Show simple item record

The Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurement

dc.contributor.authorAlwin, Duane F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKrosnick, Jon A.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2010-04-14T14:10:30Z
dc.date.available2010-04-14T14:10:30Z
dc.date.issued1991en_US
dc.identifier.citationALWIN, DUANE; KROSNICK, JON (1991). "The Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurement." Sociological Methods & Research 1(20): 139-181. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/68969>en_US
dc.identifier.issn0049-1241en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/68969
dc.description.abstractSeveral theoretical hypotheses are developed concerning the relation of question and respondent characteristics to the reliability of survey attitude measurement. To test these hypotheses, reliability is estimated for 96 survey attitude measures using data from five, 3-wave national reinterview surveys-three Michigan Election Panel Surveys and two reinterview studies conducted by the General Social Survey. As hypothesized, a number of attributes of questions are linked to estimated reliability. Attitude questions with more response options tended to have higher reliabilities, although there are some important exceptions. More extensive verbal labeling of numbered response options was found to be associated with higher reliability, but questions explicitly offering a “don't know” alternative were not found to be more reliable. Question characteristics were confounded to an unknown degree with topic differences of questions, which were significantly linked to reliability, leaving the influence of question characteristics on reliability somewhat ambiguous. Characteristics of respondents were also found to be related to levels of reliability. Older respondents and those with less schooling provided the least reliable attitude reports. These results are discussed within a general framework for the consideration of survey errors and their sources.en_US
dc.format.extent3108 bytes
dc.format.extent3879223 bytes
dc.format.mimetypetext/plain
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.publisherSAGE PUBLICATIONSen_US
dc.titleThe Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurementen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelSociologyen_US
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelSocial Sciencesen_US
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Revieweden_US
dc.contributor.affiliationumUniversity of Michiganen_US
dc.contributor.affiliationotherOhio State Universityen_US
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68969/2/10.1177_0049124191020001005.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1177/0049124191020001005en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbelson, R. P. 1972. “Are Attitudes Necessary?” Pp. 19-32 in Attitudes, Conflict and Social Change, edited by B. T. King and E. Mc Ginnies. New York: Academic Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAchen, C. H. 1975. “Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response.”American Political Science Review69:1218-1231.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F. 1973. “Making Inferences from Attitude-Behavior Correlations.”Sociometry36:253-278.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F. 1988. “Structural Equation Models in Research on Human Development and Aging.” Pp. 71-170 in Methodological Issues in Aging Research, edited by K. W. Schaie, R. T. Campbell, W. Meredith, and S. C. Rawlings. New York: Springer.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F. 1989. “Problems in the Estimation and Interpretation of the Reliability of Survey Data.”Quality and Quantity23:277-331.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F. 1991, August. “Information Transmission in the Survey Interview: Number of Response Categories and the Reliability of Attitude Measurement.” Paper presented at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. Cincinnati, OH.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F., and D. J. Jackson. 1979. “Measurement Models for Response Errors in Surveys: Issues and Applications.” Pp. 68-119 in Sociological Methodology 1980, edited by K. F. Schuessler. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F., and J. A. Krosnick. 1989, May. “The Reliability of Attitudinal Survey Measures.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Association of Public Opinion Research. St. Petersburg, FL.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlwin, D. F., and J. A. Krosnick. Forthcoming. “Aging, Cohorts, and the Stability of Socio-Political Orientations over the Life-Span.”American Journal of Sociology.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAndrews, F. M. 1984. “Construct Validity and Error Components of Survey Measures: A Structural Modeling Approach.”Public Opinion Quarterly48:409-442.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAndrews, F. M. and A. R. Herzog. 1986. “The Quality of Survey Data as Related to Age of Respondent.”Journal of the American Statistical Association81:403-410.