi H o6pa3ua. l _a _ ripa.KTHtecKH MO>K'HO nojio6paTb Ta_~ — -- - KHe yCJilOiBHq, Koraa oaHHM-ABy.M51 yTa/ paMI o6be~Ma,BOb1 M'O'KHO 'rnpoH3'BeCTri pa3plyllIeHHe'no lep)xHocTH o'6pa3aa c roTpeHA qacTH ero MalOcbi. <<FIHHKy6aaHoi2 7-y/ HbI>> nepHoj rrpITH 3TOM ')a,KTHqecK;i pa/BeH 'HyJiIO H KpH11BaI H3Hoca npoC.THpaeTC /' OT iHa'qana KOOpalfHHaT. PaHee;B ira. IV,6bijia ycTaHOBareHa 3/ 2 1 3aBHOHMOCTb a.,Iq OLeHKH 'HJIbI 'KaBsHTay- - | uHOHHoro yLyapa. ECJIH B 3TOH 4o.pMyiae Ta6Autua 6 CKOpocTb tl IICJno yAapoB J [........ - - coyAlape- 12,5.10s j 17.10s | 25.103!y5 1,7 1,! H H 1J _ j._._.KI 1I ~7,? B ~t/cec fIloTep' Maccbi o6pa3ua B Me OHr. 95. 3aBHCHM1ocTb 113Hoca - o6pa3ua OT CKOPOCTI1 coy.aa- 60 9 36 100 peHiSI (B jiorapinicMHqec.:ix 65 25 80 100:oopaHHaTax): 70 50 145 316! -npi qtcjne yAapoB N -12,5 X 80 280 420 630 x 103; 2- npHaV=- 17 * 103; 3- npn N =25. 103.___________________________________ HOJIOKHTb BCe BeJIH-IH1lbI, KpOMe VI, r1OCTOHHHbIMH, TO IOJIy1'HM P = Avo. CpaBIHniBasl 3Ty )OpMyJIy C BbIlmenpHIBewaeHHOI (IopMyJIOiT al N, HeTpyAHO BiHLeTb, ITO ~'V?-, T. e. aJiHTeJbHOCTb <<HIHKy6aUHO`HHOro>> nepHoaa o6paTHO nponopuHoHajibHa eHJIe yaapa B MOMeHT coy^apeHHI CTpyH BO;,bI H o6pa3ua. 3Ta 3aBiHCHMOCTb onpaBJbl.BaeTCH TaK>He H jiOitIeCKH. ECJIa MbI paCCMOTp,HM jUISHTeibEtOCTb nepexoaHbIX yiaCTKOB 6 (4).Hr. 93), BbIpaKe'HHbIX IHCJIOM yapOB N B 3aBHCIHMOCTH OT CKOpOCT.H VJ, TO TraK>e yBHJt'HM, ITO C yBejiHqteHHM CKOpOCTII coyjapeHHfE pe3KO yMelbmwaeTCI,l)jIHa 3THX ytiacTKOB. HajiHiie <<1HHKy6aIi'HO'HHOrO>> nepHota 1H JByX.pyr11x yTaCTKOB npH pa3BHTHIH H-I3Hoca BO BpeiMeeI1, a TaK)Ke 3aB'HCHMOCTb.HX aJiTeJIbiHOCTH OT CKOpOCTh coyJtapeHHmI, OKa3bIBalOT CJIO>KsHOe BJIIfIHHte Ji 'Ha 3aB!HCHMOCTb H31HOCa OT CKOp)OCTl coyitapeH'HH. Ha qbjr. 95 B aJorapiI)HMijqecKiHiX KOOpIatlaTax noKa3aaa 3a 3iCHMOCTb '13Hioca o6pa3LoB AG OT CKOPOCT11 COyZapeHii5I V1 ZIJ1 pa3-,n11qHHoro micJIa yaapOB N (Ta6JT. 6). 3,aecb MbI BHII,lIHM, 1ITO C POCTOM 1iica.a y.^IapoB nfPOHCXo0IIT 'yMCibImIeHle lHaKJIol'a InpHSMbIX I3H1lOCa. 98 Figure 95. The Dependence of the Wear of a Specimen on the Velocity of the Jet (on a log scale); 1) for number of impacts N - 12. 5 x 103; 2) N = 17 x 103; 3) N = 25 x 103. -66 -

B npeaienax HCcjJIeaOBa111b1ix qHiceJ yanapoB, a51i anJioMHHin noTepas MaccbI o6pa3ua BbIpamKaeTcH cjneaylomelf npin6inKeHHOUi 3Mn.HpHteCKOH 3aBHnCHMOCTblO: AG = cv, rae c- BeJIHiHHa, 3aBllcsmay OT qHucia yaapoa N; 3HaqeHiHR c AJli HCCeJIeBaHHbIX N: N 103..... 12,5 17 25 c........ 70.-10-26 42. 10-18 25.10-10 n - rIoKa3aTeJlb cTenemiH;, N n =36 5-. 0' 12,IAai HCCJneaoBaHHbIX Hicea yaa- t o_ pOB n H3MeH5ieTCH B npeaenax 14-6 (Hr. 96). 8.. E'CJI; Mbi,Ha qltr. 93,KpHBbIe T.3HOca nepeceqeM op1HiHaTaMH, cooTiBeT-.6 CTByIOUIHMH tHCJiaM yIapOB 12,5 103; 17- 103 H 25' 103, TO yBHaHM, ITO, 125 1 5 18, 5 2,5 N-I1tO HaIID'HMeop, ioDH;HaTa, 'COoTBeTCTByIoma yi N1'2,'5 103,0 I CKOpOCTeH 60 ONir. 96. HI3MeHeHHe noKa3aTeJai ati! t / Op-Te neHr n (np1i CKOpOCTH yaami t5 u/lcec fnpoxoL.HT 'lepe3 nepexoL- pa) OT qIcJIa coyaapen}Hi. HbIe yiacTKHI 6, Ha KoroTpbIX H13HOC He3Ha.q:HTeJIeH, a siH CRKOpOCTT 80 tM/ceK otia npoxoaHT 'qepe3 npIMoJIHHeHHbll4 yqacrOK 8, Ha KOTOpOM 113'HOC pe3KO IBo03pac'TaeT. B pe3yJIbTaTe TaKO.PO nepexojla 'OT cJa6bIx nrepexoaHbIX craTarlH H3HOca (6) K yqa'CTKy HHTeHCH.BHOrIO H3'HOCa (8) MbI HMeeM BbICONKIHl noKa3aTeJIb n = 14. EcIH MbI npoBeaeM opaHaTy H3 TOtIKH, COOTBeTCT.ByomLeii 103 yaapaNM, TO MO>Ke.iM rInoJiy',Tb ewme 60JIb'mUIHl nol'Ka3aTeJIb n, -, Hao6opOT, no Mepe nepemeileu si npaBo H OTLaJIeHI1i OT <<HHKy6auHoHHoro nepioaa>> (a), npoHcxoOHT yMeHbLmenHie noKa3aTeiJI n. TaK, B cJiyae, Koraa OpIHHaTa, COOTBeTCTBylOIIUa N = 25.103, npoXo^aHT no yqacTKaM HHTeHCHBHoro H3HOca He TOoIbKO.AJlI5 CKOpOCTH 80 M/ceK, 1-o H OJIv v = 65 M/ceKc, Mb i MeeM naae-.iHe n,ao 6. EcoaH opalIHaTa.npoH.LeT ianR Bcex cKopocTefi yzapo'B ToJibKO 4epe3 y4acTKIH pa33'HTorO 3HOCa (8), TO MbI Uno-BHIILH1MOMy MO>KeiM rlOJyLrHTb IoKa3aTeAib 12, paBIHblfi 3, 3HaLeH'He KOTOpOPrO MOwKeT 6blTb '060CHOBaHO y)Ke H3 SHepreTHmeec'KHX Coo6pa>KeHHHi, HanpHMep, 113 3aBfIlIOHMO'CTH CHJIbI yj;apa O6beMOB BOJbI,H IX CKOpOCTIA (CTp. 66). B 3aKJioqeH!He OTMeTHM, 'ITO TIOCKOJibKy H J(JISI Jpyrmx MeTajTJT7r? KapTH'Ha pa3BHTH15 11I3'HOCa BO BpeMeHH coxpaniieTCH TaKOfl /Ke, Ka K rI AJ5IH aJlIOMIIHHYS, TO 11H aJII lIJIX ylKa3aniflbIe 3aBHCIIMOCTH HI3tIHOa OT CKOpOCTII, nO-B'I-IJH.iMOMy, TaK>iKe cnpaBe.li11BbI. Figure 96. The Variation of the Exponent n (for the velocity of the jet) with the Number of Impacts N. -67 -

JiIABA VII rHJlPOAB3PA3HBHbIR H3HOC rHApOa6pa3HBHbIH H3HOC HMeeT HeKOTOpbIe o6filHe CBOHCTBa C 13iHOCOM LB ra30BOM 'HJIH BO3ayUiHOM rIOTOKe, co0epaamueM a6pa3HBHbIe qaCTIHUbI. H3 o63opa CymeCTByiOmUX MHeH,Hi OTHOCHTeJIbHO Mexa'HH3Ma H'Hoca MeTajiJIOB a6pa3HIBHbIMH qaCTuLaaMH, Haxoa5i, HMH5IC B ra3OBOM HOTOKe, MO2KIIO yCTaHOBHTb, mITO OAHa rpynna HccjieAOBaTeieii paccMaTpHBaeT npoueoc;H3,HOCa Ka.K 5BJieHHe TqHCTO MexaHHqecKoe, a apyrai - KaK Koppo3HOHHo-MexaHHqecKoe. IpHu 9TOM,!npogecc Mexa'HqllecKoro pa3pymeH'Ha npeICTaBJIIeTC51 KaK O0 -phIB IJIH BbI6OHBaiHe OTaeJIbSHbIX qacTHUt MeTaJIja, KaK cpe3aHHe M;.KpOCTpy>KeK H KaK yCTazJOCTHbIH npouecc. 0 Mexa'Hi3Me 13Hoca AeTaJIei 3eMJIecocoB 14 rlapOTyp6,HH, pa6oTaiomuix B nOTOKe BObl c a6pa3HBHbIM.H qacmTHuaM;n, CcymeCTByeT eAHiHoe MHeHHe: H31HOC MO>KeT,HpOHCXOaHTb KaK B pe3yJbTaTe cpe3aH!Hl1 M'HKpocTpy2KeK MeTaJIJa, TaK II 3a cteT BbIOHBaH.H13 O'T oeJIb'HbIx ero qacruin. H310OC nPH YRAPAX ABPA3HBHbIMH qACTHRLAMH HaMi npeaBapHTeibbHio 6bIjno npoBeaeio uccjieaoBaHie yaapa OAHiHOqHbIX CBO6OAHbIX a6pa3ttBHbIX iaCTHII O nJIOCKylO nOBepXHOCTb, AIs e'ero 6bInO Co.63t aHO /3 / / 4 nripcCToe npm'HanocO6.JeHHe ".-A.7 y.;.:.:..:.:.... (!(lHr. 97). OHO COCTOHT H3.1A_-~i ' - MeTaRTeji 5 a6pa3HBHbIX;I / \ acTH1u, rippo3paiofi;KO+[:'-,W_-:. —.- -. ---^ ---_ ~po6iKH 4 iH aoHbImKa 3, Ha - KOTOPOM yKpenIJIeH jepHKa-.....:: TeJ1b 2 'o6pa3una 1. B KatieCTBe MeTaTreni a6pa3'THBHbIx <>Hr. 97. rppHcnoco6neHiie Ji I HI3yqtIeii eli- 'qaCTI.iL Il'OrI.OJIb3OBaIjOCb H4qHLIX yA.apoB a6pa3HBHbIx tacTnul: MejiKOKaJiH6epHoe,py>be. /.- o6pas3e} 2 --- epaaTeab; 3-K pbilma; 4-KO- A6opa3tIRBHbIM maTeptiaOm po6Ka; 5- py>Kbe (MeTaTenb). cjiy2(HJH OrtejibHbie nectlHIH.K'. zHaMeTpoM 2 AIM, ICKOpOCTb y,3apa IlaCTHIL - 6ooiee 100,//ceOC. 06pa3UbM 1;npe'aCTaBjiSoI1T co6ofi CMeHHbie KpynrJibe alHOKH IHaMe'rPOM 80 MM{.,Ibi ';l3yqeHmH xapaKrepa BHeapeHI H a,6pa3IIBHbIX tlac100 Figure 97. Set Up for the Testing with Single Impacts with Jets with Abrasive Particles; 1) specimen, 2) holder, 3) lid, 4) enclosure, 5) gun. -68 -

