UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY PROGRAM PROCESS ENGINEERING MANUAL OF PROCEDURES J. G. Lewis H, A. Ohlgren M. E. Weech R. J. Annesser April, 1955

i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1-3 Al. 00 FOREWORD 1 1.1 CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN 1 1.2 FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT 1 1.3 OPERATIONAL ENGINEERING 2 B - FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION 4-24 Bl.OO FOREWORD 4 1.1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.2 VALUE OF FLOW SHEET AND RELATIONSHIP TO DETAILED ENGINEERING 4 B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 6 2.1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 6 2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED ON FLOW SHEETS 11 2.3 INFORMATION TO BE EXCLUDED FROM THE ENGINEERING FLOW SHEETS 12 2.4 DRAFTING PROCEDURES 12 2.5 ENGINEERING PROCEDURES 16 2.6 REVISIONS TO FLOW SHEETS 16 B3.OO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 18 4.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF UTILITY FLOW SHEETS 22 5.00 PROCEDURE FOR REVISING FLOW SHEETS 24 C - FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM 25-87 Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 25 1.1 FLOW SHEET NUMBERS 25 1.2 FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT NUMBERS 25 1.3 VESSELS 26 1. 4 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 27 1.5 INSTRUMENTS 28 1.6 PIPING 29 1.7 STRUCTURAL 32 1.8 ELECTRICAL 33 C2.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 35 2.1 COLUMNS AND TOWERS 35 2.2 TUBULAR EQUIPMENT 38 2.3 AGITATED OR REACTION EQUIPMENT 40 2.4 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 44 2.5 TANKS49

ii Page C - FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM (Contfd..) 2.6 INSTRUMENTS 51 2.7 PIPING 60 C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 62 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE PROCESS 62 3.2 SAMPLE FLOW SHEET - CONCENTRATED NaBu SOLUTION 65 3.3 ITEM LIST 66 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 69 D... EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS 88-92 E - FORMS 93-98 E1.00 ITEM LIST 93 2.00 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FOR PRINTS 94 3.00 MASTER DISTRIBUTION LIST 95 4.00 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FOR PROJECT REPORT 96 5.00 REQUESTS FOR FLOW SHEET REVISIONS 97 6.o00 COST DATA 98 F - ABBREVIATIONS 99-112 Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 99 2.00 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNITS 108 3.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF RADIO CHEMISTRY 111 4.00 RADIO CHEMICAL UNITS 112

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Al.00 FOREWORD A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Al.00 FOREWORD Chemical Process Engineers are composed functionally of three groups. The purposes and functions of these groups are outlined below: 1.1 CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN Chemical Process Design Engineers carry through the details of the Process Engineering. These functions can be enumerated as follows: a - Evaluation of existing data, i.e., segregating "knowns" from "unknowns." b - Recommendation of tests to be conducted to gather additional data. c - Determination of priority for process tests needed. d - Evaluation of data applicable to process design. e - Development of engineering flow diagrams. f - Determination of heat and material balances. g - Establishment of utility requirements. h - Preparation of equipment and design calculations. i - Development of preliminary specifications. j - Preparation of design data for general engineering. k - Preparation of engineering reports. 1.2 FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT Functional Layout Engineers are responsible for arrangement of equipment and system components to meet process requirements aasdetermined from the engineering flow diagram. The Functional Layout Engineers perform the following duties:

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Al.00 FOREWORD 2 a - Preparation of plot plans showing the relative location of buildings and plant operations. b - Preparation of layout studies, based on engineering flow diagrams showing the relative location of the various items of equipment and comparison of relative construction and operating costs for such an equipment distribution. c - The Functional Layout Engineers shall construct models indicating plant arrangement when warranted by project studies. d - In the event perspective and plot analyses are required to illustrate plant arrangement in engineering reports, the Functional Layout Engineers are responsible for the preparation of such engineering studies. e - Functional Layout Engineers are responsible for the determination and evaluation of the equipment required for handling of bulk materials. f - Functional Layout Engineers are responsible for the conception and evaluation of remote operations systems required by the process. 1.3 OPERATIONAL ENGINEERING The Operational Engineers are responsible for the following: a - Supervision of preparation of all manuals necessary for successful operation of units. b - Outlining the procedures necessary for obtaining data from mechanical tests and physical mock-ups.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION A1.OO0 FOREWORD 3 c - Tabulating those data and information that are received from the operation of mock-up facilities so that intelligent process designs can be effected. d - Training personnel required in new plant operation.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B.00 FOREWORD 4 B. FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B1.00 FOREWORD 1.1 INTRODUCTION To carry out efficiently the engineering and drafting operations for chemical process work, certain basic data and information must be produced in a logical and straightforward manner. The presentation of a chemical process, in a schematic form, wherein the facts pertaining to the chemical engineering calculations and design, delineation of process flow, rates of all flow of materials and capacities, vessels, mechanical equipment, piping and instruments are shown, is the first detailed step in the creation of a process plant. From Process Engineering through General Engineering and Purchasing, the flow diagrams form the basis of all engineering activities. From this diagram, a tangible and workable unit to be operated must be made. Knowing the importance of such a process flow sheet in our work, it is necessary that procedures, symbols and drafting technique are standardized. With this in mind. Standard B2.00 should act as a check list for assisting Process Engineering and General Engineering. 1.2 VALUE OF FLOW SHEET AND RELATIONSHIP TO DETAILED ENGINEERING By having a properly formulated flow sheet, the Process Engineers and Detailed Engineers expedite their part of the program, thus assuring a well-balanced job. 1. Process Engineers will be aided in the development of the complete project.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION Bl.00 FOREWORD 5 2. Functional Layout Engineers can produce a correct and wellbalanced plant assembly. 3. Vessel Engineers will be aided in formulating the technical features of all mechanical and structural designs for all vessels. 4. Mechanical Engineers will be assisted in the proper handling and specifications of all pumps, compressors, turbines, filters, conveyors, separators, etc. 5. Instrument Engineers will be helped in the design and specifications relating to the recording and controlling of temperatures, pressure, flow, liquid level, speed, etc. 6. Piping Engineers can arrange the pipe, valves and fittings in such a manner as to govern the flow of process materials and utilities, such as steam, air, water, etc., through the plant in a practical operating system. 7. Structural Engineers, although indirectly effected, can design for the necessary architectural appurtenances and. designs of all building, structures, etc. 8. Electrical Engineers will be assisted in the design of power generation, transmission^ distribution, lighting and problems of operation and application.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 6 B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS PURPOSE To outline drafting procedure necessary to produce a PROCESS ENGINEERING FLOW SHEET. SCOPE These standards are intended to apply to the Process Engineering Flow Sheet only. 2.1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. Scope of Flow Sheet The flow sheet shall contain all basic engineering data relating to the materials, flow and equipment. The flow sheet, supplemented as called for below, shall contain all information necessary to convert the fundamental process design into engineering drawings, specifications and bills of material. 2. Responsibility Chemical Process Engineers shall be responsible for the issuance of the flow sheet and accuracy of all information, with the exception of piping line numbers. 3. Checking All flow sheets shall be checked before being issued. 4. Approval When process and plant improvement are under way, or when new construction facilities are duplications of operations, the engineering flow sheet shall be submitted to the Operating

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 7 Department; suggestions will be solicited and evaluated; authority to make final decisions will remain with Engineering. 5. Data The flow sheet shall be accompanied by written detailed design data information. This design data information shall include the following: a. Process Description The flow sheet shall be accompanied by a written description of the process involved. It is intended that this description serve as a supplement to the flow sheet. It shall contain a brief description of the process involved. In addition, it shall explain in considerable detail those phases of operation which will effect the design and physical layout and yet are not subject to graphic portrayal on the flow sheet. Examples of these are explanations of lines shown on the flow sheet for starting up, standby equipment, sequence of operations in batch operation, probable length of run and probable shutdown period. The importance of completeness of such a supplementary description should be apparent when it is realized that only the department issuing the flow sheet is in a position to judge the importance of the information left off the flow sheet.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 8 b. Material Balance Summary The flow sheet shall be accompanied by a comprehensive material balance that shows the quantity of material flowing from operation to operation and one piece of equipment to another in terms of mols per hour, pounds per hour, gallons per minute, or cubic feet per minute or hour. Such a material balance shall be tabulated in the form of stream flows. (See sample material balance sheet, page 9).

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.OO INSTRUCTIONS 'FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 9 SAMPLE OF -MATERIAL BALANCE 2.1 GENERALJ (Cont'd.) MATERIAL BALANCE Material Feed:e (n) 014 (1) 05 (n) 0 5 Q6 07 08 Bottomus: 06 08 Overhead (n) 04. (~) C5 (n) 05 06 07 Mol% 141.13 10.75 20. 60 12.90 10.20 4.42 100.00 2,97 61.29 35.7 100.00 Mols,/Hr. 36.287 9.482 18,171, 11.383 8.994 3.902 0 325 6.6914 3,902 10,921 1.514.7 6.22 13,10 9.81 -2.22 Lbs. /H 2,9129 6814 1,311 981 901 446 28. 671 14.46 1,145 899 1449 945 845 223 Gal /M 'n. Vol 7.1 2.1 14.01 1 3.0 2.5 1.2 20.0 0.1 1.9 1.2 3.2 3,0 1.3 3.0 2.6.5 35. 50 10.50 20.50 14.00o 12.* 50 6.00o 100.00 3.1 37,5 59.4 100.00 28.8 12.6 28.8 25.0 4.8 100.00 Liquid Product: 34.02 13.25 27.70 20.41 4.62 -100.00 Overhead (n) 04 (i) 04 (n) 0 5 06 07 Ref'lux:, (n) 04 (-i) 05 (n) 0 C 06 07 Vapor Product: 68.33 10. 70 16. 64 4.10 100.00 34:.02 13.25 27.70 20.41 4.62 100.00 20. 82 3.26: 1.25.07 46.41 18.66 39.30 29043 6.66 140571 1, 210 235 366 108 7 2, 697 1,347 2,,833 2,9535 667 10, 079 4.1 o. 8 1.1. 3.1 9.0 3,9 9.0 7.8 1.5 31.2 6.1 17.1 4.7 100.00 28.8 12.6 28.8 25.0.4.8 T600h00

