THE UNIVE R S ITY OF MICHIGAN I Ann Arbor RALPH A. SAWYER Vice-President for Research and Dean of the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies 1006 Rackham Building March 17, 1960 Dr. Henry G. Houghton, Chairman University Corporation on Atmospheric Research Massachusetts Institute -of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Dear Dr. Houghton: The University of Michigan is very much interested in furthering the work of the University Center for Atmospheric Research and would be-very pleased to have the University Center for Atmospheric Research locate its headquarters and as many of its activities as may be desirable at The University of Michigan. The enclosed booklet describes the cultural and geographic advantages of the area which I believe are a strong argument for this location. From the land on its North Campus the University would make available to the Center a tract for the location of its headquarters. Other land which the University has nearby is available for locating research operations. This invitation has the enthusiastic support of the administrative officers and faculty of the University. I believe that the varied opportunities offered by the University and the advantages of living in the community of Ann Arbor would prove pleasant and stimulating to those who will be associated with the Center. The University would welcome an opportunity to discuss the possibility of location in Ann Arbor with your officers. Sincerely yours, RAS:b

SITE PROPOSAL FOR THE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH Submitted to the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research by THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Ann Arbor, Michigan, March, 1960

PREFACE The selection of a site for the University Center for Atmospheric Research will depend to a large extent on the cumulative importance of those features of possible locations which correspond to the Center's requirements. Most of these features are quite tangible: the size and suitability of the site itself, the geographical relations to state and national centers, the sort of university with which the Center would be most intimately associated, the type of community in which the Center's personnel would make their homes. There is another factor, however, of distinct importance in the choice of the site: the research climate that prevails at a university, that is, the intellectual atmosphere which has so much to do with determining to what degree and in what spirit scientific research is conducted. This is not a matter which can be discussed at length or illustrated with tables and charts, and yet every scientist is aware of its importance. As the following pages will indicate, the Center would find the research climate at The University of Michigan-the intellectual curiosity, willingness to try new ideas and methods, enjoyment of cooperation, in short, the spirit in which scientific work is best performed-well suited for all its purposes. The information contained in this Proposal is divided into six parts: I. The Proposed Site II. The University of Michigan III. Research Programs in Atmospheric Sciences and Related Fields IV. Special Facilities Relevant to the Center's Work V. The Community of Ann Arbor VI. Temporary and/or Supplementary Site iii

The general area recommended by The University of Michigan as a permanent site for the Center was selected on the basis of its proximity to the University and housing and to aircraft facilities available on a rental basiso The North Campus area of The University of Michigan currently consists of about 826 acress with an immediate potential increase to 890 acres. Of this, approximately 450 acres constitute a land reserve to control the development of the areas adjacent to the North Campus building section. The release or sale of any portion of this land reserve is necessarily contingent upon the intended use of the property. Any one portion of this land reserve could accommodate the Center facility; consequently, this proposal will refer only to the general area and not to a specific tract of land of fixed acreage. The City of Ann Arbor has also made plans for growth and development, designating certain tracts of land for industrial and research purposeso Some of this land is contiguous to the North Campus area and provides supplementary acreage to the area available from the University. In addition, The University of Michigan has land holdings in the northern part of the State which the Center would be welcome to use for field stationso Excellent airport and aircraft-maintenance facilities would be available to the Center since The University of Michigan owns the Willow Run Airport and operates associated research laboratories, including an aircraft facilityo Temporary office and laboratory space in this complex would also be made available to the Center on a moderate rental basis. We hope, of course, that this invitation will receive favorable consideration. What follows will show in detail why we believe that such acceptance would prove highly satisfactory both to the Center and The University of Michigan. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF MAPS xi I. THE PROPOSED SITE 1 A. Geographical Orientation 1 B. Transportation 1 C. Radio, Television, and Microwave Sources 2 D. Research Air Space 2 E. General Geology 3 F. Topography and Drainage 3 G. Soils 4 H. Water Supply 4 I. Climatological Data (Weather Bureau - Willow Run Airport) 4 J. Atmospheric Pollution 6 II. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7 A. Central Campus 8 B. North Campus 8 C. Nichols Arboretum 9 D. Schools and Colleges 9 E. Medical Center 10 F. Research Libraries 11 G. Research Organizations 12 1. Great Lakes Research Institute 12 2. Institute of Industrial Health 13 3. Institute of Science and Technology 14 4. Michigan Memorial-Phoenix Project 14 5. Willow Run Laboratories 15 6. The University of Michigan Research Institute 16 7. Other Research Institutes and Laboratories 16 H. Research Personnel and Students 17 III. RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND RELATED FIELDS 19 A. General University Facilities 19 1. The High Atmosphere 19 (a) Space Physics Research and High-Altitude Engineering Laboratories 19 2. Cloud and Precipitation Physics 19 (a) Development of, and Field Research with, a Photoelectric Raindrop-Size Spectrometer 19 (b) Field Research with Aerodynamic Raindrop Sorter 20 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page (c) Laboratory Study of the Influence of Turbulence on Cloud-Droplet Growth 20 (d) Radar Analysis of Precipitation Mechanisms by the University's Mobile Weather Radar Research Unit 20 3. Micrometeorology2 (a) Atmospheric Dispersion of Large Particulates21 (b) Atmospheric Diffusion of Fine Particulates 21 (c) Land and Lake Breezes 21 (d) Wind Stresses Over a Lake Surface 21 (e) Atmospheric Turbulence Along Horizontal Paths 21 (f) The Heat Budget Near Snow Surfaces 22 4. Instrumentation Design 22 (a) A Fast-Response Recording Bivane 22 (b) A Recording Gust Accelerometer 22 (c) The Dynamic Response of Wind Vanes 22 (d) An Isokinetic Volumetric Sampler for Particulates 22 B. Facilities of the Institute of Industrial Health 2 1. Toxicology Laboratories 2 2. Instrumentation 2 C. Supporting Facilities24 IV. SPECIAL FACILITIES RELEVANT TO THE CENTER S WORK 27 A. Airport and Aircraft Facility 27 1. Airlines 27 2. Traffic and Navigation Aids 27 3. Use and Size of Area 29 B. Willow Run Laboratories' Aircraft Facility and Personnel 0 C. Computer Facilities 51 D. Technical Information and Analysis Centers 5 1. IRIA 2 2. BAMIRAC 2 E. Special Departmental Facilities 53 1. Astronomy 5 2. Physics 354 3. Geology 5 4. Forestry5 VI. THE COMMUNITY OF ANN ARBOR 57 A. Location and Growth 57 Bo Utilities5 1. Water 8 2. Sewage Disposal 5 5. Electricity59 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) Page C. City Services 39 1. Police Protection 39 2. Fire Protection 39 3. Zoning Laws and Building Codes 39 D. Assessed Evaluation and Taxes 40 E. Housing 41 1. Apartment Rentals 41 2. House Rentals 41 3. Home Purchases 41 4. Hotels-Motels 41 5. Michigan Union-Michigan League 42 F. Medical Services 42 1. St. Joseph Mercy Hospital 42 2. University Medical Center 42 G. Recreation 43 1. City Park Lands 43 2. Recreation Program 43 3. The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority 43 4. State Parks and Recreation Areas 43 5. The University Athletic Plant 44 6. Golf 44 H. Education 44 1. Public Schools 44 2. University Schools 46 3. Parochial Schools 46 I. Churches 46 J. Cultural Advantages 47 1. Libraries 47 2. Music 47 3. Drama 48 4. Art 48 5. Dance 48 6. Lectures and Educational Films 48 7. Museums and Exhibits 48 VII. TEMPORARY AND/OR SUPPLEMENTARY SITE 49 vii

LIST OF TABLES Page I Airlines Serving the Detroit Area and Frequency of Flights per Day 51 II Railroad Passenger Service (Detroit, Michigan - January, 1960) 52 III Radio Transmitter Frequencies 53 IV Climatological Data for Ann Arbor Area 56 V Bound Volumes in University Libraries 57 VI Origin of Students by Selected Geographical Regions; Academic Year, 1958-1959 58 VII Regional Distribution of Students, 1958-1959 59 ix

LIST OF MAPS No. 1 Aerial View Showing North Campus Area 2 Ann Arbor and Metropolitan Areas 3 University Corporation Members and Educational Institutions with Active Research Programs 4 Highway System of Michigan and Adjacent Regions 5 The Present Highway System Near Ann Arbor 6 The Proposed Highway System Near Ann Arbor 7 Radio Transmitting Equipment Within 20 Miles of North Campus 8 Radio Transmitting Equipment Within 20 Miles of Willow Run Airport 9 Flight Pattern of Scheduled Aircraft Serving Great Lakes Area 10 Willow Run Airport Facilities 11 Temporary and/or Supplementary Site, with Respect to Willow Run Airport 12 Buildings and Road Systems of Proposed Temporary and/or Supplementary Site 13 Aerial View of Proposed and/or Supplementary Site xi

I. THE PROPOSED SITE A. GEOGRAPHICAL ORIENTATION The proposed site is within the North Campus area of The University of Michigan, approximately 3 miles from the University's Central Campus. The exact location would be agreed upon by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and The University of Michigan. An aerial photograph, designated as Map No. 1, shows the location of the North Campus area in relation to the Central Campus and the City of Ann Arbor. The location of the City of Ann Arbor with respect to the City of Detroit and other nearby metropolitan areas is shown on Map No. 2, and the location of this general area relative to the other University Corporation members and to educational institutions that have active research programs situated within a radius of 500 miles, on Map No. 3. B. TRANSPORTATION The City of Ann Arbor is very favorably located as regards air, rail, and highway transportation. The Willow Run Airport is located 13 miles from Ann Arbor, and the Detroit Metropolitan Airport, 25 miles. Table I, a list of airlines serving the Detroit area, shows the total number of scheduled arrivals and departures for each airline. For more detailed information regarding air transportation and the Willow Run Airport see Part IV, Section A, of this Proposal. Ann Arbor is located on the main line of the New York Central Railway serving Detroit and Chicago. Railroad passenger service from Detroit is shown in Table II. 1

