UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DEPARMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING D APPLIED ECHANICS Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory UMICH 014456-64-I CAVITATION EROSION VIBRATORY TESTS by Vincenzo Messeri M.E. 490 - Winter Term under the supervision of: F. G. Hamnitt Supported by Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-76-C-0697 June 30, 1980

CAVITATON TiEORY AND MEASURIEENT OF EROSION Cavities form when the local pressure of a liquid is reduced below the vapor pressure. These cavities,after growingcollapse by moving to zones of higher pressure or undergoing a local pressure rise. The collapse of the vapor cavities causes waves of very high intensity pressure wich can damage structural material by compression fatigue. The erosion is not uniform microscopically.This is because the damage of individual pressure waves is function of the distance from the collapse point to the surface of the solid. To measure cavitation damages the specimens were weighed after certain increments of time and the MDPR (Mean Depth of Penetration Rate) was found and plotted as a function of the Total (Cumulative) Time. MDPR is calculated from: W MDPR = - pAt Where: W = cumulative weight loss (milligrams) p ~ density of specimen (gram/cubic iiije) i i /m.) t = cumulative time (hr) The units of MDPR is (mils/hr).This method has been followed for the Venturi and vibratory systems.

TXE VIBRATORY SYSTM DESCRIPTON.e system is shown in Fig.l.It consists of an oil bath,a vessel,a Titanium horn,and a power lpply.The horn is attached to a crystal vibrating with a maximun amplitude of 3.0 mils. essure can be applied on the vessel by compressed air,The specimen is applied on top of.e horn. The reduction of pressure,for cavitation,is obtained by vibrations transmitted the horn by the piezoelectric crystal.The high acceleration obtained produces regions high and low pressure which cause the bubbles,existing in rough surfaces,to grow and Ilapse in zones of high pressure.The collapse produces very high pressures at the center the bubble which lead to high intensity waves (because of acceleration),that damage Le material. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS total of 18 tests were done on different materials,under different conditions. ((,o CAST IRON #2 & #5:;F,19.5 PSI, 1.78 mils. C.S. 1018 #4 & #6: 200 F,26.2 PSI, 1.38 mils. #5 & #9: 200 F,26.2 PSI, 1.78 mils #11 & #14: 80 F, 1.0 ATM, 1.78 mils S.S. 316 #10 & #15:200 F,26.2 PSI, 1.78 mils #5 & #8: 160 F,19.5 PSI,1.78 mils #6 & #7: 160 F,19.5 PSI, 1.38 mils #9 & #11: 80 F, 1.0 ATM, 1.78 mils #13 & #14: 80 F, 1.0 ATM. 2.00 mils n the following pages the graphs and calculations (done by Mr.J.He) are included.

inclusions: CAST IRON, Cast Iron shows a rapid increase in the MDPR in the first hour of test.This is observed for both specimens,at suggests it cannot be a simple error in the experiment.It is probably due to the structure of Cast Iron. C.S, 1018. The same sharp and rapid increase in the MDPR is also seen in C.S. 1018. Comparing the results of specimens #4 & #6 (200 F,26.2 PSI, 1.38 mils with the results of specimens #5 & #9 (200 F, 26.2 PSI, 1.78 mils), is clear that.there is a sharp increase in weight loss,and in MDPR (both Max. & Avg.) when the amplitude is raised from 1.38 mils to 1.78 mils. (the increase in MDPR Avg. is +78A).This suggests that the MDPR is a function of the amplitude. S.S. 316. Comparing the results of #5 & 8 (160 F, 19.5 PSI, 1.78 mils) and #6 & 7 (160 F, 19,5 PSI, 1.38 mils) we can see,from the graphs that there is a sharp increase in weight loss and MDPR Max. and Avg.,when the amplitude is increased.(the increase in MDPR Avg. is +164.16),.As in case of the C.S. 1018 the MDPR is a function of amplitude as a function of amplitude is also the weight loss. The relation between MDPR and amplitude is: Max.MDPR~AX To calculate x more tests should be done. The conclusions on the previous specimens also apply in the case of specimens #9 & 11 (80 F, 1 ATM., 1.78 mils ) and specimens #13 & 14 (80 F, 1 ATM., 2.0 mils).Both the MDPR and the weight loss increase increasing the amplitude. Comparing S.S. 316 #5 & 8 (160 F, 19.5 PSI, 1.78 mils) with Cast Iron #2 & 5 (160 F, 19.5 PSI, 1.78 mils) is evident that in SS.S 316 both the MDPR atd the weight loss are lower than in Cast Iron, suggesting that Stainless Steel is less subject to cavitation than Cast Iron. The same is true,and more evident,when S.S. 316 #10 & 15 (200 F, 26.2 PSI, 1.78 mils) is compared to C.S. 1018 #5 & 9 (200 F, 26.2 PSI, 1.78 mils). From all the plot and date regarding MDPR vs. time,it appears that the rate is low in the first part of the test,probably because the surface of the sample is smooth; after a certain amount of time (and damage has occured) the rate is high because of the rough surface and the large number of bubble growth centers present.After a long time the reta decreases because more damage does not change the roughness of the surface. This is probably due to the fact that for the formation of a bubble, is required a nucleus,ad nuclei ae available in small nucmbers at the beginning of the test,and at the end the number of nucleation pointsremains constant,