FVLuOW SHET STANDARDIZATION B2.OO INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 10 SAMPLE OF MATERIAL BALANCE 2. 1 GE1IERAL (ConttId. ) MATERIAL BALANCE Material Total Over.(n)Cj (i) C5 (n) C5 C6 C7 7head: LbB./ r. GaMin, Vo1% 37.98 82.70 4,8o6 12.92 28.14 2,031 26.40 57.47 4,i46 18.59 4o.49 3,488 4.11l 8.95- 899 100.00 21T.175 15,370 5. Data (Cont'd.) c* Properties of Materials The design dat a shall 'include a tabulation of the properties of' materials for each of the various streams flowing through the plant, Such properties shall include the gravity., viscosity and any special properties which affect the selection of materials of construction or equipment, d. Preliminary Equaipment Specifications The design data shall include data sheets on equipment., instruments and vessels, 'These data sheets shall supplement the data on the flow sheets which is necessarily graphic.. It shall contain recommendations as to type, maeand. operating characteristics of pumps and instruments, if such are vital and not apparent from the flow sheet. Similarly, special equipment requirements shall be described

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.OO INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 11 in these specifications. Vessel data sheets shall contain the remaining necessary design information which is not shown on the flow sheet. Any apparent discrepancies between the flow sheets and design data shall be fully explained in the design data. 2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED ON FLOW SHEETS 1. All vessels, heat exchangers, pumps and other equipment effecting the process shall be shown schematically. 2. All piping directly a part of the process shall be shown, including all by-passes, drains, flushing connections and other auxiliary piping. 3. All devices for the control or measurement of process variables shall be shown schematically. 4. Data or materials shall include the following at flow condition or conditions: composition, temperatures, pressures, rates of flow. The foregoing applies to simple, well-known materials on which physical data is readily available. When the materials on which physical data are difficult to obtain shall be shown on the flow sheet, the following additional data are required: specific gravity and viscosity in the cases of liquids and gases. In the case of slurries, percent of solids, required velocity and particle sizes should be given. If it is considered too cumbersome to show all of the above

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 12 information on the flow sheet, such data should be given in the design data issued concurrently with the flow sheet. 5. All special structures, such as brine pits, hot wells, pumps, flame traps, disposal pits, burning stacks, etc., directly entering into the process shall be shown schematically. 6. Utility requirements and disposal, at the points of utilization only, shall be shown. 7. Piping line numbers shall be added to the flow sheet after they are assigned by the Piping Engineers. This means the line and item numbers will not show on the original issue of the flow sheet but will be added to a reproducible by the Piping Engineers. 2.3 INFORMATION TO BE EXCLUDED FROM THE ENGINEERING FLOW SHEETS Utility Headers, such as steam, water, gas, etc., shall not be shown on the flow sheet unless a circulating system, complete within the unit, is intended and this information incorporated only after detailed layout studies are prepared. 2.4 DRAFTING PROCEDURES 1. General Arrangement a. Size of Drawings All flow sheets shall be drawn where possible on standard size sheets with an overall maximum size of 24" x 36'. b. Flow Sheet Arrangement Insofar as possible, the flow sheets shall be arranged in

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 13 accordance with unit operations or unit processes. Match lines should also be shown. Thus it will be possible for the Project Engineers to make a continuous flow sheet by pasting the sheets together at the match lines. (NOTE. Match lines shall be at the sides, not the top or bottom of the sheets.) c. Margins All flow sheets shall have a margin of two inches, measuring from the left edge of the sheet. The margin shall be kept clear of all information so that it will not be covered by binder stocks. d. Symbol Keys Each flow sheet shall contain a key to the symbols for lines used on the sheet, shown preferably in the lower right hand corner. e. Arrangement of Equipment on Drawings The vessels and equipment shall, insofar as practicable, be arranged with due regard to their sequence of use in the flow or operations being performed. For example, if the equipment is to be housed in a multi-storied structure of relatively narrow width, it would be best to show the equipment with "up" at the left side of the sheet. If the equipment is housed in a low structure of wide expanse, then "up" should be towards the top of the sheet. The

FLOW SHEET STANARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 14 equipment should also be spaced on the drawing so that, in general, the flow is either from right to left or from left to right. By following the above, the general arrangement will be of assistance in the detailed layout studies performed by the Design Engineers. f. Use of Base Lines Consideration should be given to the feasibility of establishing a base line on the flow sheets. By this is meant a horizontal plane at grade or some other important level. Equipment and piping should be shown on their proper sides of the base line. 2. Drafting Details a. Scale of Drawings In general, adherence to a fixed scale is not necessary. However, vessels and equipment, etc., shall be shown in rough proportion to their relative sizes. For instance, a 0l x 30' cylindrical tank should be shown larger than one 5' x 15'. All instruments, valves and other small parts shall be shown at large enough scale to be readily readable. b. Avoidance of Overcrowding The drawings shall not be so crowded that room is not available for the addition of later information, such as line numbers and item numbers.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TEE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 15 c. Names of Equipment All vessels, equipment, etc., shall have the name shown and also the item numbers. The item numbers are to be assigned by Process Engineering. d. Symbols for Equipment and Instruments All equipment and instruments shall be shown on the flow sheets, in accordance with the standard symbols accompanying this procedure. It should be borne in mind that simplification is of necessity, due to the expenditure of engineering man hours. e. Symbols for Lines Careful attention shall be given to the use of line symbols. Main process flow lines shall be heavy, solid lines. By-pass piping, lines for starting up, utility lines, etc., shall be light, solid lines. If the draftsman is in doubt, he shall consult the Layout Engineer regarding the function of a line in question, as to whether it shall be heavy or light. f. Pipe Fittings Pipe fittings shall not be shown on the flow sheet unless their presence is essential to the operation. g. Flow Arrows Direction of flow in lines shall be shown by liberal use of arrows. Arrows shall be used as follows: at or near the

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2. 00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 16 junction of all lines with vessels, pumps, or other equipment; at each change of direction of the lines; and at not over ten-inch centers in long, straight runs. h. Line Labeling Where lines leave the area of the flow sheet and are shown as continued to storage or other units, each line shall be plainly labeled as to its eventual disposition. 2.5 ENGINEERING PROCEDURES 1. Consistency of Units The flow sheets shall be consistent in the use of units for data. For instance, vacua shall be shown in the same units at all points on the flow sheet as millimeters of mercury. Do not show, pounds per square inch in one place and inches of mercury in another. The above is not intended to imply that a single, consistent system such as the c.g.s. be used, but merely that there be no change-over of units on any one flow sheet. 2. Data for Line Symbols The Layout Engineers shall see that the draftsman drawing the flow sheet is supplied with sufficient information so that he can comply with the regulations on line symbols. Particularly important is that information be complete on by-pass and start-up piping, etc. 2.6 REVISIONS TO FLOW SHEETS Revisions should be shown in a definite manner, as follows: Each revision of the flow sheet shall be acosmpanied by a detailed list of each change made during the current revision. This list must be

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B2.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FLOW SHEETS 17 2.6 REVISIONS TO FLOW SHEETS (Cont'd.) sufficiently clear so that those using the flow sheet can find all changes without the necessity of comparing the old and new copies of the flow sheet.

FLO.,W SIEET STANDARDIZATION B3.OO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 18 B3.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS The following system of nomenclature shall be adopted for the preparation of engineering flow sheets. These symbols indiceate the item numbers and the schedules to be used for indicating columns, tubular equip-~ mnagitated vessels, equipmnt for unit operations and instruments. With reference to the symbols used for indicating instrumentation on the flow sheet, ilt should be noted that this li1st is represe-ntative only and is not complete. For that reason,, the following explanations are given on the use of symbols and their combination and expansion to cover the entire field of fluid measurement and control. For the purpose of explaining the use of symbols', automa~tic control may be considered to consist of a maximum of three essential parts, as follows: 1. A preliminary element, as for instance, an orifice. 2. A measuring and/or controlling device, as for instance, an indicating controller. 3. A final control element, as for 'instance, a control valve. The symbols shown are so set up that any combination in actual practice., within the limts of fluid flow, can be properly shown. As pointed out under "design data", special requirements in 'instruments, not evident from the symbols, are to be explained in the design data sheets accomanying the flow sheets. Since, in some cases,, a symbol represents a number of types of instrument, one of two courses must be followed by

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B3.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 19 3.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS the Process Engineers when formulating the flow sheets. Either this division must send data sheets with the flow sheets to explain fully the type or desired characteristics of the instruments required or it must leave the selection up to the Instrument Engineer. In explanation of the foregoing, the various groups of instruments are discussed below: Temperature A single symbol is used to portray all types of indicators. Any special requirements must be explained as noted above. Thermo-wells need not be shown on the flow sheet except where they are for use with a portable temperature indicator or when extra thermo-wells are desired. Pressure A single symbol is used to portray all types of indicators. Any special requirements must be explained as noted above. Flow Symbols for two types of flow rate indicators are shown: differential pressure and area types. These two symbols will take care of most cases occurring in our practice. Symbols for a number of primary elements are shown and are to be used in conjunction with the appropriate symbol for the measuring or controlling device. Symbols for FI, FR, FC, etc., as shown herein, are therefore, representative only. No symbols are shown for flow totalizers or integrators. When such functions are required, no new symbols are necessary. Simply combine the proper instruments in symbol form and insert the letter "T" immediately after "F" in the label. Thus a positive displacement meter and a recorder

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B3.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 20 Flow (Cont'd.) may be combined to make a "Flow Totalizer Recorder (FTR)." Level Due to the multiplicity of available primary elements for this purpose, only one symbol has been shown to cover the mechanical types. It will be necessary, therefore, for the data sheets to describe the desired type of instrument. Analysers This group is large and indefinite as is evidenced by the lack of precision in the word "analyser". As an aid to the placement of possible instrument functions in the proper category, the following list is given: Description Labels a. Viscosity (v) b. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) c. Electrical Conductivity (ec) d. Thermal Conductivity (tc) e. Calorific Value (cv) f. Explosibility and Inflammability (e), (i) g. Humidity (h) h. Color, Opacity, Turbidity, etc. (c), (o), (t), etc. i. Moisture Content (m) j. Composition Analysis (ca) The symbols shown for this group are schematic and conventional only. Therefore, the function of the instruments in question will necessarily need to be fully described in the "Data Sheets". However, as an aid to

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B3.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 21 Analysers (Cont'd.) those using the flow sheet, the above listed labels of analysers shall be combined with the principal part of the label as shown on the symbol sheet. (Viz. for a pH controller-AC (ph).)