The highway and expressway systems serving An. Arbor are very good arid will be even better within the next few years. Map No. 4 shows the general highway system of Michigan and adjacent regions; Map No. 5 shows the present system arnd Map No 6 the proposed system for the Ann Arbor districto C. RADIO, TELEVISION, AND MICROWAVE SOURCES Table III and Maps No. 7 and No. 8 show the transmitter frequencies and power of every unit capable of emitting radio frequency energy within 20 miles of the North Campus and the Willow Run Airport. Excluded from this listing are such devices as amateur radios, radio garage-door operating units, diathermy equipment, etc. The frequency range of equipment pertinent here extends from 200 kilocycles to nearly 10,000 megacycles, with output powers ranging from 5 watts to 500O000 watts. This equipment is all operated in conformance with the Federal Commuuications Commission's Standards of Good Engineering Practices, set forth in "Rules and Regulations," Parts 1 through 19~ D. RESEARCH AIR SPACE One of the more important aspects of any proposed location for the University Center for Atmospheric Research is the freedom with which research aircraft can operate. The Michigan location, on the northern fringe of the Uo So airline network, is a distinct advantage. Map No. 9 shows the flight pattern of the regularly scheduled aircraft serving the Michigan and Great Lakes area. It indicates the navigational facilities of the Michigan and adjacent Canadian areas and the degree of freedom for air-research operations. 2

E. GENERAL GEOLOGY1'2'3 The North Campus area contains unconsolidated deposits laid down by glacier ice during the Pleistocene Epoch. The materials of this restricted area are largely unsorted and unstratified, and are classified geologically as till. The till is approximately 200 feet thick and lies on top of shale bedrock of Mississippian age known as the Coldwater shale. The till is of Wisconsin age and was deposited by the last ice invasion of the Pleistocene glaciers. The tract lies near the crest of the Defiance moraine and the end moraine of the Huron-Erie lobe, which advanced from the southeast out of the Lake Erie basin. The till is generally silty and clayey, but shows considerable textural variation. F. TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE The surface elevation of the area ranges from 860 to 900 feet above mean sea level, and about 120 to 160 feet above the Huron River to the south. Intermittent surface drainage lines head just north of the tract, converge toward the SW corner, and eventually reach the Huron River about 1-1/2 miles to the south. Subsurface drainage is also in this direction. The topography is rolling, with a well-drained surface. 1. Soil Survey of Washtenaw County, Michigan, by J. 0. Veatch, U. So Dept. of Agriculture, 1930 (with map). 2. Ann Arbor Folio, No. 155, U. S. Geological Survey Atlas of the U. S., by Frank Leverett and I. C. Russell, 1915. 3. Field Manual of Soil Engineering, 3rd edition, Michigan State Highway Dept., 1952. 5

G. SOILS The Soils Map of Washtenaw County (1930) indicates that the main surface soil of this tract is Miami loam. Texturally, a typical analysis shows that the subsoil contains 21* sand, 30% silt, and 39* clays but considerable variation exists. The extent to which the relatively high silt and clay content would affect foundation conditions and stability under frost action would have to be determined by a study of the engineering properties of the soilo The soil along the intermittent drainage ways is classified as Washtenaw loam, which has a higher content of fines, especially in the sand sizes, and contains considerably more organic material than the adjoining Miami loam. Washtenaw loam is undesirable as a foundation material, but it can be avoided as a site for structures, even those of considerable size, because it occurs only infrequently within the tract. H. WATER SUPPLY An adequate water supply of acceptable quality is available for the proposed site at reasonable costs. I. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA (WEATHER BUREAU - WILLOW RUN AIRPORT) Willow Run Airport is located 13 miles east-southeast of Ann Arbor, 4 miles east of the City of Ypsilanti, and 25 miles west-southwest of the City of Detroit. While the terrain is generally level locally, a gradual rise of 120 feet occurs westward from Lake Erie and the Detroit River to the airport, and a further rise of 500 feet extends westward to a range of hills, 75 miles west-southwest to 40 miles north of the weather station. Large bodies of water in the vicinity are: Lake St. Clair, 40 miles east-northeasti and Lake Erie, 30 miles 4

southeast and east of the station. The large lakes have a modifying influence on the climate of this area, tempering extremes of both heat and cold. Temperatures of 100 degrees or higher are rare. Cold waves are less severe than in regions adjoining the Lower Peninsula of the State. In addition, the lake effect causes a lag in the seasonal temperature changes, resulting in a climatic condition generally favorable to fruit growing and farming. The growing season averages about 170 days. Normally, the last killing frost in spring occurs about the end of April and the first killing frost in fall near the middle of October. Precipitation is ample and fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The wettest period is in late spring and early summer, the driest in late fall and winter. Droughts occur occasionally but are seldom prolonged. Snowfall is not usually heavy and much of it is in the form of flurries. Dampness and considerable cloudiness prevail in late fall and early winter, but sunshine and lower humidity predominate during summer months. Prevailing winds are generally southwest. The strongest winds occur in late fall and early spring. Violent wind storms are rare; when they do occur, they are of brief duration, usually associated with thunderstorms. Tornadoes, generally speaking, are rare in southeastern Michigan, although there have been several in recent years, notably in 1953 and 1956. Weather changes are frequent throughout the year since most cyclonic systems that move eastward across the country pass through or near the Great Lakes region. Table IV, taken from 1959 Weather Bureau Climatological Data, lists the normals, means, and extremes of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, 5

wind, etc., for the Willow Run Airport area. J. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION The atmosphere of the Ann Arbor and Willow Run areas is relatively free from industrial pollution. In the Willow Run area are three industrial plants, the Ford Motor Company Hardware and Accessory Division; the General Motors Transmission Division; and the General Motors Corvair Plant. None of these does heavy processing of metals and other materials of the type which produces substantial atmospheric pollution. In Ann Arbor there are only light industry, such as Argus Cameras, and research laboratories, such as those of Parke-Davis and Bendix Systems Division, which release negligible amounts of wastes to the atmosphere. The prevailing winds carry pollution from the Detroit industrial complex eastward rather than toward Ann Arbor. When east winds do occur, the distance is sufficient to ensure negligible concentration at Willow Run and Ann Arbor. No investigations of industrial air pollution have been made because there have been no indications that an air-pollution problem exists in the area. A few atmospheric samples taken near the School of Public Health of The University of Michigan indicate a normal particulate loading of 60-75 Lggm/m3. This compares with about 150 Lgm/m3 for the cleaner suburbs of Detroit, 350 pLgm/m3 for central Detroit, and 500-600 gngm/m3 for the industrial districts of Detroit. 6

II. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The campus area of The University of Michigan, originally a wooded 40-acre tract on the outskirts of the village of Ann Arbor, now comprises more than 1,700 acres in and near Ann Arbor and includes approximately 18,000 acres elsewhere for use of summer camps, branch campuses, and lands used for research. The Ann Arbor areas of The University of Michigan include the Central Campus, North Campus, Medical Center, Athletic Fields, and Nichols Arboretum. Away from the city, the University has branch campuses at Flint and at Dearborn, and summer stations at Camp Davis, Wyoming (surveying and geology), at Camp Filibert Roth, in Michigan's Upper Peninsula (natural resources and conservation), at Douglas Lake, near Cheboygan (biology), at Northport (speech correction), and at Patterson Lake, near Ann Arbor (education, psychology, and sociology). Also away from the Ann Arbor campus are the Portage Lake Observatory, a few miles north of Ann Arbor, and the McMath-Hulbert Observatory, near Pontiac. From time to time, the University establishes field offices and participates in research programs in other countries. Thirteen miles southeast of Ann Arbor is the Willow Run Airport, which the University received as a gift from the War Assets Administration (see Part IV, Section A). The terminal building and the airfield are leased to several major airlines, which maintain these properties. The operation is essentially nonprofit so far as the University is concerned, but it enables the University to use a number of buildings at the airport for research in engineering and science (Willow Run Laboratories, see Subsection G5). 7

Area centers of the Extension Service, which likewise constitute a part of the University's educational system, are located in Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Dearborn, Detroit, Escanaba, Flint, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Saginaw, and Traverse City. A. CENTRAL CAMPUS The Central Campus is the original 40-acre tract, bounded by State Street and North, East, and South University Avenues, and extending outward to include the buildings around this perimeter. The Administration Building (housing executive offices as well as the general administrative offices) and most of the classroom and library buildings are located here. At the edges of this area are the residence halls and the women's athletic buildings and playing fieldso The rate of growth of the Central Campus area has lately decreased, and most future building will take place on the North Campus. Much construction has been completed on the Central Campus in the past decade, the most recent addition being the Undergraduate Library, completed in 1958o A Pharmacy Research Building, adjoining the East Medical Building, is presently under construction. B. NORTH CAMPUS Across the river to the northeast of the Central Campus is the new North Campus (see Map No. 1). This land was purchased by the University beginning in 1951, and construction of buildings according to a master plan for the area's development is going forward as rapidly as funds become available. Completed and in use on the North Campus are the Cooley Memorial Building, housing engineering research projects; Phoenix Memorial Laboratory, including 8

the Ford Nuclear Reactor, for research on peacetime used of atomic energy; Automotive Engineering Laboratory; Aeronautical Engineering Laboratory; Fluids Engineering Laboratory; Civil Defense and Disaster Training Center; Printing Building; and Library Storage Unit, housing the bindery as well as providing storage for library materials. It is expected that eventually the School of Music, College of Architecture and Design, and School of Education will be located on the North Campus, as will the Material, Metallurgy, and Structures Laboratories, the Highway Engineering Laboratory, the Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, and a classroom and office building-all of the College of Engineering. C. NICHOLS ARBORETUM The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University and jointly maintained by the University and the City of Ann Arbor, is open to the public. It comprises about 125 acres of land and contains an unusually varied collection of ornamental trees and shrubs. D. SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES Seventeen schools and colleges comprise The University of Michigan. The Dearborn Center, which opened in the fall of 1959, is the newest instructional unit. Two other major educational units are the Summer Session and the Extension Service. The schools and colleges are the following: College of Architecture and Design School of Business Administration Dearborn Center School of Dentistry 9

