RL924 HANDB300K OF MILLIMETER-WAVE POLARIMETRIC RADAR RESPONSE OF TERRAIN A JOINT REPORT BY The Radiation Laboratory The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan and The Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Volume I March, 1995

HANDBOOK OF MILLIMETER-WAVE POLARIMETRIC RADAR RESPONSE OF TERRAIN Edited by: Fawwaz Ulaby, Robert McIntosh, and Walter Flood CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS University of Michigan University of Massachusetts Ron Hartikka Adib Nashashibi Kamal Sarabandi Paul Siqueira Fawwaz Ulaby Paul Chang Steve Lohmeier Robert McIntosh Jim Mead The work reported herein was supported by U.S. Army Research Office Contract DAAL03-92-G-0269 to the University of Michigan and Contract DAAL03-92-G-0101 to the University of Massachusetts. THE VIEWS, OPINIONS, AND/OR FINDINGS CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR(S) AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS AN OFFICIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY POSITION, POLICY, OR DECISION, UNLESS SO DESIGNATED BY OTHER DOCUMENTATION.

Table of Contents Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. POLARIMETRIC RADAR TERMINOLOGY 2 2.1 Wave Polarization 2 2.2 Stokes Vector 6 2.3 Scattering Matrix 6 2.4 Mueller Matrix 8 2.5 Polization Synthesis 9 2.6 Polarization Response 10 2.7 Degree of Polarization 10 2.8 Depolarization Ratio 13 2.9 Co-Polarized Phase Parameters 14 3. U-M MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 16 3.1 Description of the Radar Units 18 3.2 Coherent-on-Receive Measurement Technique 24 4. U-Mass MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 26 4.1 35 GHz Stepped Frequency Radar Description 26 4.2 95 GHz Polarimeter Description 30 4.3 225 GHz Polarimeter 30 4.4 Coherent Measurement Technique 33 4.5 Noncoherent Measurement Technique 33 5. DATA PRESENTATION FORMAT 34 5.1 Inter-Calibration of U-M and U-Mass Systems 34 5.2 Data Organization 36 References 38 Notes For Data Sets 39 6. MMW POLARIMETRIC DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES 6.1 Aged Asphalt (asph.1) 45 6.2 Recent Asphalt (asph.2) 59

6.3 Concrete (conc.1) 6.4 Gravel (grav.l) 7. MMW POLARIMETRIC DATA FOR SOIL SURFACES 64 68 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Smooth Soil Rough Soil Very Rough Soil Sand (soil.1) (soil.2) (soil.3) (sand.1) 73 87 101 115 8. MMW POLARIMETRIC DATA FOR VEGETATION 8.1 8.2 8.3 Short Grass 1989 Short Grass 1994 Tall Grass 1994 (grass. 1) (grass.2) (grass.3) 118 120 125 9. MMW POLARIMETRIC DATA FOR TREES 9.1 American Elm 9.2 Arborvitae 9.3 Norway Maple 9.4 Pinoak 9.5 Red Maple 9.6 Silver Maple 9.7 Sugar Maple 9.8 Weeping Willow 9.9 White Pine 9.10 Rhododendron 9.11 Spirea 9.12 Spruce 10. MMW POLARIMETRIC DATA FOR SNOW (tree. 1) (tree.2) (tree.3) (tree.4) (tree.5) (tree.6) (tree.7) (tree.8) (tree.9) (tree. 10) (tree.11) (tree. 12) 130 133 136 138 142 144 147 149 155 158 195 214 10.1 Feb. 1991 Angular Sets: Smooth, Rough and Very Rough 10.2 March 1991 Angular Sets: Smooth Metamorphic Snow 10.3 1993 Angular Sets: Fresh, Old, Wet and Dry Snow 10.4 1994 Frequency Sets: Fresh, Old, Wet and Dry Snow 10.5 Feb. 1991 Diurnal Set: Rough and Very Rough Snow (snow.1) 230 (snow.2) 251 (snow.3) (snow.4) 267 280 (snow.5) 293

10.6 March 1991 Diurnal Set: Smooth Metamorphic Snow 10.7 1993 Diurnal/Angular Set: 10.8 1994 Diurnal/Frequency Set: (snow.6) 308 (snow.7) 348 (snow.8) 417 Appendix A: Reprints

1 Introduction In the mid-1980's the Geosciences Division of the U.S. Army Research Office, under the directorship of Dr. Walter Flood, established a program aimed at improving our understanding of the millimeter-wave (MMW) radar response of terrain. The University of Michigan and the University of Massachusetts were selected for carrying out independent, but complementary, efforts to (1) design and construct MMW scatterometer systems, (2) develop accurate calibration techniques, (3) conduct experimental measurements, and (4) develop theoretical models that adequately characterize the radar backscatter from terrain. In the ensuing years, a wealth of data was accumulated and numerous results were achieved, most of which have appeared in print in the form of journal papers and technical reports. With the advent of polarimetric radar at centimeter wavelengths in the late 1980's, the ARO Millimeter-Wave Terrain program was extended in 1991 to examine aspects of terrain scattering at millimeter-wave frequencies. This necessitated the redesign of the millimeter-wave scatterometers at Michigan and Massachusetts to enhance their measurement capabilities. Accordingly, the systems were modified and new calibration techniques were developed to make it possible to operate them in a polarimetric mode. The systems were then used to measure the polarimetric backscatter for bare soil surfaces, snow cover, and vegetation cover, and other terrain surfaces, under a variety of conditions. Whereas handbooks of measured multipolarized, but not polarimetric, radar data exist in print for various types of terrain surfaces at both centimeterand millimeter-wave frequencies, no such handbook exists at present that documents carefully made polarimetric observations of well-characterized media. This report is intended to provide a compilation of polarimetric radar responses for various types of terrain at millimeter-wave frequencies. The polarimetric radar response is characterized by the Mueller matrix, from which the backscattering coefficient can be calculated for any desired combination of transmit and receive antenna polarizations. For each terrain surface and condition considered in this report, the presented data consists of (a) the measured values of the 16 elements of the Mueller matrix, (b) values of certain attributes derivable from the Mueller matrix, such as degree of polarization and depolarization ratio, and (c) a list of the relevant physical parameters of the terrain surface. The next section provides definitions for the key quantities associated with radar polarirnetry, in the context of a general overview of the subject. Sections 3 and 4 provide descriptions of the Michigan and Massachusetts polarimetric scatterometer systems, respectively, including system operation, measurement procedure, and calibration process. These are followed with Section 5, which explains the format used for data presentation in succeeding sections and provides an analysis that shows that the Michigan and Massachusetts systems 1

have a good inter-measurement accuracy. Then, the polarimetric data is presented in Sections 6-8. Even though this report is intended to be only a data handbook, a collection of reprints of representative articles will be included in the report as appendices. These articles are useful examples of in-depth studies related to the system design, calibration techniques, data analysis, and applicable theoretical models. 2 Polarimetric Radar Terminology This section presents definitions for the polarimetric radar quantities and terms used in this handbook. For the most part, we have adopted the notation and symbology given in Ulaby and Elachi [1]. A major exception is the use of the overbar symbol, which was used in Ulaby and Elachi [1] to denote that the quantity under consideration is defined according to the backscatter alignment (BSA) convention, so as to differentiate it from the form defined according to the forward scattering alignment (FSA) convention (no overbar is used). In this handbook, all quantities are defined in accordance with the BSA convention. Hence, the overbar is not needed, and its use was deleted for simplicity. Another simplification adopted in this handbook pertains to the scattering geometry. In Ulaby and Elachi [1], the directions of the propagation and polarization vectors are defined for the general case of bistatic scattering. In this handbook, we consider only the backscattering case and select a convenient coordinate system, thereby simplifying the expressions and rendering them a function of only one variable, the incidence angle 0. 2.1 Wave Polarization In the (x, y, z) frame of reference shown in Fig. 1, the terrain surface, which lies in the x-y plane, is observed at an incidence angle 0 in the direction of the unit vector k, which was chosen to lie on the x-z plane for convenience. Such a choice is always valid for azimuthally symmetric terrain surfaces. For periodic surfaces, such as row crops, the incidence direction would have to be specified in terms of both 0 and the azimuth angle, 4, the latter being defined in the x - y plane relative to a reference direction of the periodic surface. As no millimeter-wave radar observations have been made for such surfaces, they are not considered in this report. Throughout this handbook, the direction of wave polarization shall be defined in accordance with the backscattering alignment convention, wherein for both the transmit and receive antennas the direction of propagation is defined to point from the antenna towards the surface, as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, for 2

z A h I. h / y x Figure 1. Wave incident upon the z-y plane along direction k, with electric field polarization components h = y and v = h x k. 3

either antenna k = sin0 x + cos z, (1) and the associated horizontal and vertical polarization unit vectors are given by: h = ^ k= (2) v = h x k = cos 0 x- sin z (3) For a plane wave at a distance r from the center of the reference coordinate system, traveling in the direction k as shown in Fig. 1, the electric field vector E consists, in the general case, of a vertically polarized component, Evv, and a horizontally polarized component, Ehh: E = (EvV + Ehh)eikr (4) where k = 27r/A is the wave number. The polarization amplitudes Ev and Eh are in general complex quantities, each consisting of a magnitude and a phase angle:; EV ave-t"v (5) Eh = ahe- (6) The total intensity of the wave is given by: Io = a + ah, (7) and the polarization state is characterized by the angles 6 and a where 6 = ~6-6h (8) tan = -.ah (9) av In general, in the plane orthogonal to the direction of propagation, the time variation of the tip of the E vector traces an ellipse as illustrated in Fig. 2. Special cases of the polarization state include: h-polarized av = 0, v-polarized ah = 0, linearly polarized 6 = 0, right-hand circularly polarized av = ah and 6 =-7r/2, left-hand circularly polarized av = ah and 6 = 7r/2. Alternatively, the polarization state may be described by the rotation angle 4' and the ellipticity angle X shown in Fig. 2, which are related to a and 6 by: tan 24 = (tan 2a) cos 6, (10) sin 2X = (sin 2a) sin 6. (11) 4

A V Figure 2: Polarization ellipse in the v-h plane for a wave traveling in the k d ire c tio n. t a e i g I h 5

2.2 Stokes Vector In radar polarimetry, it is mathematically convenient to characterize wave polarization by an equivalent form known as the Stokes vector which allows the incident and scattered waves to be related in a compact form using matrices. The Stokes vector, which consists of four Stokes parameters of the same physical dimensions, is given by: o Ev l12 + EhI12 a2+ a 2 Io I- 1 _ Eh 2 a2 - a2 _ lo cos 2, cos 2x F [RJ= 2 Re(Ev E) 2aah cI os in 2 cos 2x V 2 Im(Ev E ) L 2avah sin 6 I o sin 2x (12) The first Stokes element, Io, represents the total intensity, which is the sum of the vertically polarized intensity Iv and the horizontally polarized intensity Ih. The second element Q represents the difference between the two intensities, and the ratio of the fourth element to the third element determines the phase difference 6: = tan. (13) U The modified Stokes vector Fm, a more modern form, is defined in terms of Iv, Ih, U and V as follows: Iv 2 (1 + cos 2~ cos 2X) Zh 1 J(l- cos 2 cos2x) 2 FM 2Ion cs 10 (14) U sin 2~ cos 2 V L sin 2x where I = El2=a2, (15) h = Eh2 =ah. (16) 2.3 Scattering Matrix The diagram in Fig. 3 depicts the geometry for the general case of bistatic scattering from a target located at the origin. In the backscattering case where the transmit and receiver antennas are co-located, and upon choosing Vi = 0I = 0 for convenience, kt = kr = k and k is given by (1). This definition, in which both kt and kr point from the antenna towards the target, is known as the backscatter alignment (BSA) convention. For the backscattering case in the BSA convention, t = hr = h, vt = Vr = v, and h and v are given by (2) and (3), respectively. 6

A z A ht A Vt t I \\:I K I xn' ll /hr / k A x kr IVr / es A Y X Figure 3: Coordinate systems and scattering geometry for the backscatter alignment (BSA) convention. 7

