ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR Final Report METALLURGICAL STUDIES OF CONDEMNED 155-MM TUBE SECTIONS K, Fo Packer Instructor in Production Engineering W. Co Truckenmiller Professor of Production Engineering Project 2266 DETROIT ORDNANCE DISTRICT, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY REPORT NO. WAL 730/689, OO. PROJECT NO TRI-1053C D/A PROJECT NOo 501-01-029, D/A PRIORITY 2 IMPROVEMENT OF STANDARD ARTILLERY MATERIAL CONTRACT NOo DA-20-018-ORD-13429 May 1.956

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v OBJECTIVE vi INTRODUCTION vii SUMMARY AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS viii DISTRIBUTION LIST x ORGANIZATION OF REPORT 1 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 1 IMPACT TESTS 1 GENERAL CHAMBER-SURFACE APPEARANCE 5 PROGRESSIVE STRESS DAMAGE 59 MICROSTRUCTURE 101 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 101 iii

LIST OF TABLES Table Page I - XV CHARPY IMPACT DATA 21-28 XVI - XXX CRACK-COUNT DATA 133-140 XXXI CHEMICAL ANALYSES 141 XXXII PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 142 iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES No. Page 1. Test-specimen location 3 2. Impact-specimen orientation 4 GRAPHS Charpy Ft-Lb vs Temperature 15 Graphs 6-20 Crack Count Data 30 Graphs 66-95 Rockwell Hardness Traverse 30 Graphs 145-174 PLATES 1-15 Longitudinal Sections, Guns and Howitzers 29-58 16. Gun and Howitzer Chamber-Surface Profiles Showing Representative Cracks, Specimens Chrome Plated, x 25 Unetched 97 17. Gun and Howitzer Chamber-Surface Profiles Showing Representative Cracks, Specimens Chrome Plated, x 25 Unetched 99 18-32 Photomicrographs of Bore, Midwall, and Outside Diameter of Tubes 103-131 v

OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this study was to determine the metallurgical properties of steel samples of retired 155-mm tubes as supplied by the Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Massachusetts, Tests were made to determine the physical and mechanical properties, surface appearance, impact strength, microstructure, and the extent of progressive-stress damage of the materials. The data are tabulated and summarized, and conclusions are presented as to the importance of the metallurgical properties in contributing to the condemnation of the equipment. vi

INTRODUCTION This study of condemned 155-mm tube sections was initiated by the Watertown Arsenal Laboratory and conducted under Contract No. DA-20018-ORD-13429, dated 14 May 1954, between the Regents of The University of Michigan and the Ordnance Corps, Detroit Ordnance District, The work was conducted in the laboratories of the Production Engineering Department of The University of Michigan. These facilities are under the direction of 0. W. Boston, Chairman of the Production Engineering Department. The work was performed under the supervision of W. C. Truckenmiller, Professor of Production Engineering, and K. F. Packer, Instructor in Production Engineering. The progress of the project was reviewed periodically by Mr. Linus G. MacDonald of the Watertown Arsenal Laboratory, who provided much valuable assistance to the authors in the performance of the work. Acknowledgment is made of the assistance of Mr. L. D. Stair, Associate Research Engineer, Engineering Research Institute, in the preparation of the final report* vii

SUMMARY AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS Chamber sections of seven 155-mm gun tubes and eight 155-mm howitzers, condemned after sustaining varying amounts of chamber damage and bore erosion, were supplied by the Watertown Arsenal for metallurgical evaluation. The tubes from both howitzers and guns were forged from ingots by various manufacturers during the period 1941-46. Records of the metal processing and heat treatment given these tubes were not available for study by this project. The total of the actual rounds fired through each tube also was not available, so correlations based on firing data were not performed. All were bag-loaded weapons. As a consequence, this report is concerned with a presentation of the general chamber appearance and the physical-test results gathered from samples taken from the tubes that were supplied. Further correlation will have to be done as firing data are made available. The examination of the general chamber appearance was made with particular emphasis on locating the degree of chamber and bore erosion and progressive-stress damage. In general, the erosion pattern was similar for all the guns. With the rifling in the 12-o'clock position being almost completely washed away in a region extending to from 6 to 10 in. forward of the commencement of rifling. A second eroded area occurred in the 6-o'clock position, approximately 20 in. aft of the commencement of rifling. The erosion at the 12-o'clock position appeared to be due to the product of hot-gas erosion, plus improper seating of the projectile. Cracks in the region were very numerous, usually shallow, but severely eroded. The erosion in the 6-o'clock position also showed evidence of hot-gas attack as well as general atmospheric corrosion. The selective location of these two eroded areas suggests that the projectile underwent a severe undulating motion before completely engaging the rifling, the tail of the projectile contributing to the erosion in the 6-oTclock position and the nose contributing to the erosion in the 12-o'clock area. Improper ramming or projectile design might be contributory factors. In the howitzer tubes, the bore erosion was more general around viii

the circumference, with a somewhat less severely eroded area in the 6-o'clock position than was evident in the gun tubes. The heat-checking pattern was more uniform but no more severe for the howitzers than for the guns, The metallurgical properties of the steel samples were ascertained to be somewhat variable in the tubes, being dependent on chemical composition and the processing received. The amount of reduction from ingot to finished forging was insufficient to remove all traces of dendritic structure. Heat treatment in some cases appeared inadequate, as evidenced by the degree of ferrite precipitation, particularly in the midsection of the tube wall. ix

DISTRIBUTION LIST Commanding Officer Watertown Arsenal Watertown 72, Massachusetts Attention: Laboratory File - ORDBE 5 Copies Office, Chief of Ordnance Washington 25, D.C. Attention: Artillery - ORDIR 1 Copy Office, Chief of Ordnance Washington 25, D.C. Attention: Research and Materials - ORDTB 1 Copy Office, Chief of Ordnance Washington 25, D.C. Attention: Artillery Development - ORDTR 2 Copies Office, Chief of Ordnance Washington 25, D.C. Attention: Tank Automotive - ORDTT 1 Copy Office, Chief of Ordnance Washington 25, D.C. Attention: Executive Library - ORDTX-AR 1 Copy Commanding Officer Frankford Arsenal Philadelphia 37, Pennsylvania Attention: ORDBA 1 Copy Commanding Officer Picatinny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey Attention: ORDBB 1 Copy Commanding Officer Rock Island Arsenal Rock Island, Illinois Attention: ORDBC 1 Copy Commanding Officer Springfield Armory Springfield 1, Massachusetts Attention: ORDBD 1 Copy Commanding Officer Watervliet Arsenal Watervliet, New York Attention: ORDBF 1 Copy x

Commanding Officer Detroit Arsenal Center Line, Michigan Attention: ORDMX 2 Copies Office, Chief of Ordnance Washington 25, D.C. Attention: Executive - ORDIX 1 Copy Commanding General Aberdeen Proving Ground Aberdeen, Maryland Attention: ORDBG - Ballistic Research Laboratory 1 Copy Development and Proof Services 1 Copy Library 1 Copy Commanding Officer Ordnance Weapons Command Rock Island, Illinois Attention: ORDOW-TX 2 Copies Director Armed Services Technical Information Agency Document Service Center Knott Building Dayton 2, Ohio Attention: DSC - SD 5 Copies Chief, Bureau of Ordnance Department of Navy Washington 25, D.C. 1 Copy U. S. Naval Gun Factory Washington 25, D.C. 1 Copy Commanding Officer Detroit Ordnance District 574 East Woodbridge Street Detroit 31, Michigan Attention: ORDEF-LE 1 Copy Engineering Research Institute Project File 1 Copy Engineering Library 1 Copy Authors 3 Copies xi

ORGANIZATION OF REPORT The body of this report, in which the data are presented, is divided into five sections, Each of the sections deals with one particular grouping of metallurgical characteristics. The first section deals with the impact strength of the steel tubes. A description of the testing procedure is followed by the test results obtained. The results are presented for the gun tubes first, followed by the howitzer tubes. A summary of the results obtained is presented at the end of the section. In succeeding sections, the progressive-stress characteristics, bore-surface appearance, microstructure, and physical and mechanical properties are presented in a similar fashion. The report is concluded by a section giving such correlations as might be made on the basis of the information at hand, PRESENTATION OF RESULTS IMPACT TESTS The achievement of consistent impact-test results requires careful control of testing-machine variables, variables introduced by the test specimens, and variables introduced by testing techniques in order to obtain the variations in the material properties of the sample being tested. For the sake of comparison, the first three variables must be either eliminated or held constant. The impact test is particularly susceptible to specimen and testing variables. Once these have been controlled, the impact test provides a sensitive measurement of differences in the material arising from variations in metal processing and metallurgical structure* The test provides an excellent means of evaluating metal properties in applications where the load is applied impulsively. The testing machine employed for testing impact performance was a Baldwin Southwark Sonntag Universal Impact machine Model SL-l using the standard 240-foot-pound impacting head, 1

Several modifications of the anvil and striker were found necessary to give reproducible results. Before testing, the corner radii of the anvils were refinished and the spacing reset according to the ASTM standards. The side rails originally used for locating the specimens were machined away to allow end movement of the pieces after fracture. This has been found to prevent the jamming or dragging of the specimen between the anvil and the striker which gives erroneously high readings. Positioning of the specimen was accomplished with a specially designed pair of tongs equipped with grips and a projection which caused the notch in the Charpy impact specimen to locate midway between the anvil supports. The striker was machined thinner on both sides to allow greater clearance between the sides of the striker and the anvil. Positioning of the striker was checked with a template inserted between the anvils. After each test, marks left on the specimen by the striker and anvil were examined to make certain that the specimen was struck correctly. The calibration of the impact machine was compared to that employed at the Watertown Arsenal Laboratory, using standard specimens prepared by the laboratory. Close agreement was obtained in the range tested (5-to-75 foot pounds). The impact-test specimens were prepared by cutting 5/8-in.-thick sections through the gun tube. These sections were shaped to slightly less than 1/2 in. and Blanchard ground to finished thickness (0.394 +.001). Care was taken to insure that sides were flat and parallel. Smaller coupons were then sawed from these sections, shaped to near finish thickness, and ground in a surface grinder to finish dimensions. The grinding operation was done individually in an angle fixture, indexing each time from the same Blanchard ground surface, insuring the two included angles to be as near 90W as possible. One of these faces was the notched side (always the bore side of the specimen) which rested against the anvils, the second rested on the bed of the specimen support, and the third was struck by the impacting head. This extreme care in making square specimens and locating the striking head was necessary to prevent spinning of the specimens as they passed through the anvil opening. Tais spinning could cause a drag on the pendulum and lead to erroneously high values. Notching of the impact specimens was done, using a 22-tooth, double-angle, 45~, high-speed milling cutter especially ground for cutting Charpy specimens. Seven specimens were notched at a time and each batch was checked on an optical comparator to insure accurate notch depth and root radius. 2