School of Education College of Engineering Flint College Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies Law School College of Literature, Science, and the Arts Medical School School of Music School of Natural Resources School of Nursing College of Pharmacy School of Public Health School of Social Work E. MEDICAL CENTER The fundamental purpose of The University of Michigan is education, and all the buildings and functions of the Medical Center serve this objective The major educational units are the Medical School and the School of Nursingo The hospitals in the Medical Center are: University Hospital, Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital, Outpatient Building, Simpson Memorial Institute. and Veterans Readjustment Center. In the fall of 1958, the three-unit Medical Science-School of Nursing Building was occupied. It houses the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology, and Pharmacology, administrative offices of the Medical Schools and the School of Nursing. A second unit, to house the remaining departments of the Medical School, has been proposed and funds have been requested from the State Legislature. An additional unit for the Children's Hospital is also planned. University Hospital, constructed in 1925 and now being extensively remodeled and renovated, is a 722-bed hospital. Women's Hospital (118 beds and 40 bassinets) was completed in 1950. A third major unit is the Outpatient Building, 10

with facilities for handling as many as 1000 patients daily. Here are located most of the clinics, an extensive Emergency Suite, and the Poison Information and Therapy Center, which provides 24-hour service for any kind of poisoning or suspected poisoning. Three important psychiatric treatment facilities are part of the Medical Center. The Neuropsychiatric Institute treats adult patients and is also one of the few facilities in the country for intensive treatment of adolescents; the Children's Psychiatric Hospital accommodates about 75 inpatients from ages six to fourteen and offers outpatient treatment to a larger number of disturbed children. The Veterans Readjustment Center is a special service operated by the University for the State of Michigan to provide intensive psychiatric care for veterans. It has facilities for about forty inpatients and ninety outpatients. Nearly 700 different research projects are underway at The University of Michigan Medical Center with estimated outside support of $2,500,000. Most of these funds come from foundations, societies, federal agencies, and individual donors. F. RESEARCH LIBRARIES The book and manuscript collections of The University of Michigan make the University libraries-including the University Library, the Law Library, the Clements Library, and some others-one of the best university library systems in the country. The University Library includes the General Library, Undergraduate Library, and 26 divisional and branch libraries in other campus buildings. Table V lists 11

the number of bound volumes in the various units of the entire system. A public catalog of all the University's book holdings is housed in the General Library building, on the second floor, where the Reference and Periodical Rooms are also situated. Each library has a catalog of its own holdings. The staff of the Center would be welcome to use the University libraries both for research and recreational reading. G. RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS Throughout its long history, The University of Michigan has recognized its dual responsibility of disseminating and adding to man's store of knowledge. While the education of young men and women is the University's foremost function, another and an increasingly important function is the research by which members of the faculty are continually extending our knowledge and understanding. In its programs of education and research, this University has long enjoyed the support of the State of Michigan, the business and industrial community, foundations, government agencies, and private citizens. The interest of', and the assistance received from, all these have enabled the University to become famous the world over for its instruction in the humanities, sciences, and professions, and for the research contributions it has made to nearly all fields of knowledge-science, engineering, medicine, social science, and others. The following sections briefly describe those research organizations which will be of paramount interest to the Center. 1. Great Lakes Research Institute The Great Lakes region has always been an important interest of The University of Michigan. The Great Lakes Research Institute was established to en12

courage and integrate fundamental studies of the physical, chemical, biological, and other aspects of the Great Lakes. The principal project of the Institute is a survey of the Lakes themselves, with special attention given to charting currents and accumulating data about water temperatures, meteorological influences, topography of the lake bottom, chemical and mineral content of the water, and biological organisms present in the Lakes. The Institute has the services of a trained oceanographer, who is applying oceanographic techniques to the study of the Great Lakes. It has received financial support from a special Legislative appropriation for research in 1957-59 as well as from general funds of the University. 2. Institute of Industrial Health This Institute conducts extensive research, service, and educational programs involving personnel and facilities of the Medical School and School of Public Health. Among its major research interests are: study of industrial noise and its effect on hearing; periodic health examinations of industrial workers; industrial lighting; industrial hygiene and toxicology; and dermatological studies of the mechanism by which irritating substances affect the skin. Initial support for the Institute came from the General Motors Corporation, which has recently made a supplemental grant of $350,000. Support for specific projects comes from the U. S. Public Health Service, foundations, and other donors. The Institute's research equipment of interest to the Center is described in Part III, Section B, of this Proposal. 13

3. Institute of Science and Technology Established by action of the Regents in July, 1959, and supported by a special Legislative appropriation of $500,000 for its first year's operation, this Institute is to stimulate advanced work in all the basic sciences, engineering, and technology; to aid in the wide dissemination of results of such work; and to further a fruitful interchange of ideas and knowledge among all educational institutions, industry, and government within the State of Michigan. Through the various programs initiated in its first year, the Institute provides personnel, space, and equipment; fosters exchange programs; arranges conferences, seminars, and symposia on topics of current scientific interest; and seeks to further public interest in, and understanding of, scientific worko 4. Michigan Memorial-Phoenix Project The Phoenix Project has sponsored nearly 200 individual research projects during the eleven years of its existence. It supports research in any field of study involving the use of radiation for peacetime purposes. As a nongovernmental, nonindustrial organization, it has been able to sponsor fundamental research as well as investigations of specific problems. Phoenix funds-over $8 million contributed by students, alumni, and friends-have provided University scientists with such laboratories as the phoenix Memorial Laboratory, the Ford Nuclear Reactor, the Plant Nutrition Laboratory, and the Clinical Radioisotope Unit of the University Hospital. Investigations supported by Phoenix funds have produced the bubble chamber for use in nuclear studies (bubble chambers are now being built by research laboratories all over the world); improved autoradiographic techniques; methods for studying the structure and function of individ14

ual cells with radioisotopes; new knowledge about the effects of radiation on food, combustion of fuels, and chemical reactions; etc. 5~ Willow Run Laboratories The Willow Run Laboratories, situated at the east end of Willow Run Airport, 14 miles from the University campus, conduct a broad program of research and development in the fields of engineering and the physical sciences under the sponsorship of government agencies and industry. The program is carried out by a full-time staff of 600, with the participation of members of the teaching faculty, graduate students, and other research groups and laboratories of the Universityo Research is conducted in thirteen laboratories or departments: Analog Computer, Computation, Countermeasures, Engineering Psychology, Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Information Processing, Infrared, Navigation and Guidance, Operations Research, Radar, Solid-State Physics, Sensory Subsystems, and Special Projects. During the 1958-59 year, some forty individual research projects made up the $8,800,000 research program of the Laboratories, primarily for the Federal Government and related to national defense. Project MICHIGAN, which deals with combat surveillance and target acquisition, made up three-fourths of the LaboratoriesT research activities during the year. Project MICHIGAN research is leading to new electronic systems and subsystems to receive, transmit, and display tactical information data to provide around-the-clock, all-weather battle-area surveillance. Requirements for sensors of light, sound, heat, movement, and the like, bring the Project deeply into the fields of radar, infrared, acoustics, seismics, and optics. Requirements for airborne sensors result in activities in the navigation and guidance of airborne 15

platforms. The necessary transmission of data introduces programs in telemetry. The problems of timely collection, transmission, reduction, and collection of sensor data into information useful to military command calls for sophisticated applications of modern data-processing and display techniques. A broad component research and development program is carried on, with strong emphasis on masers and maser action; this is the program which produced the ruby maser. 6. The University of Michigan Research Institute This is the University organization which administers research grants and contracts for all units of the University. Its origins date back to 1920, when the Department of Engineering Research was established. Since World War II, the Institute has grown phenomenally. In 1958-59, research grants and contracts totaling nearly $16,000,000 were administered; for the current academic year the total is likely to be around $22,000,000. The Institute supports sponsored research activities by administering research grants and contracts and by making available such service units as editing, technical typing, technical illustration, photography, reports reproduction, security, and several instrumentation facilitiesa 7. Other Research Institutes and Laboratories The preceding paragraphs have described those University research institutes and laboratories whose work has some direct bearing on the future activities of the Center. Other University research units are listed below. Bureau of Industrial Relations Institute for Social Research Center for Research on Conflict Resolution Institute for Human Adjustment 16

Institute of Public Administration Bureau of Business Research Legislative Research Center Bureau of Public Health Economics Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research Cancer Research Institute Rackham Arthritis Research Unit Mental Health Research Institute H. RESEARCH PERSONNEL AND STUDENTS The University of Michigan faculty is noted for its many outstanding scholars in a great variety of disciplines. Most of those in the physical sciences and engineering have experienced the benefits of working with specialists in disciplines other than their own, often as a result of their participation in sponsored research. They are assisted in much of their work by a full-time staff of research associates and technicians. The University's long-established policy, to integrate the teaching and research activities of its faculty, has produced clear-cut benefits not only in the classroom and the laboratory, but also for the sponsors of Universityconducted research. The Center would find the University faculty, which has one-fifth of its time freed for research work, highly receptive to opportunities to work on problems in the atmospheric sciences. About 381o of the University's 24,000 students are enrolled in the Graduate School or in one of the professional schools. Many of them find opportunities to participate on either a part-time or full-time basis in the University's research programs. About 1000 students per year are employed as parttime assistants on sponsored research projects administered through The Urniversity of Michigan Research Institute. And every year students are coauthors of 17

scores of journal articles based on research projects directed by faculty members. Also, a considerable number of doctoral dissertations result from this work. It may be of interest to note that The University of Michigan ranks high among state universities in respect to the rating of entering freshmen in their high school graduating classes. The cosmopolitan nature of the University's student body is illustrated both in Table VI, which lists the students' origin by selected geographical regions, and in Table VII, which lists their distribution in the University's 17 schools and colleges. The supply of scientific manpower in the Ann Arbor area is as good as that anywhere in the country. The University-Ann Arbor environment has attracted outstanding scholars in all fields of learning. If the Corporation decides to accept the invitation offered herein, the Center will no doubt benefit equally from this environment. A factual presentation of what the community of Ann Arbor has to offer newcomers is given in the last part of this Proposal. Part III of this Proposal describes the University's research programs in atmospheric sciences and related areas, as well as the special equipment used in these investigations; Part IV deals with other University facilities relevant to the Center's work. All laboratories are staffed with competent scientists and technicians, who work under the direction of members of the teaching facultyo Everyone would cooperate with the Center to the fullest extent possible. 18

III. RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND RELATED FIELDS A. GENERAL UNIVERSITY FACILITIES The University of Michigan is actively engaged in a number of fields of atmospheric research. These will be described in broad categories. 1. The High Atmosphere Most of the research in this area is being conducted by two rocket groups, which have been active since the end of World War II and participated extensively in the I.G.Y. (a) Space Physics Research and High-Altitude Engineering Laboratories.The pressure, temperature, density, and composition of the atmosphere from 30 to 200 km are being studied in rocket programs. The charged-particle structure of the ionosphere is also being investigated by rocket soundings. An improved rocket vehicle is under development for carrying upper-air sensors to heights of from 150 to 1800 km. Another phase is concerned with radiation studies in the visible and near-infrared regions by high-resolution and low-resolution radiometers mounted both on rockets and satellites. 2. Cloud and Precipitation Physics (a) Development of, and Field Research with, a Photoelectric Raindrop-Size Spectrometer.-The development of this instrument is nearing completion. The instruhas been field-tested, and raindrop-size spectra have been obtained. The next step in this investigation is to study in detail the raindrop spectra of rain produced 19

by the various precipitation-generating processes in the atmosphere in order to elucidate the fundamental physical mechanisms involved Plans for the future include the development and use of anr airborne photoelectric raindrop-size spectrometer o (b) Field Research with Aerodynamic Raindrop Sorter — This rnstrument differs fundamentally from that described above in that it collects raindrops in. various mass ranges with a view to chemical and physical analysis of contained matter. The instrument is in the initial stage Theoretical calculations carried out with an analog computer have been compared with observations made with the sorter. It offers a second significant method for the analysis of condensation and precipitation mechanisms in the atmosphereo (c) Laboratory Study of the Influence of Turbulence on Cloud-Droplet Growth. -A cloud chamber has been developed in which monodisperse systems of cloud droplets may be produced. A method of generating reproducible patterns of turbulence within the cloud chamber is being perfectedo The apparatus holds promise of clarifying our understanding of the physical processes by which clouddroplet growth occurs, (d) Radar Analysis of Precipitation Mechanisms by the University's Mobile Weather Radar Research Unit. -Radar photographs of many precipitating cloud systems have been obtained, and detailed analysis of these will commence shortly. Plans for the future call for radar analysis of precipitation simultaneously with studies using the photoelectric raindrop-size spectrometer and the aerodynamic raindrop sorter. 20

3. Micrometeorology (a) Atmospheric Dispersion of Large Particulates. -This research is concerned with the emission, transport, diffusion, and deposition of natural particulates of relatively large size (e.g., ragweed pollen of diameter 20i). The complex processes of atmospheric dispersion are being studied by field experiments both during the regular ragweed season and using ragweed plants induced to pollinate extraseasonally. (b) Atmospheric Diffusion of Fine Particulates.-Diffusion patterns of fluorescent particles with diameters of several microns released at a shoreline station to flow out and over the surface of a large lake are being measured by airplane sampling. The pertinent meteorological parameters are being measured simultaneously. These experiments will yield much fundamental knowledge about "diffusion in transitional states." (c) Land and Lake Breezes.-An instrumented meteorological tower located at the shoreline of Lake Erie, one hundred yards from the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant and 40 miles from Ann Arbor, is yielding much new information on the development of land and lake breezes and providing a sound basis for an improved understanding of these phenomena. (d) Wind Stresses Over a Lake Surface. -Precise measurements of the windspeed profile over the surface of a large lake have yielded values of the wind stress on the lake surface as a function of wind speed. These measurements are expected to clarify a number of unsolved problems. (e) Atmospheric Turbulence Along Horizontal Paths.-A photoelectric detector of scintillations induced by atmospheric turbulence in a light beam tra21

versing a long horizontal path is being employed to analyze the scintillation patterns as functions of lapse rate, surface roughness, height above surface, wind direction, and wind speed. A number of significant results have been obtained, and the research is being expanded. (f) The Heat Budget Near Snow Surfaces.-The complex heat economy of snow surfaces is being investigated by a program of measurements at a field station in Michigan's Keewenaw Peninsula, which extends into Lake Superior. 4. Instrumentation Design (a) A Fast-Response Recording Bivane.-A bi-directional wind vane of novel design has been developed for detailed studies of turbulence required in micrometeorology. The bivane has been shown to have excellent performance characteristics. (b) A Recording Gust Accelerometer -A bridled-cup anemometer of special design for turbulence studies has proven its value. Present plans include the development of a faster-response instrument. (c) The Dynamic Response of Wind Vanes.-Mathematical and wind-tunnel studies of the dynamic response of wind vanes have been carried outo These studies will provide the basis for improved designs in the future. (d) An Isokinetic Volumetric Sampler for Particulates.-A sampler of new design to permit true isokinetic volumetric sampling of atmospheric particulates has been developed, but requires additional testing and refinement. B. FACILITIES OF TKE INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH A vital part of a complete program of atmospheric research concerns the effects of the atmosphere on health. The Institute of Industrial Health, the School 22

of Public Health, and the Medical Center have well-trained personnel experienced in studying the effects on health of inhaling polluted air, as well as outstanding facilities for such research. 1. Toxicology Laboratories The new toxicology laboratories include fully equipped chemical and biological laboratories, animal quarters, animal exposure chambers, cold-storage facilities, a diet kitchen, and a dish-washing room. The animal exposure room contains four large stainless-steel inhalation chambers (6 x 6 x 6 ft). Each of these chambers is individually air-conditioned with humidity, temperature, and air-flow controls. These chambers can be operated continuously to expose large numbers of animals to various types of artificially prepared atmospheres over long periods of time. Two smaller stainless-steel inhalation chambers are also available for use with smaller groups of animals and for shorter periods of time. Laboratory equipment is also available to carry out a variety of biochemical studies on the exposed animals. 2. Instrumentation The physics instrumentation section is a laboratory facility staffed with personnel trained to carry out work in emission spectroscopy, including the visible, ultra-violet, and X-ray regions; absorption spectroscopy in the visible, ultra-violet, and infrared regions; X-ray diffraction; and gas chromatography. This laboratory was designed to conduct research on those health problems that can be approached and investigated by the use of physical instrumentation. This basic instrumentation, however, can be used in a wide variety of atmospheric problems. 23

Along with the exposure chambers and other laboratory facilities, the instrumentation of the Institute can be used to simulate and study innumerable atmospheric conditions as related to health. These facilities would permit observation of physiological responses of long-term exposure to low concentrations of contaminants in the atmosphere. The School of Public Health now offers a sequence of graduate courses on community air-pollution control, covering health effects, sampling, instrumentation, and analysis. C. SUPPORTING FACILITIES The University of Michigan is unusually well equipped with facilities that could be used in support of a program of fundamental research in the atmospheric sciences. Some of these facilities are: 1. Telescopes and radiotelescopes, for the study of planetary atmospheres and of solar-terrestrial relationships. (For a detailed discussion see Part IV, Section Eo) 2. Radar design laboratories, with personnel competent to advise on new research weather-radar systems of the most advanced types. 35 The Radiation Laboratory (staff of nearly 100), for the theoretical and experimental study of electromagnetic radiation, such as array and antenna theory, electromagnetic radiation and scattering, radar absorption, radar cross sections, tropospheric scattering, magnetohydrodynamics, plasma theory, dielectric properties of polar liquids, and experimental design for probing the planetso 24

4. The Infrared Laboratories in the Randall Building, providing the possibility of laboratory research on infrared radiation under specified and controlled conditions. Such research has provided much basic information which has proved to be invaluable in the study of infrared radiation in the atmosphere. 5. The Instrumentation Laboratories, affording the competence and resources to assist in the solution of the most complex problems of modern meteorological instrumentation. 6. The Ford Reactor and the Memorial Phoenix Laboratory, available to supply radioactive tracer substances for the analysis of complicated physical atmospheric processes. 7. The Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, providing an opportunity for special research in the broad area of paleometeorology. 25

IV. SPECIAL FACILITIES RELEVANT TO THE CENTER'S WORK A. AIRPORT AND AIRCRAFT FACILITY Willow Run Airport is located 13 miles from Ann Arbor, 30 miles from Detroit, and 12 miles from Detroit Metropolitan Airport. 1. Airlines Southeastern Michigan is served by 10 trunk carriers and 4 local service carriers: Capital Airlines, Trans-World Airlines, United Air Lines, and Eastern Air Lines presently operate from Willow Run Airport; North Central, Lake Central, and Mohawk Airlines, as local service carriers, also operate from that airport. American, Northwest, Delta, Trans-Canada, Pan American, and B.O.A.C. operate from Detroit Metropolitan Airport; Allegheny Airlines is the local service carrier from that airport. There are 660 scheduled arrivals and departures daily by the above carriers. The routes of these airlines serve the Detroit area with direct schedules to all the major cities of the United States. The Detroit area service is approximately sixth in the volume of scheduled airline traffic. Table I lists the airlines serving the Detroit area and the number of scheduled arrivals and departures for each airline. 2. Traffic and Navigation Aids The air traffic routes are predominately traveled east and west between Detroit and Chicago and Detroit and New York. The other heavily traveled airways are to the south, southwest, and southeast. A minimum of air traffic is to the north, to the smaller communities of Michigan. 27