The scattering matrix S of the target under observation relates the electric field Er received by the radar to the transmitted electric field Et illuminating the target. Et is given by: Et = Et+ Eh (17) and the electric field received by the radar at a distance r from the target is given by: Er v + Eh. (18) Using the vector notation: E - E ) (19) the two fields can be related by the scattering matrix S: (Eh r ( Shv hh ( h )(20) or eikr Er = SEt. (21) r For the backscattering case in the BSA convention, the cross-polarized components of S are equal: Shv = Svh. (22) 2.4 Mueller Matrix In the relationship given by (21), all the elements of Er, Et and S are in general complex quantities. Using the modified Stokes vector representation given by (14), Er and Et can be represented by modified Stokes vectors Fr and Ft, whose elements are all real quantities. These two Stokes vectors are related to one another by the modified Mueller matrix Lm, which has real elements that are functions of the elements of the scattering matrix S. Thus, Fr = LmFt (23) with I Svv 2 Svh 2 Re(SvhSvv) -Im(SvhSvv) LIS | hv 12 Shh 2 Re(ShShv) -Im(ShvSh) m 2 Re(Svv Sv) 2 Re(SvhSh) Re(SwvvSh + SvhSav) -Im(SvvS - SvhSav) 2 Im( Svv Sv) 2 Im(SvhSh) Im(SvvSL + SvhS') Re(SvvSh- SvhSv) (24) 8

2.5 Polarization Synthesis The polarimetric scattering response of a point target may be characterized by either its scattering matrix S or its modified Mueller matrix Lm. In the case of distributed random targets, such as terrain surfaces, it is necessary to perform an ensemble average over the backscattered power. This can be accomplished by measuring Lm (either directly or by first measuring S and then using (23) to obtain Lm) for many statistically independent observations (or spatial locations) of the surface under consideration and then performing an average for each element of Lm. Additionally, if each averaged element is divided by the illuminated area Ai, the process leads to the differential modified Mueller matrix, 1 L = A-(Lm), (25) which can be used to compute the backscattering coefficient or~(r, Xr; Ot, Xt) of the distributed target for any desired combination of transmit and receive polarization states. For a given transmit polarization state specified by the rotation angle it and ellipticity angle Xt, the antenna modified Stokes vector At is given by Ft, as defined by (14), normalized to the total intensity Io: Iv 2 (1 + c os 2t cos 2Xt) Ft _Fm_(1 q- cos20cos2X) At Ft I (26) M o0 U- sin 20t cos 2Xt V.. sin 2Xt A similar definition applies to Ar for the receive antenna, and in terms of the two vectors, the polarization synthesis equation is given by: OO(Or, Xr; t, Xt) = 47rA TLmAt (27) where T is a transformation matrix given by: 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 T- 0 1/2 0 (28) 0 0 0 -1/2 For the principal linear polarization combinations, (27) reduces to simple forms: v~ = 47rL1l (29) hh = 47rL22 (30) v~h = rhv = 47rL12 = 47rL21 (31) where Lij is the element of L~ in row i and column j. 9

2.6 Polarization Response For a given Lm whose elements had been measured experimentally or calculated using a theoretical model, it is possible to apply (27) to compute a~ for a large number of combinations of the four angles Or, Xr, lt and Xt within the applicable limits of -<r/2 to r/2 for <r and $t and -Tr/4 to <r/4 for Xr and Xt. A convenient and physically meaningful set of planes in the transmit/ receive polarization space are the co-polarized and cross-polarized responses. In the case of the co-polarized response, the transmit and receive antennas have the same polarization, whereas with the cross-polarized response the receive antenna is polarized orthogonal to the transmit antenna. Mathematically, these conditions are: Co-Polarized Response Or = tr Xr = Xt Cross-Polarized Response Or = 0t + <r/2, Xr = -Xt Figure 4(a) shows the polarization responses for a large conducting sphere with a scattering matrix given by: S = ( ) (32) where a is the radius of the sphere. Indicated on the plots are the (0t, Xt) locations corresponding to the principal linear and circular polarization states (with L denoting left-hand circular and R denoting right-hand circular). The vertical axis represents the radar cross section normalized with respect to its maximum value over the indicated ranges of Xt and at. A similar set of polarization responses are displayed in Fig. 4(b) for a soil surface; in this case, the vertical axis represents the backscattering coefficient a~, again normalized to the maximum value. 2.7 Degree of Polarization According to (23), the receive modified Stokes vector Fr is related to the transmit modified Stokes vector Ft by: IV Fr = hr LmF (33) Vr For a specified transmit polarization, Ft, and a given Lm, (33) leads to specific values for the elements of Fr. The degree of polarization m is defined as: [(Ir - I_ )2 + (ur)2 + (Vr)2]/2 (34) m + (34) 10

r a A ht.-, IC I I i i 0 Q uLJ -.j oc z COO RESP'OS- - CFJ1OL ESPSE C:ass4L RESPONSE (a) Sphere Croes-Po rpor Co-po rpon (b) Soil Surface Figure 4: Polarization responses of (a) a large conducting sphere, and (b) for a soil surface at 94 GHz. 11

For a completely polarized scattered wave, m = 1; for a completely unpolarized scattered wave, m = 0; and for a partially polarized wave, 0 < m < 1. For a distributed target with L' defined as: L1 L12 L13 L14 L21 L22 L23 L24 L~ = (35) L31 L32 L33 L34 L41 L42 L43 L44 experimental observations have shown that the four elements in the top right quadrant (L13, L14, L23, and L24) and the elements in the bottom left quadrant (L31, L32, 141, and L42) are much smaller in magnitude than those in the other two quadrants which is consistent with theoretical expectations for azimuthally symmetric media. Upon setting them equal to zero, application of (33) and (34) leads to the following expressions for the following special cases. 2.7.1 Vertically Polarized Transmit Polarization 1 Ft = 0 (36) 0 ' 0 Lm - L21 ~ _l - (3h7 7v = - v (37) L1 -1 L21 vv + (vh 2.7.2 Horizontally Polarized Transmit Polarization 0 = i (38) h 0 L22 - L12 r ~h -- (h mh = L —Z7 hv (39) L22 + L12 ~hh + Ohv 2.7.3 Other Transmit Polarizations By introducing the intermediate coefficients al through a6 defined by: al = (Lll- L21)2 (40) a2 = (L22- L12)2 (41) a3 = L3 +L43, (42) 12

(14 = + Lq4, (43) (15 = 2(L11- L21)(L21- L22), (44) a6 = (L1l + L22 + L12 + L21)2, (45) we can provide simple expressions for the following four configurations of the transmit polarization state. 45~ and 135~ Linear Polarization - 1/2 F45 = 1/2 (46) 0 - 1/2 - F135 I= _ (47) 0 =al + a2 + a5 + 4a3] 1/2 m45 =m 135= -— a6 (48) Circular Polarization - 1/2 - FtRHC = [ 2 (49) -1 2 - 1/2 -FLHC = 1/2 (50) LHC -SO) 1 al + a2 + a5 + 4a4]1/2 Mlhc= mrhc = -a +aa6 (51) 2.8 Depolarization Ratio The depolarization ratio, which is the ratio of depolarized power to polarized power, is defined as: L12 + L21 2_hv Xd = - = (52) L11 +L22 uv ha (52)+ where we used the fact that L12 = L21. 13

For azimuthally symmetric media (defined as media in which the scattering particles are randomly oriented in the plane orthogonal to the direction of propagation) containing particles with isotropic scattering properties in the polarization plane, the differential modified Mueller matrix Lm assumes the simple form: 1 Xd 0 0 Lm - Lll 0 > 1 0 (0 53) 0 0 0 1 - 3Xd thereby reducing L' to two parameters, L1, and Xd. 2.9 Co-Polarized Phase Parameters The scattering elements of the scattering matrix S are, in general, complex quantities. Thus, Svv = ISvvie (54) Shh = I Shh h (55) Shv = IShvIeh (56) The co-polarized phase difference is defined as:: = hh - -vv. (57) For a distributed random target, q is characterized by a probability density function p(4), for which an exact expression has been derived [2]: P)) + + tan- 1-D21 (58) where D = acos(b-() (59) 1 [(L33- + L44)2 34 - L43 a = L - L43)-] --- (60) 2 L LiL22 = tan 1 (34 3) (61) L33 q- L44 Thus, p(o) is specified in terms of two intermediate parameters, a and (, both of which are given in terms of the elements of L'. The parameter a is called the degree of correlation and ( is the value of ( at which p(q$) is maximum. Fig. 5 shows plots for p(O() for various values of a at a fixed value of C = 45~. Although a similar probability density function can be defined for the crosspolarized phase difference dfo = -hv- ~,vv, p(&) has been found to be approximately uniformly distributed over [0,27r] for terrain surfaces, and therefore contains no surface-specific information. This is consistent with theoretical expectations for azimuthally symmetric media. 14

0.020... -. - - - " " - - - I I 0.015 co 4.) U., 4) -0 a.. 0.010 F* t~=45 ac=0.9 I'a=06 11 -a;11 ----- ---- ---- 0.005 n cmA -180. -135. -90. -45. 0. 45. 90. 135. 180. 'khh - k. (Degrees) Figure 5: The- probability density function p(o) for a fixed value of C and four values of the degree of correlation a. 15

3 U-M Measurement System This section provide ss a summary of the capabilities and characteristics of the University of Michigan's millimeter wave (MMW) scatterometer systems. Currently, three of the four scatterometers, with operating frequencies of 35, 94, and 140 GHz, are fully polarimetric, and the fourth one which operates at 215 GHz is only capable of measuring the magnitudes of the scattering matrix elements. Fig. 6 shows a simplified block diagram of the University of Michigan's MMW polarimetric radar system. The core of this system is the vector network analyzer awhere most of the signal processing takes place. An HP 8753C network analyzer is used, which includes a microwave synthesizer that covers the range from 0.3-3 GHz. The network analyzer serves as the base transmit and receive unit, with frequency up- and down-conversion used to provide the desired center frequencies. The antennas and other RF equipment are mounted on a platform atop an articulating boom, and the control and processing equipment are housed in a control room on the truck bed. The scatterometers operate in high-PRF chirped pulse mode to permit rejection of short range returns using the hardware gating unit. The PRF is chosen to be larger than the network analyzer receiver's bandwidth and therefore the network analyzer operation is not affected by the pulsing of the chirped signal [3]. An HP 3488 Switch/Control System with HP-Basic Language Processor was purchased and integrated with the radar system to provide control and feedback for many parts of the fourfrequency radar system, including polarization control and antenna pointing. The HP-Basic Language Processor provides control for numerous HP-IB instruments in an IBM compatible computer. The truck is a Ford F-800, and the boom can lift the antenna platform to a height of 56 feet. Each of the radar units in the MMW Scatterometer System can be operated in a number of measurement modes as indicated in Table 1. In this table the term "power only" means that the radar unit is capable of measuring the magnitude square of the scattering matrix elements. The term "coherent" indicates that the radar unit can measure the scattering matrix using either single- or dual-antenna mode. Coherent-on-receive mode is a radar polarimetric measurement configuration where instead of measuring the scattering matrix, the modified Mueller matrix of the target is measured directly. This mode of operation is necessary in measurement of targets under field conditions when the fluctuation of the radar platform or the target does not permit phase-coherent measurement of all the scattering matrix elements. The coherent-on-receive measurement technique is explained in Section 3.2. In bistatic mode, the radar unit operates in a dual-antenna mode and depending on the capability of the radar unit, the measurement can be performed in coherent, coherent-on-receive, or both modes. 16

Radars MMW POLARIMETRIC RADAR SYSTEM Figure 6: The probability density function p(g) for a fixed value of C and four values of the degree of correlation a. 17

GHz Power Only Coherent Coherent-on-Receive Bistatic 1-Antenna 2-Antenna 94 V V 140 / v V 215 _________________________ _____ Table 1: MMW Scatterometer System modes of operation for each frequency. 3.1 Description of the Radar Units This section describes the performance and characteristics of each radar unit. As mentioned earlier, all the radar units use the network analyzer as the base transmitter/receiver and an RF unit simply acts as an up-/down-converter. All the RF units can operate with a bandwidth of at least 2 GHz, which corresponds to a range resolution of about 7.5 cm. The transmit polarization of the radar units in coherent-on-receive mode is facilitated by two cascaded polarization switches. Each polarization switch is basically a waveguide polarizer which includes a rotatable dielectric card in a circular waveguide. In this type of polarizer, the component of the electric field parallel to the dielectric card propagates slower than the perpendicular component, thereby a phase shift between the two components is created. The magnitude of each component of the electric field can be adjusted by rotating the dielectric card with respect to the direction of the incoming wave. If only one polarization switch is used, only certain polarization states can be generated. In order to generate any desired polarization, two polarization switches must be cascaded. The dielectric cards are rotated to a desired orientation to within a fraction of a tenth of a degree using a DC motor in conjunction with an optical encoder. The design of the 35 and 94 GHz radar units are very similar and their simplified block diagrams are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 comprised of three major modules: (1) transmitter module, (2) transceiver module, and (3) bistatic transmit antenna module. The transmitter module includes a stabilized local oscillator, an up-converter mixer, and a power amplifier. To maintain phase coherence between the up- and down-converter in bistatic mode, an X-band oscillator is used as the fundamental source whose frequency is an integral fraction of the desired frequency for the local oscillator. The X-band source feeds the multiplier, which in turn is connected to an injection-locked Gunn oscillator and therefore the Gunn is phase-locked to the X-band source. The chirped output of the network analyzer (IF up) is up-converted and then amplified to form the desired transmitting signal. The RF output power of the 35 and 94 GHz units are, respectively, 25 dBm and 10 dBm. For the bistatic 18

-- - Transceiver Module - -.-........- --- - I I 35 GHZ RADAR! I I I r I 16.3 dBm 32GHz I 2... ---—. PIN SWITCH - - r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - REF out a15 dBm IF UP X-BAND 2-4 GHz --------- ---- ---------- ---- X X-BAND PO 13 dBm mln 8.00 GH 15 dHm 9dm m 2 dMBm d r t i Transmitter Module Sat o --- ------------------------ - - - - - - In 40 dB I I. --- B1-static Transmit Antenna POLARIZATION SWITCHES RF In 34-36 GHz I % I RF OUT I I I I I I t Ilens I I I I t 34-36 GHz b s Figure 7: Block diagram of University of Michigan MMW polarimetric scatterometer system.

