Effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on the nutritional ecology of C 3 and C 4 grass-feeding caterpillars

Abstract

It is plausible that the nutritional quality of C 3 plants will decline more under elevated atmospheric CO 2 than will the nutritional quality of C 4 plants, causing herbivorous insects to increase their feeding on C 3 plants relative to C 4 plants. We tested this hypothesis with a C 3 and C 4 grass and two caterpillar species with different diet breadths. Lolium multiflorum (C 3 ) and Bouteloua curtipendula (C 4 ) were grown in outdoor open top chambers at ambient (370 ppm) or elevated (740 ppm) CO 2 . Bioassays compared the performance and digestive efficiencies of Pseudaletia unipuncta (a grass-specialist noctuid) and Spodoptera frugiperda (a generalist noctuid). As expected, the nutritional quality of L. multiflorum changed to a greater extent than did that of B. curtipendula when grown in elevated CO 2 ; levels of protein (considered growth limiting) declined in the C 3 grass, while levels of carbohydrates (sugar, starch and fructan) increased. However, neither insect species increased its feeding rate on the C 3 grass to compensate for its lower nutritional quality when grown in an elevated CO 2 atmosphere. Consumption rates of P. unipuncta and S. frugiperda were higher on the C 3 grass than the C 4 grass, the opposite of the result expected for a compensatory response to the lower nutritional quality of the C 4 grass. Although our results do not support the hypothesis that grass-specialist insects compensate for lower nutritional quality by increasing their consumption rates more than do generalist insects, the performance of the specialist was greater than that of the generalist on each grass species and at both CO 2 levels. Mechanisms other than compensatory feeding, such as increased nutrient assimilation efficiency, appear to determine the relative performance of these herbivores. Our results also provide further evidence against the hypothesis that C 4 grasses would be avoided by insect herbivores because a large fraction of their nutrients is unavailable to herbivores. Instead, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that C 4 grasses are poorer host plants primarily because of their lower nutrient levels, higher fiber levels, and greater toughness.