All the air traffic approaching or departing from Detroit is controlled by the Federal Aviation Agency Control Tower located at Willow Run Airporto The navigational aids employed for air traffic control at this airport are Radar Approach Control and Radar Departure Control) which in turn utilize the following aids: Airport Surveillance Radar, Terminal Visual Omrni-Directional Range, Instrument Landing System, Distance Measuring Equipment, V.HoFo Directiqn Finder, Precision Approach Radar (G..C.A.) High-Intensity Runway Lights on thie Instrument Runway, High-Intensity Approach Lights with sequence strobe-light flashers, Transissometer, and TSO-N1OA Runway Marking (all-weather runway marking), which creates a runway visual range allowing a horizontal visibility of 2600 feet with zero ceiling. Willow Run Airport is capable of handling jet aircraft. Military F-84s and B-57s used it when the 10th Air Force Reserve and the 30th Air Division were based at the airport. United Airlines uses this airport as an alternate field to Chicago OTHare for DC-8 passenger aircraft when weather necessitates by-passing Chicago. T.W.A. is planning to use the airport for Boeing 707 passenger aircraft beginning in 1960. The navigation aids at Willow Run Airport, the cleared approaches to the runways, and the eight-direction runway system provide one of the finest operational airports for all-weather flying in the United Stateso Research aircraft can operate at this airport at zero ceiling and zero horizontal visibility. Willow Run Airport has two fuel-farm facilities for both gasoline and jet fuel. The hangar facilities will house all but Boeing 707 and DC-8 aircraft; 28

however, the hangar doors can be modified to house all but the tail sections of these aircraft. The Willow Run Airport was designed for bomber use, and therefore the facilities are adequate for any type of heavy aircraft. 3. Use and Size of Area The following is a list of the areas and sizes of Willow Run Airport and its installations on the west side of the field. (See also Map No. 10.) (a) Acreage 1986 acres (b) Runways 6 runways 160 ft wide 9R-27L 6502 ft long 9L-27R 7283 ft long 5R-23L (instrument runway) 7339 ft long 5L-23R 6470 ft long 14-32 6616 ft long 18-36 6886 ft long (c) Terminal Space 82,840 sq ft Hangar No. 1 balcony Offices and ready rooms under the observation deck (8,000 sq ft) From the south wall to the north wall of the lobby area (d) Hangar Space (does not include office space) Hangar No. 1 296,500 sq ft Hangar No. 2 228,000 sq ft Warm-up Hangar 32,258 sq ft (one-half used for hangar purposes, the other for storage) (e) Office Space Center section of Hangar No. 1 355400 sq ft Balcony, center section, Hangar No. 1 72,000 sq ft Hangar No. 2 37,000 sq ft (f) Hotel (Lobby Area) 20 rooms 19 rental rooms 1 for manager 29

(g) Parking Lot Capacity 3,500 cars Approximate size 20 acres (h) Lobby Space Public areas 19,694 sq ft (This does not include areas assigned to a specific purpose, such as booths, seats, displays, etc.) Includes restrooms, aisle space, but not cafeteria and dining rooms. (i) Maintenance Hangar Space 24,000 sq ft Bay 5 and the area behind it (j) Post Office 8,746 sq ft (1500 sq ft of this on the Balcony) (k) Air Freight 7,533 sq ft (1) Railway Express 4,357 sq ft (m) Concourses 735 ft long 12 ft wide (n) Dining Room Capacity Cafeteria (seating) Customers 136 Employees 16 152 Dining Room (including private room) 140 Cocktail Lounge 84 Snack Bar (all stand-up) 20 Total 396 B. WILLOW RUN LABORATORIES' AIRCRAFT FACILITY AND PERSONNEL The UniversityTs Willow Run Laboratories use eight government-furnished aircraft in connection with sponsored research activities. The staff of this facility not only maintains, repairs, and pilots these aircraft, but-most important to the Center-makes all possible alterations to airframes and installs new instrumentation and a variety of sensing devices. 3o

C. COMPUTER FACILITIES In 1959 The University of Michigan, established a Computing Center to be maintained as a research and service activity with the Graduate School. The Center provides consultation and computing service for teaching and research units of the University and for members of the faculty and for students who are in need of such service in the pursuance of researcho It correlates the interests and efforts of the faculty engaged in instruction and research in computing and data-processing. This facility has an IBM 704 with peripheral equipment, and arrangements can be made for its use. The Ford Foundation has approved a grant of $9009000 to The Regents of The University of Michigan to be used over a period of up to three years for the multidepartmental use of computers to enrich engineering education. This program will be developed as a method of improving the use of electronic computers for class instruction, with participation by faculty and students from all departments and at all levels. Approximately $500,000 of this grant will be used for the provision of computer facilities, approximately $350,000 for visiting faculty members from other institutions and for post-doctoral teaching interns, and approximately $250,000 for the operation of the project, including costs of computer consultants and assistants, summer conferences) and reports. The Willow Run Laboratories of the University have additional computer facilities: a general-purpose electronic analog computer with over 500 operational amplifiers, plus extensive function-generating and plotting devices; an IBM 650 digital computer; a Royal-MeBee LGP-30 digital computer; and a variety of special-purpose data-processing equipment. 351

Do TECHMICAL INFORMATION AND lANALYSIS CENTERS li IRIA The Infrared Information and Analysis Center was established at the Willow Run Laboratories five years ago, under tri-service sponsorship, for the collection, analysis, and proper dissemination of information about infrared research and technology, with particular emphasis on military technology. In its central clearinghouse role, IRIA maintains a comprehensive and timely infrared-information collection system and a mechanized information storage - and-retrieval system for meeting the needs of many of the nation's scientists. Particular attention is given to the acquisition of up-to-date contractor reports. This information is analyzed for content and value and cataloged according to the type of research or technology discussed. This enables IRIA to provide contractors with the proper information about a specific development or with evaluative surveys of broad trends of research and development. 2. BAMIRAC The Ballistic Missile Radiation Analysis Center of the Willow Run Laboratories, under the sponsorship of the U. S. Air Force, stores and analyzes the available reduced data on the electromagnetic and acoustic radiation emanating from, or caused by, ICBM's and IRBM's during their entire trajectory, from launch to impact, and correlates these data with parameters of the missile and its environment. A magnetic-type data-storage-and-retrieval system centered on IBM 704 data-processing equipment has been designed for this project. Both data to be stored and requests for data retrieval enter the system via punched cards. Major indexing is based on a system of key words and phrases. Data and 32

associated indexing information are stored on separate tapes for efficient tape-research procedures. E. SPECIAL DEPARTMENTAL FACILITIES 1. Astronomy The Observatories of The University of Michigan possess a variety of specialized equipment which is employed for astronomical research. The major areas of astronomy in which the University specializes are stellar astrophysics, solar physics, and radioastronomy. For research in solar physics, there are a variety of solar telescopes contained in the 50-ft and 70-ft towers of the McMath-Hulbert Observatory, near Pontiac. These towers contain optical trains that produce images of the sun of various diameters, ranging from about 3/4 inch to 11 inches. These solar images may be photographed in white light or in any one of several sharply monochromatic wavelengths. Several powerful spectrographs may also be employed in conjunction with the solar telescopeso The spectrum may either be photographed or it may be scanned with a variety of photoelectric and photoconductive 0 detectors, covering the spectrum from 3000A to about 20 microns. In addition to the major equipment in the solar towers, the McMath-Hulbert Observatory also possesses a photoheliograph, consisting of a 6-inch refracting telescope and narrow-band interference filter for photography of the sun in the red light of hydrogen; apparatus for detecting and measuring cosmic radio noise at 18 megacycles and at 226 megacycles; magnetometers for measuring variations in the earth's magnetic field; and an array of auxiliary laboratory equipment for the measurement and reduction of data, such as microdensitometers, measuring engines, etco

Research in stellar astrophysics is carried on with a 37-inch reflecting telescope at Ann Arbor and a 24-inch reflecting telescope and a 24-36-inch Schmidt-type telescope at the Portage Lake Observatory. These telescopes are equipped with a variety of accessories, such as objective prisms, spectrographs, and photoelectric scanning spectrometers. Photoelectric photometers may also be used with or without color filters to measure the brightnesses of stars and nebulae. The specialized equipment of the radioastronomy observatory at Portage Lake includes two large paraboloidal antennas, both equatorially mounted and both steerable over virtually the entire sky. One antenna is 28 feet in diameter and is equipped with sweep-frequency receivers for the observation of the radiofrequency spectrum of the sun from 100 to 600 megacycles. A second, lately dedicated radiotelescope, 85 feet in diameter, will be operated initially with a broad-band radiometer at a 4-cm wavelength. Both radiotelescopes are able to detect and measure efficiently radio waves from 3 centimeters to the ionospheric cut-off at about 20 meters. The equipment of the radio observatory also includes a minitrack system for the location of artificial satellites and an assortment of auxiliary receivers and test equipment. A maser-type receiver is expected to be in use with the 85-foot telescope early in 1960. Essentially, all the equipment described above falls into the "unusual" category; much of it is unique in the world. 2. Physics The Physics Department possesses magnetic resonance equipment, detectors, and counter circuits for nuclear correlation experiments, a 12-Mev cyclotron, 54

