http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/39366 Search the Channel search http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/60954 Title: The History of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women at the University of Michigan <br/> <br/>Authors: Szady, Sheryl Marie <br/> <br/>Abstract: This study is a history of women's intercollegiate athletics at the University of Michigan. The history covers the period before the formal affiliation of the women's athletic program with the Big Ten Intercollegiate Conference from 1922 to 1981. The focus of the study is on the organization and administration of the women's intercollegiate athletic program during this period. The evolving status of the program is viewed through its policies and practices. The views, concepts, and philosophies of women's athletics attributed to the administrators, advisors, coaches, and participants reflect the status of the program. The impetus for change in the women's intercollegiate athletic program also is presented. Wed, 29 Oct 1986 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/60934 Title: Water Reform in Brazil: An Analysis of its Implementation in the Paraíba do Sul Basin and a Consideration of Social Marketing as a Tool for its Optimal Success <br/> <br/>Authors: Nelson, Brandi <br/> <br/>Abstract: On January 8, 1997, the former President of Brazil, Fernando Enrique Cardoso signed the National Water Resource Policy into law (Law No. 9.433, 1997). The key principles of the National Water Policy include: an integrated approach with the river basin as the planning unit, water as a fragile and finite resource, water as an economic good, and finally, decentralized and participatory management of the resource (Formiga and Scatasta, forthcoming). The legislation provided for the implementation of bulk water pricing with the resulting revenues meant to finance the activities mandated by basin committees in the watershed area of Rio Paraíba Do Sul (in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and also in the state of Minas Gerais, that basin committee is Comitê para Integraςão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba Do Sul (CEIVAP) (Abers and Keck, 2004). To improve the sustainability of many different resources it is a widely accepted concept that charging a fee for something will spur sparing use by the target audience, particularly if the price is high. One-hundred percent of the collected monies have been invested within the basin; mainly designated to the following: non-structural institutional interventions, sediment control projects, and municipal wastewater treatment. Payments from agriculture and small hydroelectric plants have been mostly symbolic or non-existent and payments from other sectors have not been high enough to maintain a sustainable system. Convincing those that have not been actively participating is central to the success of this initiative: this paper will explain a framework called Social Marketing which is becoming more widely used throughout the globe to inspire behavior change. Social Marketing is a tool that can be used to persuade more users to pay the cobrança. Tue, 29 Jul 2008 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/60886 Title: Neural and Psychological Mechanisms of Interference Control. <br/> <br/>Authors: Nee, Derek Evan <br/> <br/>Abstract: Interference control is the ability to select relevant information while filtering out irrelevant distracting information. Theories of interference control differ regarding whether a single system of control acts upon multiple representations, or whether dissociable forms of control exist. Moreover, it is unclear whether control relies on the facilitation of relevant information, inhibition of irrelevant information, or both. Here, we combine cognitive psychology, functional neuromaging, and meta-analytic techniques to examine the neural and psychological mechanisms of interference control. We find common control-related activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across perceptual, memorial, and response selection. However, control networks in more posterior regions of the brain differentiate by the kinds of representations that control acts upon. We suggest that the frontal eye fields and superior parietal lobule may be most closely linked to selective attention mechanisms that underlie perceptual selection, but that these regions may also be recruited to select upon competing memorial and response representations. Interference control processes acting upon competing memories preferentially recruit left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which shows enhanced functional connectivity with the medial temporal lobe when selection demands are increased. Finally, response selection processes may engage the premotor cortex, and all forms of selection may be dissociable from inhibition processes that act just before motor execution. We demonstrate that at least in the perceptual domain, control processes act by a combination of facilitation of relevant information and inhibition of irrelevant information, and that inhibition can affect processing at least several seconds into the future. The role of inhibition in memory remains less clear. Our results suggest that common goal-related information stored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex biases processing in dissociable posterior networks responsible for different kinds of information. Hence, both common and dissociable neural and psychological mechanisms underlie interference control. Mon, 29 Oct 2007 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/60885 Title: Stability of Cohesive Sediments Subject to Pore Water and Gas Ebullition Fluxes and Effectiveness of Sand and Aquablok Caps in Reducing the Resuspension Rates. <br/> <br/>Authors: Cakir Kavcar, Pinar <br/> <br/>Abstract: This study investigated resuspension of contaminated cohesive sediments subject to pore water flow and/or microbially generated gas release which may potentially enhance resuspension relative to flow generated shear stresses alone. In addition, the effectiveness of capping to control resuspension was examined. The caps considered were sand and clay (AquaBlok®) caps. The laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume with a 2 m test bed constructed of either capped or uncapped sediments that were collected from the Anacostia River pilot study site in Washington DC. Ebullition and seepage processes were simulated with air and water injection into the test bed. Suspended sediment concentrations were measured using a turbidimeter. Due to conflicting conclusions in the literature, an investigation on the stability of non-cohesive sediments (representative of sand caps) subject to injection (discharge from the bed) or suction (flow into the bed). A methodology was developed to estimate the bed shear stress from local Reynolds stress measurements to avoid difficulties in estimating shear stress by more conventional methods. A modification to the well-known Shields relations for initiation of motion was proposed to account for the effect of the seepage. When the data are presented in terms of the modified dimensionless shear stress that incorporates the effect of bed seepage, the results are consistent with the Shields curve. Experiments on cohesive sediments required the development of the entire experimental protocol; air and water flow through the sediment bed was observed to occur through discrete channels. Resuspension rates were quantified in relation to the applied shear stress and pore water or gas fluxes; both effects were shown to increase resuspension compared to baseline experiments with only applied shear stress.Additional measurements were performed with the selected caps to determine their effectiveness in reducing resuspension. The sand cap performed very well in filtering the cohesive sediment that otherwise would be resuspended. The AquaBlok® cap was determined to be highly stable under advective flow induced shear stress. However, it was observed that pressure head build-up beneath the cap either due to gas or water flux on the order of 25 cm results in cap failure. Mon, 29 Oct 2007 22:58:59 GMT