I 14 GH7 RADAR I I. I... -......... 1 1.375 GHZ 30 dBm I - -- Transceiver Module e- -- - ------ *SPDT - PIN SWITCH — I. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X-BAND PO 2 27 dBm 27 dBm RF IN I IF UP REF IN 91/N GHZ. — X-MIT MODULE -—, I I I I RF In I I 93-94 GHz I * -- - -41horn I ---- ------— I ---! I I I I I I I POLARIZATION SWITCHES I I I I l - - - - - - - - - - - - - AII I I I JII IIbIElbI I 1 I I I,- I I I 0 dBm 0 dBm l- - - - - - -- -- - -- -- I- - - - - - I — -- ---- -I GHz Figure 8: Schematic diagram of the 35 GHz radar unit.

and coherent-on-receive modes, the RF output of the transmit module is connected to the bistatic transmit antenna module and for the monostatic mode the output is connected to the transceiver module. The transceiver module is comprised of a dual-polarized antenna, a pair of circulators for the monostatic mode, a multiplier and injection locking Gunn oscillator, and a PIN diode switch. For the 35 GHz unit the antenna is a lenscorrected corrugated horn connected to an orthogonal mode transducer. The antenna of the 94-GHz transceiver uses two separated corrugated g horns and a polarization wire grid between the horns and the lens, as shown in Fig. 8. In the monostatic mode the RF output of the transmitter module is connected to the RF input of the transceiver module via a waveguide. Using the PIN diode switch, the desired transmit polarization (V or H) is selected. The receiver local oscillator, similar to the transmitter LO, is phase locked by the reference X-band source. Using two balanced mixers, the received signal in both V and H channels are down-converted to the network analyzer frequency. In the bistatic mode, a long coaxial cable is used to connect the reference signal to the LO of the transceiver and the RF output of the transmitter module is connected to the bistatic transmit antenna module. For coherent operation, the polarization switches generate only V- and H-polarized waves while for the coherent-on-receive mode, six different polarizations (V, H, 45, 135, RHC, LHC) are generated. The minimum backscattering coefficient that can be measured (noise equivalent backscattering coefficient) with the 35 and 94 GHz units at a range of 10 m is about -65 dB. The 140 GHz radar unit is slightly different from the 35 and 94 GHz in that it cannot operate in single antenna mode. Again the transmit and receive modules are phase-locked using a reference stable X-band source (Fig. 9). The injection locking oscillators, which operate at around 45.3 GHz, are connected to triplers in order to generate the desired 136 GHz signal. The output power of this unit is about 0 dBm and its noise equivalent backscattering coefficient at a range of 10 m is approximately -55 dB. The receiver and transmitter antennas are similar to the 94-GHz radar and their radiation characteristics are given in 'Table 2. The 215 G(Hz unit can only measure the magnitude of the scattering matrix elements and its block diagram is shown in Fig. 10. In this unit, a single local oscillator at half the desired frequency (106 GHz) is used for up- and down-conversion. The up-converter also acts as a doubler and has an overall conversion loss of about 10 dB. The receiving branch of the radar uses a fundamental mixer. Generation of the transmit and receive polarizations is facilitated by rotatable corrugated dielectric plates. The transmitted power for this system is about -10 dBm and the noise equivalent backscattering coefficient of the unit at a range of 10 m is approximately -25 dB. 21

1 40 GHz Radar Block Diagram REF IN -., 11.33 GHZ -[ ' 4 IFOUTH ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- IF UP ' ______________________ POLARIZATION SWITCHES a \.- - - - - ---— x3 — - - - --- -I Figure 9: Schematic diagram of the 94 GHz radar unit. 9.

215 GHz Radar (Power Only) Transmitter IF bandwidth Power Antenna Polarization 2 GHz -10 dB beamwidth = 3~ Sidelobe level < 25 V and H (mechanically) Polarization isolation > 25 Receiver Single channel Mixer Antenna V and H (mechanically) Fundamental mixing Beamwidth = 1.5~ Polarization isolation > 25 Polarimetric data vwv hh<(Yhv9T vh Doubler & Mixer Tr. 106 GHz GHz Figure 10: Schematic diagram of the 140 GHz radar unit. 23

GHz 35 94 140 215 RECEIVER Beamwidth 4.2~ 1.4~ 1.0~ 1.5~ Sidelobe Level <-20 dB <-25 dB <-25 dB < -25 dB Pol. Isolation > 25 dB > 25 dB > 25 dB > 25 dB TRANSMITTER Beamwidth 4.2~ 2.8~ 2.0~ 3.0~ Sidelobe Level <-20 dB <-25 dB <-25 dB <-25 dB Pol. Isolation > 25 dB > 25 dB > 25 dB > 25 dB Table 2: Radiation characteristics of the transmit and receive antennas used in the MMW scatterometer system. 3.2 Coherent-on-Receive Measurement Technique The main advantage offered by the coherent-on-receive radars in polarimetric measurements is when the target is fluctuating or when the radar platform is not stable. In this section we briefly introduce the basic concepts of this approach. By defining a set of orthogonal directions (v, h) in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the components of the scattered field Es from a given target can be related to the components of the incident wave E1 through the scattering matrix of the target, i.e., Es eik Svv Svh ] Ei (62) s - EJ (62) rT Shy Shh J where ko is the propagation constant and r is the range from the target to the receive antenna. In general, the polarization state of the transmitted wave can be any arbitrary elliptical polarization. An elliptically polarized wave can be characterized by two angles known as the rotation angle (0) and ellipticity angle (X) as mentioned in Chapter 2. It was also shown that the modified Stokes vector Fm(O, X) provides an alternate but equivalent representation of wave polarization and that the scattered (received) modified Stokes vector FM can be related to the incident (transmitted) Stokes vector via the modified Mueller matrix given by (24). When dealing with natural targets, such as soil surfaces and vegetation canopies, the quantity of interest is (Lm), the ensemble average of Lm. Given (Lm), the technique of polarization synthesis can be used to compute the polarization response of the target under consideration. With a coherent polarimetric radar, the process starts by measuring the scattering matrix for many statistically independent samples of the target. Each scattering matrix is converted to its corresponding modified Mueller matrix Lm,, and then all the 24

Lm matrices are averaged together. With incoherent and coherent-on-receive polarimetric radars, (Lm) is measured directly. To examine how the coherenton-receive radar functions, consider the 35 GHz system shown in Fig. 7. The output of the transmitter module is a rectangular waveguide which is connected to a circular waveguide through a transition, followed by the two waveguide polarizers. The position of the dielectric card with respect to the polarization of the incoming wave determines the polarization of the outgoing wave from the waveguide polarizer. The dielectric cards are designed such that the phase difference between two outgoing waves corresponding to two incoming waves whose electric fields are parallel and perpendicular to the card is 90~. This feature allows the generation of any polarization configuration of interest, including vertical (V), 45' linear (45), left-hand circular (LHC), and right-hand circular (RHC), which together are used to obtain the elements of the modified Mueller matrix. The receiver part of the radar is capable of receiving the vertical and horizontal polarization components of the scattered wave simultaneously. After down-converting the frequency of the received signals, the two IF signals are measured in both magnitude and phase. To measure the modified Mueller matrix with 16 unknowns, we are required to perform at least four measurements. The entries of the modified Mueller matrix can easily be obtained by transmitting four different polarizations; namely, vertical, 45~ linear, right-hand circular, and left-hand circular, whose Stokes vectors are given by Ft = L = 2 [ Ft 2 H F+t 2 (63) V O 45 O ]1 RHC 0 The received Stokes vectors can be computed using the measured E and Eh. By denoting the ith column of the modified Mueller matrix by L' it is a straightforward matter to show that 1 1 r m r2 FV __2 IF r _ r /] = 2 [FLHC + FRHC - F] = [F45 2 - H(FLC+ FRHC)] 1 r2 [ (FLHC -FRHC) (64) where Fp represents the received Stokes vector corresponding to the transmit polarization p. In case of distributed targets, measurements of Fp are repeated many times to estimate the expected value (Fp). Then, (Lm) can be determined from (Fr) I. P...,1 1 25

following the procedure outlined in (64), from which the radar cross section can be computed for any desired combination of transmit and receive antenna polarizations using the polarization synthesis technique [1]. 4 U-Mass Measurement System The three UMass radar systems operate at 35, 95 and 225 GHz. The 95 and 225 GHz radars are configured to measure the target modified Mueller matrix. Prior to Jan. 1994, the 35 GHz radar was only capable of co-polarized and cross-polarized radar cross-section measurements. This radar was subsequently modified to make modified Mueller matrix measurements using the noncoherent technique described below. Table 3 summarizes the radar system specifications. Fig. 11 shows the three radar systems mounted on an azimuthover-elevation positioner. A Hewlett-Packard series 382 computer controlled the radar operational states, positioner pointing angle, and data acquisition systems. An off-the-shelf, 12-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) card was used to sample the 35 GHz radar return, while the other millimeter-wave radars required custom built 12-bit ADCs systems for the more demanding requirements of the polarimetric radars. 4.1 35 GHz Stepped Frequency Radar Description The 35 GHz radar is a stepped frequency CW system with separate transmit and receive cassegrain reflector antennas. Each frequency sweep of 300 MHz consists of 256 frequency steps with an average output power of 1 mW. The transmit polarization is switched between vertical and horizontal polarizations with a mechanical rotary joint, while changing receiver polarization requires rotation of the entire radar by 90. The tiarin-phase and quadrature components of the received signal are stored and later transformed to provide power versus range profiles. A block diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 12. The 35 GHz radar was modified in late 1993 to measure the target modified Mueller matrix noncoherently. This required replacing the fixed-polarization receiver antenna with a 30 cm diameter lens antenna which is rapidly switched between vertical and horizontal polarization on alternate frequency sweeps. The transmit antenna was modified to rotate between any one of six linear polarization states. To measure both receiver polarizations in less than the signal decorrelation time, the frequency sweep was reduced from 300 MHz to 75 MHz, increasing the range resolution from.5 to 2 m. The number of frequency steps was reduced to 64, each with a dwell time of 40 Ps, thus, the sampling time was 2.56 ms per polarization, or 5.12 ms per polarization pair. This process is repeated until enough independent samples are obtained to generate a Stokes vector for the particular transmit polarization in use. The 26