X-ray diffraction apparatus for the study of molecular structure, a number of infrared spectrometers including an instrument with one of the highest resolving powers in the world, bubble chambers for measuring high-energy particles and two elaborate optical systems for analyzing the film, and an automatic nuclear emulsion scanner (the only one in the world). Most of these facilities could be made available to qualified scientists, subject to scheduling their work into the present programs. Few, if any, of the facilities could, however, be moved from their present locations. 3. Geology The seismograph equipment in the fixed station and in the portable station, and the geophysical prospecting equipment consisting of several magnetometers, gravity meters, etc., provide basic equipment for teaching and research in this department. 4. Forestry The Department of Forestry, one of five departments in the School of Natural Resources, conducts research in microclimatology. There is also considerable interest in the ever-present problem of fire control. The Department makes use of three wooded tracts of land within twenty miles of Ann Arbor, a large summer camp near Iron Mountain, in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and the University's Biological Station, near Pellston, Michigan. 35

VI. THE COMMUNITY OF ANN ARBOR Ann Arbor has maintained a high socio-economic level in spite of rapid growth in recent years. It is a city that is planning for its future as the "Research Center of the Midwest." A, LOCATION AND GROWTH Ann Arbor is the largest city in, and the County seat of, Washtenaw County. Wayne County (Detroit) lies directly east and is contiguous. DISTANCE TO MAJOR CITIES Michigan Miles Out of State Miles Battle Creek 76 Chicago 233 Benton Harbor 146 Cleveland 165 Detroit 37 Indianapolis 273 Grand Rapids 125 New York 665 Jackson 36 St. Louis 480 Kalamazoo 98 Toledo 53 Lansing 62 Washington, D.C. 514 Muskegon 164 The City has increased its area through annexation by 120% since 1946. Thus city utilities have become available to thousands of homes that were formerly without them. The present size of the city is 14 square miles. POPULATION GROWTH 1950 Estimate Estimate Census 1957 1958 1970 1980 Ann Arbor 48,251 64,500 67,000 78,ooo 86,500 Washtenaw County 154,606 1635, 000 169,000 230, 000 293,000 37

B. UTILITIES 1. Water Water is obtained from four pumping stations with an average capacity of 7,813,000 gallons per day. The water sources are wells (34$) and the Huron River (66%). The Water Treatment Plant, with a rated capacity of 17,000,000 gallons per day, purifies and softens the water. The minimum water rate is $2.75 per quarter. Gross metered rates are as follows: Cubic Feet Per 1000 Cubic Feet First 1,500 28.4' Next 23,000 17.-3 Next 475,000 15.6~ Next 500,000 135.7 2. Sewage Disposal The Sewage Treatment plant is of the activated sludge type, with a designed capacity of 9,000,000 g.p.d., but capable of handling up to 12,000,000 g.p.d. for short periods. It is estimated that the present facility will take care of a population of 80,000. The minimum rate is $2.75 per quarter. The gross rate is 13.5~ per 100 cubic feet of water plus a service charge based on meter size as follows: Meter Size Per Quarter 3/4" $ 2.50 1" 6.60 1-1/2" 16.60 2" 39.00 3" 72.00 4" 111.00 6" 250.00 58

3. Electricity The Detroit Edison Company provides electric service in the Ann Arbor area. It serves a million and a quarter customers in 7.600 square miles in 13 counties in southeastern Michigan. It maintains a district office in Ann Arbor. Energy is furnished mainly from six steam electric generating stations, located along the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. The transmission system is interconnected with the generating facilities of the Consumers Power Company on the west and of the Ontario Hydro Commission on the east~ Service is available to commercial and industrial customers at both primary and secondary voltages, at rates determined by the nature of the service. C. CITY SERVICES 1. Police Protection The Ann Arbor Police Department (staff of 94) is divided into five divisions: patrol, traffic, detective, youth, and comrrunications All 24 motor vehicles for police protection are equipped with 2-way radios. The department has six in-service training programs per year, and participates in two university training programs. The Chief and Deputy Chief are graduates of the FBI Police Academy. 2. Fire Protection The Ann Arbor Fire Department operates two stations and one substation with a total of 65 men on a two-platoon system of 63-1/2 hours per week. 3. Zoning Laws and Building Codes The City enacted its first zoning ordinance in 1923 and has attempted to 39

keep abreast of zoning advances by amending this basic document. In 1958 the Planning Commission began to draft a comprehensive rezoning ordinance for the City. This ordinance is now substantially complete and will be presented to the City Council for action in the very near future. Some of the features included in the proposed ordinance are the prohibition of residential uses in industrial districts, the provision of two zones for research and office uses, modern standards of lot size, open-space and off-street parking, as well as an adequate amount of suitable land for residential, commercial, research, and industrial uses. It is felt that the proposed ordinance is a rational approach to shape the future growth and development of Ann Arbor and make it an even more attractive city in which to live. The Department of Building and Safety Engineering administers the building, plumbing, electrical, heating, and housing codes. This department is under the supervision of a registered professional engineer. Ten inspections are made during new construction and at least two inspections before any remodeling is approved. Do ASSESSED EVALUATION AND TAXES The assessed valuation for the year 1959 was: Real Property $ 83,916,980 Personal Property (business and industry only) 17,963,970 Total $101,880,950 The tax rate for 1959 was $62.65 per $1,000 of assessed valuation; assessed valuation is 75o of 1941 costs. 40

E. HOUSING During the last several years residential construction has so i:rcreased that it is now considered adequate to take care of the area's population growth for from three to five years. And new construction is still going on, or is being planned, noticeably in the vicinity of the University's North Campus. 1. Apartment Rentals Apartments of all kinds and in all price ranges are readily available in Ann Arbor. Rents for older apartment units start at approximately $80.00 per month; those for new units at approximately $90.00 per month. Most new onebedroom units average around $100.00 per month plus utilities. 2. House Rentals Houses for rent are more plentiful today than at any time since World War II. Most houses available are older homes, and the monthly rental averages about $150.00 per month for a typical three-bedroom house. 3. Home Purchases Older homes are readily available in all parts of the city. Most of the recently built houses are situated closer to the city's periphery. Prices for these new homes vary from about $15,000 for a small 3-bedroom frame house to around $21,000 for an average-size 3-bedroom brick-veneer house. A multiple listing service offered by the Ann Arbor Board of Realtors permits the buyer to deal with the realtor of his choice for all listings made through the Board. 4. Hotels-Motels Ann Arbor has two hotels with approximately 120 rooms and six motels with 41

approximately 200 rooms. 5. Michigan Union —Michigan League Anyone associated with University activities can obtain accommodations at the Michigan Union and under some conditions at the Michigan League. F. MEDICAL SERVICES 1. St. Joseph Mercy Hospital (499 beds) This hospital is sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy. Its services and facilities are made available to the private practitioners of Ann Arbor. It maintains a twenty-four-hour emergency service, with all types of specialists available. It sponsors a large variety of outpatient clinics on a fee basis. 2. University Medical Center (1047 beds) This is one of the foremost medical centers in the Midwest. It is primarily a "referral" hospital, that is, patients are referred to it by their private physicians. Senior faculty members of the University Medical School have private practice privileges in the Hospital. The Outpatient Clinic of the Medical Center is open from 8:00 - 5:00 every week day. Emergency Service, located in the Outpatient Building, is open around the clock. The Poison Control Center, located in the Emergency suite at the University Medical Center, provides instant references for cases of poisoning or suspected poisoning. Other nearby medical facilities include the Mercywood Sanitarium (135 beds), and the U. S. Veterans Administration Hospital (485 beds). 42

G. RECREATION 1. City Park Lands The recreation areas and their acreage is shown in the following tabulation: No. of Acres 6 Major Parks 171.85 6 Neighborhood Parks 43.55 10 Playgrounds 36.25 4 Play Lots 4.80 7 Landscaped Areas 128.50 2 Natural and Scenic Areas 26.00 Total 410.95 2. Recreation Program A twelve-month recreation program is provided jointly by the City of Ann Arbor and the Public Schools. The 1958-59 ice skating season enjoyed 63 days of supervised skating. The eight-week summer play program is undertaken in sixteen different locations throughout Ann Arbor. In addition, there is a twentyteam city softball league and a seventy-four-team ball program for boys. 3. The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority This Authority, comprising Livingston, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne Counties, is an agency made possible by a vote of the people in 1940 for the purpose of providing parks, parkways, and other recreation facilities along the valleys of the Huron and Clinton Rivers. Six such parks and several miles of parkways are already in operation. A seventh major area, now being acquired, will be open for public use in 1962. 4. State Parks and Recreation Areas Within a thirty-mile radius of Ann Arbor are six State Parks with 1,121 43

acres of land, and four State Recreation areas with 33,129 acres of land. These facilities offer camping, picnicking, water sports, and hiking. The State of Michigan is noted for its fine hunting, fishing, and other recreational activities. Thirty-two parks and recreational areas are under State control. 5. The University Athletic Plant About one-half mile southwest of the Central Campus of the University are the athletic buildings and fields. These include the Michigan Stadium (101,000 seats); the Sports Building, for intramural sports; the Yost Fieldhouse, for intercollegiate basketball and indoor track; the Coliseum, for ice skating and hockey; and the Varsity Pool Building. Surrounding these buildings are fields and courts for men's sports. Most of these recreational facilities are available to University staff members and to the personnel of University-associated activities. 6. Golf In and around Ann Arbor are two municipal courses and four privately owned courses, including the University Golf Course. H. EDUCATION 1. Public Schools Of the 25 schools listed below, 16 have been built in the last 16 years. The average classroom teacher —pupil ratio is 1 to 26. 44

PHYSICAL PLANT AND TEACHER —PUPjL PTIOS IN ANiS T ARBOR Classroom School Built Teachers Stude:n.ts Northwest Jr. High 1960 Open in Septembe.r 1960 Wines95 19 19 656 Pattengill 1957 20 604 Dicken 1957 18 512 High School 1956 85 1998 Disboro 1956 4 85 Haisley 1954 21 705 Meadowview 1953 4 99 Carpenter 1952 8 200 Mary D. Mitchell 1952 9 215 Sullivan 1951 3 55 Tappan Jr. High 1950 54 1157 Eberwhite 1950 19 552 Fritz 1949 3 77 Stone 1947 8 244 Pittsfield 1944 7 187 Northside 1937 17 507 Slauson Jr. High 1934 54 1224 Burns Park 1924 22 672 Angell 1922 13 416 Jones 1922 9 230 Mack 1922 18 494 Perry 1909 8 176 Wagner 1900 3 61 Bach 1859 13 359 TOTAL ENROLLMENT AND FUACUTY Total Enrollment Classroom Teachers Elementary 7,030 Elementary 241 Junior High 2,381 Junior High 108 Senior High 1, 998 Senior High 85 Total 11, 409 Total, 434 In addition to classroom teachers, the Ann Arbo Public School System employs 34 special teachers for art, physical education, musica and foreign languages, and 70 administrators, supervisors, health sta~ff library, and central office personnel 45