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B4. 00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF UTILITY FLOW SHEETS 22 B4.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF UTILITY FLOW SHEETS Utilities for the purpose under discussion are those fluids or other services required at one or more points of utilization in the process, yet the flow system of which may be made entirely independent of the process. 4.1 Under utilities, may be classed the following: 1. Process Steam 11. Heating Water 2. Heating Steam (Process) 12. Steam Condensate 3. Building Heating Steam 13. Air For Power 4. Power Steam for Prime Movers 14. Air For Instruments 5. Steam Tracings 15. Air For Cleaning or Blowing Out Lines 6. Cooling Water 16. Fire Steam 7. Drinking Water 17. Inert Gases 8. Chemical Make-up Water 18. Evacuating Lines 9. Process Water 19. Blowdown Lines 10. Flushing Water 20. Various Gases used For Supplying Heat 4.2 Utilities shall be shown on a separate flow sheet from the process. The principal reason for this separation is that the layout of utility piping systems is dependent on the actual physical location of the equipment, and of the point of entry of the utility into the area. Both of the foregoing are not determinable at the time the process flow sheet is made. 4.3 After the Process Engineering Flow Sheet is received by Detailed Engineers and coincidently with the layout of the process piping, the Piping Engineers shall layqut the utility piping system.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B4.00 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF UTILITY FLOW SHEETS 23 4.4 Sizing of lines shall be done by Process Engineers, based on the arrangement of piping laid out, requirements shown on the Process Engineering Flow Sheet and requirements of pumps, turbines, etc., as determined by the Mechanical Equipment Engineers. 4.5 All service connections shall be shown on the flow sheet. 4.6 The Utility Flow Sheet as completed above shall be submitted for approval before dependent design is continued.

FLOW SHEET STANDARDIZATION B5.00 PROCEDURE FOR REVISING FLOW SHEETS 24 B5.00 PROCEDURE FOR REVISING FLOW SHEETS The Process Engineers are fully responsible for the Flow Sheets on all projects. After these drawings have been issued to the Detail Engineers, the different squads may find discrepancies or other things which of necessity require revisions. In order to systematize such revisions, the following procedure shall be followed: 5.1 Alterations are to be marked on the binder copy. Along with the marking of the prints, a "revision list" posted beside the print rack must also be noted with the Project Number, date, name of squad and signature of the individual. 5.2 All changes shall be marked with colored pencil and always initialed by the engineer making the changes. 5.3 Each engineer shall also mark the required revisions on his own copy of the flow sheet. 5.4 At appropriate intervals the revisions desired for the Flow Sheets shall be brought to attention of properly designated persons.

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 25 C. FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C1.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM The following is the method for assigning drawing and equipment numbers for the various types of work and equipment on all projects. 1.1 FLOW SHEET NUMBERS Flow sheets are numbered according to project and sequence. For example, the third flow sheet drawn for a particular project might have the number (1006-92-03-1). This may be broken down as follows: 1006 Project Number -92 Flow Sheet Designation -03 Sequence Number -1 Revision Number The number 92 appears in all flow sheet numbers. The sequence number shall always be the last two digits of the third group. The revised number shall be changed each time the drawing is revised. 1.2 FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT NUMBERS Functional layouts are numbered according to project and sequence. For example, the third flow sheet drawn for Project 1006 might have the number 1006-91-03-1. This may be broken down as follows: 1006 Project Number -91 Functional Layout Designation -03 Sequence Number -1 Revision Number The sequence number shall always be the last two digits of the

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.0 NUMBERING SYSTEM 26 1.2 FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT MBERS (Cont'd.) third group. The number 91 appears in all functional layout numbers. The revision number shall be changed each time the drawing is revised. 1.3 VESSELS Item Numbers All vessels are placed in certain groups or series of Item Numbers according to their particular types or functions. For example, all columns and towers are placed in the 100 series; agitated or reaction equipment such as autoclaves, mixers, etc., in the 300 series, and all tanks such as receivers, decanters, storage tanks, etc., in the 500 series. Types of vessels in the other series are represented by specific numbers. A particular vessel of any type is designated by a sequence number following the type number. For example, a particular finned tube heat exchanger might be represented by 202-3. The Item Numbers are assigned on the flow sheet. No attempt is made to standardize on any of these numbers, but instead, they are assigned anew for each project. B_ Numbers The B/M Numbers and Item Numbers are always related in both Series and Sequence Numbers. For example, a certain column may be assigned Item No. 108-8. The B/M Number would be 196-08-8-1 and broken down as follows: 1 Column Designation 96 B/M Designation -o8 Type Designation (Column) -8 Sequence No. (Eighth Column in that Group) -1 Sequence No. (First B/M for that Column)

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 27 Numbers (Cont'd.) Or, a certain finned tube heat exchanger may be assigned Item No. 202-3. The B/M Number would be 296-02-3-2 and broken down as follows: 2 Tubular Equipment Designation 96 B/M Designation -02 Type Designation (Finned Tube Heat Exchanger) -3 Sequence No. (Third Exchanger in that Group) -2 Sequence No. (2nd B/M for that Exchanger) Drawing Numbers All vessel drawing numbers are related directly to the Item Number. Example: Item 108 will be detailed by Drawing Number 108-1, the -1 indicating the first drawing related to that particular vessel. Item 202-3 will be detailed on Drawing Number 202-3-1 indicating the first drawing related to that piece of equipment, etc. 1.4 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item Numbers All mechanical equipment is placed in the 400 series and all equipment assigned a particular number according to its type. For example: 404 is a Milton Roy Pump and to this is added a Sequence Number for each particular Milton Roy Pump. 404-1 would indicate the first Milton Roy Pump on a particular project. B Numbers The B/M and Item Numbers are always related in both Series and Sequence Numbers. For example: the Milton Roy Pump Item 404-l referred to above would be covered by B/M, No. 496-04-1, which is formed by merely inserting the standard B/M indication 96 and a dash between and 4 (for 400 series) and 04-1.

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 28 1.5 INSTRUME'NTS Item Numbers All instrumentation is placed in the 600 series and each type of instrument is given a number in that series. For example, PRC 613 is a pressure recording controller. PRC 613-1 would indicate the first pressure recording controller on a particular project. B/M Numbers The B/M and Item Numbers are always related in both Series and Sequence Numbers. However, the Area Number in which the particular piece of equipment occurs also appears in conjunction with the B/M number. Example: B/M No. 696-5130 The 696 indicates an instrument B/M (600 series and 96 standard B/M indication), the 5 indicates area 5, and the 13 signifies a pressure recording controller. If, for instance, Items 613-1 and 613-2 appear on the above example B/M and later it becomes necessary to order two more pressure recording controllers such as 613-3 and 613-4, the second B/N will have "A" appended to the B/M number. "B" for the third, etc. Accordingly, the B/M number will appear thus: 696-513-A. On projects not broken up into areas, it is assumed that all material is required in Area 1; hence B/M No. 696-113. Drwing Numbers All instrument drawings are in the 6o00 series and bear no relationship to either the B/M or Item Numbers. Instead Drawing Numbers are assigned by area or group numbers. Example:

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.OO NUMBERING SYSTEM 29 Drawing Numbers (Cont d. 1000 -6 Project Number Instrument Designation )5 Area Number 5 -1 Sequence Number (First Drawing in that Group) -C 1.6 PIPING Item Numbers All piping material is placed in the 700 series and given definite group classifications. Basically, all piping Item Numbers consist of two sets of three digit numbers separated by a dash, thus 710-102-3, the first three numbers being the material group number and the second three identifying the particular item in the group. As for example: 7 Piping Indication 10 Material Classification -1 Weight Classification Number (100 lb.) 02 Type Number (45-deg elbow) -3 Sequence Number (Third elbow in that group) Material Classification Numbers Cast Iron Steels Alloys Copper (including bronze) High Silicon Irons (such as Duriron) Porcelain (including glass, carbon) Lead 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl. 00 NUMvBERING SYSTEM~ 30 Material Classification Numbers (Cont'd.) Plastic (such as Saran) 8 Lined Pipe (glass or l.astiglass) 9 Aluminum 10 Clay or Concrete 11 Weigh Classification Numbers 100 lb. pipe or fittings I 200 lb. pipe or fittings 2 300 lb. pipe or fittings 3 600 lb. pipe or fittings4 2500 lb. pipe or fittings 5 Pipe Fittin Numbers Straight Pipe 1 45-Deg. Elbow 2 90-Deg. Elbow 3 Tee 4~ U-n-i on Coupling Streetell A letter following the tion. For example:7 10.4 02 A -3 5 6 7 type numbE Piping Ir Material Weight C) Typ e Numt: Joint (Tk Sequence -mr indicates the type of connec-idication Classification Number (Aluminum) Lassification Number (100 lb.) ~er (4~5-Deg. Elbow) treaded) Nuniber (Third Elbow 'in that Group)

