UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DEPARTIENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND APPLIED MECHANICS CAVITATION AND MJLTIPHASE FLOWJ 1ABRATORY UMICH 014456-63-I THE EFFEt TS OF CAVITATION USING THE VIBRATORY SYSTEM by Brian Szal M.E. 490 - Spring Term under the supervision of: F. G. Hamnitt Supported by Office of Naval Research Contracit No. N00014-76-C-0697 June 30, 1980

INTRODUCTION Cavitation in its broadest sense is the formation of vapor or gas filled cavities in liquids by mechanical forces. In engineering, the term cavitation is used to describe the formation of vapor filled cavities in the interior or on the solid boundaries of vaporizable liquids when the pressure is reduced to a critical value without a change in the ambient temperature. This report deals with cavitation in a vibratory system in which the liquid is water which is static. Two types of materials are analyzed, these are: 1100'Al and cast iron (3% carbon). The effects of cavitation on these materials are analyzed and a description of the testing facility explained. PROCEDURE The testing procedure is as follows. A test specimen is first cleaned of any impurities using isopropyl alcohol, then dried and weighed. The specimen is then ready to be placed on the vibratory system. A schematic of this is shown in fig. 1. Theis threaded onto the,.horn,-and'the assembly placed into the 6'st fluid, which is a-water'lbath:. The vessel top plate is bolted onto the bottom plate -;Te'urei... y. 0he'water temperature is kept at a desired temperature,.;-.e.ither. 80 For 160- F0 in the case of the test specimens being-analy-zed. herie;. *.This accomplished by placing the water bath in<ide, a pijb —ath,-since oil has a high heat capacity. The oil. temper-atur'e.i1%'s maintained uniform by mixing it with an agitator. The next step is to se't the-'pressure which is to be used with the corresponding temperature. This is accomplished using the pressure that is supplied through a valve connected to the water tank. In this way the pressure is held constant over the water. Both the temperature and pressure being used can be measured from their corresponding meters. Thermocouples are used and appropriately placed and attached to the temperature meter. The temperature meter has a specific calibration for reading the temperature of the water and oil bath. The appropriate amplitude of vibration is chosen through the use of the power supply. The power supply is also calibrated for various dial settings ranging from 0 to 80 in increasorder of magnitude of vibration amplitude. For example, a dial setting of 15 corresponds to an amplitude of vibration of 1.78 mils. The panel switch is then placed in the on position and the vibratory system is in the operation mode. The switch is then placed in the off position after the time interval for the first run is completed. The time interval for different materials varies. For example, aluminum was run at 1 minute intervals

(2) up to 3 minutes, while cast iron specimens were run at time intervals of 30 to 60 minutes. The reasoning behind this is that aluminum is eroded away quicker than is a much harder material such as cast iron at the same temperature, pressure, and amplitude setting. The test specimen is then removed from the horn, cleaned, dried and weighed in order to determine the weight loss incurred. This completes one run and the entire process is repeated and the recorded. With this data, graphs of Average Depth of Penetration vs. Cumulative Time and Cumulative Weight Loss vs. Cumulative Time can be made and the results interpreted. The entire process discussed above is done with two test specimens of the same material. For the materials which are included in this report, two specimens of 1100o Al and two of cast iron were each tested at a dial setting of 15 (1.78 mils), a pressure of 19.5 psia, and a water temperature of 160~F. Also two specimens of 1100 Al were tested at a dial setting of 8 (1.38 mils), a pressure of 1 atmosphere, and a water tempera ture of 80CF. This is shown on the Material Damage Sheets at the end of this report. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION There were only two major problems incurred throughout the runs that were made. The first dealt with the water bath thermocouples. The connection was broken and the temperature of the water could not be read. This was repaired immediately and the runs were continued with no loss in time. The second pro{.",_-x was that the power supply which controlled the level of the amplitudes was intermittent, it would go off and on during the runs. This also was due to a faulty connection in the cable. The power supply was still functionable, however the cable had to be maneuvered into position by hand in order to keep the system operating. The calculations for the Average MDPR were made by use of the equation. the equation: Cumulative Wt. Loss Avg. MDPR = Cumulative Time x C where Cumulative Wt. Loss is in mg Cumulative Time is in hours C is in mils/mg and Avg. MDPR is in mils/hr. It can readily be seen that 1100 Al has a larger Avg. MDPR as compared with cast iron at the same amplitude setting, pressure and temperature. This is due to the fact that 1100 Al is not as hard as cast iron. The Brinell Hardness number for 1100 Al is 41 while for cast iron it is 184.

(3) It can also be seen from the graphs of Cumulative Wt. Loss vs. Cumulative Time that cast iron has a smaller cumulative weight loss as compared to 1100 Al. This again can be attributed to the fact that 1100 Al is a softer material. One additional remark concerning the graph of Avg. MDPR vs. Cumulative Time for cast iron on specimen #5 is that 2 peaks are observed. This can possibly be attributed to an inaccuracy in the reading of the weight loss for this specimen Although this report contains no data on the effect of temperature on the erosion of a material due to cavitation when amplitude and pressure are held constant, it was cbserved from other students graphs that an increase in temperature with all other parameters held constant led to an increase in the Avg. MDPR1 and Cumulative Wt. Loss. In summation, the data turned out well with results that were consistent throughout.