BREECH FACE L29.7", ORIGIN OF RIFLING \S| [ —66.1 —6.1- 6.1.1 Jx -5 / av B r I J 2 3A 3 4 5 IA BREECH FACE 155 mm. HOWITZERS ORIGIN OF RIFLING ~~~\ -- <~ —46.8 3/4- 6I —6., -6.1, — 6.1 "1| 6.,1 - -6.1 — 2.2 J IB A I 2 3A 3 4 5 6 7 155 mm. GUNS Fig. 1. Test-specimen location Figure 1 presents a longitudinal section through the gun and howitzer tubes, indicating the region from which sections were cut for testing and analysis. Sections of the gun tube from which impact specimens were made are designated IA. Figure 2 shows the regions within a section, from which the impact specimens were prepared and indicates how code numbers were assigned to the test pieces. The positions of the test specimens were located with respect to the longitudinal and vertical axis of the bore, 12 o'clock being the top position. Thus, 221-IB-1 indicates a section cut for Charpy impact testing gun tube 221 at 12 o'clock. Other sections were cut for progressive-stress-damage investigaion For the guns these ere labeled as sections 1-7, commencing at the breech face as shown in Fig. 1. Section 7 was taken 2.2 in. forward of the commencement of rifling, section 6 spanned the commencement of rifling, and sections 1-5 were at intervals of one caliber (6.1 in.) rearward. The commencement of rifling is located 46,8 in, from the rear of the tube,

12 O'CLOCK 9 OCLOCK - 3 O'CLOCK /w6 6 O'CLOCK Fig. 2. Impact-specimen orientation Sections cut for Jominy end quench, tensile-test coupons, and Rockwell hardness are designated J, IB, and 3A, respectively. Similar sections were taken from the howitzer tubes, 5 sections being taken in all. Section 5, in the case of the howitzers, spans the commencement of rifling. The howitzer tubes, as received, were too short to permit a section to be taken through the bore. The commencement of rifling is 29.7 in. from the breech face. The impact tests were run at temperatures as low as -100~F and up to +600~F. To achieve low temperatures, the specimens were immersed in acetone cooled by dry ice in a specially designed cold box having a reservoir of chilled fluid which could be pumped as required. Small temperature corrections were accomplished by the addition of powdered dry ice or by the addition of warmer acetone. The temperature of the fluid was maintained by reference to a liquid-filled thermometer which had been calibrated against standards prepared by the Bureau of Standards. To achieve a uniform temperature in the specimen, the specimen was held in the bath for a period of approximately 15 minutes prior to testings The interval between specimen removal from the bath and actual testing was held to a minimum and was not allowed to exceed 5 seconds. 4

For temperatures above room temperature, boiling liquids were used. These liquids included boiling water, alcohol and water mixtures, as well as ethylene glycol and water mixtures for temperatures to 350~F. Again, holding times were approximately 15 minutes in duration, the temperature being checked with a liquid-filled thermometer, Where specimens were heated above 350~F, low-temperature tempering furnaces were used. The holding times in these cases were two hours in length. The temperature of the furnace was checked by chrome-alumel thermocouples. The graphs which follow show plots of Foot-Pounds vs Temperature and Percent Brittle Fracture vs Temperature, both appearing on a single sheet for any one specimen. The data from which the graphs were plotted are found immediately succeeding the graphs in this report. The point of transition from part-brittle and part-ductile fracture to 1009-ductile fracture ranged between 80Q and 350~F for the guns and from 80~ to 200~F for the howitzers. The absolute level of impact resistance ranged from less than 5 foot pounds below the transition temperature to a maximum of 65 foot pounds at temperatures above the transition temperature* Specimens taken from regions close to the bore (Nos* 11, 12, 13, and 14) showed surprisingly good agreement with those taken from the midsection of the tube, particularly in view of the variation in microstructure in passing from the bore to midwall. GENERAL CHAMBER-SUIRFACE APPEARANCE The gun and howitzer tubes were cut longitudinally along the transverse axis in order to inspect the heat-check pattern and erosion in the chamber. These sections were cleaned and photographed to retain a record for future reference. To present a continuous picture, it was necessary to use three camera settings, providing a measure of overlap at each setting. The tape measure noticeable in the picture was used to assemble the component parts properly. However, caution must be used in reading the scale, due to the angular displacement of the camera lens. The two halves of the tube were designated as the 6-o'clock and 12-o'clock sections. The photographs which follow show the steel tubes after the longitudinal cut was made and the sections cleaned. 5

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CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table I Gun No. 221 Temp... Brittle Location oF Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks OF Fracture 10 600 33 0 3 400 32 0 2 212 31-1/2 0 5 212 30 0 6 186 26-1/2 15 8 18 0 0 10 4 130 25 10 7 80 14-1/2 90 1 70 23-1/2 95 11 70 16-1/2 95 Bore 13 70 17-1/2 95 Bore 9 32 14 98 12 -40 9-1/2 100 Bore 14 -40 8 100 Bore Table II Gun No. 2506 Temp. % Brittle Location oF Ft -Lb Fracture Remarks OF Fracture Reak 10 600 45-1/2 0 3 400 41-1/2 0 4 350 55-1/2 0 5 350 30-1/2 -2 6 285 22-1/2 60 7 265 22-1/2 60 2 212 16 90 4 212 18-1/2 85 8 180 14-1/2 95 1 70 11-1/2 99 11 70 10 99 Bore 13 70 6-1/2 99 Bore 12 -40 4 100 Bore 14 -40 3-1/2 100 Bore 21

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table III Gun No. 2728 Temp. % Brittle Location oF Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks 10 600 39-1/2 0 6 400 32-1/2 0 8 350 31-1/2 0 4 350 32-1/2 0 2 310 29 10 Bore (Recheck) 2 290 32-1/2 3 Bore (Recheck) 6 275 19 55 5 230 17-1/2 75 2 212 17-1/2 90 9 212 12-1/2 95 7 185 12 95 1 70 10 100 70 6-1/2 100 Bore (Recheck) 11 70 12 99+ Bore 13 70 99+ Bore 12 -40 3-1/2 100 Bore 14 -40 4-1/2 100 Bore Table IV Gun No. 2886 Temp.o Brittle Location F Ft-Lbratre Remarks ~~OF ~Fracture 10 600 50-1/2 0 3 400 49-1/2 0 7 550 45-1/2 0 6 275 47-1/2 0 8 275 46-1/2 1 4 230 42 5 2 212 5 50 5 212 30 60 6 180 21-1/2 75 1 70 17 90 13 70 19-1/2 90 Bore 11 70 17 90 Bore 12 -40 11-1/2 99+ Bore 14 -40 14-1/2 99+ Bore 22

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table V Gun No. 3753 -.. Temp-. Brittle Location o Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks 7 600 50 0 6 400 45 0 2 212 44-1/2 0 6 180 43 0 8 180 43-1/2 0 D 15 44-1/2 0 (Recheck) C 135 43 0 (Recheck) 5 100 39-1/2 10 B 90 41-1/2 0 (Recheck) A 90 43 0 (Recheck) 1 70 31-1/2 10 11 70 34 5 Bore 13 70 9-1/2 1 Bore 5 32 55 50 F 32 42 0 (Recheck) E 52 41-1/2 0 (Recheck) 12 -40 24 90 Bore 14 -40 22 90 Bore Table VI Gun No. 5849 TTemp. % Brittle Location Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks 10 600 45-1/2 0 3 400 46 0 5 278 41-1/2 8 236 39-1/2 0 9 225 41-1/2 5 2 212 40 20 7 212 39-1/2 20 4 174 29 50 1 70 21 80 11 70 18 90 Bore 12 70 13 95 Bore 13 -40 7 100 Bore 14 -40 7 100 Bore 25

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table VII Gun No. 6216 Temp, %' Brittle Location ~F Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks 10 600 43-1/2 0 3 400 51-1/2 0 7 250 46 0 8 240 43 0 4 212 43-1/2 1 5 180 46 1 6 130 41 5 1 70 38-1/2 10 11 70 35-1/2 15 Bore 13 70 40 10 Bore 6 32 25-1/265 12 40 14-1/2 98 Bore 14 -40 16-1/2 98 Bore 24

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table VIII Howitzer No. 1554 Temp. % Brittle Location F Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks 600 35-1/2 85 400 35 212 30-1/2 0 212 50-1/2 3 7 180 30-1/2 0 10 180 29 0 6 160 25 45 4 130 16 60 8 130 19 70 5 100 15 70 1 70 15-1/2 85 11 70 12-1/2 75 Bore 13 70 12-1/2 75 Bore 12 -40 7-1/2 99 Bore 14 -40 7 99 Bore Table IX Howitzer No. 2406 Temp. % Brittle Location Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks 10 600 45-1/2 0 3 400 36-1/2 0 2 212 55 0 6 180 31-1/2 1 5 168 35-1/2 0 9 130 34-1/2 0 9 80 30-1/2 15 9 70 54-1/2 10 11 70 35-1/2 5 Bore 13 70 31 2 Bore 4 32 23 75 12 -40 13-1/2 95 Bore 14 -40 12-1/2 95 Bore 7 -100 8-1/2 100 25

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table X Howitzer No. 2475 LocaionTemp. - _- Brittle.,..... Location Tm Ft-L;b Frcture Remarks..OF,....Fracture 10 600 42-1/2 50 3 400 57 0 2 212 41 0 8 212 42-1/2 0 6 180 57-1/2 1 4 130 29 7 5 80 24-1/2 60 1 70 24-1/2 50 11 70 50-1/2 30 Bore 13 70 53 30 Bore 7 52 16 80 9 32 18-1/2 80 12 -40 11-1/2 95 Bore 14 -40 11-1/2 95 Bore Table XI Howitzer No. 5050 Location Ft-Lb Remarks.OF' Fracture 10 600 51 0 (Recheck) 8 400 52 0 (Recheck) 1 240 4-1/2 0 6 240 27 0 9 240 51-1/2 0 (Recheck) 2 212 29-1/2 2 7 212 54-1/2 3 (Recheck) 5 225 50 0 4 180 25 40 10 180 26-1/2 40 1 180 27 40 (Recheck) 6 80 15-1/2 85 7 80 15-1/2 85 13-2 70 12-1/2 85 11 70 15-1/2 85 Bore 13 70 16 85 Bore 14 -40 10 99 Bore 12 -40 9 99 Bore 14-2 -40o 6-1/2 99 26