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 31 Joints A. Threaded B. Welded C. Flared D. Bell B/M Numbers The piping B/M and Item Numbers are related to a certain extent. All piping B/M Numbers consist of three parts, the first being the standard designation for a piping B/M, the second identifying the material group, and the third the Sequence Number or Sequence and Area Number in combination. In view of the material group designation being used, a B/M will always contain items of the same material only. Thus, using the item number referred to above as an example, we would have B/M No. 796-10-8 broken down as follows: 7 Piping Designation 96 B/M Designation -10 Material Classification No. (Aluminum) -8 Sequence No. (Eighth B/M in that group) Note: This B/M would apply to a project of only one general area. If the project were divided into numerous areas, the number would appear like this: 796-10-308, with the breakdown of the first two parts the same as explained above. The 308 would be divided thus: 3 Area No. 3 o8 Sequence Number (Eighth B/M in that group)

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 32 Drawing Numbers All piping drawings are in the 700 series and bear no relationship to either Item or B/M Numbers. Instead, they are assigned by Area or Group Number. Example: 1006 Project Number -7 o4 Piping Designation Area No. 4 Sequence Number (Second Drawing in that area) 1.7 STRUCTURAL Item and Drawing Numbers All structural items and drawings are in the 800 series with the Item Number being secondary or determined by the drawing number. The drawing numbers are assigned according to Area or Group Number. Example 10o'00'802-18: 1000 Project Number -8 Structural Designation 02 Area No. 2 -18 Sequence No. (Eighteenth Drawing in that area) All items are generally divided into two classes, a complete unit or assembly designated by a letter and the detail parts of the unit designated by a numeral. Both in their entirety are derived from the drawing number on which they appear. Using the above drawing as an example, a foundation block shown on that drawing might carry Item Number 802-1A, the 802-1 identifying the drawing, and the A the item. Breakdown parts of that particular item might be identified as follows: 802-1-1 concrete, 802-1-2 anchor bolts, 802-1-3 reinforcing steel, etc.

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl. 0 NUMBERING SYSTEM 33 Item and Drawing Numbers (Cont'd.) Numbers Structural B/M Numbers bear no relationship to the Drawing or Item. All structural B/Ms carry 896 as the structural B/M Standard Identification Number and a straight Sequence Number. Example, 896-1, 896-2, etc. 1.8 ELECTRICAL Numbers All electrical items are placed in the 900 series. All electrical material is divided into groups and each group given a designation letter. For example, A for Conduit and Fittings, B for Wire, etc. Each group is then broken down according to its size or nature with a numeral designation. Thus conduit might be classified as A6, with A meaning conduit and 6 signifying 2" sherardized, while A7 might be 3" diameter in the same material, etc. However, all electrical item numbers as well as B/M numbers carry a 996 standard identification number so that the full item number would read 996-A6. The lettered group classification is standard, but the type number is set up especially for the particular requirements of each project. As mentioned above, all electrical B/Ms carry the standard 996 Identification Number followed by a straight Sequence Number having no relationship to the Item Number, thus: 996-1, 996-2, etc. Drawing Numbers All electrical drawings are in the 900 series and bear no relationship to either Item or B/M Numbers. Instead they are assigned

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM Cl.00 NUMBERING SYSTEM 34 Drawing Numbers (Cont 'd. ) by Area or Group Number. Example 1005-901-1: 1005 Project Number -9 Electrical Designation 01 Area No. 1 -1 Sequence Number (First Drawing in that area) Note: All reference to drawing numbers herein deals with each squad's special use numbers and not with standard, sketch, or layout numbers.

FLjOW SHET CODE SYSTE C2.OO FLOW SHET SYMBOLS 35 C2,OO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS Item No. Equipment 2.1 COLUMNIS-AND] TOWERS Each typ~e:of' column or to'wer will be assigned a number in the interval 100-199. Symbol -Pu-lse Column Plate Column

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.OO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 36 Item No. Each type of column or tover, wvill be, -assigned a number in the-interval 1OO-.l99I.. Ecuient Symbol Packed Column Bubble Cap Column T I tI4-f I

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM 02.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 37 Item No. Each ty~pe of column o~r toyter will be assigned a'number.-in thev'lintervatl 100;-199. ESuiment Symbol Spray Tower

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM 02.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 38 Item No. Eguipment Symb ol 2.*2 TEJBULAR EQUIPMENT 200 Shell and Ttxbe: Heat.Exchngeii~ HeLI=at Exc'hanger With Fixed Tube Sheets 1) I I TT. Floating Head Heat Exchanger Condenser Calandria iL Reboiler

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2iOO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 39 Item No. Eguipment Symbol 210 Pipe. -Ior Finned, -Tub Heat "ExcSOagerpms Finned Tube Heat Exchanger Double Pipe Heat Exchanger + 220 Heater Evaporators. Single Effect Evaporator With Internal Heating Falling Film Evaporator -)I

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2 O.00FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS Item No. Equipment Symbol 220 (Cont'd.) Evaporators Thermal Cycle Evaporator 230 Crystallizers Vacuum Crystallizer 240 Kilns Rotary Kiln 2.3 AGITATED OR REACTION EQUIFI'MET 300 Mixer Settler 310 Agitated or Reaction Tank Tank with Mechanical Agitator

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS Item No. 310 (Cont'd.) Agitated or Reaction Tank Tank with Sparger Tank with or without Mechanical Agitator and Jacket as shown Tank with Sparger and Jacket 320 Autoclave Autoclave 330 Infinitely Safe Agitated or Reaction Tank Infinitely Safe Tank with Sparger

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM CP'.OO FLOW SHEET SYIABOLS, 242 Item No., 33 (Cont Id. ) Equipen~nt Symbol m I I_-I Infinitely Saffe Tank with mechanical Agitator Infinitely Safe Tank wit1. Jacket

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.OO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 4I3 Item No. 330 (Cont'd.) Equipment Symbol Infinitely Safe Tank with Jacket and. Sparger Infinitely Safe Tank with or without Jacket and. Mechanical Agitator as shown

FLOW SHEET CODE S YSTEM C 2. 00 FLOW SHEET SDMBOLS 44 Item No.2.14 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT 4oo Pumps EquIpmnt Diaphragm or Reci'procating Pump Rotary or Centrii Pump Gear Pump Sun~p Pump Measuring Pump Remote Head Pump ALir Operated Diaphragm Pump

C2l -- 00 FL'LOW ST ET SYNBOLS 4q. Item o,. 41o PlseGipGent Pulse Generator Sm-,bol 4IoT Jets Steam Jet Eductor Air Jet Eductor Water. Jet Eductor Mechanical Gas Moving Equipment Blower Compressor or Vacuum Pump 430 44o Meechan-ical and. Conveying:quipment Conveyor /- z.1. 1 31anA — 0. — f - V / j

FLTOw SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.OO0 FLOW SHEET SM4BOLS 46 Item No. 4~40 (Cont'd.).Equipment Symbol Gear Reducer Chute Slug Chute Portable Agitator I", r.11 N-IF Hoist Hand. Trucks 450 Separati0: " ' ui pD? Centrif'uge I - rL4- I

FL.OW SHIEET CODE SYSTEM C2.OO FLOW SH3EET SYMBOLS 47..Item N~o. 1450 (Cont'd.) Equipm~ent Sybo Rotary Filter Filter Press Plate Filter Cyclone Separator De-e'ntrainer — *-E T Strainer 146o Dryers E1J Drum Dryer

FLOW SHEE T CODE SYSTEM CP.OO0 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 148 I tem No. ~47o Equipment Symbol Generators Gas Generator Steam Generator Special E.quipment Sampler 48o Gas Sampler Mixing Tee 4/ Add fti on Funnel Sintered. Filter

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.00 FLOW SIMET SYMBOLS 149 I tem No. 2.5. TANKS 500 Equipment Storage Tanks Tank Symbol Tank with Jacket Infinitely Safe Storage Tank 510 520 Gas old~er I I I I I I I 530 530 Bin or Hopper

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSITEM C 2.OO0 FLOW SHfEET SY]MAOLS, 50 Item No. Equipment 540 550 Decanter T Receiver, Run-.down, Feed. Tank i

Ite Mi No. Instrument Function INSTRUNENTS (An "A" in the label accom — panrying any symbol indicates that the instrument has an alarm.) 6oo.-6o9 Temperitur-e Itistru-ments Temperature Indicator I'LOW SHE~ET CODE SYS~M C2.00 MhOW SHEET SY1MOLS 51 ol Label Indicating Temperature Re corder Temperature Rec~ording Controller Temperature Indicating Controller I~1~ IL F-.>D TC TROCl MTJC hermo - Well INW

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 52 Label Item No. Instrument Function 610-619 Pressure Ixstruuelats Pressure Indicator Pressure Recorder Symbol PI y! PR Pressure Controller - NonIndicating Pressure Recording Controller - ON)IBM-. I I. I I I PC PRC Pressure Indicating Controller PIC

FL.OW SHEET CODE SYSIMA C2.00 FLOW SIEET SYMBOLS 53 Symbol Label Item No. Instrument Function Pressure Difference Indicator I - - I i DI s y LJ Pressure Difference Recorder Pressure Difference ControllerNon-Indicating PDR PDC Prressure Difference Recording Controller L. I -- - PDRIC Pressure Difference Indicating Controller I I I 1 - PDIC