Table 3: 35, 95 and 225 GHz radar specifications Radar specifications Parameter 35 GHz 95 GHz 225 GHz Transmitter: Frequency Transmitter Peak Power Modulation Range Resolution Maximum. PRF Receiver: Front-End Mixer(s) SSB Noise Figure Dynamic Range Antennas: Type Diameter 3 dB beamwidth Transmit polarization Receiver polarization 34.82-35.12 GHz Gunn Osc. 1 mW stepped freq..5 m n/a Balanced 4.5 dB 60 dB Dual Cassegrain 30 cm 1.8~ mechanically rotated, v and h mechanically rotated, v and h 94.92 GHz Klystron Amp. 1.5 kW Pulse 30 m 80 KHz Balanced 9 dB 75 dB Rexolite lens 30 cm 0.70 ferrite switch v and h dual v and h 225.63 GHz Klystron Osc. 60 W Pulse 30 m 20 KHz 2nd harmonic 15 dB 70 dB dual TPX lenses 15 cm 0.6~ motor-controlled v, h, ~45~ RHCP, LHCP dual v and h I i I 27

pFigure 1: The 35, 95 and 225 GHz radars mounted on a computer controlled 28

7 Figure 12: Block diagram of the dual-polarization 35 GHz radar. 29

process is then repeated for up to five more linear polarizations. The modified Mueller matrix is then computed using the Kalman filter technique described below. 4.2 95 GHz Polarimeter Description The 95 GHz polarimetric radar system consists of a pulsed, dual-polarization radar, a Polarimetric Radar Control and Data Acquisition system (PRACDA), and a data logging/display computer. A block diagram of the 95 GHz polarimetric radar is shown in Fig. 13. The system utilizes a low-noise reference oscillator at 15.62 GHz which is multiplied six times to 93.72 GHz. This signal acts as both receiver local oscillator and driver for the transmitter amplifier chain. The transmitter amplifier consists of a solid-state injection-locked amplifier, followed by an Extended Interaction klystron Amplifier (EIA). Alternate transmission of vertically and horizontally polarized 95 GHz pulses is achieved by a latching circulator which alternately selects the vertical and horizontal ports of an orthomode transducer (OMT). A single 30 cm diameter dielectric lens antenna is used for both transmission and reception. The lens is illuminated by a dual-polarization scalar feed horn, providing an axially symmetric radiation pattern. The combination of the scalar feed and lens antenna yields excellent polarization isolation, with the cross-polarized power integrated over the antenna pattern approximately 30 dB below the copolarized level. Upon reception, the OMT separates the signal into its vertical and horizontal components, which are downconverted to 1.2 GHz using a single balanced mixer. After amplification, the signal is again downconverted to 120 MHz where separate magnitude and phase detection are performed. A log amplifier/detector is employed in the amplitude channels, providing a dynamic range of 80 dB. The phase detector is preceded by a constant phase limiter, which maintains nearly constant phase over a dynamic range of 70 dB. 4.3 225 GHz Polarimeter The 225 GHz polarimeter consists of a multiple polarization transmitter, a dual polarization receiver, the Polarimetric RAdar Control and Data Acquisition (PRACDA) subsystem and a data logging computer [4]. A block diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 14. Scalar feed lens antennas were selected for both the transmitter and receiver to minimize sidelobe levels and to provide low cross-polarization across the main beam. During polarimetric measurements, the transmitter's multiple-polarization lens antenna is sequentially switched between the six polarization states given in Table 3. The magnitude of the vertical and horizontal components of the scattered wave along with the phase difference between these components is measured using a dual-polarization receiver for each transmit state. This provides sufficient information to deter 30

I -b =C xC k~ 7 p0 C) -r -) 0 S: C - r -~: =r /./ FI_ 2 -?

TRANSMITTER QUASIOPTICAL POLARIZATIO - SWITCH Figure 14: Block diagram of the 225 GHz polarimetric radar. /

mine the received Stokes vector. A set of six Stokes vectors, associated with six different transmit polarization states, is used to compute the modified Mueller matrix as described below. 4.4 Coherent Measurement Technique (UMass 95 GHz Polarimeter) Measurement of the complex scattering matrix, S, is achieved by alternately transmitting horizontally and vertically polarized waves in rapid succession. Elements of the first column of the scattering matrix S,. and Shv are measured during the first pulse period (vertical transmit) while Ssh and Shh are measured during the second (horizontal transmit). The modified Mueller matrix is then computed from the individual scattering matrix quantities as described in Section 2.4. 4.5 Noncoherent Measurement Technique (UMass 35 and 225 GHz Polarimeters) Noncoherent techniques are often preferable for millimeter wave measurements, where generating coherent, low-phase noise signals is expensive. Furthermore, the noncoherent technique is not adversely affected by rapid decorrelation of the scattered signal. One method for making noncoherent measurement of the modified Mueller matrix is to measure the scattered Stokes vectors associated with at least four transmit polarizations. The Mueller matrix may be expressed in terms of the scattered Stokes vectors associated with transmission of six polarization states using a minimum mean-squared error approach [5]: I + Ih + Ip +Im + + Ir 3(Ih- v) 3(Ip- Im) 3(Ir- ) L Q + Qh + Qp + Qm + Q + Qr 3(Qh - Qv) 3(Qp-Qm) 3(Qr-Q1) +v + h + Up + Uim + U + Ilr 3(Uh - Uv) 3(U/p - Um) 3(Ur - l1)) V +V h+Vp+Vm+V +Vr 3(Vh - v) 3(l V-l) 3(V-, 1) where [Ii. Q,, Ui, i] is the scattered Stokes vector associated with the ith transmit polarization. If these six Stokes vectors are measured sequentially, the scattered field must remain stationary in the mean during the measurement process. The Mueller matrix, L, can be converted into the modified Mueller matrix, LM, through a simple matrix transformation [Ulaby and Elachi, 1990]. A Kalman filter technique has also been developed to process noncoherent data sets [6]. This technique is very similar to the minimum mean squared error approach described above, but it also takes into account the properties of reciprocal media which forces the modified Mueller matrix to be symmetric (except for a minus sign along the last row) and forces ( Svhl2) = ( Shv 12). 33

5 Data Presentation Format 5.1 Inter-Calibration of U-M and U-Mass Systems Two different polarimetric radar systems-the University of Michigan's and the University of Massachusetts'-are responsible for the radar observations catalogued in this handbook. The two systems are different in design and employ somewhat different calibration techniques. This brings out the question: "When using the data reported in this handbook, is it reasonable to treat the data as if it were system-independent and free of calibration biases (between the two systems)?". In order to obtain an exact and complete answer to this question, it would be necessary to conduct a cross-calibration experiment in which both systems are made to measure the backscattering Mueller matrix for the same distributed target. This poses two problems. First, both systems have 35 and 95 GHz channels (so it is possible to compare the performance of the 35 GHz channels of the two systems to one another, and the same can be done for the 95 GHz channels), but the third channel of the U-M scatterometer operates at 140 GHz and the third channel of the U-Mass system operates at 225 GHz, and hence it would not be meaningful to compare those two channels. Second, to conduct such a cross-calibration experiment would entail considerable cost and time for transporting one of the systems to the site of the other. Although less desirable and not as exact, an alternative approach to conducting a cross-calibration experiment is to perform a statistical comparison using data measured by the two systems for the same type of target. Among the various combinations of target types, frequency channels, and incidence angles, it was determined that both systems have made numerous observations of snow-covered ground, mostly by the 94/95 GHz channels (U-M at 94 GHz and U-Mass at 95 GHz) at 60~ incidence relative to nadir. Fig. 15 presents histograms of the vv-polarized backscattering coefficient, as measured by the U-M and U-Mass systems, for dry snow. In each case, the data covers a wide range of snow depths and crystal sizes, but it is noteworthy to mention that the crystal sizes of the snow covers observed by the U-Mass system covered the range between 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm, compared to the range 0.6 mm-2.7 mm for the snow conditions observed by the U-M system. Hence, it is not surprising that the average value of the backscattering coefficient of the U-M data (+1.3 dB) is higher than the average value of the U-Mass data (-1.6 dB) by 2.9 dB. Distributions similar to those shown in Fig. 15 for dry snow were generated for vh polarization, as well as for both vv and vh polarizations for wet snow. A summary of the mean values is given in Table 4. In all cases, the mean value of the U-M data is higher than the corresponding mean value of the U-Mass data. The average difference is about 2.5 dB. This can be viewed as a measure of 34

U.Mich. - Dry Snow - 94 GHz - VV Polarization - 60 degree incidence I - - T 40 - Total Number of Samples = 82 Mean = 1.2595 35 30F 1 1 O) 25 QE C)20 O 20 o a) E 15 10 I I 5 1HHn n. - --- I.... I I I I I.............. v -15 -1C) -5 Backscattering Coefficient (dB) 0 U.Mass. - Dry Snow - 95 GHz - VV Polarization - i - 60 degree incidence IlI 10 9 8 7 (U a) - 6 Eo CO) - 5 Qa) E 4 z 3 2 1 Total Number of Samples = 30 Mean = -1.5817 n —........... III I -15 -10 -5 Backscattering Coefficient (dB) 0 5 Figure 15. Histograms of measured vv-polarized backscattering coefficient for dry snow. 3,5

U-M U-Mass Difference Polarization/Snow Condition VV Dry +1.3 dB -1.6 dB 2.9 dB VH Dry -2.7 dB -5.4 dB 2.7 dB VV Wet -3.1 dB -4.8 dB 1.7 dB VH Wet -7.5 dB -10.0 dB 2.5 dB Table 4: Mean values of the backscattering coefficient measured by the U-M 94-GHz scatterometer and U-Mass 95-GHz scatterometer, both at an incidence angle of 60~. the calibration bias that might exist between the two systems. Because of the strong dependence of &~ on snow crystal size, however, the authors attribute most, if not all, of the observed difference in a~ to differences in crystal-size, as noted earlier. 5.2 Data Organization The data reported in this handbook is organized in the form of chapters by target type, and subdivided according to target condition. For example, Chapter 6 deals with soil surfaces, with individual sections devoted to specific surface roughness/moisture content conditions. Typically, such a section may include data at several incidence angles (or different time of day for some of the diurnal data sets) and multiple radar frequencies. The first page of the section provides information about the target and its condition. This is then followed with listings of the elements of the differential modified Mueller matrix L~ (see (25) and (35)), written in a form in which L1l has been factored out of the matrix, as indicated in the typical example shown in Figure 16. For convenience to the user, additional quantities are given also, all derivable from L~, including the principal linear backscattering coefficients (as defined by (29) through (31)), the depolarization ratio given by (52), the co-polarization phase parameters given by (60) and (61), and the degree of polarization for various transmit polarization states. In addition, plots of the normalizd ed and cross-polarized responses are also provided. 36

Target: SI-dry System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0013 1.0000 0.1170 -0.0384 -0.0300 0.1170 0.5317 -0.0174 0.0230 -0.0192 -0.0087 0.5603 -0.0644 0.0150 -0.0115 0.0644 0.3261 I a,, = -17.77 dB avh = -27.09 dB Xd = -8.16 dB a = 0.61 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.79 m45 = 0.68 mlhc = 0.47 ahh = -20.51 dB ( = 8.26~ mh M135 mrhc 0.64 0.70 0.46 Co-pos respone Cross-Pol reponse I - 45,^C"` Figure 16. Typical example of the data format used in the presentation of data in succeeding chapters. 37

References [1] Ulaby, F. T. and C. Elachi, Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications, Artech House, Dedham MA, 1990. [2] Sarabandi, K., "Derivation of phase statistics of distributed targets from the Mueller matrix," Radio Sci., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 553-560, 1992. [3] Liepa, V. V., K. Sarabandi, and M. A. Tassoudji, "A pulsed network analyzer based scatterometer," Proc. of IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., Vancouver, July 1989. [4] J. B. Mead and R. E. McIntosh, "A 225 GHz polarimetric radar," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., v. 38, n. 9, 1252-1258, 1990. [5] J. B. Mead and R. E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric backscatter measurements of deciduous and coniferous trees at 225 GHz," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., v. 29, n. 1, 21-28, 1991. [6] A. Pazmany and R. E. McIntosh, "The use of estimation techniques to reduce noncoherent polarimetric measurement errors, accepted for publication," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 1994. [7] T. F. Haddock and F. T. Ulaby, "140-GHz scatterometer system and measurements of terrain," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 28, no. 4, 492-499, 1990. [8] M. W. Whitt and F. T. Ulaby, "A polarimetric radar calibration technique with insensitivity to target orientation," Radio Sci., vol. 25, no. 6, 1137 -1143, 1990. [9] F. T. Ulaby, T. H. Haddock, and Y. Kuga, "Measurement and modeling of millimeter-wave scattering from tree foliage," Radio Sci., vol. 25, no. 3, 192-203, 1990. [10] Y. Kuga, F. T. Ulaby, T. F. Haddock, and R. D. DeRoo, "Millimeterwave radar scattering from snow: 1. Radiative transfer model," Radio Sci., vol. 26, no. 2, 329-341, 1991. [11] F. T. Ulaby, T. F. Haddock, R. T. Austin, and Y. Kuga, "Millimeter-wave radar scattering from snow: 2. Comparison of theory with experimental observations," vol. 26, no. 2, 343-351, 1991. [12] J. B. Mead, P. M. Langlois, P. S. Chang, R. E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric scattering from natural surfaces at 225 GHz," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol 39, no. 9, 1405-1411, 1991. 38