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table XII Howitzer No. 3963 Sample Temp. % Brittle Sa e Location F Ft-Lb Remarks No. OF. Fracture Rmr 2-59635* 9 600 51-1/2 0 2-3965* 8 400 50-1/2 0 2-3963* 11 278 42-1/2 1 Bore 2-3963* 8 246 44 1 3963 7 240 42-1/2 1 3963 10 240 45 0 2-3963* 7 212 46-1/2 2 5963 4 212 44 0 2-3963* 13 212 38-1/2 10 Bore 3963 1 212 41-1/2 10 3965 4 212 43 5 3963 9 195 40 5 3963 8 184 39 15 3963 3 180 39-1/2 15 3963 6 180 57-1/2 15 2-3965* 7 130 30 60 3963 2 80 23-1/2 60 2-3963* 13 70 25-1/2 80 Bore 2-3963* 11 70 25-1/2 80 Bore 3963 11 70 28-1/2 80 Bore 3963 13 70 25-1/2 80 Bore 3963 5 32 12-1/2 90 2-3963* 12 -40 7-1/2 98 Bore 2-3963* 14 -40 8-1/2 98 Bore 3963 12 -40 7-1/2 98 Bore 3963 14 -40 14 98 Bore *From Section 3A Table XIII Howitzer No. 4613 Temp. % Brittle Location oF Ft-Lb rtte Remarks FF Fracture 10 600 28-1/2 0 3 400 31-1/2 0 8 275 28 0 9 350 29 0 7 240 30-1/2 0 2 212 29 1 4 212 30-1/2 0 6 180 26-1/2 25 5 150 18 50 1 70 19 75 11 70 10-1/2 80 Bore 13 70 16-1/2 80 Bore 12 -40 10 99 Bore 14 -40 10 99 Bore 27

CHARPY IMPACT DATA Table XIV Howitzer No. 6003 Temp. % Brittle Location oF Ft-Lb Fracture Remarks OF Fracture 10 600 67 0 3 400 62-1/2 0 5 240 50-1/2 1 2 212 58 1 4 212 47 10 6 180 50 3 8 80 28 70 7 80 26-1/2 75 1 70 51-1/2 60 11 70 30-1/2 50 Bore 13 70 23-1/2 80 Bore 9 32 22-1/2 85 12 -49 12-1/2 98 Bore 14 -40 10-1/2 98 Bore Table XV Howitzer No. 6615 Temp. % Brittle Location op Ft-Lb rtre Remarks ~OF ~ Fracture 10 600 46-1/2 0 5 400 47 0 6 240 41-1/2 1 2 212 44 2 4 212 40 2 8 180 35 20 5 175 32-1/2 20 7 130 27-1/2 50 1 70 21 80 11 70 22 80 Bore 13 70 23-1/2 80 Bore 9 32 11-1/2 98 12 -40 9 100 Bore 14 -40 9-1/2 100 Bore 28

Plates 1- 15 Longitudinal Sections of Guns and Howitzers Pages 29 - 58

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PROGRESSIVE STRESS DAMAGE After the 6-o'clock and 12-o'clock sections were cleaned and photographed, the chamber surfaces were then magnetized and treated for fluorescent magnetic-particle inspection. The cracks located by this method are recorded below according to their lengths (in inches) and according to the distances (also in inches) from the end of the crack nearest the commencement of rifling. For each gun and howitzer, some general remarks are given as to the general bore appearance and the severity of the heat-check pattern. Where it was possible, the cracks and irregularities in the chamber surface were related to their possible cause of formation. Length and Position of Most Severe Cracks Gun No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 221 None +15 0700 GENERAL REMARKS: Moderate loading or gas erosion, 0600 position. Severe loading and gas attack, 1200 position. Fine hexagonal heatcheck pattern near the commencement of rifling. From +7 to +13 in. moderate longitudinal crack with a fair number of longitudinal cracks in the area +15 in. Moderately severe short cracks between +18 and +24 in. at 0300 to 0900 and in the 1200 half. The bore is completely eroded away for at least 4 in. in the 1200 half. Gun No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 2506 +32 0300 +17 0800 10 in. +27 1200 7 in. +37 1000 6 in. GENERAL REMARKS: Bore at 0600 position fair. Bore at 1200 position washed out for at least 5 in. Numerous short longitudinal cracks between +24 and +32 in. in the 0600 position. Many short cracks from +6 to +32 in. all around. Normal cracking at rifling roots. Severe erosion and/or loading to +6 in. in the 1200 section. Severe hexagonal heat checking in the first 6 in. from the commencement of rifling. Irregular longitudinal cracking to +28 in. from commencement of rifling. Somewhat more regular longitudinal cracks from +28 to +34 in. 59

Gun No. 2-4 in. 4 46 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 2728 None GENERAL REMARKS: 1200 half fairly severe gas attack. Moderate heat checking. No apparent longitudinal-crack pattern. There is a finely dispersed hexagonal heat-check pattern in the area of the commencement of rifling to +6 in. The 0600 half: no crack greater than 6 in. in length, infrequent longitudinal cracks around 1 in. Bore is in a fair condition with the usual cracks at the rifling roots. Very little evidence of erosion. The reason for retirement is unknown. Gun No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 2886 + 1 0700 +28 0700 +50 1000 +21 (2 cracks) 0600 +51 1000 + 7 0450 + 3 0900 + 1 0700 GENERAL REMARKS: Spiral crack at approximate angle of 60~, 0600, 10 in. long +34 in. from commencement of rifling. Moderate rifling wear on both halves. Moderate heat checking. Severe longitudinal cracks less than 2 in. in the 0600 position at +20 in. and near commencement of rifling* Little chamber erosion in the 0600 half. Moderate chamber erosion in the 1200 half at +12 in. The usual cracks appear at the roots of rifling* There are frequent longitudinal heat checks at +30 in., +24 in., somewhat less severe at +18 in. Between +6 and +14 in., there is an irregular deposit and evidence of attack and erosion. 60

Gun No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 5753 +15 0700 +14 0600 +21 0500 6 in. GENERAL REMARKS: Rifling washed out for at least 4 in. from 1200 section. Severe loading and erosion in 1200 section. Frequent, short, longitudinal cracks from +6 to +24 in. all the way around. Cracks approximately.0060 deep in 0600 section. Severe irregular heatchecking from +7 in. to the breech. No continuous cracks greater than 2 in. in the 1200 half. Gun No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 5849 Chamber surface is too severely cracked for description of the cracking in tabular form. GENERAL REMARKS: Rifling missing for at least 4 in. in the 1200 section. Heavy loading and gas attack in the 1200 section to +6 in. Extremely large number of cracks of varying length up to 12 in. throughout the entire chamber. Cracks vary in length up to 12 in. They are deep and heavily gas eroded. The longest crack starts at +3 in. from the commencement of rifling and extends to near the breech end of the gun. 61

Gun No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in, Orig. Pos Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 6216 +27 1050 +18 1150 +27 1200 + 7 1200 +23 1230 +29 0530 +25 1130 +15 0100 +18 0100 +28 0830 +27 0750 +27 0500 +24 0430 GENERAL REMARKS: The bore is completely eroded away for at least 9 in. from the commencement of rifling in the 1200 half only. The rifling in the 0600 half is in fair condition with the usual cracks at the roots of the land. There are frequent long cracks in the general area of +27 in. from the commencement of rifling. Moderately severe hexagonal heat-check pattern near the commencement of rifling with severe loading and gas attack in the general area of the commencement of rifling to +10 in. Moderately severe irregular long cracking from +7 in. in the 1200 position. There are frequent severe long cracks between +6 to +26 in. and extending up to 4 in. in length in the 0300 to 0900 position. There appears to have been a maximum number of rounds fired from this piece. 62

Length and Position of Most Severe Cracks Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 1554 +5 0630 +7 0700 +8 0530 +7 o630 +8 0600 +9 0730 +7 0900 GENERAL REMARKS: Crack at 0530 starting at 8 in. from the commencement of rifling, position 0600, o063 in. deep. Several other severe longitudinal cracks in the same general area. Chamber surfaces of the gun are severely heat checked, rifling not badly worn. Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 2406 +6 0900 11-1/2 in. GENERAL REMARKS, Rifling generally in good condition. General chamber surface good. One severe longitudinal crack 11-1/2 in. long, starting at 6 in. from the commencement of rifling. Position 0900. Depth approximately.060o Several less severe longitudinal cracks at the commencement of rifling, 1 —1-1/2 in. in length. Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos r Pos. Orig. Pos Oig. Pos Length 2475 C.R. 0330 C.R. 0430 +1 0553 +5 0700 GENERAL REMARKS: General cracking at roots of rifling. Heavy circumferential heat checking. Pronounced gas erosion in all surface cracks. Many longitudinal cracks 1-2 in. long in the general area from the commencement of rifling to +12 in. In the 1200 section, myriads of irregular longitudinal cracks badly gas eroded near the commencement of rifling. There are no large longitudinal cracks in the 1200 half. 63

Howitzer No, 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 3050 None GENERAL REMARKS: Longitudinal cracks at roots of all rifling. Moderately severe longitudinal heat checks. No longitudinal cracks over 1 in. Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 5965 +14 1100 GENERAL REMARKS: Rifling generally in good condition. Severe longitudinal heat checks up to commencement of rifling +12 in. Some larger longitudinal cracking in the 0500 position. Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 4613 C.R. 0530 C.R. 0400 21 in. C.R. 0400 21 in. +5 0600 10 in. +5 0300 7 in. +7 0800 24 in. +5 0800 9 in. GENERAL REMARKS: Long cracks at roots of all rifling. Even crack patterns following the worn rifling roots. Numerous longitudinal cracks less than 2 in. Irregular severe heat checking. 64

Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. os. Orjig. Pos. Length 6005 -3 0800 -2 0500 C.R. 0100 -3 0830 -3 0600 C.R. 1200 -4 1030 -3 0800 C.R. 1200 -1 0150 -2 1115 C*R. 1150 -1 1101-15 C.R. 1130 C.R. 1100 C.R. 0500 Double crack 13 and 18 in. GENERAL REMARKSI Not badly heat checked. Rifling in fair condition. General cracking at both roots of each land. Cracks follow roots of lands back into the chamber area. Two most severe longitudinal cracks are at 0500 starting at commencement of rifling, extending back 13 and 18 in. Howitzer No. 2-4 in. 4-6 in. 6 in. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Orig. Pos. Length 6615 None GENERAL REMARKS~ Light longitudinal cracks at rifling roots. No cracks over 2 in. in entire piece. The gun is in generally good condition. Few scattered longitudinal cracks less than 2 in. long. Very light heat checking. No apparent reason for condemnation of this piece. To determine the depth of the cracking which was observed in the magnetic-particle examination, cross sections were sawed through the tube halves as previously discussed in connection with Fig. 1. These sections were Blanchard ground and etched in hot hydrochloric acid to reveal the depth of cracking. Cracks greater than.005 in. and cracks greater than.010 in. were counted and recorded as to section location. The maximum crack depth for each section cut was also recorded. The data which follows are presented in both tabular and graphical form. Typical crack profiles were photographed from microspecimens to show a typical chamber-surface area with at least one of the more serious longitudinal cracks. These profiles are shown unetched at 15 diameters in Plates 16 and 17. 65

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Plate 16 Gun and Howitzer Chamber-Surface Profiles Showing Representative Cracks, Specimens Chrome Plated, x 25 Unetched

Plate 17 Gun and Howitzer Chamber-Surface Profiles Showing Representative Cracks, Specimens Chrome Plated, x 25 Unetched

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A correlation is seen to exist between the general appearance of the bore surface and the severity of the progressive-stress damage, as measured by the depth and number of cracks for the various locations. It should be noted that cracks are measured from the existing surface rather than from the original surface, leading to a dip in both apparent number of cracks and apparent severity in the region where severe scouring occurred. This scouring appears to be associated with the at-rest position of the projectile and is obviously accentuated by hot-gas erosion. Contributory effects in this scouring action may be due to improper ramming of the projectile or improper projectile and chamber design which allows the projectile to follow an undulating motion prior to the engagement of the rifling. The scoured areas which occurred at the 6-o'clock and 12-0o'clock positions are the points of contact for the nose and tail of the projectile during the undulation. For the guns, the point of maximum crack severity was in each case approximately 18 to 24 in. aft of the commencement of rifling, with little if any variation around the inner periphery of the chamber. The exception to this was a slight tendency toward a second maximum 2 to 3 in. forward of the commencement of rifling and associated with general cracking along the rifling roots. This might be due to stress-concentrating effects of the rifling roots or to residual stresses remaining from the rifling process. There are other indications that processing variables might influence the progressive-stress-damage pattern. Helical cracks were noted in at least one gun which appeared to follow the tool-drag pattern as it was extracted from the bore. In many instances, the heatcheck pattern followed the tool marks made by the boring operation. Propagation of cracks from such places of origin as the rifling roots was also noticed in several guns. In one instance, cracks extended from forward of the commencement of rifling along the rifling roots and rearward to the breech face. Other guns showed the same pattern but the cracking was less severe. Failures in the 155-mm guns due to progressive-stress damage might be expected to show a fracture pattern, with the principal origin of failure lying in the region 18 to 24 in. rearward of the commencement of rifling. For the howitzers, the point of maximum crack severity was approximately 6 in. rearward of the commencement of rifling and varied around the periphery of the chamber, with variation noted between the upper and lower halves of the tube. The dip noticed in the 6-o'clock position was influenced to a degree by the erosion of the chaniber in that position. 100

A second and, in some cases, more pronounced region of severe cracking will be noticed in the neighborhood of the commencement of rifling and is associated with cracking at the rifling roots. Progressivestress-damage failures in the 155-mm howitzers studied might be expected to show principal regions of failure between 6 in. aft and just forward of the commencement of rifling. MICROSTRUCTURE A section through the gun and howitzer tubes was taken three calibers toward the breech from the commencement of rifling for study of the microconstituents. Inclusion appearance was studied at 100 diameters on an unetched specimen. The general microstructure was studied at 250 and 1500 diameters. Photographs were taken for these conditions at the bore, midwall, and outside diameter of the tube. These photographs are presented in Plates 18 through 32 which follow. The microstructure varied from piece to piece in regard to the amount of ferrite precipitation occurring in the midsection of the tube wall. The precipitation evidenced by the white areas in the photomicrographs is indicative of slack quenching procedures for steels of the relatively high hardenability employed for these gun tubes. A pronounced dendritic pattern was observed on a macroscopic scale, indicating that the amount of forging was insufficient to break up the original ingot structure completely. The nonmetallic inclusions were in general found to be globular and well dispersed. No excessively dirty steel was found; however, several guns showed larger quantities of inclusions than might be considered to be normal for this grade of steel, PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Chemical analyses for the gun tubes and howitzers are reported for all the common elements. Good agreement was reached with the analyses obtained from the Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, The analyses are presented in Table XXXI. Standard 5/16-in., threaded-end tensile specimens were machined from the bore, midwall, and outside diameter of the tubes at the 6-o'clock and 12-o'clock positions. Specimens were cut from section IB and numbered as follows: 101

Plates 18 - 32 Photomicrographs of Bore, Midwall, and Outside Diameter of Tubes Pages 103 - 131

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TABLE XVI CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 221 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 138 151 127 126 108 100 88 Cracks over.010 in. 102 117 103 80 76 90 87 Max crack depth (in.).065.064.093.062 042.032.01 Position 1215 1240 0145 1210 0225 0230 0230 Cracks over.005 in. 146 149 134 134 135 117 99 Cracks over.010 in. 105 110 100 82 101 84 71 3-6 Max crack depth (in.).041.092.067.087.057.052.055 Position 0545 0415 0320 0555.0540 050oo 515 Cracks over.005 in. 157 147 155 156 154 120 127 Cracks over.010 in. 91 114 92 91 113 78 72 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).051 067.087.063.066.050.055 Position 0645 0630 0800 0815 1040 0630 0840 Cracks over.005 in. 143 150 134 140 100 92 112 Cracks over.010 in. 11 108 93 105 74 82 82 Max crack depth (in.).055.063.087.0578.056.029.041 Position 1115 1105 1135 0945 0950 0915 0920 T'ABLE XVII CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 2506 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 146 156 186 157 104 86 86 Cracks over.010 in. 91 118 120 111 79 74 74 Max crack depth (in)..180.086.081.075.062.00.048 Position 1215 1215 0215 0250 0300 0150 Cracks over.005 in. 105 127 151 143 125 125 154 Cracks over.010 in. 74 84 81 98 77 57 64 3 Max crack depth (in.).0488.075.087.065.076.046.042 Position 0400 0545 0515 0445 0330 0500 0500 Cracks over.005 in. 106 114 119 128 130 128 159 Cracks over.010 in. 80 73 77 80 87 62 85 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).0562.069.084.075.066.047.045 Position 0745 0800 0800 0815 0845 0615 0800 Cracks over.005 in. 147 152 177 149 115 91 76 Cracks over.010 in. 96 106 123 108 81 73 68 9 Max crack depth (in.).069.082.102.071.079.051.042 Position 1030 1110 1155 1015 0940 0935 155

TABLE XVIII CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 2728 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 105 150 142 203 115 99 Cracks over.010 in. 57 116 89 120 88 81 1 Max crack depth (in.).023.055.058.047.034.025 Position 0245 1210 0110 0150 1230 0300 Cracks over.005 in. 87 83 147 151 111 95 120 Cracks over.010 in. 42 54 103 105 79 58 67 -6 Max crack depth (in.).032.039.032.037.041.04.030 Position 1030 0345 0555 0550 0500 0420 0500 Cracks over.005 in. 85 80 133 147 139 94 142 Cracks over.010 in. 41 50 92 104 97 66 58 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).024.028.036.034.048.040.030 Position 0815 0900 0706 0730 0745 0700 0810 Cracks over.005 in. 113 141 160 222 113 91 Cracks over.010 in. 46 106 91 163 94 68 -12 Max crack depth (in.).020.041.057.042.058.031 Position 1030 0915 0930 1100 1150 0915 TABLE XIX CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 2886 Description 1 2 53 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 157 126 153 181 145 99 98 Cracks over.010 in. 75 80 107 131 102 76 70 12Max crack depth (in.).029.028.035 046.033.0271.027 Position 0130 0230 0200 0100 1240 1230 1230 Cracks over.005 in. 112 115 145 152 136 164 155 Cracks over.010 in. 70 67 102 104 103 122 88 - Max crack depth (in.).021.030.030.039.035.025 Position.00 5000410 04 0400 055330 0500 Cracks over.005 in. 104 157 156 147 144 160 156 Cracks over.010 in. 51 75 95 92 91 109 81 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).020.026.030.030.036.031.024 Position 0730 0900 0830 0830 0750 0850 0815 Cracks over.005 in. 128 140 162 187 163 104 112 Cracks over.010 in. 73 99 108 148 108 81 82 9 Max crack depth (in.).026.030.033.039.060.0277 *030 Position 1;159 1015 0915 1145 1050 1100 1145 154

TABLE XX CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 3753 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 112 142 150 138 119 109 77 Cracks over.010 in. 89 102 109 92 93 87 69 1 Max crack depth (in.).056.066.080.064.040.035.040 Position 1255 1245 0215 0200 0240 0250 0215 Cracks over.005 in. 131 153 159 132 156 111 121 Cracks over.010 in. 89 106 98 97 97 83 87 36 Max crack depth (in.).047.051.053.059.064.043.047 Position 05050 0500 0315 0400 0475 0415 Cracks over.005 in. 116 155 162 143 153 108 114 Cracks over.010 in. 81 109 110 96 101 86 72 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).045.050.052.054.059.048.052 Position 0700 0830 0815 0845. 0830 0745 Cracks over.005 in. 127 169 160 148 101 114 85 Cracks over.010 in. 96 110 111 104 87 88 71 9-12 Max crack depth (in.).058.064.065.058.046.041.035 Position 1100 1020 1050 0935 1000 0940 TABLE XXI CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 5849 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 213 158 212 183 113 86 82 Cracks over.010 in. 94 83 96 95 71 65 59 12-3 Max crack depth (in.).084.252.271.096.081.042.049 Position 1115 1245 0130 0145 0255 0800 Cracks over.005 in. 95 107 118 155 196 136 150 Cracks over.010 in. 66 83 82 98 102 74 81 3-6 Max crack depth (in.).125.1116.147.126.111.o63 Position 0515 0430 0400 0430 0430 0445 0400 Cracks over.005 in. 121 125 112 142 181 125 141 Cracks over.010 in. 79 86 67 80 95 67 88 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).1418.091.132.120.088.067.049 Position 0602 0645 0800 0710 0730 0715 0605 Cracks over.005 in. 178 143 190 177 120 75 70 Cracks over.010 in. 95 87 101 98 80 67 63 9-12 Max crack depth (in.).084.187.186.132.058.039.037 Position 0915 1045 0930 1130 0905 0930 155