FLOW SHE~ET CODE SYSTEM 02.00 FLOW SHE]ET SYMBOLS 514. I tem No. Instrument Function Symbo Label 620-M629 11 I — 1.0. Flc*-..-4 I&-tL -umu" Mc Flow R at e Indicator (Differential Type) Flow Rate Indicator (Area Type) i I VI", E - >,. I EL -- PF-I AFI Fl11ow. Rate Flow Rate R'ecorder (Differential Type ) Controller (Differential Type) PFR Flow'&a Rate Recorder Controller (Differential Type) Flow Rate Indicating Controller (Differential T~ype) Flow Rate Recorder (Area Type) I — >I uh, Kim -i E r- 9 PFRC PFIC APR Flow Rate Controller (Area Type) Flow Rate Recording Controller (Area Type) Flow Rate Indicating Controller (Area Type) -AFC - -( )-:o, AFRO AFIC

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 55 Item No. Instrument Function ymbol Label 630-639 Level Instruments Level Indicator (All Types except gauge cols. and gauge sticks) Level Indicator (Gauge Column) Level Indicator (Gauge Stick) LI LI LI Level Recorder Level Controller Level Recording Controller Level Indicating Controller LR LC LRC ^-L-I o^I S{}O+b 4 00. LIC -

FLOW SET CODE C2.00 FLOW SIEET SYMBOLS 56 Label I tem No. Instrument Function S2,mbol 64io.64e9 Analyzing Iz~f'et9 Analysing Indicator AT -A-nalysing Recorder Analysing Controller Analysing Recording Controller LIT -ARAC ARC -Analysing Indicating ControllerAC ATC A-4-16

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTIEM C2.OO0 FLOW SHEET SMBOLS 57 Sy~mbol Label Item No. Instrument Function.650-'659 Saf~ety Devices Flame Arrestor Rupture Disc Relief Valve Control Valve Fusible Link Saf'ety Valve Indicator Recorder Level (Primary element). ti FA RD RVy RVC FL.I R Y y Indicating Controller I IC

FLOW SHEET CODE,.SYSTEM C2.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 58 Symbol Label Item NQ. 66o-669 Instrument Function Specifice Gra~vity Iristrmnents Specific Gravity Indicator Specif'ic Gravity Recorder K,"" y GI GRi' Sp-ecific Gravity Controller Non-Indicating lp I I GIOr Specific Gravity RecordingI Controller I________ GRO Specific Gravity Indicating Controller Q- 10 GIC

FL.OW SHAEET CODE SYSTEM C2.OO0 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 59 I tem No. Instrument Function 670-679 Miscellaneous Instruments Label Controller (Non-Indicating or Recording) CI RC PS Pressure Switch Limit Switch Noi'se Alarm Platform Scale - -410 LS NA Radiation Monitor R F04

FLOW SBEET CODE SYSTEM C2.OO FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 6o Item. No. P-eFittin 2.7 PIPING Straight Pipe (2) 4i5-Deg. Elbov I I - (3).(11) (5) go-Deg. Elbow Te Un i on i I I I I I I I I I (6) Streetell. (7) (7) Reducer

Item No. FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C2.00 FLOW SHEET SYMBOLS 61 Pipe Fitting Symbols (An "R" below the symbol for any valve indicates that the valve is remotely controlled) Gate Valve v (20) (21) Globe Valve (22) (23) Plug Valve Motor-Operated Valve Solenoid Valve Diaphragm-Operated Valve ND —~~ — (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) Diaphragm Valve (Saunders Patent). Angle Valve Check Valve Three-Way Valve - Steam Trap Pressure Reducing Valve (Manual) Multi-port Valve rb7 (30) (31) (32)

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 62 C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE The accompanying process description and flowsheet presents a part of an organic process and is shown to illustrate use of equipment numbering and the relation of this to engineering flowsheets. The following are presented: 3.1 Process Description 3.2 Engineering Flowsheet 3.3 Equipment Itemizing 3.4 Preliminary Equipment Specification 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE PROCESS A slurry of calcium carbonate is made up in Dissolvers, Item Nos. 301-1 and 301-2, using recovered calcium carbonate and water. The slurry is sterilized by live steam admitted directly to the Dissolvers. The slurry is then pumped into one of the Fermenters, Item Nos. 303-1, 303-2, 303-3 and 303-4, at the boiling point by Fermenter Feed Pump, Item No. 401-, by-passing Solution Coolers, Item Nos. 200-1 and 200-2. Seven (7) charges of corn sugar, water, and culture food are made up in the dissolvers. Live steam is admitted directly into the solution until it boils (approximately 220~ F.). The solution is then pumped through solution coolers, where it cools to 83~ f. into the Fermenter. A portion of the cooling water from Solution Cooler, Item No. 200-2, is used to make up the next charge of sugar solution. The fermenters are seeded with a charge from Culture Tanks, Item Nos. 301-3 and 301-4, pumped by Fermenter Feed Pump, Item No. 401-7. When seven (7) charges of cooled sugar solution and one (1) charge of carbonate slurry are thoroughly mixed in the Fermenter, a temperature

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 63 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE PROCESS (Cont'd.) of 100OF. in the mixture will be attained. Throughout the fermentation period of thirty (30) days, this temperature is maintained by water at 100~F., flowing through fermenter jackets. Constant temperature water is maintained by the admission of extra steam or water by means of Mixing Tee, Item No. 442-1, to the flow from Circulating Pumps, Item Nos. 401-1 and 401-2. Recording Temperature Controller, Item No. 603-1, controls the extra steam or water requirements. After passing through the fermenter jackets, constant temperature water returns to Constant Temperature Tank, Item No. 500-1. During fermentation, sufficient air flows through the reaction mass to maintain bacteria life and complete the fermentation. All vessels and lines used in setting a Fermenter are provided with steam out connections and drains. After fermentation is complete, the batch is pumped into Neutralizing Tank, Item No. 301-5, by Discharge Pump, Item No. 4o6-1. Sodium carbonate solution is added from Sodium Carbonate Solution Tank, Item No. 301-6, by means of Sodium Carbonate Pump, Item No. 401-3. When this mixture is boiled by the admission of live steam, calcium salts of organic acids are replaced by sodium salts and calcium carbonate is regenerated. Dilute Na Bu Pump, Item No. 406-2, pumps the slurry through Filter Feed Cooler, Item No. 201-1, to Rotary Filter, Item No. 431-1. The calcium carbonate cake from Rotary Filter is collected in Filter Cake Hopper, Item No. 505-1, and washed back into dissolvers for reuse. Filtrate is collected in Dilute Na Bu Storage

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 64 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE PROCESS (Cont'd.) Tank, Item No. 500-2. Overflow from Filter returns to the Neutralizing Tank. Concentrating Column, Item No. 130, is fed continuously by Concentrating Feed Pumps, Item Nos. 401-4 and 401-5- The feed interchanges heat with vapor from the column in Concentrating Heater, Item No. 200-3, which also serves as partial condenser for the overhead stream. Reboiler, Item No. 221-6, supplies heat for the concentration, driving off water and volatile by-products of fermentation reaction. Overhead vapors are completely condensed in Condenser, Item No. 210-1, collected in By-Products Receiver, Item No. 500-3 and drained to ByProducts Recovery System. Bottoms from Reboiler are cooled by Cooler, Item No. 200-4 and pumped by Concentrating Bottoms Pump, Item No. 401-6, to Concentrated Ha Bu Storage Tanks. (Not shown as sample flow sheet,)

N" d OVt tK o' l0' SAdMPE SAMPLER 4E Na2:: s N 437-O L TI 437-2 4373 SUN | COLUMN FERN TER RMENTER TRM KFl FMENTER FERMEMTER FERMfNTER FERMENTER 301-6 303-Is5 I N-I2 PM1 -TO. T Se TI TOPPIr. DECANTER 0- ORER OT n A *of4- ^ —,, i-i u i ^ t 4 z m 2 L w i | 1 n 4";UT N;,, u IOS115 PSIDAMPERSM401-8 401- INUG4 NCs gM RRM OTALUTEA M 1 1 T O 2 r WATER4 -i" K.' o'.,,,LTE,.,,,.,OOm CONCENTRATING BOTTOM - I 505-1 C O COs SLURRY - 401.-9 40 4-10 SUA[ oS- z:~ CONCENTRATING S HEUTER 200-3 I STORAGE TANKS TOWER COOLER 200-4J,TER IN _ - I-.8GPM U ( l E m uM wr. j..i>.,1_0..0r. O -..uMo-E - 2296 CONCENTRATED NBu SOLN. "" NCLAMIF_-. D-2296- 92- I

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 66 3413 ITEM LIST Item No. 130 200-1 200-2 200-3 200-4 201-1 210-1 221-1 301- 1 301-2 301-3 301-4 301-5.301-6 303-1 303-2.303-3 303-4 4o1-1 401-2 40'1-3 4o1-4 Description Concentrating Colunm Solution Cooler Solution Cooler Concentrating Heater Concentrated Na Bu Cooler Filter Feed Cooler Condenser Reboiler Dissolver Dissolver Culture Tank Culture Tank Neutralizing Tank Sodium Carbonate Sol. Tank Fermenter Fermenter Fermenter Fermenter Circulating Pump Circulating Pump Sodium Carbonate Pump Concentrating Feed. Pump

FL.OW SHEET CODE SYSTEM 03.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 67 3.3 ITEM LIST (Cont'di.) Item No. 4ol0-5 4oi-6 4~ol-7 4ol-9 4o6-il 4o6-2 I426-31 431-1 241o-1 441+21 Desrition Concentrating Feed. Pump Concentrating Bottoms Pump Fermenter Feed. Pump Sodium Carbona'te Decanter Pump Filtrate Pump Filtrate Pump Di scharge Pump Dilute Na Biu Pump Filter Vacuum Pump Rotary Filter Chute Strainer Mixing Tee 500-I 500-2 500-3 500o4 500-5 505-1 505-2 505-3 Constant Temperature Tank Dilute Na Bu Storage Tank By!-products Receiver Fermenter Overflow-Tank FiItrate Receiver Filter Cake Hopper Feed. Hopper Feed. Hopper

