f0iDEE GING'REDSEaCH ESTITT UNIVERS IT OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR PROGRESS REPORT NO. 3 BY R. B. MORRISON J. W. LUECT. Project M898 AIR MATERIEL COMMAND, U. S. AIR FORCE WR3IGHT-PATTIRS C AIR FORCE BASE COnTRACT AF 33(038) 12657 DAYTON, OHIO June 13, 1951

I Detonation The work on detonation during this quarter concentrated largely on obtaining detonation velocities for various fuel-oxygen and fuel-air mixtures. A spark schlieren system with the necessary delay circuit, was designed, fabricated, and used for photographing hydrogen-oxygen detonatior,. II Instnrmentation Assembly of interferometer continued. A focusing schlieren system was set up and tested on optical bench.

\ ENGINEERING RESEARCHI NS i- Tr.. -.... U_'NI\FRSITY 01;?MIIC}1'i(AN PROGRESS REPORT NO. 3 DETONATION A spark schlieren system utilizing a pair of achromtic lenses was set up and used to photograph various hydrogen-oxygen detonations.. schematic Phot orae.hic Achromatic Test FUn Lens Section Acrt atic Lens Knife 1%-' 1 t 2~~~ ~~f = Fig./1 diagram of the experimental set up is shown in Fig. 1. In order to photograph the detonation wave at various stations in the test chamber, a time delay circuit was designed and fabricated.

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ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITEi — T...... UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN -'e j The principle of operation of the time-delay circuit is as follows: (See Fig. 2) 1. A pulse is received from the ionization probe (see reference in Progress Report No. 2) on the grid of the first thyratron. (Nc. 3 Jack) 2. The firing of the first thyratron from the above pulse starts a charge on a condenser (C5, C6, C7, or C8) through the resistor R35 By means of the potentiometer, P2, the voltage on the latter conaenser was previously set at some negative bias in excess of that required to hold the second thyratron from firing. 3. When the voltage on condenser C5, C, C7, or C8 drops to the critical bias voltage for the second thyratron, the tube fires, sending a pulse through the primary of an automotive-type spark coil. I. The pulse from the secondary of the spark coil triggers the spark of the main spark gap. (Progress Report No. 1) S= serves as a decade switch for selection of various time intervals. Voltmeter, V, indicates the bias on the second thyratron. S2 and S3 are restoring switches for the thyratrons. Photographs of the shock tube and the experimental setup for the timing and photographing of the detonation waves are shown in Figs. 21, 22, 25, and 24. ID1TBPMETATIO Besides the spark schlieren apparatus described above, a sharpfocusing schlieren system has been set, and initial studies of such a system have been made. A sharp-focusing shclieren system permits making an image confined to a narrow depth of field of the investigated region and eliminates the integrated effects of density changes over a large region, including wall effects, and effects of regions outside the area of investigation. The narrow depth of field is accomplished by 1. large size of light source 2. multiple light sources 3. corresponding multiple knife-edges

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTIT T TE: UNIVERSITY OF MHICHI(;AN ___ The diagram of the system is shown below: t Condenser t Projection Souice Lamp Plate Fig. 3 This system will be used for photographing combustion phenomena. and should help in isolating undesired disturbances. The equipment is on loan, and work with it has been described in Report No.'TM-186,'A Study of Sharp Focus Schlieren Systems," by E. Turner. The interferometer assembly is continuing, although at a rather slow pace due to priority requirements on manpower. The instrument is totally assembled, except for the control system and photographic setup. The main interferometer plates were sent back to the manufacturer for final surface coating. A proposal for utilizing the interferometer in flame studies has been completed and submitted. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The same experimental equipment and methods as were reported in Progress Reports No. 1 and Ho, 2 were used to obtain detonation velocities for various fuel-oxygen and fuel-air mixtures. These velocities for oxygen mixtures of methane, ethane, propane, butane, and hexare are plotted in Figs. 4, 6, e,, and 8,respectively. It is interesting to note that these graP s of detonation velocities for thif; hydrocarbon series tend to normalize when plotted vs. actual fuel-oxygen mj.xture ratio divided by the fuel-oxygen mixture ratio at stoichiometric conditions (see Figs. 9 and 10). Graphs of detonation velocities for hydrogen-oxygen, hydrogen-air, and ether-oxygen mixtures appear in Figs. 11, 12, and 13. Detonation velocities for acetyleneoxygen mixtures are shown in Fig. 14.?igs. 15 and 16 illustrate the effect of ambient pressure on acetylene-oxygen detonation velocities.

ENGINEERING RESSEARCH 1NSTITUTTE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Detonation velocities as a function of distance in a 21-ft shock tube are shown in Fig. 17. A 51 per cent mixture of hydrogen and oxygen was used in these tests. The dispersion in data can be attributed to photo-cell probes that were ured for these runs. The response times for these cells were unequal and could not be readily reproduced. To eliminate the unequal response times the probes were reversed after each run and the run duplicated. An average of the times in the two runs was used. It is apparent that within the accuracy of these experiments the detonation velocity remains substantially unchanged as a function of distance. A series of spark schlieren detonatiqn photographs for hydrogenoxygen mixtures are shown in. Figs. 18, 19, and 20. At approximately 40 per cent mixtures (by volume) of hydrogen and oxygen the clean detonation front normally encountered is changed into an interacting and Ute homogeneous region of shocks and combustion. From the small amount of evidence that the photographs give it is felt that the combustion behind the shocks of these lean detonations is quite unstable, continually lagging, and catching up to the shock. By the same reasoning the shocks would also be unstable. Further investigation of this phenomenon is being made. Fig. 18 shows a sequence of spark schlieren photographs for a detonation wave of hydrogen and oxygen as the wave approaches and breaks over a wedge inserted in the test section of the shock tube. Fig. 19 is included to show the interminglng and nonhomogeneity of the shock and combustion areas for lean hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. It is evident from these photographs that the combustion zones can lag the shock fronts by an appreciable distance. Fig. 20 illustrates the effect of knife-edge orientation in the schlieren photographs of detonation waves. The light area in the upper photograph of this series indicates that a strongadverse density gradient is present after the front. For a matter of reference the top-to-bottom dimensions of all these photographs is 1/2 inch. The waves in all cases are moving from left to right.

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