THu noj yrJioM K noBepxHo'C~H o06pa'3bI MO>K'HO naoopaqfBaTb Ha,Hecy6xOJHMblUf roji. 9KcnepHMeHTbI, npOBeaeHHbIe Ha o6pa3ue 113 CTaJH CT. 3 (HV 10/30-130), noKa3aaJH, qTO yaapbl qaCTHU nojA yrJiOM 90~ K ero nOBepXHOCTH BbI3bIBa1OT o6pa30BalIHe JIyHOK-OTneqaTKOB. BbITecHeHHbIf H3 JAyHOK MeTaJIj pacnoJIOweH BOKpyr B BHAe BaJIHKOB-ManJIbIBOB, KOTOpbie qacTO HMe1OT paAHaJIbHbie TpelmHHbI. rIpH nocJleAyiomHX yapax IaCTHU 3TOT BaJI11K MO>KeT 6bITb nepeMemelI o6paTHO BHyTpb paHee o6pa3oBaHHoi J1yHKH (4Hr. 98, (a) H T. a. ECJIH Ke yjlap 4aCTHmlbI nrpHXOJIHTCa nO KpOMKe BaJI'HKa, TO MO>KeT npOH3OiHT11 (yBemnlqeHo B 15 pa3)'. cpe3 MeTanna 'Ba'nHKa,H qaf!THHO cTe-eKH JiyHKH. B pe3ynbTaTe <<60M6apH'pOBKH>>,nosBepXHOCTb odpa3ua cnaIomb noKpbIBaeTcH JyHKaM.H H nepeMbIqKaMH ((,.r. 98, 6). npo#R.KTbI H3HOCa. OBepXHOCT. npeCTaBi. 98 C06OI OTeap a6 BHbXIe IaCTHUb HeTa a (BXHOCTr. 99). TaKHM o6pa30M, H3HOC B abHHOM ciyqae npo'laCcxoHbIT ea 99)CTBe yajiellHHa nJIacTHqecKI~ BbIaaBBJIeHoro MeTajiiIa KaK 3a clqeT ero MHOrOKpaTHoro AeebopMHpoBaHH1a, TaK H.3a cieT ero cpe3a npii yapax qIaCTHU. 3Jaecb iAeo6xoJiHMO oroBOp'HTbCT, ITO xapaKTep pa3pyLielll5. 3aBHCIIT OT yria aTa.K. [16]. HI. B. KIparelbCKI.1in [17], [18] BbICKU3bIBaeT, a 3aTeM H npejviaraeT KO.n0110eCTBeIIHyTrI TeopmHo H31-IOca TBepjibIX Te.i, IICXOjI 113 ycTajiOCTIIOii n)1ppORLbI 3TOrO nB.ne1111. Hipii 3TOM yKa3biBaeTc~I, 'ITO npll iniacTTtIecKOM OTTCC1ICI1III.1 'MlbTepliaia B03 -MOK1IO.OTAemje'miie xiaciimi MeiTa8,1J a BC:IC,CTrB1Ce MaIno111K,1OB1f11 ycrTa.OCTtI. MO>liO CKa3aTb, 'ITO II3HOC noiBepxIIOCTII MeTaJIJia CBO(UOJ-tblM!M a6pa31iB1HbIMI Ii acTnluaM.ii npii yr.ie aTBKII 90~.nponcxo,~1,T 3a cqer npOIIIK1OBemIIHI qacTm li a lieKOTO)pylO riy6}Iy B rinoepX11ocTb npe101 Figure 98. The Effect of a Jet with Abrasive Particles on the Surface of a Specimen (mag. x 15). -69 -

rpaabI. TaHM o6pa3soM, 'H311OCOCTOIKOCTb MaTepiajia 3aBIHCHT OT ero cnIOCO6HOCTI nIpOTHBOCTO0ITb 3TOMy IlpOH1HKOB0elHIO. IlepeMAeM K 'paCCMOTpcHm4IO H3l0oca a6pa3H.BHbIM'H acrllT.aMH B nOTOKe BOabI. HCCJIeJOBaHHe 3TOrO Boonpoca.npOBOR'Jnocb IiaMH Ha CTpyeyalapHofl yCTalIOBKe. napa'MeTpbI OnbITa 6bIlj BbI6paHbI C TaKHM pacqeTOM, tITO6bI;BOAa Hrpajia TOJIbKO pOJIb!HOCHTeJII a6pa31HBHbIX qacTHl.H uie BbI3bBajisa H3IIocaa o6pa3Ila. Yroji aTaKH iaCT'Hu BO Bcex OnbITaX KOjie6aJIcH B npejejiax 80-90~. B 3TOM cJIytiae, KaK H npH yaape CBO6oAHO JieTlULeu tlacTHuefi, H3HOC npOHcXOAHT 3a CLeT B'HeApeHHII aCTIUhbI B IIOBepXHOCTb 06 -cIHr. 99. ilpoAyKTbi H3d0ca MeTajila (1nr. 100. foBepxHocTb o6pa3ua, I13HO(yBeJIHqeHO B 10 pa3). meHHaSi nprI coyapeHHH Co CTpyeK BOJSI, cotep>aunei a6pa3IBHbie QaCTHuu (yBeJrn~eHO B 30 pa3). pa3Ua. H3HOmeHHbIe nOBepXHOCT, fOKpbITbI JIyHKaMH-BnaAHHaMH ((4)Hr. 100). Heo6xoiuHMO nOAJepKHyTb, -TO, TaK KaK a3HOC npoHCXOuIIT rJIaBHbIM o6pa30a\ 3a CieT yJaTleHHH Han.JbJIBOB MeaTjJla, o6pa3OBaHHblx B pe3y~jbTaTe BHe)1peHH>I JaCTHLL, TO xapaKTep OOpa30BaHH5I STHX Han1JIbIBOB 99OJIeH BJIHKTb Ha H;HTeHCaHBHOCTb HF3HOCa. TaK, HanpHMep, npH CTaTIIecKOM BsjaBjiHBaHHiH -IBa'CT.IILbI KBapBLeBoro lecCKa, nJIacTHte.KIj BbIJaBJIeHHbIH MCeTaJi pacinojiaraeTcs BOKpyr Jy1HKH BaJIUKOM OTHOCiTejibHO He6oJIbmoI BbICOTbI, HO O'THOCHTeJIbHO 6ojibmuoIH mapm-!HbI. ECJIH 2Ke LacTHrLy TaKoro?Ke UIaMeTpa BHeJ~pHTb iia 3Ty xKe rJiy6Ily yapoM, TO o6pa30BanHbI} BaTIHK HMeer 3HaHIITeJIbH0 6oJibmyIo BiBCoTy, lpH 9T3OM BaJHt1 yaCTO eHMHeeT TpeLIjIiibI. 3TO OOCTORTeJIbCTBO 3Ha4iiTejibHO o6nqer'laeT ero nocJienyiomee yjaaneIIe. I1pI pa3jIlImHblx, ()IiryplIpOBaBHlix Iipll IICIlbITaiiilI CcKopOCT5IX COyBpapeHl^ 'acTaCTHLL I noBepXHOCTII otxpa3pa (B Ipe^oejiax 18-80 T/CeCH), la6IboIaeTC JeH jIHqiIIali 3aBHcHTnMOCTb ylBeJliHeT11el Ii3HOCa BO BpeMeHH. Ha q),air. 101 noKa3alio H3MeiC Iie iHT3HOCa apMKO-)KeJe3a II CTH - 102 Figure 99. Induced Damage on Metal (mag. x 10). Figure 100. Wear on Specimen Surface Caused by a Water Jet with Abrasive Particles (mag. x 10). -70-!F."-ure 9_9.,I.nduc..ed.,, Da,_mage,o..n:,{.i..:.,Met.al:,,,.!(ma:.g.;'..f. x'.i1;.... ):: Figure ~."':ii::'~+;:. 100:.' Wear on.Speci':..S:::::: C:"s,.'b': ': ':: r

Jni IX18H9T BO BpeMeiHH HJIH B 3aB'HCHMOCM OT T'HCJa ya^apoB N. YCJIOBHH OrbITa 6bIJlH cue..yioUJHmMH: CKOpOCTb coyjapeHJ15 CTpyiI H o6pa3ua v, = 80 M/ceKc Hanop CTpy........... H 30 ICH/M2 (3, 600. cm.) Co;kep:KaHlie a6pa3HBa B BOAe no o6beMy 17 = 0,6% 3a3op MeXKay HacaAKoIf H o6pa3uoM. Ah = 5 MM HacaAKa KBaApaTIIoro ceqeHIM Co CTopOHOH OTBeCTH........... a = 7 ZlJaMeTp iaCTI!U KBapuenoro necica.. D 0,2 MM BpeMg HCnblTaHIff...... At = 40 MUH CyMMapHoe tHCnJO coyrapeHIH.. N 12 * 104 B COOTBeTCTBHI.H c 3THM KapTHHa InoBepXHOCTHbIX 'pa3pymeHlnH BO BpeMeH,U TaK>Ke 'He 'H3,MeHIeTC9. rjiy6HHa OTlneqaTKOB-iy.HOK, o6pa3OBaH'HbIX yaapaMtI necHq'HOI, K, KaK fnKa:3aJIH 3aMepbl, BO iBpe- /! MeHH Ta-KKe ocTaeTC1 IIOCTOSIHHOH. 200 Heo6:XO,,HMO OT)MeTHTb, tITO np'H nlpHMeeHeMIH B HaCTo05Mee BpeM5I B.npOH3BO'.,CBeHHbIX yC- > _____JIO'BX'HX a6pa3 BHO- -KKOCTHO 0 _ o6pa6oTrKH MeraiJOB, IKOTOpaq,/,HMeeT HeKOTO'pyO O06mHOCTb C. ____ H3'H'OCOM B lIameM cJiy'iae,,no u 30 60 90 -10 LaaHHbIM III. M. BHJiHKa [19] TaK- 10 20 30 tnuH w<,e *Ha6jiioaeTC5, iHI eICHOe yBe- Our. 101. H3MNeHenIe rnApoa6pa3IHBHIojlH4eHHe c'begMa MeTajlia BO Bpe- ro H3HOCa BO BpeMeHH: MeHH, a iiiepOXOBaTOCTb IHOBepx- t apMKo- ee3o; 2-cTaj IXI8H9T. HocTefi yxe nocaie 40-60 cec BpeMeHrH TaK>Ke He H3MeH5ieTC51. 3TH cq}aKTbI B KaKofl-TO 'CTeIeHH 'HOATBepK.aaiOT iAOCTO'BepHOCTb HaiuH'X RaHHbIX. C yiBe.IiN'eHHeM,COep>Ka'HI a6pa'3HB;HbIX 1aC:TEHLm B BO-.ae rny6.nHHa OTrne'aTKOB ocTaeTcH rnOCTO5HHOH; Ta'Ka5 33aBHC, HMOCTb raK>Ke Ha6jiioaaeTCs HI B a6pa3IiBHO->KHIKOCTHOHi o6pa6oTKe. HoTep5 MaccbI o6pa3uoB C yBejinqeHHeM co0ep>KaH,HI a6pa3,a.BHbIX 4aaCTHIH EJISH pa3JIHIqHbIX MeTaJIJIOB yBeJiH,4HBaeTCH JIHHeHHHO (clr. 102). YCAiOBEH onbITa 6bIJIH cJIaeyomHMHi: CKOpOCTb coyqapeHIH1a CTpy1I H o6pa3aa V1 = 46 M/ceK Hanop CTpy............ H = 30 //M2 (3 M eoa. cm.) Coaep>KatHwe a6pa3rsna B BOjAe no o6'beMy n7 = 2 -- 10% 3a3op Me>KAy HacaaKOH i1 o6pa3oM. Ah = 3 tJMM HacaAKa KBajpaTiioro ceqeHuii co CTOpOHOrf OTep)CT......... a = 7.Mtu L]uaMeTp qaCTIIL KBapueBoro necKa.. D = 0,2 At.M CyMIMapHoe qIICnO yla poB...... N = 64- 103 BbUIJo npoBeeimo TaKKe irccjie-oBaHIie 3aBIICIIIMOCTH H3:1Ioca OT CKopocTII coy3apelIIiH laCTTIU IH o6pa3ua np)iI pa3JlilnilIoM cojepi>KaHHH a6pa3IIBHbIX tlaCTIIU B,BOje. YCJIOBHI 'IICCJIcieJOBaI1151,6b1.111 TaK'1 -MII liXe, KaKI H B Hnl)ejAbIlyMeM 01nbTe, 3a IicKIjiio'cijiieM CKOpOCT1I coy. laapet112 CTpyVI iI o6pa3iua: vi = 18 — 80 Jt/cecK. H310C 113yqatlc5H nrpl) nOCTOi51iIONM 01ItOCM 1[HCJIC yrapoB JI.15 CKOpocTeii 18, 36, 46, 66 Ii 80 At/CCK. HIpI 3TOM,.rtiI Ka>KAoi' CKOPOCTII 103 Figure 101. The Dependence of Hydro-Abrasive Wear over Time; 1) cast iron, 2) steel, 1 X 18 H 9 T. -71 -