TABLE XXII CRACK-COUNT DATA - GUN NO. 6216 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 122 211 205 86 133 86 85 Cracks over.010 in. 80 124 111 63 102 75 70 Max crack depth (in.).052.068.093 070.054.045.044 Position 1245 1230 1230 1200 0255 0255 0245 Cracks over.005 in. 112 216 234 190 142 165 186 Cracks over.010 in. 84 119 130 105 89 115 190 3-6 Max crack depth (in.).041.054.072.062.055.062.054 Position 0555 0500 0500 0530 0430 0330 00330 Cracks over.005 in. 116 213 247 215 121 158 164 Cracks over.010 in. 71 119 128 105 91 112 99 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).055.060.069 062.051.050.054 Position 0620 0845 0815 0615 0650 0800 Cracks over.005 in. 124 184 205 110 140 73 69 Cracks over.010 in. 86 112 123 69 103 66 67 9 Max crack depth (in.).069.066.075.061.046.039.040 Position 1100 1130 1130 1130 1100 0920 0920 136

TABLE XXIII CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 1554 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 53 147 189 184 152 Cracks over.010 in. 7 70 109 114 69 12 Max crack depth (in.).018.037.045.070.048 Position 0230 1245 0100 0130 0130 Cracks over.005 in. 74 110 77 92 117 Cracks over.010 in. 36 68 49 66 68 Max crack depth (in.).040.039.040.049.049 Position 0515 0545 0650 0340 0450 Cracks over.005 in. 97 120 69 86 123 Cracks over.010 in. 52 70 30 54 76 6-9 Max crack depth (in.) 043.046.037.074.053 Position 0700 0800 0715 0645 0815 Cracks over.005 in. 69 134 154 183 142 Cracks over.010 in. 22 71 129 131 7312 Max crack depth (in.).036.036.044.055.055 Position 0915 1030 1145 1000 0900 TABLE XXIV CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 2406 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 170 71 163 200 211 Cracks over.010 in. 77 50 83 110 93 12-3 Max crack depth (in.).022.030.066.059.052 Position 0300 0350 0230 0300 0205 Cracks over.005 in. 104 108 141 156 87 Cracks over.010 in. 40 82 92 96 63 3-6 Max crack depth (in.).023.069.053.065.056 Position 0755 0700 0720 0515 0545 Cracks over.005 in. 90 106 112 119 109 Cracks over.010 in. 50 69 69 65 65 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).039.037.063.056.055 Position 0830 0930 1015 0915 0850 Cracks over.005 in. 113 90 101 110 120 Cracks over.010 in. 58 63 61 74 71 9-12 Max crack depth (in.).027.035.064.063.051 Position 1200 1245 1150 0200 1145 137

TABLE XXV CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 2475 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 17 98 115 108 111 Cracks over.010 in. 4 40 69 80 56 - Max crack depth (in.).0118.037.049.055.048 Position 1215 0100 0150 1202 0145 Cracks over.005 in. 95 127 81 124 57 Cracks over.010 in. 56 57 51 77 40 3 Max crack depth (in.).04.0626.059.053 066 Position 0550 0555 0550 0410 0525 Cracks over.005 in. 102 108 78 116 55 Cracks over.010 in. 64 59 57 72 47 5-9 Max crack depth (in.).041.065.047.056.062 Position 0605 0645 0605 0605 o840 Cracks over.005 in. 19 89 107 105 116 Cracks over.010 in. 8 48 71 86 54 9 Max crack depth (in.).0123.027.045.046.043 Position 0910 1015 1120 1115 1200 TABLE XXVI CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 5050 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 11 59 87 94 152 Cracks over.010 in. 5 21 48 68 50 1 Max crack depth (in.).022.022.043.0737.0459 Position 0300 0150 1255 1200 0300 Cracks over.005 in. 117 71 65 100 110 Cracks over.010 in 60 31 28 60 63 3-6 Max crack depth (in.).029.068.0584.063.069 Position 0500 0545 0545 0545 0510 Cracks over.005 in. 76 62 74 96 96 Cracks over.010 in. 44 47 68 58 46 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).030.041.0450.067.131 Position 0610 0750 0700 0740 0855 Cracks over.005 in. 1 82 77 69 147 Cracks over.010 in. 0 355 53 57 80 -12 Max crack depth (in.).006.023.035.0694.0526 Position 1150 1255 1050 0910 1150 158

TABLE XXVII CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 3965 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 37 86 138 157 162 Cracks over.010 in. 15 41 92 94 78 12-3 Max crack depth (in.).011.031.040.055.037 Position 0100 0145 0115 1145 0150 Cracks over.005 in. 108 91 115 85 129 Cracks over.010 in. 47 68 69 53 82 Max crack depth (in.).033.050.043.060.037 Position 0400 0315 0200 0600 0455 Cracks over.005 in. 43 98 175 85 130 Cracks over.010 in. 29 59 101 47 80 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).032.055.055.040.040 Position 0515 0530 0725 0545 0630 Cracks over.005 in. 17 104 1376176 162 Cracks over.010 in. 10 49 89 115 87 -12 Max crack depth (in.).016.025.048.065.036 Position 0900 0815 1000 1100 0900 TABLE XXVIII CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 4613 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 9 42 98 133 98 Cracks over.010 in. 2 12 57 79 63 12Max crack depth (in.).005.060.034.048.047 Position 1200 1100 0145 1040 Cracks over.005 in. 68 50 111 152 128 Cracks over.010 in. 22 25 66 80 72 3-6 Max crack depth (in.).015.014.038.090.046 Position 0235 0200 0355 0355 0335 Cracks over.005 in. 42 89 83 84 117 Cracks over.010 in. 13 45 36 61 51 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).030.056.053.080.047 Position 0610 0500 0600 0430 0650 Cracks over.005 in. -1 76 144 95 200 Cracks over.010 in. 0 50 65 65 90 9-12 Max crack depth (in.).055.050.092.095.053 Position 0715 0730 0715 0715 0900 159

TABLE XXIX CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 6003 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 59 72 101 192 160 Cracks over.010 in. 14 26 57 119 73 1 Max crack depth (in.).014.016.043.057.042 Position 0100 1215 1115 1230 0130 Cracks over.005 in. 91 63 65 102 130 Cracks over.010 in. 32 29 28 63 67 Max crack depth (in.).021.031.044.048.040 Position 0450 0340 0445 0300 0240 Cracks over.005 in. 28 67 90 111 125 Cracks over.010 in. 9 35 36 72 50 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).031.032.043.049,044 Position 0600 0510 0600 0530 0745 Cracks over.005 in. 51 72 126 237 200 Cracks over.010 in. 12 18 57 137 95 -12 Max crack depth (in.) 015.017.046.046.052 Position 0900 0810 1000 0830 0915 TABLE XXX CRACK-COUNT DATA - HOWITZER NO. 6615 Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quadrant Cracks over.005 in. 0 4 7 150 151 Cracks over.010 in. 0 0 0 76 65 - Max crack depth (in.) 0.009.006.073 016 Position 0230 0230 0230 1230 Cracks over.005 in. 18 15 14 48 168 Cracks over.010 in. 0 1 2 15 58 - Max crack depth (in.).008.010.011.017.014 Position 0530 0530 0305 0425 0515 Cracks over.005 in, 9 7 15 64 161 Cracks over.010 in. 0 0 3 43 67 6-9 Max crack depth (in.).009.007.012.016.019 Position 0700 0640 0715 0855 0630 Cracks over.005 in. 0 8 40 164 163 Cracks over.010 in. 0 2 10 69 57 9-12 Max crack depth (in.) 0.011.012.020.0167 Position 1015 1015 1050 1155 140

TABLE XXXI CHEMICAL ANALYSES Specimen No. "C" Mn Si P S Ni Cr V Mo 221 0.29 0.48 0.34 0.011 0.021 2.59 0.90 0.10 0.34 1554 0.29 0.78 0.27 0.017 0.04 2.28 o.48 0.08 0.28 2406 0.30 0.75 0.28 0.018 0.029 1.70 0.73 0.08 0.31 2475 0.29 0.69 0.29 0.012 0.027 1.71 0.69 0.08 0.32 2506 0.31 0.68 0.28 0.014 0.052 1.61 0.76 0.02 0.34 2728 03.4 0.82 0.20 0.012 0.018 0.40 1.31 0.15 0.40 2886 0.57 0.90 0.24 0.009 0.009 0.16 0.94 0.12 0.43 3050 0.20 0.63 0.24 0.013 0.022 2,17 0.85 0.10 0.28 5753 0.36 0.80 0.34 0.009 0.014 1.66 0.80 0.10 0.35 5963 0.40 0.82 0.25 0.011 0.008 0.57 0.94 0.15 0.36 4613 0.22 o.63 0.17 0.016 0.026 2.18 0.71 0.05 0.26 5849 0.57 0.88 0.24 0.009 0.012 0.30 0.99 0.07 0.48 6003 0.41 0.77 0.34 ol0.1 0.014 0.27 0.90 0.10 0.51 6216 0.44 1.00 0.51 0.012 0.009 0.12 0.97 0.08 0.47 6615 0.40 0.71 0.38 0.013 0.013 0.19 0.99 0.07 0.25 141