FLOW SKEET CODE SYSTEM 03.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 68, 3.3 ITEM LIST (Cont'd.) Item No. Description Thermometers 6oo-l Culture Tank, Iteml No. 301-3 6oo-2 Culture Tank,, Item No. 301-4 600-3 Condenser, Item No. 210-1 6oo-4 Reboiler, Item No. 221-1 Recording Meeatr Controller 603-1 Constant Temperature Tank, Item No. 500-1 Pressure.Gauges 61o-1Circul~ating Pump, Item No. 401-1 610-2 Circulating Pump, Item No. 401-2 610-3 Fermenter Feed Pump, Item No. 401-7 61o.4 Sodium Carbonate Decanter Pump., Item No. 401-8 6io —5 Sodium Carbonate PUMP,, Item No. 401-3 6io-6 Reboiler, Item No. 221-1 61o-7 Concentrating Bottoms Pump, Item No. 401-6 610-8 Filtrate Pump, Item No. 401-9 610-9 Filtrate Pump, Item No. 401-10 610-10 Concentrating Feed Pump, Item No. 401-4 6lo-i-lConcentrating Feed Pump, Item No. 401-5 61oAR12 Steam to Reboiler, Item No. 221-I 612-1 Comressed Air to Cul1ture Tanks, Item Nos. 301-3 and 301-4

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 69 3.3 ITEM LIST (Cont'd..) Item No.Rotameters 621-1 621-2 621-3 Description Condenser,, Item No. 210-1, to Concentrating Column, Item No. 130 Feed. to Col-umn, Item No. 130 Overhead Product from Column, Item No. 130 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIP~N SPECIFICATIONS 1. Vessels a. Concentratin Column Item No.*3 Number Required -One (1) - New Size- 1t 6" ID x 6' - 0" straight shell Type -Packed - 1" carbon rasehig rings Design Pressure -Atmospheric Design Temperature -250O'F. Material of Construction -Carbon Steel Packed Sections -2 - 2" - 0" sections Heads -Flat flanged Nozzles -1 - 4", 1 - 1 1/2",1 2 -I1' b. Solution Coolers- Item Nos. 200-1 and 200-2 Number Required -T~Lo (2) - Existing Customerls Vessel

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEE4 C3.OO ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 70 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICPJ c. Reboiler - It~em No. 221-1 Number R~equi~red Type Number of Passes Shell Size Tube Bundle Size Tube Size Number of Tubes Baffles Surface Duty Working Temperature One (I1) - New -U-Tube bundle -Shell - 1 -Tubes - 2 - 14." ID x 10' - 0" long -10" diameter x 8' - 0" long -1" OD carbon steel -12 - U-tubes, - None - 48. sq. ft. - 482, 680 Btu/Hir. - Shell - Inlet - 2200F. Outlet - 2200F. Tubes - Inlet - 3380F. Outlet - 338"F. Deign. Pressure - Shell - 15 psig Tubes - 250 Psig Material of Construction - Shell - carbon steel Tubes - carbon steel d.. Concentratin Heater - Item No. 200 -3 Number Reqyuired - One (1) - New Type -Fixed head plus expansion Joint Numrber of Passes -Shell -One (1) Tubes -One (1)

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.OO ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYST[04 USE 71 3.4 PRELIMINARY EMuiPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cant 'd.) Shell Size - 6"1 ID x 4' - 0" tube length Tube Size - 1"t OD Number of Tubes - 14 Baffles - None Surface - 14.7 Sq. ft. Duxty - 28,i760 Btu/Hr. Working Temperature - Shell - Inlet 212 F. Outlet 2120 F.- Tubes - Inlet 700F. Outlet 1900F. - Shell - 30 Psig Tubes - 30 psig - Shell - carbon steel Tubes - carbon steel Design Pressure Material of Construction e. Condenser - Item No. 21041 Number Required Type Number of Passes Shell Size Tube Size Number of Tubes Baffles Surface Duty - One (i) -New -Fixed head plus expansion joint - Shell - One Ci) Tubes - One (1) - 8" diameter x 6' - Ott tube length - 1" OD - 31 - None - 49 sq. ft. - 412,880 Btu/Hr.

FL JOW SHEEET CODE 'SYSTEM C3. 00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 72 3.14 PRELININARY EquiFMET SPECIFICATions (Cont' d..) Working Temperature - Shell - Inlet - 2120F. Outlet -2100F. Tubes - Inlet - 800F. Outlet - 1050'Fo Design Pressure -Shell - 60 psig Tubes - 6o psig Material of' Construction -Carbon steel f', Filter Feed. Cooler Item No. 201-1.Number Required -One (I) - New Type -Fixed. head. plus expansion joint Number of' Passe's -Shell - I Tubes - 6 Shell Size -16" diameter x 12' tube length Tube Size -3/414. oD Number of' Tubes -186 Baffles -Cut 10 rows past center line horizontally on 4' pitch Surf'ace 4.38 sq. f'to Duty -1,440,000 Btu/Hr. Working Temperature -Shell - Inlet -800F* Outlet -1050]?. Tubes - Inlet -2160]?. Outlet -1200F*

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 73 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd.) Design Pressure - Shell - 15 psig Tubes - 50 psig Material of Construction - Carbon steel go Concentrated Na Bu Cooler - Item No. 200-4 Number Required - One (1) - New Type - Use a jacketed 1" U-tube carbon steel pipe 10 feet long Duty - 8,950 Btu/Hr. Working Temperature - Shell - Inlet - 85~F. Outlet - 104~F. Tubes - Inlet - 2120F. Outlet 120~F. Design Pressure - Shell - 50 psig Tubes - 15 psig Material of Construction - Carbon steel h. Fermenters - Item Nos. 303-1, 303-2, 303-3, 303-4 Number Required - Four (4) - Existing Customer;'s Vessels Agitator: Number Required - Four (4) - New Type Material of Construction Mixing Time One (1) per vessel - Top entering vertical double turbine - Stainless shaft and turbine - Continuous

FLOW S ET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTE24 USE 74j 3. 4~ PRELIMINARY EQUIP~mN SPECIFICATIONS (Cn'd.) 'Mqat~rial -Slurry of 10% CaCO3incrsua Viscosity Motor i. Dissolvers - Item Nos. 301-1,, Number-RequiredI solution - 1.2 ep. @ 1000F.- Explosion proof, 440o volt, 3 phase, 6o cycle 301~-2 - Two (2) - New Type Design Pressure Design Temperature Size Heads Material of Construction Nozzles Agitator: Number Required Type Material of Construction Mixing Time Material - Verti'cal - 6o psig - 3500F. - 5' - 0" diameter x 7' - 0" straight shell - Dished - Carbon steel -1-16";- 1 12"; 1 - i1YI - 3"1; 1 -2"; 5 l'1 TWO (2) - New one (1) per vessel - Top entering vertical single turbine - Stainless shaft and turbine - 20 minutes - (1) 50% CaCO 3 in water (2) 20% corn sugar in water

FLO0W SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.OO ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM4 USE 75 3.4 PRELINfNARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cn'a.) Motor -Explosion proof, 440 volt, 3 phase 60 cycle J. Neutralizin Tank Item No. Number Required -One (1) -Existing Customer IssVessel Agitator: Number Required -One (1) -New Type -Top entering verti cal single turbine. Material of Construdtion -Stainless shaft and turbine Mixing' Time -90 minutne s Material -10% CaCO' in solution of organic. salts and water Viscosity - 15 cp @ 1000F. Motor -Explosion proof, 440 volt., 3 phase, 6o cycle k.. NaCO0 Solution Tank -item No..301-6 Number Required -One (I) - New Type Vertical Design Pressure -Atmospheric Design Temperature -Atmospheric Size -6' - Ott diameter x 10' x O'" straight shell Heads -Top -Open

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 76 3.4 PRELIMENARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont 'd.) Material of Construction - Carbon steel Nozzles - 2 - 3" 2 - 1" Agitator: Number Required - One (1) - New Type - Vertical single turbine Material of Construction - Carbon steel Mixing Time - 30 minutes Material - Saturated solution of sodium carbonate in water Motor - Explosion proof, '440 volt, 3 phase 60 cycle 1. Culture Tanks - Item Nos. 301-3 and 301-4 Number Required - Two (2) - New Type - Vertical Design Pressure - 15 psig Design Temperature - 300~F. Size - 31 - 0" diameter x 5' - O" straight shell Heads - Flanged and dished Material of Construction - Stainless steel Nozzles - 1 - 12"; 2 - 4"; 2 - 2"; 2 - 1" Agitator: Number Required - Two (2) - New

FLO-W SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 77 3.4~ PELIMINARY EQUIPNENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'da.) Type Top entering -gear drive -dual propeller Material of' Construction -Stainless shaft and propellers Mixing Time -Continuous Material -Skima milk Motor -Excplosion proof,, 440~ v~olt 3 phase., 6o cycle m. Filter Cake Eazr Item No. 505-1 Number Required -One (1) - New Design Pressure -Atmospheric Design Temperature - Atmospheric Size - 6' - 0" x 1' Ott" x 1' -6" deep at one end sloping to 2' - 0" other end Heads -Flat top and bottom Material of Construction -Carbon steel Nozzles - 2 -6"; 1 4 1i;I 2"t n. Constant Temprature Tank Item No. 500-1 Ntumber Req'uired -One (1) - New Type -Horizontal Design Pressure - 5pig Design Temperature -212oF. Size - '- 6" diameter x 6' - Qt straight shell Heads -Dished