T "i4.61A,, l s ool! 1-1, 5 9/-7 / /IV,2/J 1I a~~~~~ A3~/ — ( 0 Z -,f!5 ~> >?.: 5 / 411 —— J(A-513 A, 9r2 i. / 4rtal /, )l: I 5- J // y 1 i~l: i x/ c /' Z

'v-1 i ERLf, L DrA Jl.G l U.rT OR N: __.MPLITUDE:: \ 38, v _ /A TER:- - ___ ^_'EMPERA TURE: ~0 o F?IATERLL- L L\On0-O NUMBER: APPROX. DENSITY: v q_____ DA TE: V\fY oD ___ I C7 eT/"-'RESSURE: AREA: ORQUE:_ ___ M.D. P. FACTOR- * /q6,, RE-RUN: _- - OMM EN TS: f —L K-~~~~~~~~ I, ); pi,-<c - 0 - J)''."C4 tU: A4 ('C C', DATA ME CUMULATIVE WEIGHT CUM. WT. M. D. P. M. D.. R. TERVAL TIME, LOSS LOSS /Wlo _ __o. _ o _ 0 _____ ______.6 _______ 7 ~____z_________L___ q L__L______, 37.0 3 I 1.5s 3 1 -./j 5.73'__ 1___.....70. j,'- 4.76.._______ 1; 31.-7 ------------- -------— ______________ -______________ __________I_ —— __j —__________________________

~~~t —-— ~~~~~~~~." -----— ~1 -:: —---:-:...' -' _-..'...':'.: - - "';.': -:'-':-':: —i`-,G -:'-...- ~...:';:- -:' -- -— 7- -. - - -: 0'' -.' 7-' -'/7.. _ - " —'!:__ -.. —--—.-_ —- - - -- -:...:..... _.__.__ _...._... _.... _ ___ -- -— r —--— *4 r~- -- -- - --- - 4- - 44~~~ ~ 4- 4 - —.. I.- -.. -....... * 44. r~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. —.- ----- -- - - ___ -- t7 —-- i —: —-- -~ ---— iL -:-~z- F-: ~~~~~~~~~.-...:~..... __. -- _.........-...~'...-, _...- -,............................~.....t; ~ _.................r..~.. +... —..........-.............. ",,_'.........__.........-4 —-.....-.:::.-:.. —: - F —— m: —::~........ _;_'.._:'\'. i;' i i;. —_' _..L —--- -Z.- ___-.. _.-_- ------...., —...:. -. 4-.-. ~ 4- ~- 4 — A —- ~ ~. f - -~ t.... r........................i-........T.....?-...........1.: —-~ —- -1 —; —-- -i- --— l t —--— ~-; 1I.............. ~.~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~L___..................i-..........'........,'-........... ~....-. —: —.,:~-..~~~~...:f...;................4....?...:1 —: 1-..... -: ____~_l~ __ F-'-~~~_C- I-; — r —:uI....?.... —- - 4 —.....................__-_......-_...L. —t_Z_...... _,_......___-___'___._-.___"__.'::*-/'' F/ _ —-T-........? —-T-'__.:;_-_-_' ——:'. — 7-" —-x...: —-..... \.... ____ —-....; ~...:.'....... — - 0'-.x:....... -t~ —............... -f'-' —--— ~...... —..................? t.......;................. —-.+- -r....-i —-.'.....-4..................- - f-........... — - - 4 —~: - ---—: — i — ~ —-- — ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~.... -'-": —,: —-4'~ ------? ——:....... i...... ~.....;........:........-': Zi::i-i -L._-i-......-....,.........::_ —: x. —:::_'-:-__.u:~__~_-::-::-~:.-x:~:-:-~ —: —-,-:~... t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~ —i-1 - 1 -. --- ~ ~ -- --- -- t —---- ---- 1- -- - 4 —:rni~in-7 - 7177T LTT i..7 71 7 _ - --- -— 4 —--- --- 1 — ------ -- F —- — 4 -- --— 4 i- --- -— 4 ~ ~ t -- - - ------- -- 7. —— e —'- -,- -t - ~- -:'~:.t:-.-..L:'.7;'.:_,:. -'_;_:'_- t _-'.;: —.!t;;__L L: —L~ -T-_Z-~L _LT t.iL:":_L~ L...~ —-~L T::T - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ - - - ~ -- -- - -- — 4 —-- -- -4 -- 1,~ __:_.,. _ _t,. _ _ - -~~~~~~~~~ ~- -— _._ — +~ —--- 4 —-- --- -- -- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —-- i -:............~...... ~..........~.................~. —.......~ — i-........~ ~......~......_-L... - -- -~..~~ iI2 —-1.:_ -F- j.- _ ---- - -- 24 - - -4 —- - -L -- --- -— f - - 4 —-— i —f —-- C- -t —4C-.-~~~~~~''I........ -. _-:z.: - - --------- - - -; 4 -- - -- -- -- - - - - 4 — — 4 —------ - r -_.T — ~-:_.-'R -' — -4. —--' —------.. -- — i __ — ___._-_L_ _ ___ ~ —::.:. L; -::';: -:.!.;..''t.':!-"; —>- L'!~ -V_:t.-_Z' —_ _Z L N~'.; 24.:! L.-'~.. L T4]_ —- _ ~/_.__ _~ -_Z]_Z — T~~ ~' -' L:~~:::: ——:: i_::~-.:::_:::: —: —-: —: _ _::::`::::. _: 4-.-. — —':__: -/ -T,_. —-T T-L...... Zy_.- - - 4 —-....: _ _ _. —- ----—'_ -- - - - -' - I L'_.,_ (.. _ —-_ -."-.-7,....-:' — ^ —C-.