[13] J. B. MSead, P. S. Chang, S. P. Lohmeier, P. M. Langlois, R. E. McIntosh, '"Polarimetric observations and theory of millimeter-wave backscatter from snow cover,' IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol 41. no. 1. 38-46, 1993. [14] A. Pazmany, J. B. Mead, R. E. MIcIntosh, M. Hervig, R. Kelly, G. Vali, '95-Ghz polarimetric radar measurements of orographic cap clouds," J. Atmospheric and Oceanic Tech., vol. 11, 140-153, 1994. 39

Notes for Data Sets Some of the data sets required additional information about particular measurements. On each page of the data sets there may appear a short note with one of the following symbols. These are explained here in further detail to assist the user in making the best use of the published measurements. * magnitude relative to ao, Indicates that the calibration performed is relative to arw. Thus only the ratios Ohh/Jvv and chh/crV are meaningful. t value may be inaccurate Indicates that the value for C for this data set may be inaccurate due to uncertainties in the phase calibration. These uncertainties can best be seen at near normal angles of incidence where it is expected that values for ( would be close to zero. t value may be underestimated 35 GHz tree data may be affected by decorrelation of the target during the time which elapses between the measurement of the v and h received power. This problem manifests itself as dips in the signature at an orientation angle of ~45~ and ellipticity of 0~. 40

Pages 41-44 intentionally left blank 41

asph.1.0 Asphalt 1992,1 f Target Name: Aged Asphalt 1992 System: UM 15 10 5 E o o -5 m-10 -i-i I -15 - -20F -25[ -.... 0 50 100 150 200 Horizontal Distance (mm) 250 300 Target Description: Middle aged asphalt (grayed and weathered yet still in fair condition). Measurement was made of both dry and wet asphalt. To obtain the wet surface, a sufficient amount of water was added to make the surface of the asphalt almost shiny. Ground Truth: rms height = 0.60 mm correlation length = 8.54 mm frequency ks kl 35 GHz 0.44 6.26 94 GHz 1.18 16.8 References: None 45

asph.1.0 Data List: Oi freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 dry asph.1.1 47 45 35 dry asph.1.2 48 70 35 dry asph.1.3 49 20 35 wet asph.1.4 50 45 35 wet asph.1.5 51 70 35 wet asph.1.6 52 20 94 dry asph.1.7 53 45 94 dry asph.1.8 54 70 94 dry asph.1.9 55 20 94 wet asph.1.10 56 45 94 wet asph.1.11 57 70 94 wet asph. 1.12 58 46

asph.l.1 Target: Dry Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0181 [ 1.0000 0.0796 -0.1034 -0.0057 0.0796 0.7189 -0.1144 -0.0198 -0.0517 -0.0572 0.7360 -0.0284 0.0029 0.0099 0.0284 0.5767 I 'vv= 'vh = Xd e = -6.44 dB -17.43 dB -10.33 dB 0.77 ohh = -7.88 dB C = 2.48~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.86 m45 = 0.78 mlhc = 0.61 rnh M135 mrhc 0.81 0.82 0.67 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response.N o 0.4, z m - 45 ocr p I - 47

asph.1.2 Target: Dry Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0069 1.0000 0.0970 0.0152 0.0585 0.0970 0.5777 -0.0099 -0.0457 0.0076 -0.0050 0.6379 -0.0452 -0.0293 0.0228 0.0452 0.4439 I Ovv Tvh = Xd a = -10.61 dB -20.74 dB -9.10 dB 0.71 Chh = -12.99 dB C = 4.77~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = lhc = 0.82 0.76 0.55 mh m135 mrhc 0.72 0.76 0.57 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 48

asph.1.3 Target: Dry Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0012 1.0000 0.0841 -0.0875 -0.0061 0.0841 0.2068 -0.0364 -0.0012 -0.0437 -0.0182 0.3422 0.0171 0.0030 0.0006 -0.0171 0.1739 I C =vv 7vh = Xd aC = -18.22 dB -28.97 dB -8.56 dB 0.57 ahh = -25.07 dB = -3.80~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.85 0.74 0.64 mh m135 mrhc 0.44 0.78 0.64 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response / 45 k vslq 49

asph.1.4 Target: Dry Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0592 i 1.0000 0.0833 -0.0455 0.0463 0.0833 0.9163 -0.0875 -0.1278 -0.0228 -0.0438 0.7529 0.4103 -0.0231 0.0639 -0.4103 0.5862 I rvv = O'vh = Xd = O = -1.28 dB -12.07 dB -10.61 dB 0.82 Oahh = -1.66 dB ( = -31.50~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.85 m45 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.67 mh M135 mrhc 0.85 0.84 0.73 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.6 R 'o W.W I -2.t! 2 0.4,:2 0.2, 0 -90 ^^0^ oly 50

asph.l.5 Target: Dry Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 102 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0161 i 1.0000 0.1842 -0.0916 -0.0284 0.1842 0.6757 -0.1233 0.0102 -0.0458 -0.0617 0.5733 0.1809 0.0142 -0.0051 -0.1809 0.2049 I vv = gvh Xd a = -6.94 dB -14.28 dB -6.58 dB 0.52 ahh = -8.64 dB ( = -24.94~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.69 m45 = 0.58 mlh- = 0.38 mh m135 rnrhc 0.59 0.64 0.26 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8' 0.6' c o 0.4 0.2 51

asph.1.6 Target: Dry Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0042 L 1.0000 0.0769 -0.1308 0.0425 0.0769 0.2574 -0.0305 -0.0807 -0.0654 -0.0153 0.1811 0.2192 -0.0212 0.0404 -0.2192 0.0273 I,,v = -12.77 dB rvh = -23.91 dB Xd = -9.12 dB a = 0.48 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.87 m45 = 0.63 mlhc = 0.59 0rhh = -18.66 dB C = -64.58~ rmh M135 MTrhc 0.60 0.70 0.67 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response.Y o z - 45 NO Is w 52

asph.1.7 Target: Wet Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0094 I 1.0000 0.0247 -0.0354 -0.0722 0.0247 0.6898 -0.0319 0.0672 -0.0177 -0.0159 0.7912 -0.0910 0.0361 -0.0336 0.0910 0.7417 I vv = -9.26 dB cvh = -25.32 dB Xd = -15.33 dB a = 0.93 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.95 m45 = 0.93 mlhc = 0.89 chh = -10.87 dB C = 6.77~ mh m135 mrhc 0.94 0.93 0.88 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response o 53

asph.1.8 Target: Wet Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0049 cvv = O'vh Xd a = L 1.0000 0.0378 -0.1222 -0.0644 0.0378 0.2656 -0.0622 0.0280 -0.0611 -0.0311 0.4736 -0.0777 0.0322 -0.0140 0.0777 0.3980 I -12.14 -26.36 -12.24 0.86 dB dB dB 0rhh = -17.90 dB C = 10.11~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.94 m45 = 0.90 mlhc = 0.82 mh M135 mrhc 0.78 0.91 0.85 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6: 0.4 0.2 45 or*s'o A 54

asph.1.9 Target: Wet Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0014 1-vv O'vh = Xd = Ce = 1 1.0000 0.0248 -0.0908 -0.0134 0.0248 0.0982 -0.0148 -0.0083 -0.0454 -0.0074 0.1716 -0.0663 0.0067 0.0042 0.0663 0.1219 I -17.41 -33.46 -13.44 0.51 dB dB dB Chh = -27.49 dB C = 24.30~ Degree of Polarization: my = M45 = rlhc = 0.96 0.84 0.80 mh m135 Mirhc 0.61 0.86 0.86 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 55

asph.1.10 Target: Wet Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0666 1.0000 0.0304 -0.0344 0.1014 0.0304 0.7923 0.0222 -0.1051 -0.0172 0.0111 0.7296 0.4618 -0.0507 0.0526 -0.4618 0.6688 I awv = -0.77 dB rvh = -15.94 dB Xd = -14.69 dB a = 0.94 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.95 m45 = 0.94 mlhc = 0.88 crhh = -1.78 dB ( = -33.45~ mh M135 Mrhc 0.94 0.94 0.91 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.6 |0.4 0 - 45 A I*w 56

asph.1.11 Target: Wet Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0113 [ 1.0000 0.0590 -0.1619 0.0213 0.0590 0.3325 -0.0667 -0.0495 -0.0809 -0.0334 0.4360 0.2145 -0.0106 0.0248 -0.2145 0.3181 I ovv Cvh Xd a -8.48 dB -20.78 dB -10.53 dB 0.75 ahh = -13.27 dB C = -29.63~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.90 0.78 0.73 m135 mrhc 0.73 0.84 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 57

asph.1.12 Target: Wet Aged Asphalt 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L~ - 0.0021 Lm = 0.0021 0.01464 -0.0040 0.0040 0.0465 0.1236 -0.0349 -0.0268 -0.0732 -0.0174 0.2603 0.0558 -0.0020 0.0134 -0.0558 0.1673 I I7 aT -v = -15.71 dB h = -29.04 dB -d = -10.82 dB a = 0.63 zation: mv = 0.92 m45 = 0.81 milh = 0.76 Chh = -24.79 dB ( = -14.62~ Degree of Polari Tmh m135 rnrhc 0.52 0.87 0.82 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response N 58

asph.2.0 Asphalt 1994 1 X r I 201 C Target Name: Recent Asphalt 1994 System: UM 15 lOF - 5 E 0 -105 a -15h -20 -25F -I.i.. 0 50 100 150 200 Horizontal Distance (mm) 250 300 Target Description: Recently laid asphalt parking lot (approx. 1 yr old). Ground Truth: rms height = 0.42 mm correlation length = 20 mm frequency ks kl 35 GHz 0.31 14.7 Data List: 0i freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 dry asph.2.1 60 30 35 dry asph.2.2 61 45 35 dry asph.2.3 62 60 35 dry asph.2.4 63 References: None 59

asph.2.1 Target: Dry Recent Asphalt 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0078 L 1.0000 0.1115 -0.0696 -0.1347 0.1115 0.7958 0.0231 0.0539 -0.0348 0.0116 0.6020 0.0216 0.0674 -0.0269 -0.0216 0.3791 I avv = -10.09 dB Cvh = -19.61 dB Xd = -9.06 dB a = 0.55 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.81 m45 = 0.59 mlhc = 0.38 Ohh = -11.08 dB C = -2.52~ mh M 135 rnrhc 0.76 0.63 0.43 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response / -45 \pSI" 60

asph.2.2 Target: Dry Recent Asphalt 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ -= 0.0064 1.0000 0.2144 -0.0020 0.0198 0.2144 0.8179 0.2477 0.0047 -0.0010 0.1238 0.5959 -0.1005 -0.0099 -0.0023 0.1005 0.1670 I rvv = -10.94 dB o'vh = -17.62 dB Xd = -6.27 dB a = 0.44 Uhh = -11.81 dB C = 14.76~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.65 0.58 0.27 mh 135 rh, c 0.63 0.53 0.16 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 61

asph.2.3 Target: Dry Recent Asphalt 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0047 1.0000 0.2094 -0.1292 0.0265 0.2094 0.7553 -0.0259 0.1086 -0.0646 -0.0129 0.7340 -0.0130 -0.0133 -0.0543 0.0130 0.3152 I oav = -12.31 dB Uvh = -19.10 dB Xd = -6.22 dB a = 0.60 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.66 m45 = 0.66 mlhc = 0.41 Ohh = -13.53 dB C = 1.41~ mh M135 mrhc 0.58 0.72 0.24 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 62

asph.2.4 Target: Dry Recent Asphalt 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L -= 0.0027 0.1384 ' -0.1430 -0.0931 crv = -14.76 dB Cvh = -23.35 dB Xd = -7.37 dB a = 0.58 0.1384 0.5097 0.0440 0.0608 -0.0715 0.0220 0.5475 -0.0386 0.0465 -0.0304 0.0386 0.2707 I ahh = -17.69 dB = 5.38~ Degree of Polarization: my mi45 mlhc 0.77 0.62 0.45 mh m135 mrhc 0.58 0.73 0.39 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response w 63

conc.1.0 Target Name: Concrete 1992 System: UM Target Description: Large sidewalk area, possibly reinforced concrete (i.e. burried iron bars). Data List:,i freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 dry conc.1.1 65 45 35 dry conc.1.2 66 70 35 dry conc. 1.3 67 References: None 64

conc.1.5 Target: Concrete 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L- = 0.0025 (ew = svh = Xd = C = L 1.0000 0.0232 -0.0164 0.0147 0.0232 0.8779 -0.0208 -0.0144 -0.0082 -0.0104 0.9192 -0.0225 -0.0073 0.0072 0.0225 0.8729 I -15.09 -31.45 -16.08 0.96 dB dB dB ahh = -15.66 dB C = 1.44~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mrlh = 0.95 0.96 0.91 mh n 135 mrrhc - 0.95 = 0.96 - 0.91 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.0.4. 65