H3HOC HccjieAOBaaJcn npi i cepKaHHIII a6pa3liBa B BOJe 1,2, 4,;6 i 10% no O6'beMy. Pe3yAbTaTbI 9KcnepHMeHTOB 2an apMKO-)KeAe3,1 npeaCTaBjeHbI B Ta'6a. 7. 06pa6oTKa,pe3yJibTaTOB noKa3aaa, 'ITO 1H.3HOC B 3aBHCHIMOCT, i OT CKOpOCTIi BO3paCTaeT B CTeneHi 2,2, nOCTOSIHHOH lJai acex Bejaliilt...-....... —. ____ ___. Ir Ta6.uiia 7 HZ./ CKOpocCTb CojlepCKamie a6paauua B % coyape- | 2 4 | 6 0| 095,}Ha...... 330 L. n -t/CK IoTepH Maccbi'o6pasaa uB M 2'? 3 _^\ 18 3 7 9 12 21,330 -- -- 36 13 33 69 102 168 46 39 80 159 231 375 66 84 170 350 480 825 ____65 ^<^ ____ 80 111 225 429 669 1110,,$i5-~...\ ~ coAepxKaH.IH a6pa3HBa,npH 'C-...L. -- te --- cie.2OBaHIHn (iaiir. 103). H3HOC B,TOM cJiyqae MOI{KHO iBblpa33HTb 4Hr. 102. 3aBucHMocTb H31oca OT KO- 3MRIH'pltlIeOKOH XjOpMyJIOH AnqecTBa a6pa3HBHbIx nacTnu: AG =cv; (uH) I - IaTyHb; 2 - apMKo-mKeje3o; 3 - CTaibCT. 3; 4- CTanb IX18H9T. 3aeCb KO,9'I4YIMileHT C q5BJIteT-CI5 4.yHfKiHeH,co.epKa'HnL a6pa'3HBHbIX qa;onhU B Bo'Re. 3Ta 3alBHOLtMOCTb:npeaCTa'BjeHa Ha cJur. 104. rlpH6JIH>KeHHO c = 0,008/7, (K) r,/e 7H-coxepKa'HuHe a6pa3HBHbIX qaCTHU;B BOAe B npoueHTax no o6'teMy. TorAta 3aB-BHCHMOCTb iMe>I{(ay 1H3HOCOM 'H nepeMeHHbiM'H V1 4 n1 np:;H'MeT BH,: AG = O0,008/17v'2; 3AeCb H3HOC OIeHHBaeTCH B Ate, CKOpOCTb - B t/cet. TaKoe >Ke IHoccnejO'BaHnie 6bIJno npoaeJIanio xJCI CTajin CT. 3, CTaa.H I1X18H9T,H JiaTymH JI80. 06pa6oTKa pe3yaJbTaTOB OIbITOB noKa3aJia, qTO nIOKa3aTeJIb CTerieHHi n rlpH CKOpOCTHI coyaapeHHI V1 TaiKHKe B cpeAHeM aJIJ Bcex MaTepHajOB paBei 2,2 (Ta6JI. 8). Ta6Au{a 8 Co;epwaiine a6pa3HBa B % MaTepHaJi 2 j 4 6 | 10 rloKa3aTeJIb cTenelti f JaTyHb JI80........... 2,30 2,2 2,12 2,1 CTanb CT. 3............ 2,28 2,2 2,22 2,2 CTaJnb 1X18H9T.......... 2,28 2,2 2,80 2,23 104 Figure 102. The Dependence of Wear on the Quality of the Abrasive Particles; 1) brass, 2) cast iron, 3) steel Ct -3, 4) steel, 1 X 18 H 9 T. -72 -

BeJiHq.HHa H3HOCa 3,aecb TaK)e Bblpa>KaerTC1 MnHpHqeCKofl 3aBHCHMOCTbIO THna (nl). 3HameHH5I K09()O)HUHeHTa C A.T5i 3THX Ma'TepHajOB npH pa3HOM coAep)aH'HH a,6paaHBa B BOAe np'HBeAeHbI B Ta6JI. 9. Ta6nuqa 9 CoAepKaHine a6pa3HBa B % MaTepHa.n 2 | 4 | 6 | 10 Ko3}ltUxlHeHT C JlaTyHb J180......... 0,022 0,055 0,077 0,10 CTa.nb CT. 3............ 0,0091 0,0180 0,0362 0,047 CTamb 1X18H9T.......... 0,0066 0,0134 0,023 0,031 H3 Ta6A. 9 BHlHO, qTO 3aeCb, KaK H AaIL apMKO->Kejie3a, 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>Kay Ko03(HUHeHTOM C IH cojep<aHHeM a6pa3HBa 17 1Btgac 3,0 /0 2 / F 2,0.... 0,015, f I / 5 2,0 1 V 2 4 6 8 n% Our. 103. 3aBHChINMOCTb I3IHO- diOr. 104. 3aBmcCMocTb KO3()()1Ica OT CKOpOCTPI yaapa (B JO0- u.eHTa c OT cojep(aHAiia a6parapHMihqecmix KoopnIHiTa- 3HBHblX iacTHU3 B Boe. Tax) npH pa3JINiHOM co;epKaaHlfH a6pa3-Ba: 1-2% a6pa3HBa; 2 - 4%; 3 - /o%; 4-10%.O. JigeTC ji HHeeiHofi n BbinpaKaeTcH 4 )opMyaoni TIna (K), lHO,tI Ka>KAoro -MaTepan4 a - co CBOIIM 3HaIeH'cie.M ilicioBoro Ko3n)t)heIuIeHTa. TaKHM o6pa3oM,:K3HOC JiCCjieCjOBaHHbIX MaTCpIaq3OB B (1)yIHKmHII OT CKOpOCrIi coyjapeimrq a coepaaHHi a6pa3Ha B Bo.e BblpamKaerci cjieAyiomefi nplOtJiItIeu]Ioii 3aBHCIIMoCTbIO: AG =cHv'72, rAe c -jim apMKO->iKejie3a 0,008; Tjis CTaui Cr. 3 0,0050; a.Iq CTrai 1X18H9T 0,0035; an aiaTyir-l J180 0,011. 105 Figure 103. The Dependence of Wear on Jet Velocity (on a log scale) with Various Quality of Abrasive; 1) 2% abrasive, 2) 4%, 3) 6%, 4) 10%. Figure 104. The Dependence of the Coefficient C on the Quantity of Abrasive Particles in Water. -73 -

ripH Bcex yKa3a'I,HbIX CKOpOCTRX.KapTH ia:H3HOmeHHOfi,no,Bepx. ~HOCTH 'He H3mMeHYeTCYI, 3a,HCKJIOteIrHeM pa3MepOB JIyHoK-OTfnetiaTr KOB, KOTOpbie C yBeJl'HHeiHeM CKOpOCT1t TaKiKe yBeJ'HlllBaJOTCH (4nHr. 105). Ha (!ur. 106 noKa3aHa 3aBHUCHMOCTb )H3HOCa o6pa3ua OT rniy6iHbI S OTHeqaTKOB 'H OT o6'beMa JIyHOK AB2. YcJIosBH OnbITa Te )Ke, tITO n1 Ha CTp. 103 (vl = 18-~-80 At/cerc), npHI coAepKaiiHIi a6pa3liBa B Bsoe 10%/. 3Aecb BHIt.O, tITO KpHBaS I 3aBIBCHMOCTH H3HOCa OT rjy61lHbI OTnIeaTKOB lMieeT BHA napa6ojibi.:r:. 105. B. HO.eHHO.O.BepXHOCT o6pa3oB 3 ap.Ko-e....e3a np pa3..................X a-npt H v1 18 A/cex; 6-np v1 =80./ceK. TaKHM o6pa3oM, HAMH ycTaHOBIeHO, UTO rHI1pOa6pa3HBHbIH H3HOC npO-HCXOAHT riiaBHbIM O6pa3OM 3a C'eT yaajieHH1i nJiaCTHIeCKH BbIaaBJieHHoro MeTaxia aH3 JiyHOK, o6pa30BaHHbIx yAapaMiH 'aCTcI1. TaKKe yCTaHOBjieHO, ITO rjiy611Ha H O6-beMN OTneqaTKOB-JIyHoK BO BpeMeH'H He MeHHeTC51, a.H3HOC,BO,BpeMieH1H paCTeT JIHHeHIHO. 3TO FOBOpHT 3a TO, 'ITO npH yCTaHOBHBmeMmC5;H3HOCe B CpeAHeM yCJiOBiiO Ha *KaiAbIHl HOBbIli o6ebeM OTneaBTKa (,Ha KaKAbIH of6eM njiacTuqiecKim -BbiAaBjieHHoro MeTaJia) lnpiHXoAHTCI KaKa-To oripeaeJieiiiniai maCTb yAajieHIoro MeTraJxIa, anp-H 3TOM COOTHOweHLIe THX o6'beMOI3 AJI^ AaHHbIX V1i H I17 5BJIHCTCH nOCTO5IHHbIM. IIy:cTb B 9TOM cjiyiae AB1 H AG1 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO CpeaHHe O6-beNM ii Macca yaJIeHHioro Meaui jia; AB2 H AG2- o6'beM H AMacca nJIacTTHIcKH BbIAaBJIeiIHoro NMeTaJiia npii OJHOM yaape 'acTiabI; TorAa AB - AG, k. (Ji) AB> AG2 106 Figure 105. The Shape of the Surface of 2 Specimens of Cast Iron Tested Under Velocity v 1 of a Jet with Abrasive Particles (mag. x 30); a) v1 = 18m/sec., b) v 1 = 80 m/sec. -74 -

3TO COOTiomeHHie cnpaBexilaaBo RJIn onpeaeneHHoro coaep>KatH a6pa311Ba B BOe.Hi onpeaueJIeHHOHi CKOpOCTiH yaapa. PaCCMOTplHM, KaK BJIH5JIOT 3TH 4)aKTOpbI Ha yKa3aHHoe cooriomUeHHe. llpe~xe Bcero:aM.H 6bino yCTaiHOBjeHO, qTO riy6H,Ha,H o6beM OTrieaTKO.B-jiyHOK OCrTaIOTCH 1 OCTOStHHbIMIIH IH 'P, yBeJrHie'HHH co-.aepKaHHa a6pa3HBa B BOAe (7), a U3HOC B 3TO BpeMq pacTeT JH-,HeHiHO (4(~Hr. 102). 3TO aOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO COOTHOmeHHe (A) ocTaeTcA B 9TO'M,cayqae nROCTOR5HI.bIM 'H paBHbIM k. EcAIH 6bI 3TO 6bIO 6 He TaK, TO Mbl He 'HMeji '6b1 JI:HHeH1HOHI 3a.B'iCHMOCTH H3HOCa OT 7. HanpHMep, npH yBe.ntlieHHHH ljiH. yMeHbumenHH k Mbi nojiynjiHn 6bi OAIHy H3 napa6OJzH1C}cKHX 3aBHCHMOCTefi H3HOCa B dYHKUHH OT 11. lOgo -- -.. 200 -/ --- —--- 25 50 75 B2 J aNw. 106. 3aBnCIiMOCTb H3Hoca OT riy6IiHbI s oTneleaTKOB a6pa31BHbix qacTHUl (1) H OT o6ebeMa A B2 AyHOK (2). 11PH oueHKe B.5I1HH5I CKOPOCTi1 coyapeHHi VI Ha k, HaanIOMHHM, ITO C yBejIHqTeHHieM Vl yBeJI}-HIBaeTcI rJay,6HHa JIYHOK-oTneqaTKOB. 3'aBHCHMOCTb H3HOCa OT ruJy6HHbI JIYHOK BbIpaKTaeTCa Kp'HBOJ!HHefIHO (4)Hr. 106, KpHIBaa 1), HO 3aBHCHiMOCTb H3HOCa OT o6ebeMa naiaTH4eCK1H BbiUaBJIeHHoFo MieraTaia AB2 Bbipax{aeTCi npaMOJIH.HefiHO (4)Hr. 106, npRMas 2). HFocJeAhHee AOKa3bIBaeT, ITO 11 B 9TOM cJiyqae coOTHomeHHe (a) cnpaBeaIHBO. KaK BHnHO 113.mHr. 101, 102 IH 103 yKa3aHHbIe 3aKOHOMep'HOCTii rIFApoa6pa3nBHoro H3Hoca BepHbI He TOJlbKO aua apM.KO-Ke.ae3a, HO H Jls ajaTyHH, CTaJit CT. 3 H cTaain Hep2<aBeiomefi, nO3TOMy MOKHO yTBep)KcaTb, qTO COOTHomeHHe (A) B npeaejiax xKamoro MaTeplaji a OCTaeTCSl nOCTOHHHlbIM H He 3aBHCHT OT VI, H }1 UpOAO.1>KHTejbHOCTH H3HOCa. TaKHM o6pa3OM, K03()C4)HIHe'HT k ~rTsI JalHHbIX yCJIOBHHI OIIbITOB 3aBHCHT TO.TIbKO OT MaTepHaJIa. TorUa Ha OCIIOBaII iI COOTHOLeiHHm (J) cpejHHfi o6'beM yAaweiiH-oro MNeTa1Aia npni yaape OAHoii tlacTiHbI paBOeH AB1 = kAB,, (M) rAe k - KO3(Pj4)xpIeIIT, ROCTOthIIibIH I A15 Bcex ycaoBHiii; 107,Figure 106. The Dependence of Wear on the Depth S of the Impressions of Abrasive Particles (1) and on the Volume A B2 of the hole (2). -75 -