~...-_.~. ~ _; —,F....... -._ _ _-TL"-7._ —-:...-..L.._.....~-'.~ i_..: _~ —--....:_i':? —._] t....L_ —- _?_.u__L.....__. ~:_-r_; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-..........-~...- ~ —-i —- - L.-.-... ".,-:_:: Z': T'-.-_~-~-_:....-. ~, — ~~~~~ — ~-._F~YT-'"_-_;"!:'-'' —~?:._iLLTL.:i-::. —'T.~~t —- - T',t. —'::T- _ L~_7 — yT:_- -— ~: ~ L~Z~- _:~~............ -..............i........... tZT;._.~ t, _ "- _..Z[L t-.-. _'T.-Z S - — T...T-'- L-L —t_-.'._^-~~~~. I~~- -- -.l,~~ ~ -__, - -, - - - ~~~ -! - - ~ - - - - - - 4:- - - - -~ ~- - 4 - - 4 - ---- 4 - - - - - - - ( — - - - - -- - - 4- -i - - -- ---- - -~- —: - - - - ----- -- ---— 4 — — _ - ~~..-.- _.- ----- --— ~ — --- -------— F —- ---- _ - ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ - --- - --- ----— 4I._ 1TL: _ 1._:.1: 7~_-:. - - - - - - - -- ------ - -- i;' —-. —.... — ----- _-':.............. 4 --............. J J' --.............................................................~ —------- i r --— ~ —-- ------ L3 i —- ----- -- ---- — ~ — — i —-- ----- -— 4 —c — ~ -— 4 —-- 4 — -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -- --- - -4 4 —--- 4 -— 4- - - - -- - - ----— 1- ----- - _-' i:-::;~ - - -~ i'~.........'-!- —:-....; ---... - — i. —-:: —-: —': -: —:q::-_F —.-:' "..' I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....I __ I j ___:.._.....;.. --- - -- ~~~~~~ —-i~- -— ~ — -— 1 —- - - - ----- --— 7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-,_ _ F' -'... —..-....~.. -i-L.- q1~~_' J.......' j'I —- ~ —- -~ —-—'- -I' ----- L................. _ _ ----— 4 — --—; __ _ --- _".L;/fT/_ —.ZtL_-T.' — J I [ j _-' __ I-'-.` J -I -- ~..........._.....-4........'. —-- ~5._~:' ~.: — ~.~? ] LL- Z.Ly~~..Z TZ _~. —~-:~'_-:_-L-.'-~ -: -' L - l __-._ —._ —q_:- _L L._' -~-' —:-__-.... I-' - -— i-:..~-.i...- _. -. _._ —.. ~~..................................... __._.._._.......... _..................................... j I' --— ~~~~~~~~.1'~:~.:o'.,,!- -— i -~~. —~o —-— mt

4.-.. o. _ _ _ _ _ i.... __^ - -?L...-.-....~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~:~ /.-....*.:....~-__ _ _-^'*::1'!^ ^* 5,. ~ ~'......0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~'!~ -:-!/-i ——::: "-::::?::7x:_::H:-1::_:~:~x!:~:~::~~-:c -: I I q co k.....................-..-:' ----------...' —I —: — F ____:_1 —-...2:2!.,i 2..4 -. TC2Z7T77222222i27Pf 4 222 - - — — 22LZ74- _____ izuz 4- -.- --.-.- 4. — ---- -.4...-.. - _ - --:2 Lzxi:{ — -_ 2 ____22L2.. ______ -4. — _______________' —r —---- - -- - -- - >..4222227...L" - -- - LiZ22I2L22L222 -:.22F2L>Z22-i&~z2V —-t - 4 222d1t222222722222222 il22Z222224 — i -T I.; I o I ! I I I i - -— +- I i i - - -- ~ —------— 4 —------- j —--— ~ —-- 7 —-4 — -7:~i::7:._.:?:' -_ —_. —-L- ~'..-' —-4 —........-t'! ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~.+....42222. ~ 22~.2222. Ln -~ ~~ ~:i::: -::: ---—': c,:c:: —: ~,_ L~-.- -- __ 12722 - - -- -............ i7 -— t7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 - A — -'- -_ _.... V.... i1,.., 4'~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 1-~' 4 -- -—. — r O-W - I., tr\ di - 47 222 2.....4X2 241222.. - .-2 24272 27272712427-27-4277227.4222777 -4 -- - 4 ---— 4 —----- - -- + 4 — — -- -~ —- 4. —----- -- - 42 2 - - —— — —- 2221272- - - -— - -- _ 77J71< - ~,., 4-2 < 5 ~~~ ---'i: —: -!:::-:::L:-:-: +-:'~ -- -n]::::: —: —:t-:: —, -, i-L~-: —...._....... --— i i... - - -!....' —-.....T-.....~.'...-~-.-~.-. - -~~ — ___"-' -.?..: —-?-......-? —-~ —— "~f7-.-'-? ~1J,7'-: -:-...+... <....'- - f~ -A~i2 <72 ~~:'~, — - - ---------- - "-~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... -= —~f —--— + —-7~-......-..............4 - -. —--- - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4........ —4..... ________~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1...................._ -— ~~ —-727 _ _ -4 —i 4- 222 -A-~~~~~~~~~~~... r~~~~~~~...........1:~- 4 —~.. t- 27 — ___....4 —, —:?4..~... 4z 2 —-:.w —~-y,,,:~~m —I-..?.....-t ='-~... —':r:~t' --— ~........-4..........-... —......... —-....t-=-4- -— F- ----— ___:-A..-.. -2.-',.._ —----.. —-_~...-_A_ i'~.a'., z - - -:;. ze —-71 I5 ^ sr <r (sj -. ( -— j m 1-1 k \,A.W ) -j ej 0 w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~r"^'"'