TABLE XXXII PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Yield Yield Tensile Breaking Specimen Strength Strength Strength Strength l i Red. No. (.1%) (.01%) Elong. rin PSI PSI PSI PSI 221-1 137,000 131,000 152,500 123,000 16.4 42 2 130,000 122,000 149,000 127,000 14.0 46 3 126,000 120,000 146,300 124,000 15.0 35 4 126,000 115,000 148,000 121,000 14.0 40 5 128,000 121,000 149,700 122,000 16.4 42 6 138,000 129,500 154,400 128,000 14.0 41 1554-1 98,000 94,000 120,000 96,000 20.0 48 2 97,000 93,000 119,000 99,000 18.0 42 3 99,500 96,000 120,000 101,000 17.0 40 4 107,000 102,000 126,600 109,000 16.5 34 5 105,000 102,000 124,500 101,000 17.8 44 6 110,000 106,000 129,600 102,000 18.0 44 2406-1 100,000 97,000 120,000 103,000 17.8 39 2 100,000 96,000oo 120,000 105,000 15.5 37 3 100,000 99,500 120,000 102,000 15.7 32 4 100,000 99500 12009000 00 14.3 23 5 102,000 100,500 120,500 10,000 16.4 34 6 105,000 105,000 120,400 104,000 16.5 38 2475-1 97,000 92,000 118,600 93,000 17.5 49 2 98,500 95,500 120,200 97,000 18.0 48 3 101,00 98,000oo 123,000 99,000 17.8 47 4 99,000 94,000oo 121,500 97,000 19.2 48 5 98,500 95,500 120,200 97,000 18.0 48 6 94,500 91,500 116,000 93,000 18.5 48 2506-1 124,000 118,000 145,600 118,000 14.3 43 2 125,000 117,500 147,000 117,000 15.7 47 3 128,000 120,000 150,500 122,000 15.7 41 4 133,500 122,000 159,500 127,000 14.3 36 5 137,000 128,000 159,500 133,000 15.0 38 6 143,000 150,000 164,000 140,000 14.3 34 2728-1 132,000 121,000 156,200 139,000 10.7 28 2 133,000 125,500 155,000 134,000 11.5 35 5 151,000 122,000 161,000 139,000 12.6 35 4 136,000 127,500 158,300 142,000 12.6 26 5 132,000 125,500 155,000 132,000 13.7 34 6 136,000 124,000 158,000 140,000 11.5 30 2886-1 125,500 118,000 144,800 119,000 13.2 37 2 121,000 112,000 143,500 123,000 12.7 36 3 119,000 108,000 144,000 121,000 16.2 41 4 116,500 106,000 140,300 110,000 16.0 48 5 117,500 109,000 141,000 109,000 15.7 44 6 122,000 112,000 145,000 111,000 16.0 49 142

TABLE XXXII (Concluded) Yield Yield Tensile Breaking Specimen Strength Strength Strength Strength % Red. No. (.1%) (.01%) Elong. Arn PSISPSI PSI PSI PSI 3050-1 111,500 104,000 129,600 108,000 15.0 52 2 113,000 106,0 00 131,600 101,000 16.0 50 3 114,000 108,000 132,000 99,o00 16.0 51 4 114,000 106,000 133,000 108,000 16.2 43 5 112,000 102,000 131,500 105,000 15.0 48 6 113,000 107,000 131,600 107,000 16.0 44.5 3753-1 136,000 132,500 149,200 120,000 14.0 42 2 131,000 124,000 147,400 128,000 13.9 37 3 130,500 120,000 147,000 125,000 14.2 38 4 133,500 129,000 147,800 129,000 12.3 25 5 131,000 124,000 147,000 125,000 14.3 37 6 135,500 126,000 149,000 121,000 15.0 46 3963-1 112,000 106,000 133,000 110,000 17.0 44 2 111,000 104,000 134,000 108,000 15.3 47 3 115,000 108,000 157,000 113,000 17.0 44 4 114,000 107,000 135,000 114,000 16.5 40 5 112,000 104,000 133,500 111,000 17.8 42 6 113,000 106,000 133,000 104,000 17.8 50 4613-1 112,000 105,500 130,000 106,000 16.0 44 110,000 103,000 129,000 103,000 16.4 43 5 114,000 105,000 155,500 114,000 15.7 38 4 112,000 102,000 131,600 108,000 16.0 39 5 110,000 100,l00 129,500 105,000 14.6 43 6 110,000 103,000 129,000 100,000 14.0 49 5849-1 116,000 110,000 138,400 107,000 15.9 45 2 115,000 106,500 138,000 111,000 16.1 46 3 116,500 109,000 139,500 107,000 16.0 49.1 4 119,500 115,000 139,000 110,000 15.4 45 5 116,000 110,000 137,500 112,000 15.2 43.4 6 115,000 108,000 5 37,500 109,000 16.1 46.5 6003-1 106,000 98,000 127,800 100,000 14.3 49 2 102,000 95,000 127,000 101,000 17.8 49 3 104,000 98,000 129,000 105,000 17.8 45 4 102,000 98,500 126,000 100, 000 17.8 49 5 107,000 102,000 131,000 102,000 18.5 51 6 112,000 104,000 133,000 101,000 18.0 52 6216-1 137,000 135,000 151,000 122,000 14.8 45 2 132,500 130,500 151,800 123,000 13.7 42 3 133,000 125,000 151,500 122,000 15.9 33 4 131,500 128,000 15,000 121,000 12.5 5 131,000 126,000 149,600 122,000 14.5 6 136,000 134,000 150,500 118,000 15.5 48.5 6615-1 113,000 104,000 136,600 109,000 15.7 48 2 110,000 99,000 137,000 112,000 16.1 44 112,000 104,000 17,000 112,000 16.0 4 4 117,000 108,000 140,000 110,000 15.9 48.5 5 115,000 106,030 158,000 110,000 14.5 44 __6 113,500 106,000 138,500 111,000 14.5 44 143

1 - bore 12 o'clock 2 -bore 6 o'clock 3 - midwall 12 o'clock 4 -midwall 6 o'clock 5 - outside 12 o'clock 6 - outside 6 o'clock Data reported are based on a 1-1/4-in. gage length,.313-in. diameter. The data include yield strength (using.01 and.1% offset), tensile strength, percent elongation, and percent reduction in area. Rockwell "C" hardness surveys of the tube cross section were made on segments 3A. These segments were cut and Blanchard ground prior to reading hardness and four traverses made at 12:00, 03:00, 06:00 and 09:00. Little deviation was noted except at the edges of the specimen and the average value only is reported. The deviation at the edges is due to the difficulty normally encountered in reading Rockwell hardness at the edge of a long specimen. Jominy hardenability data is reported as determined from standard ASTM end-quench test (A-255-46T). Specimens were cut from 06:00 and 12:00 positions from segment J. Two hardness traverses were made per specimen and their average value reported. Austenitizing and quench temperatures were selected, based on composition, and are reported along with the chemical analysis on each chart for comparison purposes. 144

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 221 PIECE No. 3A. TYPE HEAT NO SIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va T NRMF. M ENCH. HEAT NO _I ZE Gun 221... 4..'1 1' t4 2 1q Q24.LA_ _2... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0300 POSITION 40 20 2 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES.-J - 40.30 — 20 I 2 3 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES I I I I I 11 -------— 1111111111 —_-_-1-_1-_1-__ 0900oPOSIT ION 0

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. _.256 PIECE No. 3A TYPE HEAT NO SIZE C Mn P Si Ni MoVa |EMP. F TEMP.F. Gun 2506.1. 68 014.0 28 1.61. 76, -4 O 50 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES 3 - t 0300 POSITION __ 4~~~~O~~146 w30 D1STANCE FROM BORE, INCHES 0900 POSIT ION 0 -------— I233 146

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 2728 PIECE No. 3A. | TYPE HEAT NO GRI C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TM. QUENCH Gun 2728. 34.82.012.018. 0.40 1.31, 4............=, -—........:, =.. = — - - 50 520. 2 3.'................ DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES -j ------------------— I -----------------------— 30300 POSITION 40... 30 C!~jj 20 147

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 2886 PIECE No. 3A ~TYPE HEATNOGRAIN NORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO SIZE C Mrr P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va I TMP.F. TEMP.~F. Gun 2886.37.90.009. 24.16.94 43. 12 50 | | | | | | | | | | | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---'- - - - - -- - - - - - - - -_- I0300 P OSITION 40 2O 2 3, 50? - -| —|-||-|- -|-||-| _|__|_| |_|_|_||_|_o |o 0900 POSITION 0 4C~~03~148 30 320

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 37-3 PIECE No. 3A. TYPE HEAT NO S ZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. F. TEMP.F. Gun 3753 3 03.1. 1 __ I 0300 POSITION 40," - @ I ifflH__, E I II IIII....II (I) w30 -\ 0i 2 3 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES -i 0900 POSITION 40 30 20I 20 3 149

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 5849 PIECE No. 3A GRAIN Va M TYPE HEAT NO SIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TNORM. QEUEpN Gun 5849. 37.88 009.012.24. 30.99.48.07 50 03500 POSITION 40 z 230 m 0 I I2 3 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES _J' 5011 11 1 1 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I 1 11 1 1 1 5^~ |_ ||| ||||| ||||| ||||| ||| | ||||| ||| || |||| 0900 POSITION 0 0 20 i -2 3$ _________ 150

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 6216 PIECE No. 3A 1YPE HEAT NO GRAIN NORM. QUENCH | TYPE |HEAT NO SIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va IEMP. F. TEMP. F. Gun 6216.441.00.012.O. 31 Z 97 4 50.. 50 | | | | | | | | | | | | |3| DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES 0300 POSITION 0 0-,.20'5' DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES _r 20 2 T 151

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 1554 PIECE No. 3A TYPE HEAT NO sZ Ni Cr MoGINORM QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO GRA'N C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va EMP. F. TEMP.UEF. Howitzer 1554. 29 78. 0 7. 28 I. 50 0300 POSITION 40 U30?2 f2 3 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES L 50 0900 POSITION 40 30 20 2 3 40 ------- - - - ---- - - ---- --- - -- -- - -- -- - - ~o _ —--— __-_-_ —_ —_____ —_-_________ —_-_-_-_-___ —-_ —--- 2 0, — _ - _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 090 3 O I O 0 --- ----- ----- __-......L1..