conc.1.6 Target: Concrete 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0026 [ 1.0000 0.0282 0.0057 -0.0301 0.0282 0.5922 -0.0126 0.0145 0.0029 -0.0063 0.6872 -0.0898 0.0151 -0.0072 0.0898 0.6307 I a.. = -14.81 dB rvh = -30.30 dB Xd = -14.50 dB a = 0.86 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.95 m45 = 0.88 mIlh = 0.80 C(hh = -17.09 dB ( = 7.76~ rmh M135 rnrhc 0.91 0.87 0.82 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8' 0.6. o 0.42 0.2 - 45 1i"$ 66

conc.1.7 Target: Concrete 1992 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: E 1.0000 0.0257 -0.0346 0.0226 0.0007 0.0257 0.2352 -0.0140 -0.0140 m - -0.0691 -0.0280 0.3871 0.1157 -0.0451 0.0279 -0.1157 0.3356 crv = -20.64 dB ghh = -26.92 dB Uvh = -36.54 dB Xd = -13.81 dB a = 0.78 C = 17.75~ Degree of Polarization: mr = 0.95 mh = 0.82 m45 = 0.86 m135 = 0.87 mlhc = 0.82 mrhc = 0.81 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 1., 1 0.8. 0.8 0.6-, 0.6 0. 0.4 aT/A ax\~~ 67

grav. 1.0 Gravel 1994 Target Name: Gravel 1994 System: UM E E qJ I - ct s-1 *5 100 150 200 Horizontal Distance (mm) 300 Target Description: Measurement was of a dry gravel parking lot. Gravel stones were thumb sized mixed in with a fair amount of porous white clay. Consistency of soil and surface was much like that of a dirt road. Ground Truth: rms height = 2.56 mm correlation length = 37.5 mm frequency ks kl 35 GHz 1.88 27.5 Data List: Oi freq. data no. page no. 20 35 grav.1.1 69 30 35 grav.1.2 70 45 35 grav.1.3 71 60 35 grav. 1.4 72 References: None 68

grav..1. Target: Gravel 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0193 1.0000 0.1670 -0.1433 0.0858 0.1670 1.2641 0.2445 0.1937 -0.0717 0.1222 0.9211 0.2237 -0.0429 -0.0968 -0.2237 0.5871 I C'vv 'vh = Xd a = -6.15 dB -13.92 dB -8.31 dB 0.70 rhh = -5.13 dB C = -16.52~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.73 m45 = 0.81 mlhc = 0.65 mh m135 rnrrhc 0.80 0.70 0.39 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response O -u (D 69

grav.1.2 Target: Gravel 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1721 L = 0.0128 0.0637 -0.0408 0.1721 1.0171 0.1209 0.0930 0.0319 0.0604 0.8789 0.1248 0.0204 -0.0465 -0.1248 0.5347 I avv = -7.94 dB rvh = -15.58 dB Xd = -7.68 dB a = 0.71 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.71 m45 = 0.77 mlhc = 0.49 Chh = -7.87 dB ( = -10.02~ mh m135 rnrhc 0.72 0.73 0.46 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.4 I# 70

grav. 1.3 Target: Gravel 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ -= 0.0080 1.0000 0.1797 -0.0549 0.0899 0.1797 1.4149 0.1063 0.1294 -0.0275 0.0532 0.9516 0.0669 -0.0450 -0.0647 -0.0669 0.5922 I avv = -10.00 dB avh = -17.46 dB Xd = -8.27 dB a = 0.65 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.70 m45 = 0.73 mlhc = 0.57 O'hh = -8.49 dB ( = -4.96~ mrh m135 mrhc 0.78 0.69 0.36 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response z 71

grav.1.4 Target: Gravel 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0051 1.0000 0.1986 -0.0756 0.0630 0.1986 0.9966 0.0849 0.0429 -0.0378 0.0425 0.7105 0.0596 -0.0315 -0.0215 -0.0596 0.3133 I Cro = -11.89 dB rvh = -18.91 dB Xd = -7.01 dB a = 0.52 Degree of Polarization: U(hh = -11.91 dB C = -6.64~ my = m45 = mnlhc = 0.67 0.61 0.32 mh M135 mnrhc 0.67 0.60 0.21 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 72

soil...0 Smooth Soil 1992 I l I I I I Target Name: Smooth Soil 1992 System: UM J 15 10 1 5 E = 0 o -5 x -10.I= -15h -20k -25 I, I I I I - 0 50 100 150 200 Horizontal Distance (mm) 250 300 Target Description: Soil surface was initially cleared from grass, vegetation debris and large stones. A heavy roller was then moved across the surface to create a compact, very smooth soil surface. Soil moisture was introduced by continuously saturating the soil with a fine mist tree sprayer. See [1] for detailed soil analysis. Ground Truth: rms height = 0.66 mm correlation length = 27 mm bulk soil density = 1.69 g/cm3 air-voids volume fraction = 0.36 frequency ks kl 35 GHz 0.48 19.8 94 GHz 1.3 53.2 soil mv moisture 0-1 cm 2-3 cm dry 0.02 0.08 wet 0.23 0.19 References: [1] Nashashibi, Ulaby and Sarabandi, "Measurement and Modelling Millimeter-Wave Response from Soil Surfaces," UM Technical Report 029721-2-T, 1993. 73

soil.1.0 Data List: Oi freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 dry soil.1.1 75 45 35 dry soil.1.2 76 70 35 dry soil.1.3 77 20 35 wet soil.1.4 78 45 35 wet soil.1.5 79 70 35 wet soil.1.6 80 20 94 dry soil.1.7 81 45 94 dry soil.1.8 82 70 94 dry soil.1.9 83 20 94 wet soil.1.10 84 45 94 wet soil.1.11 85 70 94 wet soil.1.12 86 74

soil.1.1 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0296 -0.0160 0.0204 0017 0.0296 0.9917 -0.0344 -0.0185 m -0.0320 -0.0688 0.9632 0.0926 -0.0409 0.0370 -0.0926 0.9039 avv = -16.72 dB chh = -16.76 dB Jvh = -32.00 dB Xd = -15.26 dB a = 0.94 = 5.67~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.94 mh = 0.95 m45 = 0.94 m135 = 0.95 mlhc = 0.88 mnrh = 0.90 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 -9045 -90 0,;_ 0 Q'"<,%~ 0_2" Qf>^ ^^^<C ^: 0'" ^ ^^^ ^^d 75

soil.1.2 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0006 1.0000 0.0554 0.0219 -0.0122 0.0554 0.9862 0.0251 -0.0000 0.0109 0.0126 0.9132 -0.0645 0.0061 0.0000 0.0645 0.8024 I rvv = -21.22 Uvh = -33.78 Xd = -12.53 a = 0.87 dB dB dB ohh = -21.28 dB ( = 4.30~ Degree of Polarization: m. = 0.90 m45 = 0.88 mlhc = 0.76 mh M135 rTlrhc 0.89 0.87 0.78 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 /- 45 A 76

soil. 1.3 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0681 00002 -0.0122 -0.0023 0.0681 0.6608 0.0087 -0.0032 -0.0060 0.0044 0.7176 -0.0410 0.0011 1 0.0016 0.0410 0.5814 1 crv = -27.09 dB Uvh = -38.76 dB Xd = -10.86 dB a = 0.80 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.87 m45 = 0.82 mlhc = 0.67 Ohh = -28.89 dB = 3.61~ rmh m135 mrhc 0.81 0.82 0.68 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response - 45 o'I 77

soil.1.4 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0064 [ 1.0000 0.0087 -0.0128 0.0094 0.0087 0.8042 -0.0415 -0.0073 -0.0064 -0.0207 0.8934 -0.0179 -0.0047 0.0037 0.0179 0.8760 I avv = -10.95 dB avh = -31.55 dB Xd = -20.15 dB a = 0.99 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.98 m45 = 0.99 mIlh = 0.97 'hh = -11.90 dB C = 1.16~ mh m135 Trhc 0.98 0.99 0.97 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0 '9 78

soil.1.5 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0018 [ 1.0000 0.0154 -0.0396 0.0127 0.0154 0.3197 -0.0202 -0.0153 -0.0198 -0.0101 0.5074 -0.0868 -0.0064 0.0077 0.0868 0.4765 I avv = -16.35 dB 7vh = -34.47 dB Xd = -16.32 dB a = 0.88 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.97 m45 = 0.91 mlhc = 0.86 ghh = -21.30 dB C = 10.00~ mh m135 Mr hc 0.91 0.92 0.90 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response N o -2O.4, z5 79

soil.1.6 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 -0.0487 -0.0229 0.0151 0.1917 -0.0026 0.0195 -0.0243 -0.0013 0.2286 -0.1019 0.0115 -0.0097 0.1019 0.1984 I arv = -22.02 dB rvh = -40.23 dB Xd = -15.96 dB a = 0.54 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.97 m45 = 0.76 mlhc = 0.77 ahh = -29.20 dB ( = 25.52~ mh m135 Irrhc 0.86 0.80 0.74 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6. I"-' 0.4. 0.2. 80

soil.1.7 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0990 0.0143 0.0397 = 00090 0.0990 1.0547 -0.0009 -0.0194 0.0286 -0.0018 0.8384 0.0436 -0.0793 0.0388 -0.0436 0.6404 rVV = -9.47 dB Chh = -9.24 dB avh = -19.52 dB Xd = -10.16 dB a = 0.72 = 3.370 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.82 mh = 0.83 m45 = 0.75 m135 = 0.74 mlhc = 0.54 mrhc = 0.60 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 81

soil.1.8 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0067 I 1.0000 0.1284 -0.0836 -0.0320 0.1284 0.6697 -0.0225 0.0402 -0.0418 -0.0112 0.6956 -0.0491 0.0160 -0.0201 0.0491 0.4388 I avv Gvh Xd ca -10.75 dB -19.67 dB -8.13 dB 0.70 Ofhh = -12.49 dB ( = 4.95~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.78 0.72 0.51 mh M135 MTrhc 0.68 0.76 0.48 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response - 45. -,'C 82

soil.1.9 Target: Smooth Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0013 L 1.0000 0.1170 -0.0384 -0.0300 0.1170 0.5317 -0.0174 0.0230 -0.0192 -0.0087 0.5603 -0.0644 0.0150 -0.0115 0.0644 0.3262 I aV7 = -17.77 dB crh = -27.09 dB Xd = -8.16 dB a = 0.61 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.79 m45 = 0.68 mlhc = 0.47 ahh = -20.51 dB ( = 8.26~ mh m135 mrhc 0.64 0.70 0.46 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response - 45 oI^N 83

soil.1.10 Target: Smooth Soil 1992(wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: LO = 0.0159 [ 1.0000 0.0108 -0.0739 -0.0664 0.0108 0.8013 -0.0282 0.1330 -0.0370 -0.0141 0.6726 -0.5296 0.0332 -0.0665 0.5296 0.6510 I avv = -6.98 dB,vh = -26.64 dB Xd = -19.21 dB a = 0.95 0rhh = -7.94 dB C = 38.67~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.98 m45 = 0.93 mlhc = 0.98 mh m135 rMrhc 0.99 0.96 0.90 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response lur 84

soil.1.11 Target: Smooth Soil 1992(wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0031 vv = (7vh = Xd a = [ 1.0000 0.0343 -0.0983 -0.0922 0.0343 0.5232 -0.0227 0.1007 -0.0492 -0.0114 0.5106 -0.4184 0.0461 -0.0504 0.4184 0.4420 I -14.10 -28.75 -13.47 0.88 dB dB dB Chh = -16.92 dB C = 41.30~ Degree of Polarization: mu = m45 = rlhc = 0.94 0.88 0.84 mh M135 mrrhc 0.90 0.89 0.83 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 > 0.6 -02 M 0.4, 0 z 0.2, - 45 ^*' 85

soil.1.12 Target: Smooth Soil 1992(wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0005 1.0000 0.0319 -0.1207 -0.0782 0.0319 0.2429 0.0160 0.0604 -0.0603 0.0080 0.1458 -0.3225 0.0391 -0.0302 0.3225 0.0820 I a Degree of Polari v. = -22.41 h = -37.37 -d = -12.90 a = 0.69 zation: m = I -45 = nlhc = Co-pol response dB dB dB ( = 70.55~ ahh = -28.55 dB 0.95 0.77 0.80 mh r135 Mrhc 0.80 0.82 0.77 Cross-Pol response A 86