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l ATERLAL DAMA.GE ShE.L HO RN':. _ T _:___ MA TERIA L',. — ~ AMPLITUDE: -DL. __ J Li"C2/tt' NUMBER:.-~-1. ~. WATER': E —\'VL — t'_ APPROX DATE: /.?~ 6/q TEMPERATURE: <.nO"F - DENSITY: -/I i /c~..i PRESSURE: \ A: - Co.,, - AREA: O.'..2 S'.' TORQUE: ___ M.D.P. FACTOR- t- =O 3.o 82 PRE-RUN: - COMMENTS: IT. P. = lSb5 ko~ ). ^.^ /0. DATA TIME CUMULATIVE WEIGHT CUM. WT. M. D. P. M. D. P. R..INTERVAL TIME JLOSS- LOSS |Qo/ a __,_____ ____.__. ______ ______O IL____''0. l H~.... ~'~2 ~' ~ I__ 6___,.._.... 0 cO -cL O'q'. _______,.,._._n~ ('_________ - I____ O O |cP Co _______ 1 _ ____ jf. i^r-.i _.\.________ _O_ O7 1 ___o.. 10. ______ ___.) 0..0..o-?'?>.0 I _______.__ 1 o.;__1 ________ _c_;o 0 "7?.o ____3_ 1 ~ _________ ^ ~.> (_ _____________ 0.i \ c ^.., __................_ __,.._.I. o_,,_o_..................................

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MtA ITERIAL DA MAGE SHEET )RN-': ______ ______ MA TERI1A L'- c:-)f..L APL]TUDE: 2.oc -. _ NUMBER: _ — ATER: F. - APPROX. DATE: T/?Z2MPERATURE:..t~ i — DENSITY: -1 4 /c,' LESSURE: \\.. c]A, \s.i.:.~7 AREA: 0 2 5 c.^' )ROUE:,_ _ M. D. P. FACTOR-' — O.^ _ 2.:.'E- RUN:- _ - M MEN TS: #LP~u;^i 09,2350/L; ~ bPa ^a~. Oo.' 5- o/[,VA DPe2 / -, /..Aki..' DATA ~sE i CCUMULA TIVE W|EIGHT CUM W. W. D. P. M. D. P. R. FERVAL TIME JS LOSS LOS __c _ I (. oI___ - ____'...I..05.. CC n 0...na eo _ 0 - 6(:'___.0.000... 0oo_ IGI,. 0 _ 0 __ 6_____ __________.. 0000 00.Q _ 0.2..0_ _-_C_ ___ \.Ct |__________ ____ o.______ 2 Lo.00o J o.,0~o.............. o.:. D:,' ___ _30iC>_ _.0Oket) 0c.-029C1 _____ _ 20.\2_ ______ 1 3_______ 1oOO 2.OO __ —-_ I o _.\. Q 3 _________n37 ________________ 1 2-0

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tATERLAL DAA.GE SHEET.-_____-______ MA TER1A L S t PLJTUDE: - 7?'/5 NUMBER: z4_/ ~ TER:_...._... APPROX DATE: /: viPERATURE: _._ _ ____ DENSITY: _ -SSURE: _ 6_, I''s- AREA: _......... IQUE: M.D.P. FACTOR- C.' T0? C,-RUN: _./ 4MENTS: rw"I h= 01r I;4 r'"J. ='^ol -.,; Z.p 1y;,- A( ^ DA TA E 1 CUMULATIVE WEIGHT CUM. WT. D. P M. M.DP. R. ERVA L TIME LOSS LOSS 2 ____, _ _,,,o _____ _ _..' "" /7 __ I I ___._4_ ________ ^ __1L2~L^____^ ^ C" ^ 2.^ 9o.,o' _____ _______. /-.....' 0 i a' ~1,3 ~ 1 f6- 1.... I......__ I _____o / ^_____t_ 2__ _______ ~ 2, ________ /__, |i''.' - ~_ _ __ I —- —. ttj jf r., ----—'.... ~ ---— ~~~~~~~~~~~3~)

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Table 1 Material Mechanical Properties and Erosion Data Normalized Alloy U.T.S. E p UR BHN MDPR MDPR psi x psi x g/cc psi ym/hr 10-6 10-6 Aluminum 1100-0 11 10 2.71 6.1 41 6.48 36.6 Aluminum 2024-T-4 60 10.6 2.77 180 78 2.56 14.0 Cast Iron (3% C) 32.5 15.5 7.29 34.-1 184 0.688 3.76 Carbon Steel -1018 70 30.0 7.85 81.8 Stainless Steel-316 81.25 29.0 7.91 114 134 0.181 1.0 Notes U.T.S. = Ultimate tensile strength E = Elastic modulus P = density UR " Ultimate Resilience = (UTS) /2E BHN - Brinell hardness Aluminum properties from Alcoa Structural Handbook, 1960 Cast iron and carbon steel Properties from Went's Mechanical Engr's Handbook, 12th ed., Design and Production, 1952. Stainless Steel-316 - properties measured for ASTM G-2 Cavitation Round Robin, Materialt Rscearrch and Standarnt, Oct. 1970. P. 19, F. G. Hammitt, et al, ASTI".

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 03483 5630