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 2406 PIECE No. 3A GRAIN TYPE- HEAT NO GRAIN C Mn P Si Ni Cr Mo Va -EMP. F. EMP ~F. HowitZEr C Mn P NORM. QuENcH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----- 0 30 0 P O SIT IO N 2o: ll i I I 11 11 I N S -__ 11 1 1 1111 1111 1111 11111 1111 11 11 1 111 0900 POSITION z 40 30 =2 3 2 3 0 2 13

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 247. PIECE No..3A. TYPE HEAT NO GRAIN C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va ORMF. PE F. Howitzer 475 2 6q 02 2 1171 6q 32 08 50 0300 POSITION 40 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES w 50 (i 3: - - - - - - - - - - - - __ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ 10900 POSIT ION 40 - - - - - - - - - - _ - _ _ _ _______ 30 2 2 3 154

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 3050 PIECE No. 3A. GRAIN _rNORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO SIGRAZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va E F. TEMP.F. Howitzer 3050' 20. 3 013.022. 24 2.17.85.28.10 I.I.. =..==..... 50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- 10 3 0 0 P O SITIO N 40 0- _ _ _, __ __ __Illiil- - -l -- l - I - -l - - - -- - - - w30. — --- DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES 41, 50i i 1 11 -^~ ~ --- -. - - -- - -- _- __ _ __ _. __ ~0900 POSITION I — I I_ l - - - - - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.. i, 0 30 201 2 3

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 3963 PIECE No. 3A TYPE HEAT NO sGRA C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. F. |EU P2 Howitzer 3963 i. 82 01.00 25 57 4. 50 0300 POSITION 40 W;30 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES -J 0 _ 20-... 20, 2 3

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 4613 PIECE No. 3A TYPE HEAT NO IZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va EMP.F. TEMP.CF. Howitzer 4613".22.63 1.016.026.17 2.18.7 26.05 50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — l- - 0 30 0 P O SITIO N 40 w3 I I mm'20 ~ ~ 2 3 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES 0 -' - -</)~~~~~~~~~~ - -------------- -0900 POSITION 0 30 20 I 2 3 157

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 6003 PIECE No. 3A TYPE H EAT NO GRAIN'NORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO IE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va EMP.F. TEMP.F. Howitzer 6003 41 77. 014. 27.90 1 1 _ z i z it —--------- ----- - 0300 POSITION U30 20 8230:::;:::::: 2::::: 3 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES._. w 50 -- - - - - - -'- - - - - -,158 0900 POSITION 0 40 20 2 3 158

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TRAVERSE GUN No. 6615 PIECE No. 3A TYPE HEAT NO G~AIN C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va NCRp.M. TEMP.F. Howitzer 6615.40.71.013.0133.38. 19.99.25.07 50 w3O1 1 2 1 f0 --- -- -- --- -- -- - -- - - -- --- -- I-03900 POSITION,2o....lll _ _1_llJ__ l l ll^1111111111 DISTANCE FROM BORE, INCHES _j w 50.................... f^ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0900 POSITION 3 20 0, 2 3 159

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 2 April FOR HARDENABILITY TLABORATORY Production Enginapr ing FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standarding OF STEEL (A 255- 46 T) TEST NO. Gun number 221 TYPE HEAT NO. SIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP.~F. TEMP.F. Gun 221'.29.48.101600 Gun 2 221 1. 29. 48. 01:.0261.342.59.90. 34{. 10 1600 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 7 0 r 60.9.. _ _ —-— _ — ---— c —_T!I 50 -— o 00 0 too to. u WE W —A VF M cmz+-H-X X 1AX 0600 w 4 450 o 4',- t. r........1 -- I.... t.... i:1 t.'34 ~ l- 1.... — - -,.. — -- - - -- ], ~ i -' -!-i -I JW - - 2- - - -- I- t 0' 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF INCH..o600~ ~16 40' i.... — t, —-- --': w 40'J 3 o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~6

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR HARDENABILITY LABORATORY PrnduEtion Engineering TYPE SPECIMENStadard OF STEEL (A 255-46 T) TEST NO. C nn.mhber 2n50 TYPE HEAT NO. SIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TENO. oF.I TEMP Gun 2506.31.68.014.03 28 1.61.76.34.02 1600'___________ ____1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F... _.,..,-I..,.,., I ~,., 65 - ~160 - --- -^ — ^ - --:. - _: -0 |__._z_......'1...'. —..j- p-:j:_-.-.:_ —_ | -'' |as 1l^ ^ -i - ^ ^ i |E5i t.: t =: —-- T- = - "-' -- —...................._... _ _.,-_ _- =_ o 3- -1- i I,'- 2'4 6 " 10 12 14 1..18.20.22.24.26.28. 3 -0 2... o5 L —. ---- - _T _ -- t_ -- -f -t - -—'T — - - I F ~ 40 2. ~ I -..hu] 44I 6 8 1 12 — 14 16 1 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34' 363840. 3. -.1 l -- -- -.6-.. ----- t-. —---- — i- L. I''' EI- -- -— F, — - I.i::- _::-f-:: -l —::-: % —: --—.:: _:::' 4 —— E: - ~ 2 0. —-:~I~F~Z~ —:lW,- 0:.. —:-.... 2 4 8 0 2 4 6.1 8 2...2..2..... 2 28...30.32....36. DS.. AC.... FO QUENCHED.....:..... I SPECIMEN IN......... 161..........::i-: —-- c.._i..:'-:'-

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST Ain E ngineerg LABORATORP ction Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. Gun number 2728 TYPE HEAT NO. GRSN C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va NTEMP.. EMP.F. Gun 2728.34.82 012.018.20.40:i.31.40.15 1600 1200'_ __' __ APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE, ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 70 S S _? 8 ~ M N ~ _ __ S______ o65 I55X^o ~~~U)~~~~~~ ~ " z0'14 1141 1 t -4 63,L-s- -^ —~l-^ -q -^~ —~ —, —-^ 0 --------- --------- ---—. - -1- --- - ---. —-- 5 — U —---- -I —- _ _ 0 26 2 4 6810214 16 18 20 22 24 26 2834 3 W — i - -...... --— _:-,._... _..........,........ _.... --- 6J 0 30-= —- -..... j i y2 55 — ooi.... i-," t.5.....'. _ -+.. —...... _ F - ---- - ----- t r -.-.- 4 -..;.~...... — __t.. -.< —-. —-....-:- -- - -..._ Q' 2 46.8 10 1.2 14 16 1.8 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 —DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF INCH 162 "' —....- -... i —i — id 44.Ie... A.....: —....... r -% —— + — I..; VI,. — I-... -. -" —.- +r Li

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE. _ 3 March FOR HARDMENDABILITY LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST SNO. Gn nSn r 2a86 TYPE HEAT NO. SGAI C Mn P S |Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. F. TEM. Gun 2886'.37. 90.009.009. 24.16.94.43.12 1550 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. CD54-:o io q 60 5X1X ---: — --:- =1 - - r —-— t = 1 T + F E II II I 6 -. - --- -. +....;........... I. —-... —--..-. — ---'- - ---- I 4 -4- AX|- | - --- |- Ur 40 EC ='+-| Jq= ~ ~T | —: D::t — ~-5- - T t........'... i t t..... --- - { -..I _ — _ 7, i..... i... J 30; J ^ - - x = JII t W 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 -140 — 1::1-0l6 I 0 U) 3 30 21

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR HARDENABILITY LABORATORY Prnu"tin Enginring FOR H ARDENABILITY 25546 T) TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. Gun number 3753 TYPE HEAT NO. GRAIN NORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO. GRsIz2e C| Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. OF. TEMP.~F. Gun 3753.36.80 009.014.341.66.80. 3.10 1600 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. o: ol l I o. ~; v0 - 7. __ I M.I I70 " " - -L:J..7 - -.0; | i-.. -- - --- - 1 -. - -+ _- - I J L-IIIXL —I I - — f —^ l-^ ^ - --- 011l1 — 5 "60!.,,'.. l...... - ~...;.. i. -. -.. i! J0 U 55 —....... — —... z -: — -- r-t: —: —: -—: —-Tl —- |: -! - -! —--.. — - -- -- -- - -- - - ---- - - -----— I —- - 3 2 -L- 65-0^ - t —-- --— tt -- —, - - t —- -l —-t - i — F -— f —- -, -- -- ---- -t --- -l —---— ^ - --—.; -— ~_.' --- * —: 1 —. —'1 - i...;.."" -::'-.I.....t..... -,.i -.....:... — j- -- - - - 40 --- ~! I', -I i -- - rr 1..1.. [': —-I.:... 0.... i —-— I-,,..... -" t - I| 25 1-;-:_.: ^ ^^ ^ - - - -- -, t F-:....i.- - t I 360,_I..:0__ _ 1:.'__' -- - i -. -:i. i1 - -_ -i —._ — L — --—.L — _ o20,= t5 - - t I L' -1 — 4 - t...... - 1.-._.. ---.. 820'.- -. ~~~~~65 _~164 35 -— F_-_~ _,.:..-.-,'....''.'-'".:."~.;'.-. 11 0 —.... "i....30.,,,:0!?..... k —--...... -.,,'v, _.;..i. PIx 2 4 6 a 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF INCH

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 2? March FOR HAS TRDM ENAB IUIECTY TLABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standard __ OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. Gun numbe 5849 TYPE HEAT NO. GRAZ C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va NTRM. UENC. SIZE TEM P. F. TEMP.~F. Gun 5849 37 88 009.012i 24 1. Q99 48 07 15 0 1 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. ~I!1~11 I' I1 T?~),' ~ I,:'' J: J' ~ U ~~~~~~~-i~4 -- U 5 - C 40 —:-:-': — ------ - --- -i, —-: -:- -r-..'".Z- — t — i — tI| 25 -k1 It -— ri --— 1 r7 n, I: 1+ I..t _. t. I...... t. I' I. I: I:_ _i._.: 1 [ I _.:!_=.t —t I <(::.7i_[ -i —:..::_ -:;.-:_:_:: —-- --—:'-:I 45 t;' i i.'t| | |.. ) r 1,! t' I t!..J t....',. —f~ —-X —--— l3-1-: —- -—! ---' - _ -.-_ —-- —.-.' —~0 ~ I I —- -- -J — -- -— t —-: —-—.-i ---!35 — IJ~~~~ 55 F-165 I, L z -j ~ ~-r-I:-:3j 55 U --— I — i..I.~. i ---- 020 DIS TA 1.N FR OM —.Q U C D E O SIM -N -I X EETH _'-.NCH

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE Y uion E ne3 r ring FOR HARDENABILITY LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO.Gun number 6216 TYPE HEAT NO. GRAS C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. TEMP.F. Gun 6216. 441.00 012 T09 31.12 97.47. 0 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 0 0 0 I; U) 50 I ~:- - J < =:^ 0600 60 _j 55t.- ) tso -W 4536 -tH l| l| —— 1-> —- - ---- 11 1 - - ----.3.., 25 - I -. -— ti.............. }... —...' —- i —'- — ].'-t{ -- ---- -- i 4 68 10 124 16 18 20 22 24 26 2 3032 34 36 38 40 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF INCH 6,~~ ~166 _ 55... U)r,:' iso DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF INCH

A. S. T. M. END QUENCHM TESCT A2MDATE 23 March A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. How. number 1554 TYPE HEAT NO. SIZE Mn P Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. OF. TEMP.~F. TYPE HEAT NO. P S S i Ni Howitzer 11 4 1 29.78 017. 4.21 2.28.48.28. 08 1600 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 7 0 ~ ^ ^' ^ ^ = = E ^ =Er=r-ET E E ^I _ — i -t -~ = -. _ I _ I =-,... | _...,.... I. - - -.. -.1 —- --- — = - 6070~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~0600 U - ---- --. — i. -. i i i.. i I. f -------- -525 1EEiiE-^-___ 136 50- --- |-'-m - -- ---.. — 1|1- I — - - 6.1 _ -4 + w -'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ —q - - -W~ —.. ___..... - -'.. 21 20 J J -i —- -55 — - U 14 16 18 20 28 30 32 36... —... —-.....