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 78 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd.) Material of Construction - Carbon steel Nozzles - 1 - 12"; 3 - 4"; 1 - 1" o. BY-Products Receiver - Item No. 500-3 Number Required - One (1) - New Type - Vertical Design Pressure - 15 psig Design Temperature - 250~ F. Size - 1' - 0" diameter x 2 - 0" strE shell aight Heads - Dished Material of Construction - Carbon steel Nozzles - i - 4"; 2 - 2"; 1 vent to suit p. Dilute Na Bu Storage Tank - Item No. 500-2 Number Required - One (1) - Existing Customer's Vessel q. Fermenter Overflow Tank - Item No. 500-4 Number Required - One (1) - Existing Customer's Vessel r. Feed Hoppers - Item Nos. 505-2 and 505-3 Number Required - Two (2) - New Design Pressure - Atmospheric Design Temperature - Atmospheric Size - 3' - 0" x 3' - 0" height to be determined by layout characteristics with

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.QO ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 79 3.4II PRELDIMNARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont 'd.) top to be 16" above first floor. Bottorn opening 12" diameter centered on 16" manhole of Dissolvers, Item Nos* 301-1 & 301-2. Sides sloped to allow free flow of material 4j50 and oO. Material of Construction -w Carbon steel 2. Mechanical Eqimn a. Rotary Filter - Item No. Number Required 41.1~3 One (1) - New Type Capacity Slurry Size Working Temperature Working Pre ssure Note b. Mixing Tee - Item No. 1142-1 Number Required Type Size Liq'uid Rate Cooling Liquid Rate - Continuous - 30 GPM - 9% CaCO3 in organic aqueous solution - 3' - 0" diameter x 6' - 0" length - 18o0F. -100 rm -Equipped with filtrate receiver, vacuum pump, hood and filtrate pump -One (1) - New -Liquid to liquid or gas to liquid -To suit - 50 GPM -10 GPM

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 8o 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd.) Steam Rate - 50 4/Hr. Material of Construction - Carbon steel c. Circulating Pumps - Item Nos. 401-1 and 401-2 Number Required - Two (2) - New Type - Centrifugal Fluid Handled - Water Viscosity - 1.0 cp @ 60~F. Specific Gravity - 1.0 @ 6o0~F. Hours of Service - 24 Operating Temperature - 1000F. Capacity - 50 GPM TDH - 75 feet Suction Head - Flooded Construction - Cast iron case and impeller with carbon steel shaft Motor - 440 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle, explosion proof d. Fermenter Feed Pump - Item No. 401-7 Number Required - One (1) - New Type - Centrifugal Fluid Handled - 21.5% corn sugar in water Specific Gravity - 1.075 @ 220~F. Hours of Service - 8 Operating Temperature - 220~F.

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 81 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd.) Capacity TDH Suction Head Construction Motor e. Dilute Sodium Butyrate Pump Number Required Type Fluid Handled - 50 GPM - 75 feet - Flooded - Cast iron case and impeller with carbon steel shaft - 440 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle, explosion proof - Item No. 406-2 - One (1) - New - Oliver Diaphragm - 7% solids in suspension with 10% organics in water solution Hours of Servi ce - 6 Operating Temperature - 220~F. Capacity - 30 GPM TDH - 50 feet Suction Head - Flooded Construction - Rubber lined Note - Complete with solenoid, timer, and pressure gauge f. Concentrating Feed Pumps - Item Nos. 401-4 and 401-5 Number Required - Two (2) - New Type - Turbine Fluid Handled - Dilute Na Bu solution

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 82 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd.) Viscosity - 5 cp @ 6o0~F. Specific Gravity - 1.2 @ 6o0~F. Hours of Service - 24 Operating Temperature - 100~F. Capacity - 1.0 GPM TDH - 80 feet Suction Head - Flooded Construction - Cast iron case and impeller with carbon steel shaft Motor - 440 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle, explosion proof g. Concentrating Bottoms Pump - Item No. 401-6 Number Required - One (1) - New Type - Turbine Fluid Handled - Aqueous Na Bu solution Viscosity - 5 cp @ 6o0~F. Specific Gravity - 1.2 @ 6o0~F. Hours of Service - 24 Operating Temperature - 230~F. Capacity - 1 GPM TDH - 50 feet Suction Head - Flooded Construction - Cast iron and impeller with carbon steel shaft

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.OO ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 83 3.14 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd.) mo t or Motor- 44o volt, 3 phase, 6o cycle, explosion proof h. Discharge Pum - Item No. )4o6-I Number RequiredType Fluid Handled Hours of ServiceOperating Temperature Capacity TDH Suction HeadConstruction -1F Note -(C i. Sodium Carbonate Pum Item No. Number Required - C Type Fluid Handled -. Operating Temperature 2 Capacity TDH Suction Head -F Construction - C One (1) - New Oliver diaphragm 4i% solids suspended 'in 13% organics in water solution 6o GPM 6o feet Flooded Rubber lined I~omplete with Solenoid,, timer, and pressure gauge 1+01-3 )ne (I) - New Centrifugal 25% solution of sodium carbonate L000F. 5O GPM 5O feet 'booded Wast Iron case and 'impeller with.-arbon steel shaft

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 84 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont' d.) Motor j. Sodium Carbonate Decanter Pun Number Required Type Fluid Handled Operating Temperature Capacity TDH Suction Head Construction Motor - 440 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle, explosion proof - Item No. 401-8 - One (l) - New - Turbine - 25% sodium carbonate in water - 100~F. - 1 GPM - 50 feet - Flooded - Cast iron case and impeller with carbon steel shaft - 440 volt, 3 phase., 60 cycle, explosion proof 3. Instruments All recording temperature controllers are of the electronic potentiometer type with proportional and automatic reset. Temperature recorders shall be multiple point with an electronic potentiometer measuring system. Recording flow controllers shall be the pneumatic proportional type.

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 85 3. 4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont' d.) 4. Piping Service - High Pressure Steam - 125 psi High Pressure Condensate Boiler Feed Water - 175 psi Pipe - 2" and Smaller - Steel - Schedule 40 - Screwed Joints with 300# M. I. Fittings 2 1/2" and Larger - Steel - Schedule 40 - Welded Joints with 150# F. S., Slip-on or Welding Neck Flanges Schedule 40 - Steel Butt Weld Fittings Valves - 2" and Smaller - 200# Screwed Brass 2 1/2" and Larger - 150# Flanged, Cast Steel, O. S. & Y. Service - Low Pressure Steam Low Pressure Condensate Process Water - Above Ground Cooling Water - Above Ground Compressed Air Instrument Air Fuel Oil - Above Ground Vents Pipe - 2" and Smaller - Steel - Schedule 40 - Screwed Joints with 300# M. I. Fittings

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 86 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont 'd.) 2 1/2" and Larger - Steel - Schedule 40 - Welded Joints with 150# F. S. Slip-on or Welding Neck Flanges Valves - 2" and Smaller - 200# Screwed Brass 2 1/2" and Larger - 125# Standard Flanged, IBBM, O. S. & Y. Service - Calcium Butyrate Slurry Calcium Carbonate Slurry Pipe - All sizes - Steel - Schedule 40 - Welded Joints with 150# F. S. Slipon Flanges (or 125# Std. C. I. Screwed Comp. Flanges) Note: For changing direction of Slurry Lines, use Flanged Tees or crosses with Blind Flanges for Rodding Clogged Lines. Valves - All sizes - 125# Std. Flanged, All Iron 0. S. & Y., except on Slurry Lines. For Slurry Lines, use Cast Iron Plug Valves, Flanged. Service - Peppermint Oil - Crude Glycerine Ether

FLOW SHEET CODE SYSTEM C3.00 ILLUSTRATION OF CODE SYSTEM USE 87 3.4 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (Cont'd. ) Culture Food Sodium Carbonate Solution Dilute Sodium Butyrate By-Products Amyl Alcohol Caustic Soda Pipe - 2" and Under - Steel, Schedule 40 - Screwed Joints, 300# M. I. Fittings 2 1/2" and Up - Steel, Schedule 40 - Welded and Flanged - 150f Slip-on Flanges, Schedule 40o - Butt Weld Fittings - Steel - Schedule, 40 Pipe Valves - 2" and Smaller - 125# Clamp Type, All Iron 2 1/2" and Over - 125f Flanged, All Iron 0. S. & Y.

EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS D. 88 D. EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS The following outline is recommended for setting up calculations. Volume 1 should consist of the following: Part I - Conference Notes Part II - Basis of Design Part III - Material Balance Part IV - Process Engineering Calculations Volume 1. should be kept in a three-ring notebook so that additions can readily be made. Since a large number of groups are working on several different projects and since projects may be transferred from one person to another, or one group to another, it is important that all calculations be set up in the same manner. A sample of the form to be used is attached hereto. It is expressly requested that calculations be set up under this procedure. Your cooperation in this respect will be appreciated. The following is a recommended outline to be used in setting up calculations in the future: 1. Calculations should be made on all vessels and mechanical equipment according to flow sheets. This is important since flow sheets are discussed as a complete unit. 2. Calculation breakdown should be such that insertions or removal of items will not upset the entire calculation system. 3. Each new set of equipment should be started on a new page with a complete centered heading.

EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS D. 89 Volume 1. - Process Engineering Design Part IV - Process Engineering Calculations Flow Diagram -????-92-1 A- Towers Absorber - Item No. 101 1. Feed a - ___ 1) a)__________ (1) (a)____ (1) (a)__________ 2. Absorber Size a - ________ a) a)__________ (1) (a)_________ (1) (a)_________ ((1))_,. ((a))_________ NOTE: A separate page should be started for each new item.

EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS D. 90 Volume 1. - Process Engineering Design Part IV - Process Engineering Calculations Flow Diagram -????-92-1 A - Towers Stripper - Item No. 102 1. Feed a - a) (1) ____,., (a) ____ (1)) ____ (a)) ____)..__ ((1 ))..... ((a))_________

EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS D. 91 Volume 1. - Process Engineering Design Part IV - Process Engineering Calculations Flow Diagram -????-92-1 B - Heat Exchangers Condenser - Item No. 210-1 a - 1) ____,... a) ____ (a) ____

EQUIPMENT DESIGN CALCULATIONS D. 92 Volume 1. - Process Engineering Design Part IV - Process Engineering Calculations Flow Diagram -????-92 -Repeat the same system for Agitated Vessels, Tanks and Mechanical Equipment as follows: A - Towers B - Heat Exchangers C - Agitated Vessels D - Tanks E - Mechanical Equipment When any of the above groups are not required, that letter should be used for the next group or equipment.