soil.2.0 Rough Soil 1992 Target Name: Rough Soil 1992 System: UM 100 150 200 Horizontal Distance (mm) 300 Target Description: Soil surface was initially cleared from grass and vegetation debris. The soil had the appearance of a naturally weathered surface. Soil moisture was introduced by continuously saturating the soil with a fine mist tree sprayer. See [1] for detailed soil analysis. Ground Truth: rms height = 2.62 mm correlation length = 30 mm bulk soil density = 1.37 g/cm3 air-voids volume fraction = 0.45 I I I.. frequency 35 GHz 94 GHz ks kl 1.92 22.0 5.16 59.1 soil moisture dry wet my 0-1 cm 2-3 cm 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.12 - I I References: [1] Nashashibi, Ulaby and Sarabandi, "Measurement and Modelling Millimeter-Wave Response from Soil Surfaces," UM Technical Report 029721-2-T, 1993. 87

soil.2.0 Data List: 0i freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 dry soil.2.1 89 45 35 dry soil.2.2 90 70 35 dry soil.2.3 91 20 35 wet soil.2.4 92 45 35 wet soil.2.5 93 70 35 wet soil.2.6 94 20 94 dry soil.2.7 95 45 94 dry soil.2.8 96 70 94 dry soil.2.9 97 20 94 wet soil.2.10 98 45 94 wet soil.2.11 99 70 94 wet soil.2.12 100 88

soil.2.1 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0356 Lo = 0.0037 00356 00037 -0.0413 0.0164 oa~ = -13.34 dB Jvh = -27.83 dB Xd = -14.34 dB a = 0.93 0.0356 0.9325 -0.0880 -0.0443 -0.0206 -0.0440 0.9305 0.0247 -0.0082 0.0221 -0.0247 0.8593 I ahh = -13.64 dB C = -1.58~ Degree of Polarization: rm = m45 = mlhc = 0.93 0.93 0.84 mh m135 rnrhc 0.93 0.93 0.89 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6. 'o z 0.2, 90 -90 Oo'. 45 ue9 4 VPP 89

soil.2.2 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0017 1.0000 0.0676 -0.0093 -0.0235 0.0676 0.9463 -0.0017 -0.0070 -0.0046 -0.0009 0.8492 -0.1769 0.0117 0.0035 0.1769 0.7140 I arv = -16.79 dB avh = -28.49 dB Xd = -11.58 dB a = 0.82 rization: mv = 0.87 m45 = 0.84 mlhc = 0.68 Uhh = -17.03 dB C = 12.75~ Degree of Pola mh m135 mrrhc 0.87 0.83 0.73 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response.N 0 o 1 IA. 90

soil.2.3 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0010 [ 1.0000 0.1305 0.0074 -0.0757 0.1305 0.9291 -0.0066 0.0424 0.0037 -0.0033 0.7572 -0.1162 0.0379 -0.0212 0.1162 0.4962 I a,, = -18.84 dB 7vh = -27.69 dB Xd = -8.69 dB a = 0.66 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.77 m45 = 0.70 mlhc = 0.45 Ohh = -19.16 dB C = 10.51~ mh Mn135 mrhc 0.75 0.70 0.49 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 o 0.4 z 0.2. 91

soil.2.4 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0179 1.0000 0.0248 -0.0474 0.0551 0.0248 0.8973 -0.1224 -0.0555 -0.0237 -0.0612 0.9135 -0.0269 -0.0276 0.0277 0.0269 0.8638 I 'vv = -6.48 dB o'vh = -22.53 dB Xd = -15.82 dB a = 0.94 (hh = -6.95 dB ( = 1.74~ Degree of Polarization: my = 745 = mlhc = 0.95 0.94 0.89 mh m135 mtrhc 0.96 0.94 0.90 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6' '0.4 0.2 - 45 L vs 92

soil.2.5 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0068 (v = 'vh Xd = I 1.0000 0.0567 -0.0309 -0.0018 0.0567 0.7003 -0.0379 0.0325 -0.0154 -0.0190 0.6580 -0.2775 0.0009 -0.0163 0.2775 0.5445 I -10.68 -23.14 -11.76 0.79 dB dB dB Ohh = -12.22 dB ( = 24.78~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.89 0.79 0.71 Tmh M135 mrhc 0.85 0.81 0.68 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4. 0.2 93

soil.2.6 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L = 0.0014 vv = vh = Xd = a - L 1.0000 0.0735 -0.0213 -0.0592 0.0735 0.7441 -0.0109 0.0514 -0.0106 -0.0055 0.4413 -0.2569 0.0296 -0.0257 0.2569 0.2943 I -17.64 -28.97 -10.74 0.52 dB dB dB ahh = -18.92 dB C = 34.93~ Degree of Polarization: mv - 0.87 m45 = 0.55 mlhc = 0.44 mh m135 mrhc 0.82 0.56 0.44 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 I 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -90 qya 0.5. 94

soil.2.7 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0161 1.0000 0.0555 -0.0863 0.0287 0.0555 0.8659 -0.0784 -0.1400 -0.0432 -0.0392 0.7353 0.4164 -0.0144 0.0700 -0.4164 0.6243 I oCvv Svh Xd Oa = -6.95 dB = -19.50 dB = -12.26 dB = 0.86 Thh = -7.57 dB C = -31.49~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.90 m45 = 0.83 mlhc = 0.72 mh m135 mrrhc 0.90 0.88 0.83 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4. 0.2. -- 45 lo I*' 95

soil.2.8 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0095 [ 1.0000 0.0998 -0.0818 0.0549 0.0998 0.8591 -0.0248 -0.1104 -0.0409 -0.0124 0.7180 0.2759 -0.0275 0.0552 -0.2759 0.5184 I O'vv = Yvh = Xd = a = -9.21 dB -19.22 dB -9.69 dB 0.73 (hh = -9.87 dB ( = -24.05~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = rlhc = 0.82 0.73 0.56 mh mi135 mrhc 0.80 0.77 0.61 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 1 0.4 0 -90 su)0 VY. 45 \0 I "V 96

soil.2.9 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1477 L = 0.0041 0.77 00.0137 -0.0085 0.1477 0.9434 0.0166 0.0368 0.0069 0.0083 0.6408 0.1741 0.0043 -0.0184 -0.1741 0.3453 I,-v = -12.88 dB cvh = -21.19 dB Xd = -8.18 dB a = 0.54 Degree of Polarization: ahh = -13.13 dB ( = -19.45~ my m45 mi lhc = 0.74 = 0.60 = 0.36 mh M135 mrhc 0.73 0.59 0.34 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response z I 97

soil.2.10 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0292 [ 1.0000 0.0382 -0.0722 0.1283 0.0382 0.7430 -0.0276 -0.1387 -0.0361 -0.0138 0.7327 0.3399 -0.0641 0.0693 -0.3399 0.6564 I rv7 = -4.36 dB avh = -18.54 dB Xd = -13.59 dB a = 0.90 ahh = -5.65 dB ( = -26.08~ Degree of Polarization: my = M745 = mlhc = 0.94 0.89 0.83 mh /M135 mrhc 0.92 0.91 0.85 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response A. 98

soil.2.11 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0086 [ 1.0000 0.0652 -0.0821 -0.0238 0.0652 0.9320 -0.1181 -0.0367 -0.0411 -0.0590 0.8437 0.1304 0.0119 0.0183 -0.1304 0.7133 I O'vv 0vh Xd ao -9.65 dB -21.51 dB -11.71 dB 0.82 ahh = -9.96 dB ( = -9.51~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.88 0.81 0.68 mh M135 mrrhc 0.88 0.85 0.74 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 99

soil.2.12 Target: Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0021 vv= (vh Xd = 1.0000 0.0802 -0.0404 -0.0246 0.0802 1.0277 -0.0392 0.0135 -0.0202 -0.0196 0.7828 -0.2241 0.0123 -0.0067 0.2241 0.6225 I -15.86 -26.82 -11.02 0.73 dB dB dB Uchh = -15.74 dB C = 17.69~ Degree of Polarization: Ym = 245 = mlhc = 0.85 0.74 0.59 mh m135 Mrrhc 0.86 0.75 0.63 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response - 45 100

soil.3.0 Very Rough Soil 1992 Target Name: Very Rough Soil 1992 System: UM Target Description: Soil surface was initially cleared from grass, vegetation debris. The soil surface was then made rough by churning the soil with a garden shovel. Soil moisture was introduced by continuously saturating the soil with a fine mist tree sprayer. See [1] for detailed soil analysis. Ground Truth: rms height = 7.77 mm correlation length = 20 mm bulk soil density = 1.32 g/cm3 air-voids volume fraction = 0.50 I I - I - r- - - frequency 35 GHz 94 GHz ks kl 5.69 14.7 15.3 39.4 soil moisture dry wet mv 0-1 cm 2-3 cm 0.04 0.07 0.19 0.18 I - - - - L I I References: [1] Nashashibi, Ulaby and Sarabandi, "Measurement and Modelling Millimeter-Wave Response from Soil Surfaces," UM Technical Report 029721-2-T, 1993. 101

soil.3.0 Data List: 0i freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 dry soil.3.1 103 45 35 dry soil.3.2 104 70 35 dry soil.3.3 105 20 35 wet soil.3.4 106 45 35 wet soil.3.5 107 70 35 wet soil.3.6 108 20 94 dry soil.3.7 109 45 94 dry soil.3.8 110 70 94 dry soil.3.9 111 20 94 wet soil.3.10 112 45 94 wet soil.3.11 113 70 94 wet soil.3.12 114 102

soil.3.1 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0045 L 1.0000 0.0928 -0.0330 -0.0453 0.0928 1.0817 -0.0394 0.0442 -0.0165 -0.0197 0.9355 0.0367 0.0226 -0.0221 -0.0367 0.7498 I aor = -12.49 dB avh = -22.81 dB Xd = -10.50 dB a =0.81 ghh = -12.15 dB C = -2.49~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.83 m45 = 0.82 mlhe = 0.66 Co-pol response mh = 0.84 m135 = 0.83 mrhc = 0.67 Cross-Pol response 45 a -1 - A' 103

soil.3.2 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0022 1.0000 0.1918 0.0249 0.0133 0.1918 1.1549 -0.0339 0.0114 0.0124 -0.0170 0.9208 -0.0198 -0.0067 -0.0057 0.0198 0.5372 I av = -15.59 dB Cvh = -22.77 dB Xd = -7.50 dB a = 0.68 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.68 m45 = 0.73 mlhc = 0.44 ahh = -14.97 dB C = 1.56~ rrh m135 Mrhc 0.72 0.73 0.41 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response I 104

soil.3.3 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0018 1.0000 0.1789 -0.0082 -0.0322 0.1789 0.9536 -0.0061 0.0107 -0.0041 -0.0030 0.7484 -0.0446 0.0161 -0.0053 0.0446 0.3906 I acr = -16.40 dB rvh = -23.87 dB Xd = -7.37 dB a = 0.58 Chh = -16.61 dB C = 4.48~ Degree of Polarization: mv = m45 = mlhc = 0.70 0.65 0.33 mh m135 7r rh c 0.68 0.65 0.35 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 105

soil.3.4 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: - 1.0000 L~ 0.027 0.0215 0.0365 0.0715 1.0765 -0.0434 -0.0277 0.0078 -0.0217 0.9667 0.0419 -0.0182 0.0138 -0.0419 0.8238 I vv- = -5.63 dB cUh = -17.09 dB Xd = -11.62 dB a = 0.86 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.87 m45 = 0.87 mlhc = 0.75 0hh = -5.31 dB ( = -2.68~ mh M135 7nrhc 0.88 0.88 0.74 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response tl> 's -g 0.4, 6 M J 45 106

soil.3.5 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0163 1.0000 0.0964 -0.0499 -0.0458 0.0964 1.1629 -0.1591 0.0616 -0.0250 -0.0796 0.9305 0.0439 0.0229 -0.0308 -0.0439 0.7378 I avv = -6.88 dB rvh = -17.04 dB Xd = -10.50 dB a - 0.77 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.83 m45 = 0.77 mlhc = 0.65 Oahh = -6.23 dB ( = -3.01~ mh m135 mrhc 0.86 0.81 0.63 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8I 0.6I 0.4, 0.2, - 45 k VS" 107

soil.3.6 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0021 vv = Ovh Xd = a = ( E 1.0000 0.1126 0.0163 0.0228 0.1126 1.3341 -0.1246 -0.0248 0.0081 -0.0623 1.0114 -0.0898 -0.0114 0.0124 0.0898 0.7862 I -15.76 -25.24 -10.15 0.78 dB dB dB Ohh = -14.51 dB C = 5.70~ Degree of Polarization: mv = m45 - rlhc = 0.80 0.79 0.63 mh M135 mrhc 0.85 0.82 0.64 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response I 108