AB2-o6tbeM,nlacTHecKH BbIaBJaeH,HorO MeTaAjna npin ylape OAJHOH qaCTHUbI. 06'beM nIaCTHqeCKH BblIaBjieHHOrO MeTaoJIa MO>KHO onpeaenlt-ri, TeopeTHMecKH. PaCCMOTpHM CxeMy CHJI, npHJIOQKeH'HbIX K acrnUlLe 1 MOMeHT yapa (4Hr. 107).,JIn yao6CTBa o6pa3eu I npHMeM HfenoLBH)KHbM; o6-beM BORbI 2, coqep>Kalef a6pa3HBHbIe qaCTHUbI 3, ya-. paeT o noBepxHOCTbo6pa3ua co CKOpOCTbIO V1. Pa6oTa qaCT1HUbl B MN)MeHT yAapa CKJIaAbIBaeTCH 'H3 HOTepH KHHIeTiHqeCKOiH 3'HeprIw', a Tai}Ke 'H3 pa6oTbr Np41JIOKeHHb1X;K qaCTrmle CHlI: T.Hmapo2AHHaMHqecKoro 'conporTH-.BIelni,i, lnoajep>KITBaioIueH IctjbI,H cHJIbI TH>KeCTH. 2 5 ---: B!cjeAcrBHe aJI'OCTH a6pa'3H.BHbIx,ia^^^ —|& / CTIIU, 3HaIieHlmi 'noafep>K',lBaiomeHi (Apxi- t Me'AO1BOLI) OHJIbI TH ICHJIbI T5I<KeCTH He3 Haaqi* --- —- Pf.zz \ Teitmibli (no cpaBHeHHIo, HaIapHiMep, 'c oiuOii,.......1[_ ---_.i_ __ BO3HHKamioiei npH yaape qacTLHUlb 3a cE'er. ee ABH2KeHHl5). YqHTbIBaa TaKKe, qTO yKl(i3a'HHbIe,CHJIbI Ha'paBJle'HbI B ir1pOTHBOrIO)Hr. 107. CxeMa cin JIO>KHbIe 'CTOpOHbl, MO)xe.M (HMH rnlpeHe6pelib. AefiCTBsyIOmx ia a6pa- PaccMOTpHM CHjy r 1p O H H a M lI3HBHyo qtaCTHuy npi e c Koro (io6 o B oro) c o n p o THByAape: JI e H }I H P2. B aaHHOM cjiyqae 9Ta CHimJ I —o6paa3e; 2-o6beM -BO HaH6ojiee nOJInO npoBJI5ieTC5 npH TOpMOAM; 3-a6pa3HBHaa qaCTHqa. >KeHHH 'tIaCTHUIbI B MOMeHT ee yaapa o npcrpa2ay. B 3TO BpeMq o6-beM BOWIbI bAecqopMHpyeTCl; B npouecce jLAeq)opMauLIl BOAa, OKpy)Kaioua5Ia 3aTOpMO>KeHHYIO qaCTHaly, o6TeKaeT IOCJIe2AHIOKO CO CKOpOCTblO, paBHOH V1, H, BcjiealCTBie 3)4(elITa.no6oBOro COnpOTHBJIeHH tIaCTHLbI, HpOH3BOjHT Ha nocjieainoiO AaBJIeHHe. B nOHHTHe CHJIbI JIO6oBOrO CorlpoTH.BJIeHiHI P2:BXO2aHT TaK Ha3blBaeMas civia c o n p o T H BJI e HH H 51 a B JI e H 111A mHi a c o n p oT, H B J e H:3 1 Tp eiH Hi 1. rIepBas o6'%beaHHeT, B CBOK) oqepejb, 2BZa KOMnOHeHTa: BHXpeBOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe P2, H CHJIy P2q, KOTOpasl onpe2AeJieTCH, KaK pe3yJIbTaT B0321eHCTB'H1 Ha qacTHIUy UIIpKysH-!UHOHHoro nOTOKa. r1o.Hat cHJIa aJofoBoro conpOTHBJieHHI1 nojiyqaeT B KOHe'iHOM ItTOre Bbipa>KeHle P = cxPFv 19 (1i) rAe Cx - KO9(oqnIIIieHT Jio6oBoro conpOTHBjieHIIu, KOTOpbIii BKJIIOqaeT B ce6f Ko34IULtHueHTbI conpOTHBuJeHnHI nepetilCJeiiHbIX Bbilme KOMInOHeHTOB CHJI rIHapoaIHaMHqeCKoro COnpOTIIBJIeHH5a; p- IJIOTHOCTb >K1I1KOCTH; F- njoulaab nonepeqHoro.ceqeHi~I a6pa3IHBo10ii IlaCTI[ftbI VI -CKOpOCTb nOTOKa OTHOCHTeCJIbHO 3aTOpMO>KeHHOll IIaCCTIlIl. Ko34q411IiUeHT Cx 3aBIHCIIT OT liIcjia PefiHiojibNca MoKCeT ()irl, > HaHeiine no rpa(j)HKaNi, IaHHbIM B. C. 51O6IOIICKIIM [20]. Li5I i1.:111lIIO cjiytas, np.ilHHMai liacmiuy 3a map, aJun MicCia PeCiio:b.'c: Re = 104 sHaqeiine cx = 0,4. 108 Figure 107. Schematic of the Force Exerted on the Abrasive Particle by the Jet; 1) specimen, 2) water slug, 3) abrasive particle. -76 -

Ta6jzuqa 10 H3HoC B mZ npH coAep)KaHHH a6pa3HBa B BOAe CKOpOCTb 2% 10% yAapa B.M/cec _______________-. 143 OnbTa no )opMyJne 143 OnbTa j o 4)opMyyje 18 7 10,6 21 49 36 33 42 168 212 46 80 70 375 347 66 170 143 825 715 80 225 210 OopMyjia H3Hoca (m) noJiyileHa aLn pa3HbiX CKOpOCTeif yAapa npH nOCTOSiHHOM iHcnie yaapOB. ORHaKO oueLHKy I3Hoca MOK11IO TaK(gC.t/ _ Ta6Auiua 11 J Miv CKo- CoAepwaitle a6pa3HsBa B BOAJe n % 7DQY____~a___ i/\ ___POCTb, 6 | 10 y~yAapa /1 B,M/CeK H3IIoc B MOe 3a 20 MutH ~~2,5 ---- ~ --— 36 46 76 46 122 220 ~/~ ~ 66 388 648 2e L- 80 678 1100 't,K.e fnpOoH3BeCTlI II 3a HOCTO5HIHbfi OIT-.5; —. -- -- pe3oK BpeMeH11. JaI 3TOPro Heo6xol[j/ /,,MO IrHCJI'o yAapoIB N It Bpa3}ITb liepe3 Ij___/ ___ CKOpOCTb yTapa. 41bm iiaLmero cjiyqaS - - _ 's z,0 tv 3TBa,CB5i3b iiMeeT IBHJ: Pnir. 108. 3aBIICIiM1OCTb 113- N = -- A, Hoca o6pa3UOB 113 apMNKO->Ke- D 3 Je3a OT CKOpOCTH yaapa uac- re A t - BpeMR; TH1U npH OAHHaKOBOM BpeMe- D3 —,J}iaMeTp OKpy>KHOCTI, rio HI MnulbTaHaIf (B zorapuq(- KOTOpOI Bpa'Ralo(cI o6-,MHtqeCKIIX KOOp/IAHaTax): I -p H coAepxKaHHl a6pa3Hna pa3Lubl. aB 3oAe 6%; 2-npti conepwamall1 JIJIH CJIytiayi KaBlHTaUIIH B nOTOKC a6pa3Baa B BOAe 10 %. 3Ta CB5I3b Iiaa. nOaCTaBIIB 9TO 3sianiieie N B 4popMyJy (L), ROT1ytI.1IM AG -k, YaT2 (B41-) Atv3 (1 -k) () 2g:'tD3Ht1.a Oun KaK BIIt1IO, B 3TO Bbhlpa>CIIIIC II3IIOCa, KaKI CJICj1OBaJ1OO>KII,/n1TI, CKOI)OCTb ylapa v\ BXO111T y)Ke i) Tp)CTbei cTencI1i. 3KcnepI)MI'aJ1b1llalI nlpoie3l)1Ka 3TOro (I)aITa I1n1 obiT1BaoT, l'ro nOK1a3;iTeJib CTO11-1 Figure 108. The Dependence of the Wear of Specimen of Cast Iron on the Velocity of a Jet Slug individually (on log scale) 1) under abrasive quantity 6% in water, 2) under abrasive quantity 10% in water. -77 -

nei-I n npi CiKOpOCTTH V paBei 3,1 (4iir. 108). 3aecb npiMan I noKa3blBaeT 3aB1ICHMOCTb H31IOCa o6pa3ua H3 apMKO-meJie3a inpi coiaep>Kamimi a6pa3HBa B BOue 6%; a rnp:imai 2-npi CoaepaKaHHlI 10%. YCJIOBHS OflbITOB COOTBeTCTBy1OT AalJlHbIM fa CTp. 103 (B1III3y). Pe3yjnbTaTbl OnbITOB npHBeJLti~bl B Ta6Jl. 11. R ~A Cx, KaK yxKe ynoMimanoJoC, 6 IKOI)43I.l'eIbT k,:1BXO 5IlmLRH 13 [8:4 cj)opMyJib1 (ni) i (io), iiaii,1eue, 3KonepiHMeHTajibH'o nprii jtuYyL.eHHH, 'TO Ka>K L~a a6pa3H>BHan i4aCTHULa yLaCTByeT B H3HOCe H flpto1i'i3B011HT *oTt~aejieHHe 'KaKo- JII rO-TO o6beMa MeTaJima. OjIaKoS TaKoe RonymellHiie MOWKHO caej1ATb TOJiUIKO B iguei.x ynpomeHH5I KapTHHbi, TeM 6ojiee, 'TO 3TO tie OTpaxKaecTc Ha no11cLeTeC. ^ 143H-OCa. inn oca. ifr. 109. Biua SI3OwUeiHOl nOBCepXiOB 3aKJIIOneHIie 1eo6xoA1HIIo CTII jioioa Tpy6onpoBoaa 3eMjiecoca OTMeTHTb, 'TO MHo0ie je1aJiII (yNIeHbIiemo B 5 pa3). pa3JiH4HbIX rHApoMamti npiil riiapoa6pa3HlBHlOM 1431IOCe TaKHI(e nOABePxKeHbI YAaPIbLIM BO3A1CiICTBII5IM a6pa31HBIIblIX laCTIMiu no yrjiaMii 60-90~. Via (l)1r. 109 Up111BCACII 1311 nO1BePX10CTIi JiioKa Tpy6onpoBoaa 3CMjiecoca, Ha KOTOP01 BII1AHbI BM51TIIbI -cjieabi y1apoB TBepAblJX MCTIIII. Figure 109. The Shape of the Surface of the Hatch on a Suction Dredge Pipe. 78