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR HARDENABILITY LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standard TYPE SPECIMEN OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. How. n.imber 2406 GRAIN NORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO. SIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. ~F. EMP.~F. Howitzer 2?40Ah n.75,018.029.281.70.73. 311.08 1600....________________________________________________________1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 0 2 o 1 o o o, c It c g 2t=^ -=-''-.|.=.. 1.. i= ==- _ __ _ _ —..-L...... 65 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~60 WX1>4X 0600 t 40 ||^||^^^^|| —-.|; ^. _ _ ||||| ec -4I35 _w e 41t1 + + + ] J -, H I —.- - — l —~f' - I I I+:. 6....:......... TH,..-.i-.-'..:..', ------— r —-,. —-— =- l 0) 0 1-: — ---- -- --------- a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 3840 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN IXTEENTHS OF NCH 168 i -—' 3-. -— w -:..... f......:.-... 4..-._. 3.1 IJI, I —~ I t 1.... 1 I I:_ _ _ _ __... -.J-1O30...... 6 i —'.. _FR.O.M __Q........ E OF S-.... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - 20- 2 46 810. 1 2 t~ 41 82 22 6 2 0 3 84 DITAC F R OM — QUECHE END~ OF.1. SPEIME IN IXr'ET$ NC -.C... i.~~ ~ ~ ~~_68 t- - ---._1

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR HARDENABILITY LABORATORY ProTcutiorn'rng- ine'r ing ~~FOR HARDENABILITY ~TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO._ H. number 247 5 GRAINNTMPE ]N^, SIZE TEMpK..TEMP.oF. [ TYPE | HEAT NO. | GRAIN | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Ni | Cr Mo | Va TENORM. ~UENCH Howitzer 2475.29.69.012.027.21. 71.69. 32. 0 1600 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 60J-5_._._ 600 U)50 3....z I -4 —-- _-~fi _1_4 o0.;. |, I |. | 1 — -—.. -. - -- 2 54 0I 3 J.. - " —'- -- ---- - -—'' 2636~~~169 I~ 50''' IDISTANCE FR-O OUENC-n Fr......m......-....... _-_.... 1.. L_, Pi',-,,.I 55! I; i' r I...., ~.... -"........,..... I ~................... ~...... 4':.....',.......,-'-........ -~ -T... -3 —:. -,.......__.......!..... r....,.....i-'"~....... -....,.......................' 681' 5_1._ 14: 8,8'0,2' 4:6,8 -:3 3 ---— r —T —l —......UNCE...... r —-4.......lr ~.....................................:...I...'....4-...... 4-................p., ~.... L ~ ] ~

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR. S.T.ENDQU H TES LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO.. How. number 3050 HEAT NO. GRAIN........ NORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO. | SIZE e C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. F. EMP.~F. Howitzer 3050.20.63.013. 022.24 2.17.85.28.10 170(. 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 0! ~1111o oo5 ol o | i o TC LNJLg 00 0 0 U): 0 o 1 6000 I, _ _ I I I—; r L I.:I.t --.. t —-~ - - 0600 a-H zi _ I. -— _- —: —-: —:-:-:: — -—:t============-====i — 40 - tI }, __: _t:U) 50 -4w - -k:-1 --:- |- — I 1 _tz -- ------ -- -.t'-: ~ —-0 —-1 - -' - --- --.. -—:1 —' —-- — ~ - -... 8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 170.I ao....,~......;-W —.:........- - ----- U U30 45....;... - -,.... d H.!: 1 A —.25 4 U~ ~ ~~~~~~ -— ~ ~-t - ~: - 0 2oL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:_. — _ L~ — Ir 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 6 1 20 22 4 2 28 30 2 3 36 36 DITNE RMQUNHD N FSPCMN NSXTETS FIC

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 6 April A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIME Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO._ 1IO. numher 39h TYPE HEAT NO. SGRA C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. TEMP.OF Howitzer 3963.40. 82 all.008. 25. 57.94.36.15 1550 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. I r0 1 1 ~ I I, 7..... --..... s - -..... ------ - --- - --— 1 —-- - I | - 1 65:.. —.. —-.-...... ------—...:.. -—;.-.. —......I 4l..I. -- --- ---.. 60J 55U U) 50 U) II 35 -- —' —0 -- - - - -r —-- =50 -A=-7 - -.-. J 25-..U —)F.........:......r.. i-:......... -- i-........... I —... 171 iz z-~' "': —,..::7;-~-:,-;;';"'": -; — -.'':!-;:-':;!;-;; —-—:; —::' —:-:~: -' —-—;-: —-;-;:;: --- ------: 15l_ ~ ~~i~,..... -:....... I- -4-....... -.......... -.....-. I.... 400 0 -J 3 J 0 —'..w. -4- -—:_: — 4- - hi i — - ----- m-...... --. - -r 020 m m mm- -mm __ I m mm m-__=i: i ~ __ 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF iNCH

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March ~FOR HARDENABILITY ~LABORATORY.. Production Engineering FOR HARDENABILITY TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. How. number 4613 TYPE HEAT NO. GRAIZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va NOREMP. F. EMP.F.CH Howitzer | 4613. 22. 63.016 j.02.17 2.18.71.26.05 1-200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 0 0 _ 0 0 0 I 0 _. | I 7~) II 1 1 - 1 1 60'D-' 0 - - I I I.' 5 L.......'T i:-F-: 1-"I-;.'..i-' —:-~ —--.-ri_ - _ 1 1 1 6!s~~~~t t!!, _ i [ l I 3 L-: -. -— L - I L'50 _ _'i~iLk-. _ _-i~i''-i.-.T.... _ _... 0 ~ -~ I.......... -— I —... _ ____. l' -—. —— r_ — t — - i -...,. 1- -- --- — I i 1,, 450 66 -.:,__ |.... t... i...:. t - i.. -.... -- —.... -—. —-.... _,...,,,,, _ I?-4... -I-_[ t 1 40v 35 J -- — l::-_%:t ~0 ~ i! / It 1.i — 1 i; I /:1: -l.,1 45 7t~ j=.~ __.. -. __ -...... - -....-|- - |.. | - -....'' 30 J - -. —' --- ---................... -........ -.-'-P' — - 3 -w. 1.._ -— +- -l — -+-.... 0 - i I - t I — 0 202~~~172 0600 < 5 -.....;;2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF SPECIMEN IN SIXTEENTHS OF INCH ]_?2

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR HARDENABI LITY LABORATORY Production Engineering FOR STEEL NAB25-46T ) TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 -46 T) TEST NO._ How. niimhr 003, TYPE HEAT NO. S Z C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP.F. Howitzer 6003 41.77.01 1014 34.27 1 0 1550 1200 APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE, ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. 0 0 0 0 0 l0I; 0I 0 - 65;~~~I -- ~ I|' |- ] ~ --- -|L:-60: —'.:: - ---:_.-: — -: —- - - - I miii'_...iii................ ~- — F —t-I —:-: —': — -- U 50,? 4 ) o -- - r- ----- ----- --- = L: -: —::1 —- - i..... --—' — —.. t -:_ -..! -_ —......!. -; -- - -------- - W 40 — 4 1_ - I- -, t- -j --—...... -...... — _ 60 2 I::' J 55,..... t'......' t.,':_...._..... _ -',-, t......!..... I..,:,_ _- j 2 I_,...t. t 1. t........ I; — l —-. -.... —: —---- UU::'i-.- 1-:.. -. - ---:: -''.- ~f 1.:- Z:::: - % —::':i::::- " —:1 —.-'.:: —_~.....' —rA -- - _ IrIttt, 60 -..I —.' - -- -— t-.'... — L — |i -...r.......'.............. -. I...:.I... ~,.,. _. | T 1'', 1 -' - I 1-.' i....... — ['.'.' t -- t -— "- -- - -, —-- - -'' -...- -' - -.... -.... -- - ~ — -'-'~-: —-~.... 1...... t.1........ i....... ~....:':'~.,............ I,-. 1...... _........I.....,.,...... --- ~ 20 - 1 i.! I.:'t:':20- __,' 30~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tl/ ~ ~ ~.. 20, 2~- 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 14 — 161 2 2242 8 0323 6 8 D ~-~! —- i ISTNC -FROM Q UECHE EN OF SPEIME IN SI XET O INCH 25 ~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~~-7~ -~~~-:-~-.-.. t- -;-

A. S. T. M. END QUENCH TEST DATE 23 March FOR HARDENABILITY LABORATORY Prodlrtion Enginp-ring TYPE SPECIMEN Standard OF STEEL (A 255 - 46 T) TEST NO. __ How. number 6615 GRAIN NORM. QUENCH TYPE HEAT NO. SZE C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Va TEMP. F. EMP.~F Howitzer 6615.40.71.01. 01 3. 3.19.99. 25.07 1550 1Z00 so APPROXIMATE COOLING RATE. ~F. PER SECOND AT 1300 F. o:! ss 1 1 1 i ~ oI I t I 0 -- _.... -.-.. _ 0600 65 T / T -i.. — I...L.l 60 L -4 6 L8.K 10-~ L 12 14 6 2 22 4 6 2 3-4 ~6 8 1 55. -4 —_ U) 50 L —-. _ -.h............ 2 4 8140 8 1 12 1 16 -1 — 2 83 3 34 33 35 41 -.. -.. — _ — —!.. i i. _. a~ -? — t |,?1 j,- - I- - I -. —, — t...._....-..........,-........ J —-= — I..I —.-..:...-. i —,...., F-1 - - - t 1.:- t 1 -1,. W ~~~-'~-~~174 0600 65

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