I3ORN:._e AMPL]TI WA TER: TEMPER PRESSUR TORQUE: PRE-RUIN 1A T iR IA L M.GE SlET 3 T T____ MATERAL- Li /LO ____ JDE: _/ 3_8 _ _ NUMBER: 7 7- fA P _ APPROX. DATE: /i, / _ A TURE: 0 ~ _ DENSITY: F.. -'.'E:' —— _ _ AREA:, 2. - 2;4? ____ M.D. P. FACTO*- _- _ _;_ y~ 4: -. 0 OMMENTS: C)b\o\ I | K — 8 I z ~ - - - I A'.1 i., J ( i' f'' DATA

2-z 8 z x2::'_:E::7_-T_7~_-Z~tZ —-- -__ —-. _:-:.'t' ——:L:ZTF:_ —-—'L'._V:': _' - - -:i-.;- 4.-.::-4-....... J~.-....................:.._.._..~r._....~.-_..l:_~~_:I_=-~_~~~-l ~-~.-..':......................................................?.... " —...............................-......:-: 1__~: -...... —. t —.......-.. —— 4 —' —---— ~~ -..... —: —-- s r i~- ~i~ —~ ~~~; —-~-~ —-: —4-_'':.:' -Z:~-"F.L~ —' LZ. _. —.t. -.2- - -.. ---— A —- -;':_. -;....!-:._-J': L'-:-.7..-!.':-:-ZTFi- T.'_L!2t_-i FLZ-,..::: -; L7_:-.-.i'~!.L':.~2 — Z. —_-': —-_.-. —------ Lt' ------—..7. - i.......' -' —-F- -- _....... - ~ ~ ~ ---- ----— 4 — — 4ri__ -I —-- -: ~1 —4 -- - 4ri -4 —--— i.T_-: -— t —---- ~ ~ ~_- - _- -I -_-I - -- -- - ---------- --- -i —- -L-.. — ~ -- -t —.__:. -__. __ -. —--- - -; - - - - -; —-4 — -.. -- 4- -- -.... i: ~~~~- ---- -—. —- -. — - - - - 4~- ------ -; —-4 — -- -- -- ------ ----— 4 -~ —- -~- ~-4 — - - -- ---- -___. ___.. ----- - - -I-~ --- 4 ____ ~ ----- ____ ____ - 4 -- --— t-; —-- - 11 c-~I i —— ~ —l-.-t-.-~ -: —-.'.. -:-:Z 7::~:_~-T.:_ "_TE - A - ~~~~~~ - r - - - -— 4 —-— ~~~~~~~~~~-. i- - -4-~ ---- — i - -— _ - - ------- - - r — --— r-~ — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - r _:-_:. N: ___ -— i 1I: ____l::: i _ _ _____ _ _ _ _ _ I —- - 1 _ — i~ —~_'~ -.- —.-..~. -^.~..... _ __... _ ___.........ih....- t- 1.........'...:...........h.... ti j- 1- I-+ — -, -------— ~ —-- — \ -'-. — -..... I~. -..-L....,._-_- C_._....___;'.......::............!.......-._....., _...:.....~_.._...;.._...._~ -~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:;L'..: —." —:j-;' -7:: "._.''i.-L -.:_ -:. —. ------—. —--— t- ~ L:_Z:L iL " ~.:.:.2T.:;._...-.;-:;:~-~ t''::F L.i.......,',.....i ------ -- t'~-5..'-! --'' ~ --' —------ ~ —+ —---....... —~ ~~~~~~~.,........... 4.~........... -4-.........-....!......:..... -_.~......:._-... i __:.....____ ~-.Z. —~-7 —_7-'F7...17~~ F'-i- _ —T.T;_.~_:~2:L~: __:___Z~.;.t_:_F___._.~._7Z;Z_.:_ _i ___Z__~F.F:~F: ~ ~ ~ ~ _F ~T.. —-.-:. ~.;~. —F.7F —-F.-.T —-—..' —-_7..i:... -— T~_ —Z_-:_'.- "t —-.' -?..-.-.- —..!.~...-'........t-............... t-~... - i —... t i...... i ------— i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'...... ~ —'~~~~~~~~~~ - ~!r_:-I.;....1.-.;.'-~t: —- -- - ~-' - ], i.....- --... i~Z'~~~~ —-t'::: L.LTL~ —:-:i'::'- "-'- "".....~.....!-E-........... -- - — r. — -.............i —~-1.-.~.-... N —- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~L —' — ~t_TLL-'..Z......L-... I — ~-L~Z+. —......Z_'~_- _... * — Z'?_:LLL;L _ ZL-Lt Z LZ —_'-2_...-t —--:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i._........-......... — _t..............~.............~~ —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t.-~c..............._._..... t.... ~.......... _____________ _________ __ ___ T___ r_ _ ____~ — ___t_._ ________. -t _ _ _____~- ~ --- -i — I - -~ —-- C —-- ----— 4 —- ~ — e j -- 4 —-— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —- __ - -- i —----—;- — ~ ——;t i -c- - - -—.