rVIABA VIII COBMECTHblIH KABHTAIHOHHO-ABPA3HBHbIH H3HOC B npouecce COBMecTIoro KaBHTaUHoHlio-a6pa3HiBHoro H31oca Ha H3IalUHBaeMylo noBepxH0CCTb COBMeCTIIO B03AeHCTBYIOT yaapIbi BO51IibIX CTpyfI ii a6pa3IBHbIbx iacTwU, coaep>KamIUxcH B IH-X. B pe3yJIbTaTe HpOIICXOrIJT iKai 6bi HlaJiOKeilte OJRHOrO BHla H3IOCa ila tRpyrOH. inpH 3TOM, 'BeCJeICCrc 4i [_' BlHe pa53JHqH4 MexaHII3Ma ^ ----_ --- —^./o~-_ 3THX,ByX Bo3AeiHCTBIHH, C!OB10O, oS. Q^.>^-^ ^__ MeCTHbIH H3HOC MONKeT npOTe2 ^^ ^^ KaTb no HHbliM 3aKOHaM, 'leM 1200 - pa'306paHHbIe 'HaMH BbIle. Q0 -' /___ ^___ _ HHanOMHUIM oco6eI-HOClt ia-!.0 7l,f3 BDHTauHOH'Horlo,I a6pa3iBlloro oo00 - iBHAOB Ht3HOCa, np oTeiKaouHtIx,. 3\0 _ ^, ___/7 nH OTAJeJIbHOCTH: 300 a. 3aiBH.CHMOCTb KaBHTa1_ 0 I z — --- --- --- --- -z!IJHOIH'ImIIrO H3HOCa OT CiKOpOCTI.,0 2p0 30 4,0 3 5.0 40 n% y-japa o6-beMa BO;/bI BblpaDffr. 110. H3MCHeleIIe KaBITaluIoIIHo-a6pa- >KaerTC51 11OKa3aTe.rieM CrTerincii 31IBlioro S13HOCa B 3aBiIClHMICTJI OT co- BR npeaeja-x 6-14, a 3aBHo1laepKaaHfl a6pa3IBHibx tlaCTIIL B BOAe: MOCTb a,6pa3HnB'HOO H131OCa OT — _ aPMKO-)Keje30; 2- CTa.ib CT. 3; 3- CTajib OOpOCT, - TOJIbKO BO 2-i IX18H9T. OKOpOCTH-TOJIbKO 'BO -\\ 'CTenieHH. 6. Pa3BI1T}ie KaBHTaUIIOIIHOro H3HOCa BO BpeMeHIH 5IBJI5IeTC51 CJIOKHIbIM (4tmr. 93), B TO BpeM5I aK a6pa3HBHb IH H3IIOC BO BpeMeilil npoTeKaeT JiHHeHlo ((i)Hr. 101). B. B npouecce KaBHTauIoIIHHro I3Hoca o6Hapy>KHBaeTcl <'<r1I!Ky6auIOI-IHbibii>> nepIoI,, B TeqeiHe KOTOporo BHiAINHMorO H3HOCa iie npoiICXO~jIT; npi a6pa3HBHOM H3HOCe TaKoro nepiioila npaKTHIecKHI lie oo6HapyUHIBaeTcs1. r. Pa3pymeHtIe MeTaiJoB npHl KaBHTalioOHHOM BO3wLeiHCTBttII npoHICXOIHIT rIa2BIIbIM o6pa3OM BCJIejlCTBIie YCTaJIOCTIIbIX fiBJieIIlHf, np)(TeKaOIntIX c 6OJibmIII 1ICJ1OM UIIKOJIOB iarpymI<emdiH. A6paa313 bI~l'i H3IIOC npo0TeiaeT lHOTH npii ojlioaiKTiibix Iar)py>KeiiiHix-y]Iapax. PaCCMOTpHIM OClIOBIIbIe B,-apIiallTbI COBMeCTIIOI'O H13i0Ca. 1. BpeMq CoBMeCTIiOrO 13I1oca, 1JI tllcCJlO coyapeimfi CTpY!nV BOAJl, coAe)>pKalmleii a6pa3IiiIBIe LIaCTlllbl, IH o6p1a3la, MeNi11bie <{i116 Figure 110. The Dependence of the Cavitation Abrasive Wear on the Quantity of the Abrasive Particles in Water; 1) cast iron, 2) steel Ct -3, 3) steel, 1 X18 H 9 T. -79 -

Ky6auIIOIInIOrO~ nepnoAa jI5H KaBIITauIOIInoro 1H31ioca. B 3TOM cAiyqae KaBHITTalIOIIbiH 11311iOC ew ne e ycneBae' nfpO5IBHTbC51 }I MbI TIMIeM TOJIb;KO a6pa3tlBlibli I11311OC. H311OC B 3aBIICIMOCTII OT COMtejl:ailm a6pa3HBIbix iacTTHU B CTp)ye npoTeiaeT JIHeiieo ((lmr. 102). ioBepxIOCTH Hf31IOL1elnbix o6pa3IOB HMelOT CJiebl TOJibKO a6pa3uB11orO BO31Ie'CTBH5I. '.:.. —rV.F..-~..... L..................:................................ ~.:. 'Z:^ ^; ' * '.-:: '*'**'':': ''*-."^ I^ ';.....-1":^ '*':Y:: ^ *'< * ' a a 2:::::~~~~~~~~~~~~~........... ~!.:i~l5;": '.Ii::: A '.: ~::i;. 5.':!;:::/~:i;!;i!.'~!i!:!:::!:::::~:?*::.:"::!: ': t:':':::-:. lIi: ''-: ':::.:~''.1 ' s:-:::'::.':...:'*i:.^4'.;::. i..:...: i',s'i.'.5:r!;?.~ g f:?:.'.:1;,: i;::.:: 7.;':: i!:-? s^::::::~*~::i!:'.:....... i:: ' ~:::-. i.;':' ' '"? I?::::::::: *::..::; ii -%::-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.::..::.:-:.':.:..'. i ~.''}''..: f....... '.. t::i:;';2. ' i~.....: '..-...:.:..:..'........:.. -..:..'..':* '.. ': *^::^:::::::::^::::^::::~ ';:.....*:*;:: ^i.........::.:...::...............:...:::::::~: ~:. I. BpCM~i co~coouioa3^ll~JbI p~iaT~ny K. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4 1~~~~~~..... 111111 111aae HOB~piocnT1Inbio~p npiioo KaBiTdLIOH ~amionhloM' 113110CCbo^ B 3TOM cJiy'IaC Ka lilTaUi1OHbinib 113110C p11 IIcnojib3OB8iiinii '1 HCTOII EO~bl,U0CTI1FaeCI y>Ke 3118'iiTCjibliblN 13e11'flf11 (fJir. 11(J), M..~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~1 Figure 111. The Surfaces of Specimens Damaged by Cavitation;.'.::"%.'"::..:.:'.st~;~, ~: ".i:...::..:.:'".:.:~ ':":::.:":'"..:: ~".:':. '::. 'i:.::.: ' ':::'..i": 1,2,3,4) specimens of steel, 1 X 18 H 9 Ta 5,6,7,8) specimens of steel, Ct -3, 11, 12) specimens of steel, cast iron. -80-!!i:?:,:::: / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~.......:t:::.....:?::C!.....:;i::Y:?::.............=================================i:~:~ ~i::~~~~~~~~~~~~.:..:::v........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......:......................::::::i:Y:;-::. 1:::;:.:.:!i:.::.:...........:::.!........... ' '::4 '::~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:<. -.:''~~~~~~.'!:;..-:....'.......:'.............~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:..:........::..,:.:. ~:;..:..::::: i::.!:::/;!f. i! 11ii:::: i::::!!ii~ili?1iiii~iii:: i:~ i!! 5;:i: i~~i~:!1:iiii~ii~i::i?!i~;i:.... iii~ii:...:':........;i...:::: ~:;:;:::)::~/:;:::~/~!!!?: ~?::~~::~;: 1;i.:~ i:::i!~u?;::? ~,r~~~~~~~~~~~...1...~pxoT...... p~Kn~~tiotH-dp~~o~ 3oe B aTOM c~y~lae Ka~t~TattIIO~I~b~i.......O..... id nicno;.,.~ llI!,tcr/ FNigre I111. r-Th e Surfaces ofp3O Specimn DamlIa g e y aition;oap13IfOI 11o 1,2, 3, 4) spcimens11 Ca11M M,67 8ofsteel, 1X13 H~.j CT. 3 5 9 6 7 8 spcien o see, t-,11, 12) specimen of stM-eael, 2.B~~f o-\eiioo13icas 31't1Tjbiro n.eb~aT<JH 6au011111'h 11-8)10-113alflaio-o\w'w.a Kwe roncea

TalliHOillyi CTOfiIKOCTb Meiiblle, CeM apMKO-)IKejie30, TO Ilaaletiie H3 -noca no Mepe nplJcaaLK a6pa3Hna Boof6e le iia6nozaeTcTC. BMecTe C TeM 3ACCb B KaiKOi-TO nleploia lle flpOiiCXOJ1HIT UI yBejllleI111I:113i1oca; nocuieaiHi HMeeT noqTti nOcTOH11oe atiaelne. KIl)BOJinnefiiHbil y4acTOK COBMeCCTHorO Hs3oca 3JaeCb BbIrJiLAHT, npiHMepiiO, npsMoM i JIHHCHeA, napaJijejbi1ofI OCHl OpAHHaT. JlnHb npH AanbHeehtmeM yBeAIHqeHHH coaep)Kaniini a6pa3HBa n (6onee 3%) lla6jioAaeTcH aiHieft- dC ---.. Hoe B03pacTaHiie 113HOCa. M 3. TpeTbH!M BapHaHTOM, KOTOpblH MOKeT npeACTaBJ1fITb 11HHTepec, 6 -_51BJIIeTC1 CJiyq4ai, KiOra HHTeHOCIHBHOCTb.KaB'HTaUITOIlHOrO IH3HOCa 3HaIHTeJIbHO npeBOCXOUIT.HHTeHCHIB- 04O _ HOCTb a'6pa'3aBHoro 1 3Hoca. lnpH 3TOGM <<HHKy6alauliOHblii>> nepHo 3 A.5l KaBIHTauHOiHHOTO 1H3HOCa 1.B- 220z f -_ JaeTCH;He3iaq4HTejibHbiM, T. e. ciHjia 4 y~apoB CTp'yfi MHCTOH BO0AbI TaKOBa, WTO npHBO2,T1IT K pa3pyumeriiio Me-. "___ __. Ta.nJa 3a.ieCKOJibKO y,3apO-.- 2,S 5,0 I5 /11 3TO M o>K(eT n pOIPi30i5TH JI,1.1 CJle.a:CTBtIe:,a.bHefimero yBeo1IHe- (Pr. I 12. 3aBtc.MocTb KaBiiTaBcJ r-KenLc rB iie 'v-ran uIlonio-a6pa3iinFioro 1l3-oca OT H1H51 C;KOp-OCT1 yiapa, \I.lI npIf co^epx>amti a6pa3iB1i]x JacTpu H1CITnOJIb3COBaHIIII.MeTaJiJOB HH3- 3 BOZie np1l pa3IIbIX CKOpOCTMX. KOH KaBH'TaLuIOHHOH CTOiHKOCTII. Ha 4HTr. 112 noKa3aFia cooT'BeTCTByIOJma5 TpeTbe.My BaptlaIiTy 3aBHCHMiOCTb H3HOCa o,6pa,3oB 113 aJ1OM1IHH1Ii;: OT co2ep>iKaHHlI a6pa3.HIBa B,BOae. YCJIOBif1 OHnbTOB COOTBeTCTBy1OT aJaaHIIb1M nHa CTp. 118, 3a ItCKiJIOleniieM iHicnia yaapon N, KOTOpoe paIBir3,noCb 19. 103. Pe3yJnbTaTbl OnbITOB c3neaellib B Ta6.i. 13. Ta6.4utfa 13 CoAepwaHnie a6pa3ifna n iwno,c Bi % CKOpOCTb ylapa tacTi. 0 0,5 1,5 11,5 8 10 B M/CeK 13110C ofpa3loJ3 n Me 51 12 - 44 92 128 152 62 120 180 260 340 4140 492 66 200 272 320 4-1 524 600 76 520 568 600 708 800 860 I43 Ta(o). 13 i (j)11i. 112 BiI;tU O, 'ITO 1i1I CKOp)OCTI1 ";iapa P lCTiii VI = 51 x~/ceK 11 Lo6BaBJc1I1iii aGop311a B 13 uo;y JO 1,5% iioc 110 cpaBIICjiiO C )yiapaMii '11ICTOii o130oii ylC2Jll!iJHjIC5l H'OITlI 1B 4 1pa3a. 119 Figure 112. The Dependence of Cavitation Abrasive Damage on the Quantity of Abrasive Particles in Water at Different Velocities. -81 -

,a.l[n C'KOpocTH 62 t/,ceK yBentiiieiine 13~noca npolI3omj.o 6oaice 'eCM B 2 pa3a, a AJ5i CKOpOCTi 66 M/cetc - u 1,5 pa3a. HpH eme 6oJAbImIX CKOpOCT5X yiapa yBeCiHItleii.e a31ioca npoIICXOaJT B MeiibieHi cTeneIH;. KI)HBbie 13NMe1ieHlHH I31loca HMCIOT 110 ABa xapaKTepiibix ylacTKa. FlepBbie ytaCTKH Kp'HBOJlliefiiibiCe 11 coOTBeTCTB'yiOT 6blCTpOMy tiapacTaniiio 13iioca ino Mepe yBeJilHiicIII51 couepwKaiiHs a6pa3HBa B Bone; BTOpble ytiaCTKIH np5MoJilleiiwlble 11..~:..:.:. - '~... ~^ *i.......:; *.*:*:.....*.............. j:.:/? ' /:;,;: 1.:.......-:..:........ - -.....:,............................... i'iir. 1'13..oBepx'iiOCTiI a.Jioii..ebix o,'.paa.oB npH KaBHTaitOTHo-aopaai3iBOM n3Hoce. COOTBeTCTBylOT 6ojiee MeYteiinloMy iiapacTaHri,1o wioca. Kai BwII:11o, B.aHHOM cjiytae, B npOTi-BnOJ.O>KI.OCTb on:b:aM, oTpa>:Ke-.blM na cpHr. 110, npH J~odaBJ1eH'1i1 adpa31iBa Hadj11oJaeTcl lie yMei1ibeliHe H3HOCa, a, 'lao6fpOT, ero peA'oe Bo3pacTaH e. H3,Hol;el,1>c noBepxloCTH o6patuoB B 3TOM cjiyqae, npn.luo~oM co~ep>Ka;iifi a6pa3HBa B BO1e, coxpaH51eCT cJae1bi KaBHTaLIHOHIOro BO3JleiicTBn11I. ]Ha dHrn. 113, a noKaaa noBepx,,ocTb o6pa3La, papye........ y~apaM~H LH'CTOI BObI rip'it cKopocTi vi = 66.M/CK, a a n. r. 113,. noBepxHOCTb, pa3p'ymei!Ha.*np. T -ii O Ke C, o........ np...........o6 Je1HHH B Boy a6paaBa B Kojmf'ecTBe 0,5% no o6'eMy. I ^I 4CHr. 113, a noKa3ala InoBepX1lOCTb o6pa31ia, icnbiTaHiioro ~ipil CKOpOCTH Vl = 75 Mi/ce,npH coy.aapeHHtt co cTpyeH 4HCTOH BOZib, a hi ~j3Hr. 113, o noKasaa o6pa3aeu, iiCnbilTalIIBbIi nt0pi TOil 1Ke cKNOPO cI' yb;apa, Ho I1np conept)>(a1111 a6pa3HBa B none B KOJiaHiecTTe ("</:. Ida npiiBe7TeenmieaX B)HeOB noNepxiiocreia HaC ofitn 11311O oap<'ie Bi: n MOK10 O yCTalO1B0 Tb, 'ITO 1I iiTe1CIIB1311C0Tb K i I 11Ta lO IIILIX )a paB yilii;ii piiaplii iBa B Blll c)a3I1B C 1 BocIe n aIOM ciay'lI ae OCl'OaeTC I1(CT'I1l120 Figure 113. The Surface of Al uminum Specimens Damaged by C avitation Abrasive. -82 -