The following special programs are administered by the Public Schools: Speech Correction and Homebound Advanced Placement (secondary level) Academic Summer School (grades 7-12) Apprentice Training-Vocational Education Cooperative Training Program with Industry Practical Nurses Training Center Adult Education Evening School Twelve-Month Recreation Program 2. University Schools These schools are laboratory schools operated by the School of Education of The University of Michigan. Elementary (Nursery - 6) built in 1929 10 teachers 197 students High school (7 - 12) built in 1924 45 teachers 338 students 3. Parochial Schools Built Teachers Students St. Francis Elementary (Roman Catholic) 1952 8 320 St. Thomas Elementary (Roman Catholic) 1955 14 616 St. Thomas High (Roman Catholic) 1930 11 350 Redeemer Elementary (Lutheran) 1946 1 19 Seventh Day Adventist 1953 2 30 I. CHURCHES African Methodist Episcopal, Bethel Christian Reformed, Ann Arbor Church Baptist, First Campus Chapel (Christian Reformed) Baptist, Harmony Missionary Christian Science, First Church Baptist, Second Church of Christ Baptist, North Side Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Beth Israel Community Center B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation Church of the Nazarene, First Catholic, St. Francis of Assisi Congregational, First Catholic, St. Mary's Student Chapel Apostolic Church, First Catholic, Sto Thomas Episcopal, St. Andrew's Episcopal (mission), St. Clare of Assisi 46

Evangelical and Reformed, Bethlehem Lutheran, Darlington Evangelical Church of the Good Shepherd (Wisconsin) Evangel Temple, Assembly of God Disciples of Christ (Christian Memorial) Evangelical United Brethren Methodist, First Emmanuel Baptist Church, Free Methodist Methodist, West Side Friends Meeting (Quakers), Friends Pentecostal Church of God Center Pentecostal, Bethlehem Grace Bible Pilgrim Holiness Greek Orthodox, St. Nicholas Presbyterian, First Lower Light Lutheran, Redeemer Presbyterian, Westminster of Ann Arbor Presbyterian, Calvary Community Lutheran, St. Paul's Evangelical Reformed Church, Ann Arbor Lutheran, Trinity Evangelical Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Lutheran, Peace Evangelical (ULCA) Latter Day Saints Lutheran, University Chapel Salvation Army St. Luke's Lutheran Church Seventh Day Adventist Lutheran, Zion Evangelical Unitarian, First Lutheran Student Center and Chapel Unity Center of Practical Christianity J. CULTURAL ADVANTAGES 1. Libraries Ann Arbor Public Library ($728,000 building, opened 1957) The University of Michigan libraries were discussed in Part II, Section F. 2. Music (a) Community-sponsored: Ann Arbor Civic Symphony Orchestra Ann Arbor Civic Band Public School May Festival Public School Bands Christmas Community Sing (b) University-sponsored: Choral Union Series - 10 concerts Extra Concert Series - 5 concerts Handel's Messiah - 2 performances Chamber Music Festival - 3 concerts May Festival - 6 concerts University Choral Union Musical Society Orchestra University Symphony Orchestra - 2 to 3 concerts 47

University Symphony Band University Choirs Stanley Quartet - 5 concerts School of Music-Department of Speech Operas Gilbert and Sullivan Society - 2 operettas University Glee Club Organ Recitals - 6 recitals Carillon Concerts Faculty Recitals Student Recitals 5. Drama (a) Community-sponsored: Ann Arbor Civic Theater (b) University-sponsored: Department of Speech Playbill 4. Art Ann Arbor Art Association Potter's Guild Museum of Art (The University of Michigan) Student Art Exhibit 5. Dance Ann Arbor Civic Ballet 6. Lectures and Educational Films World Travel and Adventure Series Audubon Screen Tours Oratorical Association Lecture Course (The University of Michigan) University Lectures (The University of Michigan) Assemblies (The University of Michigan) 7. Museums and Exhibits There are six University museums, all open to the public. 48

VIIo TEMPORARY AND/OR SUPPLEMENTARY SITE The University of Michigan recognizes that the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research may wish to consider using temporary headquarters while permanent headquarters are under construction. The University offers the use of its research facilities at the Willow Run Airport as a possible temporary site. The University has submitted an application to the Federal Government for permanent ownership of Air Force Station P23, more commonly known as the Thirtieth Air Division Base, for research purposes. This Air Force facility is immediately adjacent to The University of Michigan's Willow Run Airport and comprises 135 acres of land, on which there are twenty buildings, with 90,000 square feet of space, aside from utility installations. These buildings are ideally suited to research purposeso Map No. 11 shows the location of this facility in relation to The University of Michigan Willow Run Airport and the University of Michigan research facilities located on this property. Map No. 12 shows the location of buildings, the use for which they were designed, and the road system. An aerial photo of the area is also included (Map No. 13). In addition to applying for title to this property, the University has also requested a three-year lease. Arrangements could therefore be made with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research for the temporary use of this site or as a site supplementary to the North Campus area. 49

TABLE I AIRLINES SERVING THE DETROIT AREA AND FREQUENCY OF FLIGHTS PER DAY Willow Run Airport Airlines Arrivals Departures *Capital Airlines 72 72 *Eastern Air Lines 40 39 Lake Central Airlines 2 2 Mohawk Airlines 4 5 North Central Airlines 14 15 *Trans World Airlines 11 9 *United Air Lines 11 11 Detroit Metropolitan Airport Airlines Arrivals Departures Allegheny Airlines 4 4 *American Airlines 104 107 *British Overseas Airways (International) 4 4 *Delta Air Lines 26 29 *Northwest Orient Airlines 19 18 *Pan American (International) 4 4 *Trans-Canada Air Lines 8 8 *Trunk Carriers (Local Service Carriers unmarked). 51

TABLE II RAILROAD PASSENGER SERVICE Detroit, Michigan - January, 1960 No. of Railroad Principal Cities Directly Served Departures (Daily) B and 0 Pittsburgh-Washington-Baltimore 1 B and 0 Cincinnati-Louisville 2 C and 0 Columbus-Charleston-Norfolk 1 C and 0 Lansing-Grand Rapids 2 New York Central Chicago (also serves Ann Arbor) 5 New York Central Buffalo-New York City 3 New York Central Boston 1 New York Central Cleveland 1 New York Central Saginaw-Bay City-Mackinaw 1 Grand Trunk Chicago (via Durand) 2 Canadian National Toronto-Montreal (via Windsor) 2 Canadian Pacific Toronto-Montreal 3 Note: New York Central also serves Ann Arbor with 5 daily departures East to Detroit, and West to Jackson, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, and Chicago. 52

TABLE III RADIO TRANSMITTER FREQUENCIES Site No. Location Frequency Power Antenna No. Within 10- and 20-mile radius of Willow Run Airport 1 Willow Run Airport 332 Kc 15 W ND* 359 Kc 50 W ND 1191 Kc 5W ND 109.5 Mc 30 W ND 114.4 Mc 35 W ND 118.4 Mc 35 W ND 121.3 Mc 35 W ND 121.5 Mc 35 W ND 121.9 Mc 35 W ND 123.7 Mc 35 W ND 124.9 Mc 35 W ND 142.74 Mc 100 W ND 243.0 Mc 100 W ND 257.8 Mc 100 W ND 263.0 Mc 100 W ND 285.4 Mc 100 W ND 290.3 Mc 100 W ND 332 Mc 7 W Main lobe 230~ true 335.8 Mc 100 W ND 2798 Mc 500 Kw ND 9067 Mc 35 Kw ND 2 Wayne Major Airport 212 Kc 10 W ND 243 Kc 5 W ND 257 Kc 100 W ND 375 Kc 100 W ND 388 Kc 100 W ND 109.3 Mc 40 W Main lobe 212~ 118.8 Mc 40 W ND 119.8 Mc 40 W ND 120.3 Mc 40 W ND 120.4 Mc 40 W ND 120.7 Mc 40 W ND 121.1 Mc 40 W ND 121.5 Mc 40 W ND 121.7 Mc 40 W ND 122.2 Mc 40 W ND 122.7 Mc 40 W ND *ND - Nondirectional 53

TABLE III (Continued) Site Location Frequency Power Antenna No. 2 Wayne Major Airport 123.9 Mc 40 W ND (Concluded) 124.5 Mc 40 W ND 125.3 Mc 40 W ND 125.6 Mc 40 W ND 126.1 Mc -40 W ND 126.18 Mc 40 W ND 126.4 Mc 40 W ND 126.7 Mc 40 W ND 240.0 Mc 80 w ND 243.0 Mc 80 W ND 255.4 Mc 80 w ND 257.8 Mc 80 W ND 269.2 Me 80 w ND 269.6 Mc 80 w ND 272.7 Mc 80 w ND 301.4 Mc 80 W ND 317.5 Mc 80 W ND 332.0 Mc 50 W Main lobe 212~ 335.6 Mc 80 W ND 335.9 Mc 80 W ND 343.8 Mc 80 w ND 351.9 Mc 80 w ND 354.1 Mc 80 w ND 360.7 Mc 80 w ND 363.0 Mc 80 W ND 1280.0 Mc 380 Kw ND 1315.0 Mc 380 Kw ND 7200.0 Mc 20 W Main lobe 300~ true 7500.0 Mc 20 W Main lobe 300~ true 319.9 Mc 80 W ND 3 The U-M Campus 33.14 Mc 3 W ND 35.94 Mc 500 W ND 950.0 Mc 20 W Main lobe 317~ true 4 Ann Arbor 1050 Kc 1000 W ND 37.10 Mc 60 W ND 37.34 Mc 60 W ND 48.18 Mc 60 w ND 152.33 Mc 60 w ND 152.39 Mc 60 W ND 1535.53 Mc 6 W ND 157 59 Mc 60 W ND 157.65 Mc 60 W ND 54