-. —- — t —- -, 1 - r i ( —----- -:- - ---- -i —~ —---- --- i ------ ~"" —I — I-` - I-` —--- 1; i —-~ —-' —---- -------— ~ —--—; --—; —— ~-;- I —-I —- i. —-—.- -. —.-; —- ------- -I J ~ —~ —-i ~ ---— —--- ~ —— r -------— ~ - -i i —-— ~ —- ---— -1 — -— -- i —------------—;,- —-- -1 --- ------ - - --— ccl - 4 - - ----- ----- 4 - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~- - 1-i — - - - -4 ---— J. — ~-4 — ~ - - - - 4 - --- --— 4 - -' - - - - -- - --- 4 ------- - a, -— ~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ -4- - - --- -- --- - -- -- -----.- -- — ~-~ — -~-;:: 4 -~ —-- 4 —-- ------: -----— t —-- --- i 4 -~~- - -... —- I- - -- i 4 ~ - - - - - - -- - -- 4..:-~ —- --- ~- i -- -- ------- - - - -.~~-. -4 - -.. - ----- 4- ------- 4 -- --- - -- - -4-~ 4- 4t ---.... 171'.~ i_':' ~ _..i~' ~ _'' -' - L' _' - Z ~.. ~..... i'.._. _...' ~ ~ _'i'.'; ~ -.'. 11....-'N _ -.-~~~..~~...~~- - -_..~. - - 4- - 4i —— ~ -~ — -4 —--- - 4 —--— r- _ — - — _-: —— ~~_ -1 -—:-_:_:_-4 —:- - -- — _' — I~~~ —-.4 - -- - 4...... -- --- ----------— ~ —---- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —4,It ~ --- N-1 __ - __ _.._._ _l. - ^- -',' i s -0 ---—..- ~ — -- ~ — ~.,-_ _.... -- ~ —--- -- \..i -. i - -, -- - - - - %-'. 0 -------— ~-~ —— ~ ~ -~~ —----

.................................................................................Q-~~ —- — ~; i_.-...- _ -. ------. -...:. -. 4~'.-. -..-.-. i -..-.-_- -4- - y i I_''_ _ _ _ __ _ _: *:'''^ -'' ~**"'........ - ~ Lii ________ ___... -_'. i_'...... ii1...'1'' i....1 ~"'1'Ti~~ -~...i1.'~" i............ ~.i~.~-__.~~-_i'. _~i - -i- ~~-X ii ~ "''~. U ri C"... II- -,....... -. i -- - --- - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ --- ---- ----- -— ~- ------ ---.-.-. - -- L __ — ~ — _ —- ~ —-.-. — -_- - _ I_.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i - f. -.. -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - 1::- - — r 1 -1 -- --- ----- - -.T. -i-...... i t ~ —- -+~-i I_: -----— t ---------- --: - - ~- - -- -—? --- - ---- --- ~- - - i -— i r i —. — - i -? —-- t - -I --—' — -- -'-~ —--------- ---- - — * - --— I --— -I —— 1 —-, —-,- I ——.-_-,, ~- t~ — i ------- ~- - i - i-~ -- -....-. —--: — i ---- ---- i -- -----— ~ —----- — ~ -- -- - — ~ ~ ~ —-- - i —~ —- -- ~ — -----— ( —--- ~ -~ --- -- t: _-:-.........-L I - f —f~ — ~~-~ ---— — - -—. —-........ -.....,......___ _-...-...,_ I I. —. - - -i - - - - - - -- -,- --- --- - -- T -------- - -.- - 1 —-I - -T I - - - -—: - - - "- - -- - i -- - - -- -- - -—.- --, -~ I —- —--; -t —- ---- 1--.- -i-.-. ---.^-. -.. .i —----------- - ------------ —.- — - __-, _ i --------- --------— C — ---— i ——.- t -- -- --- i —--- --— ~- - -----—, — _; - 1 -- I -- - -.1. - ---- - - -,., - ----- - - -- f - -- -- - -! — l- -— ~` --.- - ---, -~ 4......-.. i_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ __. _I_._:1. ~.L.L __ _____:::I.r —-... —-----....~. — -: —-1 — — i —-- -..-.. J..~-.. -i —--- ~ ----------- i-~~ —— ~ —- - -~ — ~ — -----— t —-— ~ ~~~~~+, ___ ~ ~~~~~~~__L..~~___.', i _i'-__ r~~ t --- -- - ~_ _ _ _ _ t__ --- - __r:___-Ir ______~-i; —-— ~ -.-.. 4 -— i:.rI::..ilI-.I~ ~_:~: _.:: —--- - _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —-- __ -- * —.. 4.,(.. ^...... -~..._. i.-.~....... _ _ _._ _ _ _. 7...i__.~. - ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ - i __ _ __ __ __ __ I_~::_ — _=::_____: ~1 -— t —---- -----— + —--— c —-I — — i ___-w...___________ + t 27L__:i: Im2' j - -4 I

)RN:. vPLI: ATER:MPE L.ESSL )RQU: LE-RI MtATER1AL DAMAGE SHEET _ _____ _______MATERIALL- TUDE: 1 /'- _. NUMBER:. -AP APPROX. DATE:.:RA TURE: i 0 6 DENSITY: JRE: _ _ _ 5 _ _-, OAREA: E: _________M. D. P. FA CTOR L // It 7.. /,I K -+ JN: )MMENTS: O c, -X. K L DATA