HOfi; a6pa3HBsube qacTHtb1 laK 6bi 3a4114aloT ICepoB1IoCT11, noriyielHHbIe OT B03AetICTBHi KaBHTaUiHH. Jji yao6cTBa Bce nojiyieulHbie Bbilue ocIIoniiie 3aBlICIiMOCTII KaB'HTaIRioiiIIo-a6pa3BtIHoro H31OCa paCCMOTpiM' COBMeCTIIO. Ha (PHr. 114 JUIHHH ala2, blb2b3, CIC2C3 OTIIOCHTCH K BapilaIlTy, I<r,.a KaBHTalIjOHIIHbIH H13HOC 'HlpoTeKaeT C 311atIHTeJibllblM (<HHIIKy6aI1IoIIHbM>> nepHOAOM. JIHIIHH aja2 xapaKTepu3yeT H30ioc B TOM cjiyiae, KorjAa rnpoAojnKH('TeJnbHOCTb ero Melbwne AJJIHTeJiblloCTH <<IIIKy6allllOHHoro>>,nepHOaa. KaBI1TaIIoHibIi H3'HO0C B 3TOM ciytiae OTCyTCTByeT H 'Ha6JlojaeT:CH O6bI'qHblfi 'rtUpoa6pa3HBHblii H3HOC. To Ke fnpolcxoaIriT it B cjiyqae, z Korlaa CKOpOCTb a6pa3HBHoro H3Hoca 311atIHTeJIbHO [npeBOCXOTHT CKOpOCTb H3HOCa OT KaBHTaUHH. Ha yI5acTKe b1b2, no Mepe yBeJlAHeHH5 coaep>KaHH1 a6pa3HBa B BORC,, IIPOHCXOAHT yMCHbnleHlHe COBMeCTHOrO 113- d ioca. HocAeAIIee npoIIcxoIHT noR Bo3Aei- / l CTBHeM a6pa3HBHorO H31HOCa, KOTOpbil iia- i KJIaASiBaeTCS Ha H3HOC OT yAapoB O6'teMOB b BO.bl. b 0 KaK OTMeqajiocb paHee, 'KaB'HTaulJHOHHbiH1 \ i3.HOC, ecCJH OH npoTe.KaeT C J1H'TeJbIbnbIMN <<HIKy6a,'uiOHHbIM~>> neipHoaoM, 'Haq'HHaeT.CH ]1 c 06pa'3sBaiaial M}IKpoTpeHmLIHH B rIOBepxHO-, CTIIO'M.cloe MeTaJJia, KOTOpbIe '3aTeM CHJIb-. — - n HO nporpecciipyloT BrJIy6inly 1 nplHBO0AT, (Nir. 114. XapaKTep 3anHTRKHM o6pa30om, K BbIKOiy OT'IHOCIITeJIbHO CHMOCTei KlanRTallmIOlIo6OjiblwluxX o,6'eMOB MeTaiJla. A,6pa3'1lBHblfi.a6pa3IBlioro lt31oca OT co!Aep>KanaH a6pa31InHhJx H.3:IOC InpOH3BO,.1iT CCOImJII'HOBbIBaliHe 'TO'H- iaacTriU B noe. Koro cJInos Me'Tauia 11 'B 9TOtM icanytae apeAOXpaHReT nOBepXHOCTb OT 3apoWKjeHH51 KaBI1TaLUIHOHHblX TpeIaCIlH H BbIKOJ a. YMeHbuleHHe KaBIITaUIHOIOHO-a6pa3HBiioro 113Hoca MO(ceT npoiCXOAJHTb J0 TeX nop, nOKa CKOpOCTb KaBlTaUHoIHOrO 143HOCa HeCKOJIbKO 6oabmLe CKOpOCT1 a6j)a3HBHOro. KalK TOAJbKO 3a CtleT yBejiHiqeHHI iKoJjiHeCTBa a6pa31lBa CKOpOCTb a6pa31lBHoro 131i0oca HailieT rIpeBblllaTb CKOpOCTb H31Ioca OT KaBHTaUIHH, TO Ha yqacTKe b2b3 npoHcxoaIHT Bo3pacTaitie H13HOCa. HIn)H 3TOM a6j)a3IBIIbHli H310HC ownepe>KaeT KaBHTaUt1IOIHbiH H11 TeCM CaMbNM Kai 6bi noOaBjiteT ero. 3TO XOpOIlmo nOaTBeJ)x(,)aeTC1 B-ILlOM H3110omeIInIHbX *noBepxIIOCTei {(l)Hr. 111). J-IHHHH CIC2 (Hnr. 114) xapaKTepn3yeT 11311oc 1 TOM cy'iyae, KOl'Aa CKOpOCTb KaBIITa_,11011110oro 1311oca 3Ia1II1T'1JIbIO onei)eleKaeT C'KOpOCTb a6pa3lBllloro. B 3TOT MOMielT 1IITCIICB11311nCTb a(6pa31iilllrO BO03,eficTIIHnI lereocTaTOtlH-a qJi5I It3MeillOelilli51 xota;n KBlIITC1IIIOIIIIOrO 113110Ca. JIlulb B raAJIbIefiifilleM, io10 Mel)e yBe111'Q11i1,o.1)J1II1IeCTB3 a6 -pa3i3Ba, a6])a3IIBllb1li 113HOC!1l 'I11aCT 11!N]Jla/lii'iBiC^1 i Ka'B lT'raU H11011111,1I I30, TIKIINI O6J1)a3o, y iw 11I a'ri1 coiMec'rCN I)1ii 1ii311()Oc (yliaCTOK C2C3). 121 Figure 114. The Dependence of Abrasive Cavitation Damage on the Quantity of Abrasive Particles in Water. -83 -

HOBJIeHo, 1ITO nepBie cjnealb H33Hoca noa noepxIocTH o6pa3Lia r'HOBH-.nHCb qepe3 40 Atut, a K KOIIUy HcnbiTaIl'ii rany6fiia nony'IeiIlofi paKOBH.Hbl aocMrnna 5,2 MlM ((p4ir. 115, 1). 3aTeM CTaBHJCH BTOpOHI OnbiT c TaKHM }Ke o6pa3uoM H.npH Tex >Ke yCJIOBHIX OnblTa. OaHaKo B aaHHOM cjiyqae ofpa3eu li3Ha1LUiBaJlC5 IienrpepbIBHO B Teeinule 40 MUH, T. e. B TeqeHHie BpeMeiiH <<MHKy6aUtHOHHOrO>> nepIoaa, a 3aTeM CIHMajIct c ycTaHoBKH, iH c ero noBepxHIOCTHi la>K,1aatHo-I 6yMaroHi comaJiHqcOBbiBajncI nOBepxHOCTHblii CAIO TOJIAIHHOH 0,05 MM. Hnocie 3TOiro o6pa3e'u c'HOBa noBeplrajivcH HICrbITaHHIO,B Te1e-.......... Hi4e 4'0 MUti IH 3aTeM n1oBepxLiocT-:..;. 'HnbH C'OH ' TOJILUI 'HOH 0,05 AIt.'...^..... y~aan5nUcfi e.e.pa3. B TOre 3a... HOCTIt o6pa3uia 3aMeTHbix cje-.......... AOB H3HOCa -He 'nuoIHJ e I _:_ IIie> (. 'r. 1 1 5, 2). O6 aa TO nmHa A coMuAIHt)O:BaHHoro CJIO. o6pa3ua:- ____ 3a A. Be onepauituH cocrTaBHjia a.:' 2:t 0,1 4MM, raJy61IHa paKOBIIHbI Ka-. f. ||.l BHTa'iHO'HHOro H3HOCa 3a 3TO xe.....Ke BpeM1 COCTaBjI5eT 5,2... Ta-....... KHM o6pa3oM,,AByMI n epH1Oi,iU- s. i qeCKIIMH COmIjnjIIOBblBaiHMII: n M;1 H3HOCOCTOHKliOCTb 06pa3a 13 - CTaJin CT. 3 B ~AaIiiOM cjiyqtae.:-;.: KaK 6bi HOBbICHJiacb B 52 pa3a.. AHaJIOD H.qHbie OnlbITbI 'J bl t I i:.:.:.::..:.i::::::: npo,eJlaHbI 'Ha o6pa3uax 113 iiep-KaBeioulefi CTaJH 1 X 1'8H9T. Ibnr. 115. HoBepx1ocT1 o6pa3oB, H3 -Frjy6IHa paKOB11IbI KaBUtTaLIII)T- HomeHHbiX npII yRapax o CTpyiO MIlCTofi Horo Hi3Hoca 3a 120 AUi - Henpe- BObl. pbIBHblX HlCnbITaHiiiH oi<a3ajiaCb paBHOIH 3,6 iMt (4mIr. 115,3). ComTIH~j)OBbIBaHne CJIOR TOJIMLIIofi 0,05 AtM iia 3TOM o6pa3Iue npoH3 -BOJaJIOCb TaK>Ke RBa>KabI iIepe3 40.itui IICnbITaHHiH. B pe3y~JbTaTe o6pa3eLu BHAHMOrO H3HIoca iie [1OJyLlyJI (cI)Hr. 115, 4). ComJI1Hl)OBbiBaHHe B AaH.OM cjIyliae nOBbICIIJO H3HOCOCTOKIIKOCTb B 36 pa3. Hpir COOTBeTCTB3yiomeLM no r6ope TOLHT1[11I yNajileMlbix cqoeB MeTaji~na ii nej)1pHo1lo MeOK/Ly 1I.J1(nI)OBaiHa11l15MII BeaJI'HlIIHbI II3IOCOCTOlIIKOCTH MOFry 61bTb yTo1'01IIelbI. H13 I1p)1BeaeiiibI,)x OllbiTOB B1U1110,,ITO yMeIIbltI1H, 3e 1ii31OCa npit BBee1iig a6pa3ilBa B CTpyIO BO30;l,b lie BbI3blBlCTC IaKHrINt11I-TO 113 -MeHeIIII5lNHMl B cTp)ye, TaK lKK CTpyR5 3iaecb OCTaBaJIacb 110113 -MeIHO/l. TaKIi1M o6pa3OM, n)Ip COIMec'rIOM KaBIiTaiiooiio-a6pl3iiBIIoM B03ec1iiCTI3iIH B303MO>KIIO MIIO),eCTIIO ual)HIIiiTO'B!rl)OTOKeil11112i COBMICeCTIIOrO Ii3lloCa, npl: 'roM iB e.Ctl1ii 17 ero no 11 cp:i))11Iio c 111110i;i'; rni123 Figure 115. The Surface of Specimens after Impact from a Jet of Pure Water Slugs. -84 -