FORMS E1LOO ITEM LIST 93 E. FORMS E1.OO ITEM LIST PROCESS ENGI1MEERING DE SIGN~ DATA ITEM LIST Flow Sheet Item No. Number Descri tion Remarks -4 I - A - -4

FORMS E2.00 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 94 E2.00 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FOR PRINTS --.. ~.., I,, Dear Sir: Attached herewith are prints of the following drawings which have been issued by. These prints are for your record and file. Very truly yours,

FORMS E3.00 MASTER DISTRIBUTION LIST 95 E3.0O MASTER DISTRIBUTION LIST MASTER DISTRIBUTION MASTER DISTRIBUTION. - Total of~ _____ Copies PROJECT NO. Custodian Copy No.- 1 2 3 4I 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12.13 114. 15 16 17 18 19 20 Distributed by: Date:

FOR~MS E4J. oo LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FOR PROJECT REPORT 96 ELJ4.00 LETTER-OF TRANSMITTAL FOR PROJECT REPORT DATE _ SUBJECT Dea~r Sir: copies on of having Enclosed please find Copy No. ____ of ___ a report for Project No. _____ Will you please affix your signature as indicative received this issue and return to the writer. Very truly yours, Signature

FORMS. E5.00 REQUESTS FOR FLOW SHEET REVISIONS 97 E2-O REQUESTS FOR FLOW SHEET REVISIONS REQUESTS FOR FLOW SHEET REVISIONS Flow Sheet Requisitioned Location Number Description By Date f i I i i

FORMS E6.oo COST DATA E6.oo COST DATA I i I I COST DATA Item Project Item Description PurchaseJ No. Number FOB or' Frei htAllowed. Date Price Remarks L I I. I I

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHENvttCAIL ENGINEERING 99 F. ABBREVIATIONS Fl.OO SYMBOLS AN]) NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Absorptivity (for radiation)a Acceleration a Ac celeration. of gravity g standard value g Activity a Activity coefficient, molal bases 7 Angle a solid C Angular velocity W Aperture a Area A Base of natural logarithms e Bottoms, residue, waste W,. B Breadth, width b ( ai-Fha)I (gams~) (alpha) ( th eta) (omega) (ome~ga) (gamma) (alpha) (beta) Coefficient activity, molal basis discharge distribution expansion linear volumetric friction heat transfer individual over-all 7 C a f h U

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 100 Coefficient (Cont'd.) mass transfer gas film individual liquid film over-all gas film basis liquid film basis resistance Compressibility cake, exponent of factor k kL K KL C s z c Concentration, volumetric of extract of raffinate Conductance, thermal Conductivity, thermal Constant equilibrium, y = Kx gas, universal Stefan - Boltzman cE C K K R S /0 Cross section Density Depth Diameter Difference, finite Differential operator Diffusivity, thermal Diffusivity of vapor Distance above datum plane in direction of flow (sigma) (rho) y D d Dv (capital delta) (alpha) z x

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CBEMICAL ENGINEERING 101 Distillate rate D Distribution ratio m Efficiency ' (eta) Emissivity (for radiation) ~ (epsilon) Energy Free, Gibbs, (H-TS) G general E internal U internal, per unit weight u Enthalpy H of saturated liquid, per unit weight hf of saturated vapor, per unit weight hf per unit weight h g Entrainment ratio E Entropy S per unit weight s Equilibrium curve, slope of m constant, y = Kx K value, mole fraction in vapor y Equivalent resistance of cloth r Evaporation latent heat of \ (lambda) per unit weight hfg Expansion linear, coefficient of aX (alpha) volumetric, coefficient of (beta) Exponent of compressibility of cake s External work We Extract rate E Fanning friction factor f

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 102 Feed thermal condition of (Lm - Ln)/F q rate F Film mass transfer coefficient liquid KL gas KG thickness, effective B Flow rate, mass w volumetric, rate of q weight rate per unit of breadth (capital gamma) Force, total load F Free energy Gibbs (H-TS) G Helimholtz (U-TS) A Free Moisture content W Fraction mol in extract y in liquid x in raffinate x in vapor y volume Xv weight xv Friction coefficient of f energy balance F factor, Fanning f Fugacity f Function 0 (phi) y (psi) -X (chi) Gas constant, universal R

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS ANDl NOMENCLATURE OF CHIENI CAL ENGIVTZRING 103 Gravity acceleration of g standard value, acceleration of g Heat capacity at constant pressure C at constant volume Cv. humid C latent of fus ion Xf of vaporization Xper unit weight hf mechanical equivalent ofJ quantity of.specific c at constant pressure C at constant volume Cv ratio of cp-/cv k transfer coefficient individual h over-al U factor rate ofq Height Z equivalent to a theoretical plate., "H.E.TP." of transfer unit, ttHST.U.tt Henry's Le.w constant, c/p H Humid heat C volume 'VH HumidityH r~elative HR Hydraulic radius RH.Inertia,,-mcment of I Length L

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.OO SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 104 Liquid L rate L above feed L below feed L Logarithms, base of natural e Mass m flow rate w transfer coefficient gas film kG individual K liquid film k over-all K gas film basis KG liquid film basis KL velocity G of liquid L Matter, quantity of, weight W Mesh m Moisture content, free W Mol fraction in extract y in liquid x in raffinate x in vapor y equilibrium value y* ratio in ex~tract Y in liquid X in raffinate X in vapor Y Molecular weight M Moment of inertia I Newton law of motion, conversion factor ge Number in general N

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGI I\IERING 105 Plates, number of Np Power P Pressure P Production rate R Radiation, intensity of N Radius r Raffinate flow rate R Rate extract E flow, volumetric heat transfer q liquid, above feed L liquid, below feed raffinate R rotation n transfer N vapor V Ratio mol in extract Y mol in liquid X mol in raffinate X mol in vapor Y reduction Rr reflux R Reduction ratio RR Reflux ratio R Relative humidity HR volatility R (alpha) Residue, waste, bottoms W, B Resistance cake, specific a (alpha) cloth, equivalent r

ABBREVIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ilo6 C R. Resistance (Conttd.) coefficient thermal Rotation, rate of Slope of equilibrium curve Solid angle Solubility Solvent present Specific heat at constant pressure at constant volume n In (A.S (omega) heats, ratio of, cp/cv surface volume Stefan-Boltzmann constant Surface per unit volume Specific tension Temperature absolute Theoretical plate,, equivalent,, height of, "H.E.,T.P." Thermal condition of feed (Lti-Ln) /F conductance conductivity diffusivity resistance Thickness, film effective. Time Tractive force per unit area C~V k S5 v C..a (sigma) a 5 t T q k R B (s ignia) (alpha) (theta) Ir (tau)

A-B-BREIATIONS Fl.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURES OF CBEN2:[CAL ENGINS1EERING 107 TrX.ansf er rate of unit, "II.T.U.", height of units, number of' Vapor.mol ratio rate Vaporization, latent heat of~ per unit weight Velocity acoustic angular average local mass of liquid Viscosity absolute kinematic Volatility., relative Volume fraction humid specific total or per mol. Waste bottoms., residue Weight fraction quantity of' matter rate of' flow per unit of' breadth Width., breadthi Work external N Ht Nt y V hfg Va u G L 1/ XV VH v V BW xw W b We (lambda) (omega) (mu) (nu).(alpha) (capital ganmma)

ABBR~EVIATIONS F2.00 CHEVLCAL ENGIN~EERING UNITS lo8 F2.00 CIIENCAL ENGI1MJERING UNITS A0 amp atm bbl Btu 0c cal Ctu cm 2 cm CM3 or c c cm Hg cp ft or ft2 ft3 ft-lb gia gal g-cm g-mol (Abbreviat ions are the sa-me for plural as for singular form) angstrom unit ampere atmosphere barrel British thermal unit degree centrigad~e calorie Centigrade thermal unit centimeter square centimeter cubic centimeter centimeter of mercury centipoise degree Fahrenheit foot square foot cubic foot foot pound. gram gallIon gram centimeter gram mol

ABBREVIATIONS F2.OO0 CBEMICAL ENGINEERING UNITS 109 hl.p or hp hr in. or ".3n. In.3 in.- Ng kv. kv.1 lb lb-muol m2 in3 M mg Max.Min. min ml pMM psi ps~ia horse power hour inch.square inch cubic 'inch inch of~ mercury kilogram kilovolt kilowatt liter pound pound mol meter square meter cubic meter molar milligram Maxmu M-inimum minute milliliter millimeter parts per mill-ion Pounds per s quare inch pounds per square inch absolute

ABBREVIATIONS F2.00 CHEMICAL ENGIINEERING UNITS 110 psig pounds per square inch gage rpm revolution per minute sec second v volt w watt Note - Parenthesis should be used in combinations of units to separate units that are not otherwise separated. For example: Btu/(hr)(ft2)(OF)

ABBREVIATIONS F3.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMOENCLATUBE OF RADIOBCEEISTRY F3.00 SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATRE OF RADIOC{ENISTRY Absorption coefficient, over-all ( (sigma) absorption, alone scattering total t Activity a Atomic number z Disintegration constant (lambda) Half life t 1/2 Half thickness x 1/2.Mass number A Radiation, types a (alpha) (beta) (g.:mma)

ABBREVIATIONS F4.00 RADIOCHEIECAL LUITS 112 F4.00 RADIOCHEMICAL UNITS b barn c count c/min count per minute mev million electron volts T-curie gaimma curie, 3.71 x 1010 disintegrations per second

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 03483 8063 3 9015 03483 8063