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAndrews, F. M., J. N. Morgan, J. A. Sonquist, and L. Klem. 1973. Multiple Classification Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAndrews, F. M. and S. B. Withey. 1976. Social Indicators of Well-Being: Americans' Perceptions of Life Quality. New York: Plenum Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBem, D. J. 1972. “Self-Perception Theory.” Pp. 1-62 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 6, edited by L. Berkowitz. New York: Academic Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBendig, A. W. 1953. “The Reliability of Self-Ratings as a Function of the Amount of Verbal Anchoring and the Number of Categories of the Scale.”The Journal of Applied Psychology37:38-41.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBendig, A. W. 1954. “Transmitted Information and the Length of Rating Scales.”Journal of Experimental Psychology47:303-308.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBentler, P.M. 1989. EQS-Structural Equations Program Manual. BMDP Statistical Software, Inc.1440 Sepulveda Boulevard, Suite 316, Los Angeles, CA.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBishop, G. F., Oldendick, R. W., and Tuchfarber, A. J.1983. “Effects of Filter Questions in Public Opinion Surveys.”Public Opinion Quarterly47:528-546.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBohrnstedt, G. W. 1970. “Reliability and Validity Assessment in Attitude Research.” Pp. 80-99 in Attitude Measurement, edited by G. F. Summers. Chicago: Rand Mc Nally.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBohrnstedt, G. W. 1983. “Measurement.” Pp. 70-121 in Handbook of Survey Research, edited by P. H. Rossi, J. D. Wright, and A. B. Anderson. New York: Academic Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBohrnstedt, G. W. and T. M. Carter. 1971. “Robustness in Regression Analysis.” Pp. 118-146 in Sociological Methodology 1971, edited by H. L. Costner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBohrnstedt, G. W., P. P. Mohler, and W. MÜller. 1987. “Editor's Introduction.”Sociological Methods & Research15:171-176.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChampney, H. and H. Marshall. 1939. “Optimal Refinement of the Rating Scale.”Journal of Applied Psychology23:323-331.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCleary, T. A., R. L. Linn, and G. W. Walster. 1970. “Effect of Reliability and Validity on Power of Statistical Tests.” Pp. 130-138 in Sociological Methodology 1970, edited by E. F. Borgatta and G. W. Bohrnstedt. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConverse, P. E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in the Mass Public.” Pp. 206-261 in Ideology and Discontent, edited by D. E. Apter. New York: Free Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConverse, P. E. 1970. “Attitudes and Non-Attitudes: Continuation of a Dialogue.” Pp. 168-189 in The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems, edited by E. R. Tufte. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConverse, P. E. 1974. “Comment: The Status of Non-Attitudes.”American Political Science Review68:650-660.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConverse, P. E. 1980. “Rejoinder to Judd and Mulburn.”American Sociological Review45: 644-646.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConverse, P. E. and G. B. Markus. 1979. “Plus Ça Change...: The New CPS Election Study Panel.”American Political Science Review73:32-49.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoombs, C. H. and L. C. Coombs. 1976. “ `Don't Know': Item Ambiguity or Respondent Uncertainty?”Public Opinion Quarterly40:497-514.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox, E. P., III. 1980. “The Optimal Number of Response Alternatives for a Scale: A Review.”Journal of Marketing Research27:407-422.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEagly, A. H. and K. Telaak. 1972. “Width of the Latitude of Acceptance as a Determinant of Attitude Change.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology23:388-397.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFazio, R. H., P. M. Herr, and T. J. Olney. 1984. “Attitude Accessibility Following a Self-Perception Process.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology47:277-286.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFerguson, L. W. 1941. “A Study of the Likert Technique of Attitude Scale Construction.”Journal of Social Psychology13:51-57.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFinn, R. H. 1972. “Effects of Some Variations in Rating Scale Characteristics on the Means and Reliabilities of Ratings.”Educational and Psychological Measurement32:255-265.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGarner, W. R. 1960. “Rating Scales, Discriminability, and Information Transmission.”The Psychological Review67:343-352.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreen, P. E. and V. R. Rao. 1970. “Rating Scales and Information Recovery — How Many Scales and Response Categories to Use?”Journal of Marketing34:33-39.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreene, V. L. and E. G. Carmines. 