Formal operations: A systematic reformulation

Abstract

In the present paper it is argued that the original model of formal operations failed to make a clear distinction between the organization of knowledge and the ability to solve tasks. Additionally, too much emphasis was placed on the scientific reasoning aspect of formal operations in previous accounts. The present paper proceeds by first describing a recasted model of formal operations which retains only its essential, nondeletable aspects. Relevant empirical literature is reviewed within the perspective of this recasted model. Then, some positive heuristics, i.e., methodological approaches designed to avoid anomalous results, are proposed as direct tests of this model. Finally, the similarity and differences between the present account and other accounts of formal operations are discussed.