TABLE III (Concluded) Site Location Frequency Power Antenna No. 5 Salem 117.8 Mc 100 W ND 6 Carleton 113.8 Mc 100 W ND 7 Trenton 760.0 Kc 5Q000 W ND 8 Grosse Ile 269 Kc 100 W ND 414 Kc 100 W ND 39.02 Mc 60 W ND 9 Dearborn 1270.0 Kc 5 Kw ND 1310.0 Kc 5 Kw ND 100.3 Mc 7.1 Kw ND 101.1 Mc 14 Kw ND 101.9 Mc 52 Kw ND 153.83 Mc 60 W ND 154.77 Mc 60 W ND 155.57 Mc 60 W ND 156.15 Mc 60 W ND 158.85 Mc 6o W ND 10 Allen Park 155.37 Mc 60 W ND 155.49 Mc 60 W ND 11 Ypsilanti 1600.0 Kc 1 Kw ND 42.58 Mc 60 W ND 42.78 Mc 60 W ND 152.27 Mc 60 W ND 152.39 Mc 60 W ND 152.45 Mc 60 W ND 154.09 Mc 60 W ND 154.37 Mc 60 w ND 155.13 Mc 6o W ND 1553.7 Mc 60 W ND 157.53 Mc 6o W ND 157.65 Mc 60 W ND 157.71 Mc 60 W ND Within 10- and 20-mile radius of U-M North Campus 1-6 Same as from Willow Run Airport 7 Dexter 91.7 Mc 10 Kw ND 8 Ypsilanti - Same as from Willow Run Airport 55

TABLE IV CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR ANN ARBOR AREA Normals, Means, and Extremes Latitude 42~ 14' N Longitude 83~ 32' W Elevation (ground) 722 feet Temperature.. Precipitation _____ Normal Extremes. Snow, Sleet H co o 0 a -+.ad 0+' H H 0 a a a OH.0 0.0 0.0 0 H s 00 a a^ 0 0 5 0+ 00 I ^ > -Irl (g a m oa o g ^ m. l g g a, I ed o a s. a 0L 0 0 5 a a 00 J 32.1 18.5 25.3 69 1950 - 8 1948 1231 1.80 4.17 1950.59 1958 1.33 1952 8.4 15.5 1957 7.0 1957 F 33.5 18.7 26.1 65 1957+ - 7 1958+ 1089 1.74 4.31 1954.44 1958 2.08 1954 6.2 12.7 1950 5.8 1950 M 43.7 27.2 35.5 73 1949 0 1948 915 2.35 4.39 1954.30 1958 2.35 1954 5.6 15.0 1954 7.2 1956 A 56.8 36.4 46.6 85 1948 14 1954 552 2.94 6.73 1947 1.96 1958 2.50 1947 1.1 3.9 1957 2.9 1957 M 69.5 46.9 58.2 92 1953+ 29 1947 244 3.44 6.95 1947 1.18 1958 1.43 1950+ T T 1954+ T 1954+ J 79.7 57.5 68.6 100 1955 39 1949 55 3.26 4.87 1956 1.55 1952 3.13 1956.0.0.0 J 84.3 62.6 73.5 100 1955 48 1950 0 2.49 4.85 1951 1.62 1954 3.17 1951.0.0.0 A 81.2 61.0 71.1 99 1955+ 43 1950 10 2.71 8.71 1947 1.15 1954 4.78 1947.0.0.0 S 74.1 54.5 64.3 100 1954+ 34 1956+ 96 3.02 3.61 1947.69 1956 1.78 1947.0.0.0 0 61.8 43.1 52.5 91 1951 25 1952 393 2.17 6.13 1954.50 1953 2.98 1954 T.2 1954.2 1954 N 46.3 33.1 39.7 81 1950 2 1950 759 2.20 4.19 1948.75 1953 2.02 1951 4.7 10.1 1951 8.0 1951 D 34.9 22.5 28.7 63 1951 - 9 1951 1125 2.04 3.95 1951.44 1958 1.26 1950 7.1 25.1 1951 7.8 1951 July - Dec Dec Nov Yr 58.2 60.2 69.2 100 6469 30.16 8.71 Aug.0 Mar 78 Aug 33 25 80 Relative Humidity Wind Mean Number of Days ^)a~ ~ Fastest Mile Sunrise to Sunset Temperatures a,^~~~~ ^. So~~~~~~~~ Maximum Minimum 2 E E 00b 0 0 42 a) 8. D 2 4H0. 4.2 H0 0 H I ____^-rlo o4 >> 57 -0. sw 6 w 195 6. 19 i o 1 H1 94 7 0 9a HS1 83 49 60 8.I S P T (U <U8 3 H 0 nO 0 5 00 5 O'2 0-* 0- r0i >^ 2 a.'d M 0 ^ S en o h u u en -^ CQ r^ F-, m _H _- 12 0 -0 80 81 71 76 11.6 sw 55 SW 1949 7.7 4 7 20 12 3 4 0 14 29 1 79 80 65 73 11.7 SW 4o W 1958+ 7.3 4 7 17 10 * 3 0 10 26 1 77 79 58 67 12.9 WNW 52 SW 1955 7.2 6 6 19 11 2 2 3 0 5 26 79 77 51 59 12.2 sw 46 WNW 1958 6.9 6 6 18 13 4 4 2 0 9 0 75 74 48 57 10.7 SW 60 W 1959 6.5 6 11 14 11 0 5 1 a 0 0 78 7" 49 57 9.4 SW 60 W 1951 6.2 6 12 12 10 0 6 1 5 0 0 0 78 78 48 55 8.8 SW 55 W 1958 5.6 9 12 10 9 0 5 1 7 0 0 0 31 83 49 60 8.3 SW 4o NNW 1958 5.3 9 13 9 9 0 5 1 6 0 0 0 82.85 50 63 9.4 SW 52 WSW 1959 5.3 11 9 10 8 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 81 85 52 66 9.7 SW 4o W 1949 5.5 11 7 13 8 0 2 3 0 3 0 80 83 64 73 12.0 sW 51 WSW 1958 7.6 4 7 19 11 1 1 3 0 4 17 o 80 81 69 76 11.4 SW 39 ESE 1950 7.7 4 7 20 11 2 4 0 10 26 1 1959+ (a) Length of record, years. (b) Normal values are based on the period 1921-1950, and are means adjusted to represent observations taken at the present standard location.

TABLE V BOUND VOLUMES IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES T~~Library.In Library Library June 30, 1959 Architecture 16,203 Astronomy 16,165 Biological Station 6,114 Bureau of Government 42,754 Business Administration 115,530 Chemistry (including Pharmacy) 24,766 Dentistry 18,798 Education 26,581 Engineering 130,194 Extension 8,783 Far Eastern 80,000 Fine Arts 12,562 Journalism 438 Lane Hall 1,852 Library Extension 8,695 Library Science 11,153 McMath-Hulbert Observatory 2,046 Mathematics 27,609 Medical 124,583 Museums 53,904 Music 13,857 Natural Science and Natural Resources 87,283 Phoenix 2,310 Physics 19,440 Public Health 12,169 Social Work 1,399 Statistical Research 404 Transportation 121,254 Undergraduate Library 68,590 Detroit Branch 8,012 General Library 1,258,210 Clements Library 36,949 Flint Library 19,336 Law Library 290,435 TOTAL 2,668,378 57

TABLE VI ORIGIN OF STUDENTS BY SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS ACADEMIC YEAR, 1958-1959 Residence and Extramural Students in Credit and Postgraduate Students Percent Professional Programs Michigan 26,994 69.60 Other States 9,339 24.08 Latin America 582 1.50 Far East 381.98 South Asia 376.97 Canada 368.95 Near East 323.83 British Isles and Europe 195.50 United States Territories 157.41 Africa 66.17 Australia 5.01 TOTAL 38,786 100.00 58

TABLE VII REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS, 1958-1959 RESIDENCE STUDENTS IN CREDIT PROGRAMS AND EXTRAMURAL STUDENTS IN CREDIT AND PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMS All United States U. S. Student Group Areas Total Mich- Other Terri- Foreign' Areas Total igan States tories Arch. and Design 706 676 471 205 7 23 Business Admin 1,271 1,186 875 311 2 83 k Dentistry 481 472 446 26 1 8 a Education 1,191 1,162 882 280 7 22 C Engineering 3,555 3,176 2,426 750 20 359 E vFlint 510 510 510 --- - - -d Graduate 6,734 6,089 4,636 1,453 29 616 o i Law 876 841 365 476 4 31 CL LSA 8,189 7,599 5,080 2,519 38 552 o d Medicine 1,314 1,253 1,028 225 6 55 C 2 Music 560 555 307 248 1 4 *' Natural Resources 205 188 85 103 3 14 X * Nursing 701 698 492 206 2 1 Pharmacy 161 151 113 38 1 9 -4 Public Health 214 173 85 88 2 39 Social Work 270 262 210 52 1 7 Hospital Training 21 18 5 13 1 2 Net total, first and second semesters 26,199 24,356 17,536 6,820 123 1,720 1958 summer session 10,781 9,794 6,610 3,184 50 937 Credit extension 6,696 6,640 6,418 222 2 54 Extramural medical and short post-graduate in medical, dentistry, or hospital training 1,732 1,648 1,185 463 2 82 Net total 38,786 36,333 26,994 9,339 157 2,296 59

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