1979. “Assessing the Reliability of Linear Composites.” Pp. 160-175 in Sociological Methodology 1980, edited by K. F. Schuessler. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGroves, R. M. 1989. Survey Errors and Survey Costs. New York: Wiley.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeise, D. R. 1969. “Separating Reliability and Stability in Test-Retest Correlations.”American Sociological Review34:93-101.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJahoda, M., M. Deutsch, and S. W. Cook. 1951. Research Methods in Social Relations. New York: Dryden Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJenkins, G. D., Jr. and T. D. Taber. 1977. “A Monte Carlo Study of Factors Affecting Three Indices of Composite Scale Reliability.”Journal of Applied Psychology62:392-398.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJÖreskog, K. G. 1970. “Estimation and testing of simplex models.”British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology23:121-145.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJÖreskog, K. G. 1974. “Analyzing Psychological Data by Structural Analysis of Covariances Matrices.” Pp. 1-56 in Measurement, Psychophysics, and Neural Information Processing, edited by D. H. Kranz, R. C. Atkinson, R. D. Luce, and P. Suppes. San Francisco: Freeman.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJÖreskog, K. G., and D. SÖrbom. 1986. LISREL VI. Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by Maximum Likelihood, Instrumental Variables, and Least Squares Methods. Scientific Software, Inc.P.O. Box 536, Mooresville, Indiana 46158.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJudd, C. M., J. A. Krosnick, and M. A. Milburn. 1981. “Political Involvement and Attitude Structure in the General Public.”American Sociological Review46:660-669.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJudd, C. M. and M. A. Milburn. 1980. “The Structure of Attitude Systems in the General Public: Comparisons of a Structural Equation Model.”American Sociological Review45:627-643.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKalton, G. and H. Schuman. 1982. “The Effect of the Question on Survey Responses: A Review.”Journal of the Royal Statistical Association145:42-73.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKogan, N. 1961. “Attitudes Toward Old People in an Older Sample.”Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology62:616-622.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKomorita, S. S. 1963. “Attitude Content, Intensity, and the Neutral Point on a Likert Scale.”Journal of Social Psychology61:327-334.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKomorita, S. S. and W. K. Graham. 1965. “Number of Scale Points and the Reliability of Scales.”Educational and Psychological Measurement25:987-995.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrippendorff, K. 1970. “Bivariate Agreement Coefficients for Reliability of Data.” Pp. 139-150 in Sociological Methodology 1970, edited by E. F. Borgatta and G. W. Bohrnstedt. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrosnick, J. A. and D. F. Alwin. 1989. “Aging and the Susceptibility to Attitude Change.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology57:416-425.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLehmann, D. R. and J. Hulbert. 1972. “Are Three-Point Scales Always Good Enough?”Journal of Marketing Research9:444-446.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLissitz, R. W. and S. B. Green. 1975. “Effect of the Number of Scale Points on Reliability: A Monte Carlo Approach.”Journal of Applied Psychology60: 10-13.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLord, F. M. and M. R. Novick. 1968. Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMadden, J. M. and R. D. Bourdon. 1964. “Effects of Variations in Scale Format on Judgement.”Journal of Applied Psychology48: 147-151.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarkus, G. B. 1982. “Political Attitudes During an Election Year: A Report on the 1980 NES Panel Study.”American Political Science Review76:538-560.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMatell, M. S. and J. Jacoby. 1971. “Is There an Optimal Number of Alternatives for Likert Scale Items? Study I: Reliability and Validity.”Educational and Psychological Measurement31:657-674.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMatell, M. S. and J. Jacoby. 1972. “Is There an Optimal Number of Alternatives for Likert Scale Items? Effects of Testing Time and Scale Properties.”Journal of Applied Psychology56:506-509.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller, D. P. and A. D. Swain. 1987. “Human Error and Human Reliability.” Pp. 219-250 in The Handbook of Human Factors edited by G. Salvendy. New York: Wiley.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller, G. A. 1956. “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information.”Psychological Review63:81-97.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller, W. E., A. H. Miller, and E. J. Schneider. 1980. American National Election Studies Data Sourcebook, 1952-1978. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMoser, C. A. and G. Kalton. 1972. Survey Methods in Social Investigation. New York: Basic Books.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMurphy, G. and R. Likert. 1938. Public Opinion and the Individual: A Psychological Study of Student Attitudes on Public Questions, with a Retest Five Years Later. New York: Russell and Russell.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMuthÉn, Bengt. 1987. LISCOMP: Analysis of Linear Structural Equations Using a Comprehensive Measurement Model. Scientific Software, Inc.P.O. Box 536, Mooresville, IN 46158.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNational Opinion Research Center. 1987. General Social Surveys, 1972-87: Cumulative Codebook. Chicago: Author.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferencePeters, D. L., and E. J. Mc Cormick. 1966. “Comparative Reliability of Numerically Anchored versus Job-Task Anchored Rating Scales.”Journal of Applied Psychology50:92-96.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRodgers, W. L., F. M. Andrews, and A. R. Herzog. 1989. “Quality of Survey Measures: A Structural Modeling Approach.” Unpublished paper, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRodgers, W. L. and A. R. Herzog. 1987a. “Interviewing Older Adults: The Accuracy of Factual Information.”Journal of Gerontology42:387-394.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRodgers, W. L. and A. R. Herzog. 1987b. “Measurement Error in Interviews with Elderly Respondents.” Unpublished paper, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRugg, D. and H. Cantril. 1944. “The Wording of Questions.” Pp. 23-50 in Gauging Public Opinion, edited by H. Cantril. Princeton: Princeton University Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSaris, W. E. 1988. Variation in Response Functions: A Source of Measurement Error in Attitude Research. Amsterdam: Sociometric Research Foundation.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchuman, H. and S. Presser. 1981. Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments in Question Form, Wording and Context. New York: Academic Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSears, D. O. 1981. “Life-Stage Effects on Attitude Change, Especially Among the Elderly.” Pp. 183-204 in Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 4, edited by S. B. Kiesler, J. N. Morgan, and V. K. Oppenheimer. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSherif, M., and C. I. Hovland. 1961. Social Judgement: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSherif, C. W., M. Sherif, and R. E. Nebergall. 1965. Attitude and Attitude Change. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSimon, H. 1977. Models of Discovery. Amsterdam: D. Reidel, Dordrecht.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSmith, T. W. 1980. “Inconsistent People.” Report prepared for the Panel on the Measurement of Subjective Phenomena, National Academy of Sciences. GSS Technical Report #49. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSmith, T. W. 1984. “Nonattitudes: A Review and Evaluation.” Pp. 215-255 in Surveying Subjective Phenomena, Vol. 2, edited by C. F. Turner and E. Martin. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSmith, T. W. and B. L. Peterson. 1985, August. “The Impact of Number of Response Categories on Inter-Item Associations: Experimental and Simulated Results.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSmith, T. W. and C. B. Stephenson. 1979. “An Analysis of Test/Retest Experiments on the 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1978 General Social Surveys.” GSS Technical Report, No. 14, December, Chicago: National Opinion Research Center.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSymonds, P. M. 1924. “On the Loss of Reliability in Ratings Due to Coarseness of the Scale.”Journal of Experimental Psychology7:456-461.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWeisberg, H. F. and A. H. Miller. n.d. “Evaluation of the Feeling Thermometer: A Report to the National Election Study Board Based on Data from the 1979 Pilot Survey.” Unpublished paper. Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWerts, C. E., K. G. JÖreskog, and R. L. Linn. 1971. “Comment on `The Estimation of Measurement Error in Panel Data.' ”American Sociological Review36:110-113.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWicker, A. W. 1969. “Attitudes versus Actions: The Relationship of Verbal and Overt Behavioral Responses to Attitude Objects.”Journal of Social Issues25:41-78.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWiley, D. E. and J. A. Wiley. 1970. “Estimating Measurement Error Using Multiple Indicators and Several Points in Time.”American Sociological Review35: 112-117.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZaller, J. 1988, September. “Vague Minds vs. Vague Questions: An Experimental Attempt to Reduce Measurement Error.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZeller, R. and E. E. Carmines. 1980. Measurement in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.en_US
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.