...~~~~~~~~~J il,'l! ll ).:, _.. 01 <:.:.:.....-.. _. _ _ _:::i-~::i:!~ iii~:!~~!: -—:!~:::i~.:~i::!::;.... 7:. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -.i:!*!!-^':' -^'r^l:'^'^ ^'^ ^^^ ^'^ ^:':._ —,,, J ~ _- - -...- j...:,;.,..:,: ^. - " " " " " r ^'" " " ": -: - - - ~ -- - *i - - - - -— " - i~~~~.- -- 7. -i..... *-'"............:....:-' --- 1 i-: ^ -"** *':.'._.:_ -i: i-'::-:-'i"-::: ~.......'...... -: —**:-::-:...:-....... O_._1* ~ ~'.-'::.:;:. *' i:^!:.^-::'."::. ~.........';.....l!::'!.''......'- " - " - - y- - -: * * —;~. ~............... ~. ~,.,i^: _: _; _. _.'_ _. -.L. ^''' "*'."' -. * -_ _ *''' -..'*.. *......... \ 4-....; *............ -—.-O~~..._...........:'_....-,I'~~~~~...:...i..: -I-....: - -- -_..............'_ _ _ L "::::''-* _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -''. * _ __ _ _' _ _x _ _ ~; ~ _. _ * *.... -......;..-..;............ -............. ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L_........:.;.....' *:*..-.-...............,..............................'':.'::i _.!': ":':' I::'.. ac r-.-.. --..-..! i "' i. i "i-::-:~-::-::: I:' -:..:..: ~~~~~............ ~~" ~"'~I —--,iX -.. —., -c —.:-.1_. —.:........ _....._I........ ~.\.......::, ~,...;....:........;.... - -.i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ~ ~ ~~~~~~:'-...:'i~ ~ ~~~~~c... -_' ~,..'i.'.-.'.-.1- I I L ~ ~ \.x - -.. I-.~..~.....I.... t~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -......'...~:... ~:'.:''.. _..___._~.._..._i.........,__ _ ~:._....~_~:__~~-__ _ _ _~ i._ __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~YL —-~-~ —-I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:L —.Z.-_L~ _...~ -:1...: _..............-....................... ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.._..1_.. ~-.3 "f IS Irt t\f ji-~~) 7'7

o — - la` L ~~i i ii itI i~~~~i ii ~ ii I I..... [.. J ~, I ~,,~~~~II.I I[ I,I iI J';'" ~ ~ ~~~~~'1'.i 1 I i.. ji L-i....I: 1 i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~......'!.'t'I'_', I t i;.i!.. L-,-~ii O1i 17 i I i I I I f i i i I 11 i I j I I i 1 i j i 1: I/ I.:.. I iij 1~::1 ~O i i'Lcl -I- -I i /~ I j j i i - i j 1 j i. i t i 1 i ~ % I 7 L

M-A TERLA L'LITU DE: )ILITUDE:_ I'ER: T A IPERA TURE: SSURE: QUE:_ -RUN:. 5 (K~UU7 DAMAGE SHEET NMATERLAL-: A tL -_ NUMBER:____ APPROX. DATE: DENSITY: AREA __ M.D. P. FACTOR U? 2.6-. r>,YY% >5 f..5, L q 8 Z. -O^/1 -^/n' 1IC' ' ___ _ ___ iMENTS: -lb o *r-.l * (_-,-'- // e, *1 I 0 /,' I/ J DATA 3E CUMULATIVE W|EIGHT CUM. WT. M. D. P. M. D. P. R.:RVAL TIME LOSS LOSS 0 f~~~6, I O I III..__V-L _...4P>._______s. 26J ______ I ____,__6 /. / _____ 72 - 7 _____~2 __/,2 Z -'2.,6B 7', _ I z t /,zi ~ tw68 1-. 7,3f3 ____ 3 3Ic __,.0 / 3, - I?..___. z.._._.. ____ _6_______I.____. __

i~ ~~~~~~~~' 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......_........::-~ i:: i ii-::::'i:-::::~:i.~:,!i —..... ~~.i~i:::.'~~:'::::::::::::...........~... ~... —-— ":-: —---— ~' —-: —: -f-. —-—: — ~ —:: —- --—:-:- ~- - ll —-~ —V —~-..- -1 —-.::.. — -.'::..-~ —-~. —--'~..~...~-..i...-?-.,-. — 0 —--,-.............~.........................t.......................................:...,....::-~~:-,.:-~ —:~-: —~ f: tcrs to the:C.ntifmietr

Kii LII.!. $1 ilL I [t A Si, i I _ ~'' 11;"1' 1! ~'.. i i I: l! tr!! I: 1. ~,.-.^... L:^,,^^~~~~~~~~~~ i. ^j^'r^':;^;~~~.''' j''_. j'' b i... i. I.. i i i -: i i. i I i...lii I -, I - I I I i i -. i I I q I r -'I!; - I f I... I...i........ i I..., i I_:1 i --— ~...''''`''`'' " -,..i. —-... -I...-.~ ~ ~. f c' ii.. j.1.._, i 11..:...;.,.,. 1: I I i ~~ i:. .. i...., i. I f.I i ---- 1~~-~ —-i .:I... i;-. i. ~~~ L i. ...... il- i i i.: — ----— ~ I ----— ~- i -~-:~~ —— ~: ~, —d.-iI l~-t~ —~~: I.-c —, —-—.- r ~. —~ ~. ~; i - -~ ~ — -~I j -~- -~t:i....i' " I: i iilil..- ii:.. I r i - i I 3 - ~-ir. i i.1....1..!.i.. i I..5 ~' ~ ~-. (....r-. I I 1''.1.- /,2 i I t i r i 1 t I I'-~-~~~1~~~ —~ 1 - -~: ~ iI I i t j-.ir. I i i I: f ~ i..i i - j i ~ i jli j_ 7 I ~ i i ~ ~ i i ~ i ~ I ~ i: ~ i L,.__ bollW1 I i I; i I. I