YCaJOBHS OIbITa COOTBeTCTByIOT alfaHHblM Ha CTp. 1 18. rio AaHHbIM Ta6ji. 14 Ha (Hr. 116 B jiorapH(PjMHtIecKHx KOOpjHHaTax.nocTpoeHa 3aBHCHMOCTb COBMeCTHorO KaBHTai1HOHHo-a6pa3HBHOrO H3HOCa OT CKOpOCTH coyAapeHHn o6pa3ua H CTpyI BOAbI. 9MnpH'ptIqeCKa c)opM'ynja q, / 9TOfi 3aBH'CHMOCTH 'HMeeT B'HA: AG = Av J rae A H n- 3aBH'rT OT cojaep- —.... - Ka!HHil 17 a6pa3lHBa B,Boae. HeKOrOpbie 3HaLeHH[ A rH n LaJI 5 / aJIIOMHH1I5I AaHbI B Ta,6j. 15. 20 -4 - - - Ta6Auu4a 15 17n % A n 0 79.10-17 9,5 'f 17 1, 1ig 2,5 32-10-10 6 OHr. 116. 3aiHCHMOCrb KaBHTaUHOHHO5 28.10-8 5 a6pa3HBHoro If3Hoca OT CTH CKO-OCT 5 28-10- 5 yAapeHil (B aorapH4MqwecKKHX KOOp7,5 21.10-7 4,6 AHHaTax): ^10 30. 10-6 1 - B qICTOft Baoe; 2-55- npH co~AepCaHHH 10 30u10 4 B BOle a6pa3HBHbIX qaCTHR B % no o6beMy: 2,.5% (2), 5% (3); 7,5% (4) H 10% (5). YpaBHeHHe 3a'BIICHMOCTi n OT 17 HMeeT BHa: n =9,5 24, rue 17-coxepKaHrie a6pa3HBa B Boae B % no o6'eMy. KaK 6bIAo noKa3aHO paHee, KaB'HTauHOHHbbIH H3HOC, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTaAHH 't3;HOCa, 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH V1 coyAapeHH5I B CTeneHH n = 14-.-6, a a6pa3IrBHbiH H3HOC 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH TOJIbKO B CTeneHH n = 2. no3TOMy,npH COBMeCTHOM XaBHTaLHOHHo-a6pa3HBHOM 13HOCe no Mepe npeo6JiaJaaH1IH, a6pa3HiBHoro H3HOCa Ha6JioK)aeTC1 yMeHbuIeH'He noKa3aTeji5I CTerIeHH I. Figure 116. The Dependence of Abrasive Cavitation Wear on the Velocity of the Jet (on a log scale); 1) pure water' 2-5) water and abrasive particles at volumetric % of 2. 5%, 5%, 7. 5% and 10%, respectively. -85 -

Ta6Au1ta 17 Hannas- r H Haa- H. H HV KH Hl max Ht min HV KH max t min HV 9TH-1 830 480 300 03H- 1B 840 670 550 9TH-2 840 470 350 BCH-6 509 786 415 03H- 1 508 503 484 BX 1200 792 1016 T-620 747 685 657 KBX 763 684 720 3H-60M 726, 592 635 YC 707 480 550 Pe3yJibTaTbl HCInbITaHHHI HarnlaBOK Ha KaBHTaLIHOHHbIH H3HOC npH BbimleyKa3aHHbiX yCJIOBHI5X nbxTa npeACTaBaeHbI B Ta6JI. 18. Ta6muqa 18 Ho-Tepa Maccbl B n tZ | Ho~Tepsi macc n OTHOCHTejbHaS HanJiaBKH I H3HOCOCTORIKOCTb e1 o6pa3ua 3TaJioHa 9TH-1 145 3760 26 9TH-2 95 3810 40 03H-1 623 3740 6 T-620 77 3840 50 9H-60M 50 3600 72 03H-1-B 20 3835 200 BCH-6 106 3618 34 BX 279 3915 15 KBX 18 4170 232 YC 93 3734 40 Cpeia HanIaBOK 9TOHI rpynrlnb HaH6ojiee ycTOH4iHBOHi npOTHB KaBH'TaILHOHHoro BO3LeliCTBH1I OKa3ajiacb ianniaBKa KBX (cMecb Kap6OHOB, 6op'HAOB. xpoMa H >KeIe3Horo nopoLmKa). HopoUmoK KBX AiaeT 'HarnjiaBjieHHbIIHi Me'TaJIJI c 6 It 5 4 2 BbICOwHM coepxKaHHeM yrjie\ / \ / / p'ooaa H xpoMa c,jo6aiB'KaMI.^......I2^%^ R Si7m 6opa. CpyKrypHO 'HatniaBu ' JeI HbIH:CJIOHi C'COCTOHT H3 aBTe KTiHKH RH H36bITOYtHbIX:pH-CTaJiJIOB,6opiia H Kap6'Hiaa. HbIX 'IIeCTIHyIrojibHHKOB paBIOMepHo paicnpeaejieHbI To1 no(Hir. 117. CxeMa pa3pymeHii tranJaBOK JIJO.UJIHtCa. H,3HOC HailnaIa.KHI no rpauHmItaM 3epeH: KBX,npHl yaapax o6beMO.B BO1-4 - 3epHa MeTaJiJia; 5 - MK, poTpeULHHa; a' bI'KaK nOKa3bIBaIOT Ha6jIo6 - BbUKOJI qaCTHaLI: AO Ae'HHsI, fHpOTe.KaeT OAI-IO1,i)eR MeHHiO no rpaiiiuaM 3epeH HJIH MHKpoo6'beMOB H1 OTAeJbIIbIX CTpyKTypHbiX COCTaBJI0IIomHX B npeAejiax MHKpoo6beMOB. rFpn 3TOM 11:HOC no rpaiiIuaM npoTei~aeT 6ojie ItlITeiicilBIio. MexalIi3M H31ioca, npoTeKaioaLtii.no rpaInUaMl 3epen, fnpeAcCTa IiqiteTci cjieaoylioUlIN: 3epua iianInaBKiI lItI nX CKOnjileIeIi Il a oBepI)X128 Figure 117. Schematic of the Damage for a Seam Welding Grain Boundary; 1-4) boundary of the metal, 5) micro-crack, 6) displaced grain. -86 -

HOCTH o6pa3lUa HMeIOT pa3JIH4HyO opHeilTaUnHo H pa3ahiHoe pacnojioKeHHe OTHocHTeAjbIo noBepxHocCTH (4)Hr. 117). OHH 3epia (1, 2) pacceKaioTCH 'noBepxlocTblo, leM o6jiermaoTcI YCJIOBIHI ux Onur. 118. BWKOJibl qacTimu no rpaHE~uaM 3epeH HanJiaBKH KBX (yBeniii4eHO B 100 pa3): a -HaqajibHas cTanHH; 6 -noCjie,.yiollas CrawA. BbiKpamIHsaHHH, jipyrue (3, 4) coxpaHsiiOT 3Ha^xHTejibHoe cuenjieHze C OKpy>KaiOm'MHL 3ePHaM} HaXO n SCb KK 6bI B 3aKinIneHHOM CO-.i-' -> ' *'- '-'t.+.'W:j4!9 -f:: 9'2: i.t..:, _, _,. -4.,.,,> N^ ^ 9i 9* "^ f^ -. 4.*..^ *^ * '-.:^ 9'4 ^^.-^ &-*^ ^.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X.9'.. 4 ~~~ ~. 94 9. ~ rHr. 118. B119. Pa3B1 Te nT o rpaCa Iepeai HIaBKH KBX (yBeniHoQ B 100 p3): B 100 pa3): a-HnKOJI HR CTaAH; 6 -n.nocIeJyioiai M AHRC. BbIKpaIUHBaHH5I, atpyr~e (3, 4). coxp H51IOT 3Ha4HTeJbHQe cLueHweHvie CTO KiK1. nOaiMo 3epHaiTBeM aXneOeeliCb KcK 6bx B 3 lepe3HHOM CO-pl npON~e)(YTo'K BpeN~ennl no FIpaZImllaI 3TIix 32jepe 1, 2 noSIB;51OTc5I M}iil{1?TPelA~i-S 5, 3aTel -nocjie pacripocrpanlenunX Tpeml~lIi B3 rjiydl9 2148 129 Figure 118. Displaced Grains at the Grain Boundary for a Seam, Welding, KX (mag. x 100); a) initial stage, b) final stage. Figure 119. The Development of Damage for a Seam Welding K6 X (mag x 10); a) displaced boundary, b) complete damage. I W.- 8 7 - 9,4 A&~.~ 4*~ 9~.99 4wp O..;~~~~~ff. 9'**999...9~~~~~~~4 ~ ~ '.'...... ~ ~~~~~~ 9 ~I~;ir 19 Pa~ITHC *oa ii a*i1b (y'c '1~IOx B10 p a - BbIKOJI 3epI~~-;a 6-Cn'oIOi130. CT5IIH oi l3ticlIe ipee u cP iiree corlbi npO~~KyOK BCM~H HOrpaiiii~ 3IIX epei 1,2 H~II3151oTC Figure 119. PaBII~f The eveopmentiam of Damag inve for a Seam3elin K Figur mag 10)8a)Displaced boundarye Gai b)ndr completedamae Wedig KX(mg x10) ) nt-87tg,-)fia

Hy UipoHCXOJHT oTaenelIHle qaCTH!U MeTajJla 6 BROJIb TOHKOfi KPOMKI(I 3ep'Ha. Ha }YHr. 118 lOKa3aHbI BbIKOJlbI tacTHLU MeTaJnJa no rpaini. UaM 3epeH HainnaBKH KBX. 3aTeM, Koraa TpeWHHbl paonpocTpaln. IOTCSI BrJIy6b, C OXBaTOM 3epHa, OHO OTAeJ5leTCR nOJIHOCTbIO ()H~r. 119, a). a - T-620; 6 -- H-60M; 8 - 03I-1. OaJHOBpeMeHHo C,noBepxHocTH 3epeH npo]~cxoIHT yaaJIeHHe OT2eJlbHbIX.MH.Kpo0a'cTHuI. Ha c])Itr. 118 ~THt BbIKOJlbt BH~tIbt B Bt{~2 MejiKHX 6ejlblx.ITet, 6ecnopg~oIHo pac.noio>ieHHHblx Ila noje 3epHa. OmXaI<o oTeaeiiHe 3THX qaCTHtR HIeT,eMelee TIHTeHCHBIIO,,~e^, paspymeHHe rpanl{]U 3epua. BH, nosepxHOCTH ofpa3tla nocn]e 2,5 ', UcnbITaHHHf noKa3aH _a (Hr. 119, 6. XapaKTep pa.pymeIlHH9 an~JaBoK 3H-60M, T-620 I 03H-1 an;,or~tleH pacCMOTpeno.My, HO npo1nB 20eTCH c 6oibmeII HIiTeJCnaB' HOCTbIO. 130 Figure 120. Damaged Seam Weldings (mag. xlO0); a) T-620, b) T3H-60M, B)6 O -1. -88 -OJL~~o~pe~e~f~o C rOeX~TH~p~~hCXLTyi~en T,Z~~~~~~~eJ~~~~~~b~~~~bIX.MH.KpO'laCTHLL. Ha ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iir. 118 3TH BbIKOJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~bI BWT~~~~~~~~~~~~~tI~~~~~~bI B B~~~~~~~~~~~~~it~~~~~~ea M~1KX6e~~xFSIeH ecnp~~4H pcFIJo~HbI H roi 3p i-a jiAi~ -jeimeSH ~T1 iir~ue I~HHl e pa~~~~~~~pym~~~~len~ piit3pi.B~HB~HCl ~aIaro~e25' H~~~flbIT~~~~~~~HHI1 ~Io~~~~~~~~~~a~~~aH ua ci~~~~~~~~~~ir. 119, 6.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~,x

Ha pHir. 120, 6 noKa3aaio pa3pymeHHe HanJIaBKH 3H-60M, na 4PHr. 120, 6- Haqajio pa3pyLlIeiHH nOBepXHOCTH HaiMeHee H3HOCOyCTOiqHBOH HanjiaBKH 0314H-1. HeOKOJIblKO nO-HHOMy pa3pylalorc5 HannjiaBKH YC, 9TH- I 3TH-2. 3aecb UIpOHCXOaHT paBHOMepHOe BbIKajbIBaHHe He6ojibUHx o6'beMoB MeTanina ()Hr. 121, a), HO B ueJIOM nIOTepH MaCCbI o6pa3 -ma 6oJibuHe...4~~~~~~~ W. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ^^^^I 3^121H 31r.121. HslomeHlbenanjiaBKH.4 t (yBeJlIltelO B.,- pA3)ripeACTaBjieT HH}TepeC.xapaKiTep Ti31ocas la~njaBKHL BX. 3TA llanjIBB.a COCTOliT H.3 Kp.CTaJI^OB opHAa XpO.I 1 3BTCKTUKI. B jiaMianjibHlii MOMeIIT paspyuilelH^ npolc~xo~riiT nLil~a.nbisaiinle (')pln'1B XpOMa H Ha nosepxnlocTfii o6pa3yiO)TCsi KansasBKH cooraeTCTu)yiolluie (jTop~e *HI pa3MepaM 60pl1A0B ((t)IIr. 121, 6). 3a-reM, nIo Mepe pa3BIITI1S }1310Ca, IlpOntCXOA1T y';aezillne OCTaBlIII.xCn BICTynlOB DBTCKiTl~iiK ((})Hr. 121, 6?). 131 Figure 121. Damaged Seam Weldings (mag. xlO0); a) YC, b,B) F;X. -89 -W - 4,. 4W-$~ 4'4 v4.... 44U A..-.~~~~~~~,4#-"4. ~ ~ ~ ~ 4W 4~~~4 4. -.~~~~A -. $~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4444. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~~..4 TO -~. >.4~4 ~ 4..KW -x-Ii 2.I3oeFlbe1~lIBl (yX r.'Iro 310 a) A-Y;6,a 1X (~~~)Op~~~~e tipr.p~6o;LB 4r 11,21i. M3aTCnje~I, io e paanBa l (411r. 121, 6). ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ YC.6, BX FigurN~e 121 Da~magedamm6plB(qn.11 Weling (mag.~tn xlOO) pa)BY b, B) EX.