MATER LAL DAM.A )RN:. Z /.APLITUDE:'- i,,' - /K _ ATEA: -a:MPERA TURE:.____ LESSURE:' ___ )RQUE: LE-RUN: GE SHEET MATERILA L- _____ NUMBER: ___'APPROX. DATE: -..l'_: DENSITY: 7. / AREA: -': -' ~M. D. P. ~FA CTOR — - a' d'~ -; -';! M.D.P.:FACTOR'"'* -/' -- )MMEN TS: I, -i — l;AS< I XK. 5' I -rio t-i - 5 117 DATA

)htA TERLA L DA A.GE SHEET DRN:.' MA TERIA L-'-. / r,^ vIPLITUDE: i'L.';,, -:iATER: /'. -* NU MER:. ____ APPROX. DATE:': -:MPERA TURE: /^/. - DENSITY:'7.- i j i'-.ESSURE:,, I, / /., -)" I AREA: i. rt L J'L /"') )RQUE: M. D. P. FACTOR-' -: - &', l1.: IE-RUN: )MMENTS: I )! I, z\, / 1. 1,x f I / i ~I' i I' I ~r i' L v r~, I J/J ~-: C`r~_ i r _ i DATA /IE CUMULA TIVE WLEIGHT CUM. WT M D. P. M. D P.D. R. ERVA L TIME LOSS - LOSS ___,__/_,-'*._______ _____' (. -,~ _; ('c_._, ____ _____*___ _____________________ |,'f'3 |/-, _*~_-_ __ i_ ||__(_ ( A~ 0 Q / f __,. ~. __ _ _ __' -c, \- I 3 ^~ 7^ _ C I ~ -, CK__.,. __.., I'|! 7' I (-'; d?' -' - b ^ 0';.....!_:'....,.i' Cf?:3'[ ".,:-" —' -,'' j,-'.SZ:.;.:.' _______ ___________ _.... _ ___,.-, -o, i I —-_1:.. t! I 1'"~~~- 1 t i1 I I! [ I

VI WA) -D!j'IwoA?? /I 0s 1 071 Li3UI q:4 oi S IC%.- -- - 1- ----- --— ~ — -- ---— "f -2T7-2T2CI -F 2- -- 1<21 ~-~ — - T2 22 21I...L. — --.~ F- I I Lt ——. ) --- __________ —-— + ____- _. ___ r__.___ _ -.. —-T-.-.-.-, A~/1 —~-~. ~ - C -—; —— tl —----- i- -l —— j~- r~r-............_..-............ —-...........- ------- -_-'-: -L' l -z........ ~. i......:........-.............-... —.. -. ----- ~F-<7I><7 4: 4-.... _-__.'_.. _:.- _ - ~ ——... I__ —.._k'i'2..-.-. __......4. __ —-- _________ -__._..-C.-.+-.-... _ _i_ —— _........ __-._.__._......._...._.__.!: ~, "-'-!,:! m.;, i... i,.- - 1-.,-*-...-.F x.- _ t -. i --— CL —-~ —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-F- -— F — -.- -~~~~~ -n- - ~ _~~ —_ —-- - ~ — I.. —..4.. —-' —4 — -~ -- -— ~ —-.- - t. - -~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~7 —----- -.-. —............... ~..................~...t...........-~......?......,.....:-......:.....$........:...... —........................~........7f.............,"............i' —:-7...'L__-._Z::i —— F"' -_-7-F:_:Z i'-;"::: C._-:::_-Z._:~Z_:Z:'Z~7L-L:.~ —-ZZe Z_ —Z —-L F:-1'.i-Z.Z-'~~ ZZ:~~C..: —_2?~L:-:.. L~-r'::L[_:.'.''..f_.22.2-Z_~-_; _T:.l.:-..:i.....L-':::~ >24.1 --- - *- ~ —---- 27:2> - - 1- ____ ___- ~- --....... —- ~ -—.; —-~ —--— ~-...... —- —,? - -;'' I i,'''f —— T —....~.....7 - ~ --- ~' -~.... i-'-;...- -7 - ~~ 41217222 4. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~i- e-,_._ _.1.. -. ___':.......?......... _ - -.................p............................................ i-, —--- ~ —--.....,[................ —......~i-......!........ -- 1- 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ --.....................................I......... 1.........t........ -- F- i~~~~~~~~~~~, _ ____i — ___~~ __________ - 0 O 0 -1 __ z-:rnzzzz.-.427.L..121. 22222L2 27~- _:iI_. F2112 27. 2-~- -.I -'~ — -- i —--- -..- — ~. —. i- - --— i —— i -t -~~~~~~~~~ —----— tl- I ~~~~~ —--- i- - 4 —------ -. -— 4: ——. Hi t.-..-~C`t — — ~-t-c —-I-~,,-~-cc - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -. <121 —-- 242272.2....2 272222.2 s- -i --------- --— __.____.. 4.... - _- _ 2.. ~.....,_. —-- -— ~ —-.z —-<>.t- — t — --— _- t-.# ----—.-7..7~ —-- __ _ _ I (............ - -- - -- -— ~.......-........'........'. r.................: "-_. 272...~.... --—'- -,- -F —--- -—; —---- ~'-:-.' _L-[- -:.... i.. —- t —-- rl-> r.m...............- ~.-.................'. -............................ C —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 44 --,:-::- -:-:-:~'::: ---—: -: -....'; --------— r --— ~e —-- h- ---- - _ ——.. - - ~ —---- -~ -...... -I —---. ------— i ----— r —---— ~ -- ---- 4 -- — i —- -...................~~~~~~~~~i -' "...:-..... - -—:- -— I —... -''~._......,~~~~~~~~~~~~~-..._.. __. r —- ~ —i —I -. -- T_._..__ _ ~ ---—....... —-- --—:~ ~~~~. ~~~~~ ~__.~..._._i. ——: --?. _- -—..;................................:.................';........i....~..................................~-...-. -...,- _~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.i~-.... - -......-i....~.................................................i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..-.......... -L —-L ~ — -.~1 —~-~ —. ~.'....."........ ) - -- - -- -. -: —- ----- --- 7......?......':........;.......I.......: —'.!........... hf C- ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A_-. _._._-~_i.~-_ — _l- -c_~._~..._._~ —---- L —_. —L~,~_ _:~.~_.._-t —- - ---------— / C — ~ —— ~ —--— i —- - ----- ~ —1 - -— ~-r- - / ~~~4~~~ Q~~~ ) J~ ~ -4~ A ~,~' I S V)- - A'. - I. - I - 1. I -1 I. I

t -, r I..I I 4. —-~- 4^:1 -.. -... / _. ~._._~ _!... ^..__.._.._........-. - -.-" -'_:_,. -f.'L. -_............'.......................... " —. -_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!.........,. - -. - -....... 1 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~........ -j -- I. ____,?I 1. -. -. -. —- - - - — 4 -- -...- -- _____ I t —----—' -------- - --— t —_ —--- - I, —--- --- -- -. — ~- ---------- -— 1 --— j _... -.. —.. ...; -' —`- — -----' —-' -i~ —----- --- --— ~ ~ —- 1f ----- -— ~ —-~ —- 1 4.e -- -..- --— ~.4 -.. - -. -~ - --. -- ---- - -- - - -- -- - -7- -.- - - -- -- -..~.4 -.... -.4.. - -~~ 4. - _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — _ — -~-~~- -.-, —-- ---- — >: d I -~4 —— i It — ---— i -— t ---- I — - -- -. —- ~~~-4 —,:- -- - - 4-. - +- -- --- 1 ---- - - ---? 1 1...,....... . 1_........ i -... -__. - -. 4 - - -~~i- ( 3 1.-. - - - - - 4 - - ___ -i_.-_ - - 4 - - - --.......... ~. --— t- ~ -.... - -~ ~~~ ~ ~. -- -- -.- -4. —------- --- -- -- -- - -:-4 --- -, ~~~ — c —— 4- - - -.. - - - - - - - ---- ~~~. —-- 4 -.4. - - --.. -~i. -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~- i. - - -- 4 -. -. - - -. — I-.4 - ~ —-4 — ~~-t --- --- —; 17. —.- I — ~- ---- --- I - 7 —- -. - -.~ —-- -i —---.-. — -.- -- -~ >77 117.4i-. — -- - 4-_1 _ _ _ ^y ~~~~~..~~.....;........ i.........~..........~.,....................— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_' "_.~'i-.' i-~.._;_ —'.~.'-.-."i._''-_"~ _-. ~..!..'~ --—. -- -- -J -t — i-~~~-~~ - ------ - -. —- I — i. - i-i- —, — ---------, —- I- --—, -— I ~- i -- - ~ - --— i —--- --- ---- i -- -- - -- i - --- 11__- I-~ ~ ~~~- J...- - 1-.1 - - -- — r --- ------— ~ — —----— ~- --------— i~- -~ —-------— ~ —— ~ — -~~ —------.4C —-- - -----—' —------- - -~ ~ ~~~t --- -- --- — I -- 4 -- -.4 -.4- -— ~~~~-4 -~i - -—.4 — 4 -- i i — ~ ~ -------- ---- Li — ---- -- — ~~- ~- I -~ ------— ~ - ------- -- - -I e~ —-- ~ ~ ~A - --- ---— i ____.- -— ~ —- 7: — -- -- I 0 ~~- —; -4 —-7 —-i -.... i 3 7 7 4. 1.. -. - -' —4 -..- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iII~~~~~iIJ774;..>3z2 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c......... /....4...-.,~..._ - -Z — - Z_ — T.-...- - -.-. i c — -I --- Q r I~~~~~~~~.-....-.-..... ~~ I - - - - -. - -: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — -: -- -- ------ ---.- - - i- -~- -- -. - - -. - - --- It - - ------- )~ ~ ~ ~~_-~- —,. -~...1. _ 4. —--- -:1_:-1 _ _____ __-4 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-. -.- -.4-. — --— ~ —-.4 -, — ~.4~ ___ ___ 0 p 30 i2? V..........'~''. i'.........;...............~...1~...... i'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............~...........................~..............._A..........................~............................................... ) CULM. TIMI (My\\)