BHa MaKpopa3pymeHHf u AIs 60JjbiHHCTBa HanJaBOK TaKxKe neI( OAHHaKOB. Ha c)Hr. 122 npejicTaBJieH BHA;IIOBepxHoCTeHi HeKOTopbix ilanJaBoYK nocnie 100 tMUt HcnbITaHHH Ha cTpyeyAapiiofi ycTaHioBKe. 13 paCCMOTpeHHOrO Bblme MO>KHO BHAeTb, 4TO CTOHKOCTb Ha'nriaBOK JlpOTHB ytapHOrO B03,SefiCTBH51 o06eMOB BOUbI (KaBHTaHOlOIIIOrO H3HOca) onpeaejileTCH KOMnrieKCOM 4aKTOpOB, KyLa BXOAI}IT, npeiK. Ae Bcero, cnoco6HOCTb OTJeJIbHbIX CTpyKTypIlbiX COCTaBJIIIOUHUX, a....-.-.... 'aK: e -e:..:.a - r p a -,. - p-T',:...... -: T '; -K HanJIaBOK MeOKjAy H3HOCOCTOflKOCTbtO tt TBeppOCTblO He Ha6310 -AaJIOCb. HeoiSxojI~IMO OTMeTHTb, qTO HcrlbITaHHbIe HanJlaBKH HMelOT Cy1ecTBeHHOe pa3jiHqIe no XiHMimecKOMy COCTaBy, MiIKpOCTpyKTY)eC H TBepOCT H, BXTOMy anoKa He HpeC60TaM eTc0 BX 3MO eIblM o03 EHHTb BjHfltHe rer}IpyloLlgHX 5jieMeHTOB Ha '13HtOCOCTOiiiKOCTb no OT~AejIbHOCT3H. TaKHM 06pa3oM, OTRejibHO B3SlTbIe XItMilqeCKHll COCTaB iianiaBOK, Ta epOCTb H HX CTpyKTypHbIX COCTaITb BbICx MIKICTTI pyKTY)ap Hne oin.peae1noT y H3HOCOCTOIIKOCTbH OHO3Ha HO. I3IOCTO KOCTbO 31iBOK TBepCI T OT CTtKeTaHilfbX COCTHBJOeCa 3Tt X I pyrIx (M)aKTOpOB, YnOTOY KalieCTBO iianJiaBIK MoiKeT 6bITb BblIBJIlellO noia TOJIbKO JIIILub lli)1 HCcnblTaiiHiI iia H3HOC. 132 Figure 122. Damaged Seam Weldings; a) standard, b) KEX, B) T-620, 2) 9 H-60M, O) 6X, e) YC, )C) 03d1 -1, 3) 3TH-1. -90 -

B lenrOM MexaHH3M rHApoa6pa3HBHoro H3Hoca HannJaBOK COOTBeTCTByeT MeXaHH3My H3HOCa OjHOpOQHbiX MeTaJIOB (ri. VII). Ho, ecJiH HanJaBKa HMeeT yqacTKH, pe3KO HeoiHOpoAJibie no MHKpO____..... ___ 0 ____. TBepAOCTH H ApyrHM CBOHCTBaM, te 7~~T-620 YC TO H3HOC OCJia6jieHHbI.X WaCTKOB nrpoTeKaeT '6ojiee IHHT6H;CHBHO.!_3TH-2 _.n_ o. TaK, Ha.npHMep, Ha rnooBepxHOcTH z,0c-6 3 '-0M 7 C 6 ""SX HaniaBKH BX nor MH-KpOCKanoM BH.IWHbI BbICr.y.na)mHe 6opHAbI xpOMa; MeHee H3'HOCOyCTOHIMH1f 0 ---- --— _ - ---- fBa5 OCHOBa BOKpyr 6.op'HOB H3 -400 500 600 700 HV HaulmHBaeTCH 6bICTpee. EcaH r. 123,. c3aBucnM~oc~b O. O. TCpa'BHHTb xapaKTepbl H3HOCa 'npr Otir. 123. 3aBHICHMNocCTb OTHOCHTejibHOR K HT HHM H r aa H3HOCOCTOfiKOCTII ~2 HanJiaBOK OT HX KaBHTaLUHOHHOM H rH.poa6paTBepAOCTIH HV. 31HBHOM HR3HOCe, TO MOKHO yCTaHOBHTb, ITO npH rHapoa6pa3HBHOM H3HOCe npOHCXOHT yAaJieHHe Ia!CTH.I.MeTajiia 3HaL'HTeJIbIIO MeHbmuHX pa3MepoB, qeM npH KaBHTauHOHIIOM, H, TaKHM, o6pa3oM, H3'HOC HnoBepXHOCTH npOHOcXOjIHT 6ojiee paBHoMepHo.,Hr. 124. H3HOC HanaaBKH KpbimK. JiIOKa yJIHTKIH 3eMecoca (yMeHbeno B 6 pas3). nio La l..HbIM Ta6Ji. 19., TO np........ nepexo.e OT KaBHTaL O-.. Horo K rHpoa6pa3HBIOMy H3HOCy npoICxo.ihT pe3Koe TnaILeCe OTHOCHTeTIbHOH H3HIOCOCTOiIKOCTH H, BMeCTe C TeM, H3IIOCOCTOHKOCTl> KaK 6w HiIrneCpyeTc~. 134 Figure 123. The Dependence of the Relative Stable Wear W of Seam Welding on Hardness HV. Figure 124. Wear on a Seam Welding on the Corner of Hatch of a Helix of a Suction Dredge (mag. x6). -91 -nO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X,XH~l....................... ex~e OT aB1T8~f~l lloro K rMZ~~~p~a~pa3IS~~llON~yt I13HO~~y Ill)OlICXORIIT p....K............ OTHOC~~~~~~~~~i~~~~e~~~lbHOH ~ ~ ~~~......C~ i~OC l............. NI 3Io oC oiIoC........~........

npoH3BeAeH TOJIbKO 'nyTeM ero HCnbITaHHI Ha COBMeCTHbiHi KaBHTaLHOHHO-a6pa3HBHbIH H3HOC. jIaHHbIe no COBMeCT1HOMy H3HOCy HanIaBOK inpHBe1eHbI B Ta6n. 20. B o6meM cjinyae, H3 Ta6ja. 20 MO>KHO BHAeTb, MTO npH nepexoae OT KaBHTanHOHHoro H3Hoca K KaBHTaLHOHHO-a6pa3HBHOMy, npoHCxoAHT 'naAeHHe IBenqH4HbI OTHOCHTeJIbHOH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH HanHJaBOK B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 H, BMeCTe C TeM, npOHCXOAHT KaK 6bI HHBeIHpOBaH'He H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH. TaK, ecaiH, HanpHMep, npH KaBHTaiH'OHHOM 6 — -- -- -- — P ==- -BC/^21 - - - - - I o360N o03-18 1 --- == =3 1THI 0 1,0 2.0 3,0 40 5,0 k0 n7. 200 400 600 HV lHir. 125. OTHocjITeJlbHas H3HOCOCTOfi- (Dxr. 126. 3aBHCHMOCTb OT OTHOCHKOCTb ~ CTaAeefi npI KaBHTaHIIOHHO- TeIbHOIN H3HOCOCTOHiKOCTH ~ HanJIaa6pa3nIBHOM M3HOCe: BOK OT HX TBepIOCTH npH KaBHTaI-CTaJIb IX18H9T; 2- CTaJIb CT. 3. 11HOHHO-a6pa3HBHOM H3HOCe. H3HOCe OTHomieHfIe HaHI6OJibmeH H3IHOCOCTOHKOCTH HaInjiaBOK K HaHmiieHbume paBHO 38, TO 'Inp KaBiHTaUHOHIHO-a6pa3HBHOM OHO paBHO 12, a npH rnapoa6pa3HBiHOM TOJIbKO 1,5. Ta6Autqa 20 rIOTepn MaCccb B Me H oTepB MBC~bI B OTHOCHTenIbHaH H anna BKa I o c3HoccTofiKocTb o6pa3La STaioH a H 9TH-1 343 2740 8 3TH-2 119 2615 22 03H-1 453 2719 6 T-620 127 2805 22 9H-60M 153 2600 17 03H-1 B 156 2610 16 BCH-6 90 2535 28 BX 653 2610 4 KBX 57 2800 49 YC 193 3514 13 COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BHA H3HOLIIeHHbIX nOBepXHOCTefi 3TIIX HaIlJIaBOK Ta.K>Ke.MeH5eTCI. n-IptI COBMeCTHOM H3HOCe Hne pOICXOIHT BblKOJ10B 60ojbUllX o6'beMOB MeTaJiJla, KaK 3TO Ha6j.llOlaaJiocb JUlI5 3THX HaIIJlaBOK npH KaBIITaIlUHOHHOM H3Hoce. 3axKOHOMepioIi CBR3H Me>KAy TBepO1CTbI0 H HI3OCOCTOHiKOCTblO np1 COBMeCTHOM 113ttoce HarijiaBOK (()iir. 126) TaKiKe He nia6aloAaeTCS. 136 Figure 125. Relative Stable Wear ~ for Steel Under Abrasive Cavitation Wear; 1) steelyl X18 H 9 T, 2) steel, Ct -3. Figure 126. The Relation Between Relative Stable Wear C of a Seam Welding on its Hardness, Under Abrasive Cavitation Wear. -92 -

LITERATURE CITED 1) Lorentz, V. F., "Wear Data by Using Abrasive Medium.Works in the First All Union Conference in Friction and Wear in Machines", TI, IZ-VO. AN USSR, 1939. 2) Velikanov, M. A., "Movement Drifts', Printing 1948. 3) Goncherov, V. N., "Movement. Drifts in Uniform Flow", ONTI, 1938. 4) Shalnev, K. K., "Hydromechanical Aspects of Cavitation Erosion", Izvestia AN. USSR, OTN, No. 1, 1958. 5) Kviatkovsky, V. S., Shapov, G. F., Onakhelashvil, M. M., et al, "Small Hydroturbines", Mashgiz, 1950. 6) Shal'nev, K. K., ''The Structure of a Cavitation Damage on Circular Profile", Izvestia AN. USSR, TN No. 5, 1954. 7) Orakhelashvil, M. M., "Stabilized Wear in Reaction Type Hydroturbines', The State Engineering Publication, 1960. 8) Dovlnev, V. B., "Struggle with Wear in Hydroturbines with Drift Infiuence", VNIIG, The Proveince Lecture, No. 18, 195 9) Proskomo, G. F., "Hydrodynamic Turbo-machines, Mashgiz, 1954. 10) Kobeko, P. P., "Amorphous Material', published by AN. USSR, 1954. 11) "Friction and Boundary Lubrication", edited by I. V. Kragelshov, published in foreign literature. 12) Ahamovitch, G. N., "Turbo-film of Free Jets", Physmatgiz, 1948. 13) Kouzentsov, P. I., and Tslaf, L. Y., "On the Problem of Break-up of Liquid Jets into Drops", Technical Journal of Physics, Vol. XXVIII, No. 6, 1958. 14) Sedov, L. I., "Similarity Methods and Measurements in Mechanics", G. ITTL, 1954 15) Bogashev, I. N., and Mintz, R. I,., "Cavitation Damage of Carbo-ferrous Alloys", Machgiz, 1959. 16) Khroushov, M. M., and Babishev, M. A., "Investigation on Metals Wear", A. N. USSR, 1960. 17) Kragilsky, I. V., "Wear as a Results of Repeated Deformation of Surface Layer", Publication of the Higher Education Institution - Physics, 1959, No. 5. 18) Kragilsky, I. V., "About Wear Protection of Rubber", (Rubber and India rubber), 1959, No. 11. -..q 3 -

1)3 905A 0302.8060 19) Balik, M., "Liquid Abrasive for Metals Treatment", Machgiz, 1960. 20) Yblonsky, V. S., "Critical Technical Range of Hydromachine", Physmatgiz, 1961. 21) Davidenkov, N. N., "Dynamical Investigations of Metals", ONTI, 1936. 22) Savuin, M. N., "Slander Fraction Jets", Machgiz, 1955. 23) Blyaim, E. E., "Effect of Concentration of Sand in Water on Cavitation Damage of Steel Under Test by Blowing Stand", Electric Machines Structure, 1961, No. 1. 24) Shtange, I. N., "Investigations on the Working Parts of Hydroturbines", Technical Hydro-Systems Body", 1955, No. 6. c 1 -