soil.3.7 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 LO = 0.0147 0.1391 -0.0676 0.0836 0.1391 0.9361 -0.1080 -0.0303 -0.0338 -0.0540 0.7864 0.0874 -0.0418 0.0151 -0.0874 0.5083 I ac = -7.34 dB avh = -15.91 dB Xd = -8.43 dB a - 0.68 ahh = -7.63 dB ( = -7.69~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.76 0.70 0.52 mh m135 mrhc 0.75 0.73 0.43 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 109

soil.3.8 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0187 1.0000 0.1622 0.0510 0.0162 0.1622 0.8801 -0.0218 -0.0271 0.0255 -0.0109 0.6619 0.0704 -0.0081 0.0135 -0.0704 0.3375 I acr = -6.28 dB avh = -14.18 dB Xd = -7.63 dB a = 0.54 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.72 m45 = 0.61 mlh, = 0.31 chh = -6.83 dB C = -8.01~ mh m135 ITrhc 0.69 0.60 0.33 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8, 0.6 0.4 0.2 110

soil.3.9 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (dry) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1614 -0.0013 0.0341 L~ 0006 0.1614 0.7581 -0.0088 -0.0041 m = 0.0 -0.0025 -0.0176 0.6600 -0.0680 -0.0683 0.0082 0.0680 0.3372 ao, = -9.68 dB ahh = -10.88 dB avh = -17.60 dB Xd = -7.36 dB a = 0.58 7 = -7.77~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.72 mh = 0.65 m45 = 0.64 m135 = 0.65 mlhc = 0.33 mrhc = 0.38 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 111

soil.3. 10 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 120 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0415 [ 1.0000 0.0669 -0.0490 0.0574 0.0669 0.7095 -0.0566 -0.0403 -0.0245 -0.0283 0.7701 0.1735 -0.0287 0.0202 -0.1735 0.6362 I cr~ = -2.83 dB cvh = -14.57 dB Xd = -11.06 dB a = 0.86 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.88 m45 = 0.87 mlhc = 0.76 Crhh = -4.32 dB C = -13.86~ mh /M135 Mrrhc 0.83 0.87 0.72 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response N 112

soil.3.11 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 180 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0210 [ 1.0000 0.0499 -0.0401 0.0957 0.0499 0.7753 -0.0403 -0.1177 -0.0200 -0.0201 0.5759 0.4126 -0.0478 0.0589 -0.4126 0.4761 I Ovv - Cvh = Xd = a = -5.78 dB -18.81 dB -12.50 dB 0.76 Uhh = -6.89 dB C = -38.11~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.91 m45 = 0.76 mlhc = 0.68 mh n135 mrhc 0.89 0.77 0.70 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response I - 45,.. ' 113

soil.3.12 Target: Very Rough Soil 1992 (wet) System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 240 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0624 L~ = 0.0059 -0624 5 -0.0461 -0.0188 0.0624 0.7971 -0.0449 -0.0024 -0.0231 -0.0225 0.7839 0.0461 0.0094 0.0012 -0.0461 0.6592 I oav = -11.31 dB avh = -23.37 dB Xd = -11.59 dB a = 0.81 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.88 m45 = 0.82 mlhc = 0.68 ahh = -12.30 dB ( = -3.65~ rmh m135 rnrhc 0.86 0.83 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response o 0.4. Z - 45 ^Sol-* 114

sand.1.0 Target Name: Sand 1989 System: UMass Spotsize: 0.7 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: October 1989 measurement of wet and dry sand with a low percentage of stones (diameter < 10 mm). Ground Truth: grain size = 0.2-1 mm Data List:,... 0i freq. 26 225 26 225 condition data no. dry, mg = 0.0 sand.l.1 wet, mg = 0.10 sand.1.2 - page no. 116 117 I.. References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 115

sand.1.1 Target: Sand 1989 System/Frequency: UM - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: 26~ Independent Samples: 1000 Modified Mueller Matrix: - 1.0000 L~ = 0.0853 0.3804 0.078192 0.0781 0.3804 1.1124 0.0110 0.0288 0.0096 0.0055 0.5812 -0.0137 -0.0391 -0.0144 0.0137 -0.0466 I ~vv = 0.30 dB gvh = -3.90 dB Xd = -4.44 dB a = 0.25 Uhh = 0.76 dB C = 2.93~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.45 m45 = 0.41 mlhc = 0.06 mh = 0.49 m135 = 0.40 mrhc = 0.07 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response o z8 116

sand.1.2 Target: Sand 1989 System/Frequency: UM - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: 26~ Independent Samples: 1000 Modified Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0152 1.0000 0.1216 0.0392 0.0098 0.1216 0.7431 0.0000 -0.0039 0.0196 0.0000 0.6039 -0.0824 -0.0049 0.0020 0.0824 0.3853 I U0v = cvh = Xd = = -7.19 dB -16.34 dB -8.55 dB 0.58 ahh = -8.48 dB C = 9.46~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.78 m45 = 0.64 mlhc = 0.42 mh n135 Mnrhc 0.72 0.62 0.41 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response z 117

grass. 1.0 Target Name: Short Grass 1989 System: UMass Spotsize: 1 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: October 1989 measurement of field grass. Ground Truth: grass height = 3-5 cm grass width = 1-5 mm grass density = 2.9 kg m-2 grass gravimetric liquid water content = 0.65 soil gravimetric liquid water content = 0.27 Data List: 0i freq. condition data no. page no. 40 ~ 10 225 short grass.l.1 119 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept, 1991. 118

grass. 1.1 Target: Short Grass 1989 System/Frequency: UM - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 1000 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1498 L~ = 0.0178 0149 0.0295 0.0538 0.1498 0.9135 -0.0295 -0.0559 0.0148 -0.0148 0.7711 -0.0580 -0.0269 0.0280 0.0580 0.5738 I acr = -6.50 dB avh = -14.75 dB Xd = -8.05 dB a = 0.71 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.74 m45 = 0.70 mlhe = 0.52 chh = -6.90 dB = 4.93~ mh m135 mrhc 0.72 0.70 0.53 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response. 119

grass.2.0. Target Name: Short Grass 1994 System: UM Target Description: July morning measurement of a cultivated lawn. The majority of the measurements occurred between 10 am and 1 pm when most of the morning dew had evaporated. Ground Truth: grass height = 5-7 cm grass width = 2-5 mm grass density = 2.22 kg m-2 soil moisture profile, mr depth top grass 0-1" 1-2" 2-3" 8:10 am 0.41 0.19 - 9:30 am 0.32 0.24 10:00 am 0.30 0.24 0.16 0.16 12:30 pm 0.24 0.20 0.18 0.18 Data List: 0i freq. time condition data no. page no. 20 35 11:55 short grass.2.1 121 30 35 10:46 short grass.2.2 122 45 35 9:50 short grass.2.3 123 60 35 12:49 short grass.2.4 124 References: None 120

grass.2.1 Target: Short Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 0.0076 1.0000 0.2628 -0.2177 0.1347 0.2628 1.1098 -0.0578 -0.1286 -0.1088 -0.0289 0.8800 0.2676 -0.0673 0.0643 -0.2676 0.3543 I rv = -10.19 dB avh = -15.99 dB Xd = -6.04 dB c = 0.64 ahh = -9.74 dB (t = -23.44~ t value may be inaccurate (see pg. 39 for details). Degree of Polarization: Mv = m45 = mlhc = 0.62 0.68 0.43 mh M135 Mlrhc 0.63 0.72 0.29 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response z. tI 121

grass.2.2 Target: Short Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0030 1.0000 0.4207 -0.3829 0.0728 -14.28 dB -18.04 dB -3.53 dB 0.27 0.4207 0.8952 -0.2347 -0.0708 -0.1914 -0.1173 0.6782 -0.0073 -0.0364 0.0354 0.0073 -0.1631 I cvv = Uvh = Xd = a = Ohh = -14.76 dB (t = 1.62~ t value may be inaccurate (see pg. 39 for details). Degree of Polarization: mv = m45 = mlhc = 0.49 0.35 0.25 mh in135 mrhc 0.41 0.59 0.28 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 122

grass.2.3 Target: Short Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.2344 -0.0510 -0.0753 = 00030 0.2344 1.0740 0.0700 0.0468 m -0.1020 0.1400 0.7741 0.2694 0.1506 -0.0935 -0.2694 0.3052 aV = -14.29 dB ahh = -13.98 dB avh = -20.59 dB Xd = -6.46 dB a = 0.58 (t = 26.53~ t value may be inaccurate (see pg. 39 for details). Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.64 mh = 0.65 m45 = 0.65 m135 = 0.65 mlhc = 0.38 mnrhc = 0.29 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response I 'A 123

grass.2.4 Target: Short Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L~ = 0.0024 0.2235 ' -0.0015 -0.2268 avv = -15.23 dB avh = -21.74 dB Xd = -6.01 dB c = 0.47 0.2235 0.7826 0.1077 0.2234 -0.0007 0.0539 0.6364 -0.0545 0.1134 -0.1117 0.0545 0.1894 I Uchh = -16.30 dB (t = 7.52~ t value may be inaccurate (see pg. 39 for details). Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.66 m45 = 0.59 mlhc = 0.36 M/Th M135 mrhc 0.61 0.57 0.20 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response o 124

grass.3.0 Tall Grass 1994: histogram of stalk heights Target Name: Tall Grass 1994 System: UM Target Description: July measurement of wild, tall grasses located in the University of Michigan Arboretum Prarie. Ground Truth: stalk density = 80.4 stalks/ft2 avg. stalk height = 4.15 ~ 0.78 ft avg. above ground biomass = 762.6 g/ft2 avg. above ground water = 438.9 g/ft2 soil moisture profile depth 0-1" 1-2" 2-3" 3-4" mg 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 Data List: 6i freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 tall grass.3.1 126 30 35 tall grass.3.2 127 45 35 tall grass.3.3 128 60 35 tall grass.3.4 129 References: None 125

grass.3.1 Target: Tall Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0078 [ 1.0000 0.0683 -0.0226 -0.0865 0.0683 1.2485 0.1290 0.0743 -0.0113 0.0645 0.9519 0.0464 0.0433 -0.0372 -0.0464 0.8152 I arv = -10.08 dB oh = -21.73 dB Xd = -12.16 dB Ca = 0.79 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.88 m45 = 0.82 mlhc = 0.68 ahh = -9.11 dB ( = -3.00~ mh M135 mrhc 0.90 0.79 0.72 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response A 126

grass.3.2 Target: Tall Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1764 -0.0686 0.0521 00047 0.1764 1.5993 0.0421 -0.0761 - -0.1371 0.0843 1.1419 -0.1264 -0.1042 0.1522 0.1264 0.7891 a<v = -12.29 dB ahh = -10.25 dB avh = -19.82 dB Xd = -8.67 dB a = 0.77 = -7.46~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.72 mh = 0.81 m45 = 0.83 m135 = 0.79 mlhc = 0.58 mrhc = 0.59 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8- 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4.4 127

grass.3.3 Target: Tall Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 45~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0025 1.0000 0.1428 -0.0001 -0.0799 0.1428 1.3775 0.1502 0.1876 -0.0001 0.0751 0.9969 0.0761 0.0399 -0.0938 -0.0761 0.7113 I avv = -15.02 dB avh = -23.47 dB Xd = -9.20 dB C = 0.73 Jhh = -13.63 dB C = -5.09~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = Mlhc = 0.75 0.79 0.60 mh M135 Mirhc 0.83 0.74 0.54 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 128

grass.3.4 Target: Tall Grass 1994 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 100 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0011 1.0000 0.2164 -0.0864 -0.0467 0.2164 1.5238 0.0654 0.1246 -0.0432 0.0327 1.0990 0.0308 0.0234 -0.0623 -0.0308 0.6662 I acr = -18.54 dB Uvh = -25.19 dB Xd = -7.66 dB a = 0.72 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.65 m45 = 0.78 mlhc = 0.51 'hh = -16.71 dB C = -2.00~ rmh m135 Mrhc 0.76 0.76 0.47 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response I 129

tree.1.0 Target Name: American Elm 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Ulmus americana (planophil) between April and July, 1990. Leaf shapes are ovate. Data List: Oi freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 tree. 1.1 131 horizontal 225 66 tree. 1.2 132 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 130

tree.1.1 Target: American Elm 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0219 1.0000 0.0939 -0.0041 -0.0194 0.0939 1.0502 0.0407 0.0341 -0.0020 0.0204 0.9568 -0.0420 0.0097 -0.0171 0.0420 0.7988 I CTvv 0'vh Xd a -5.60 dB -15.88 dB -10.38 dB 0.86 nv = 0.83 145 = 0.86 lhc = 0.73 O'hh = -5.39 dB C = 2.74~ Degree of Polarization r m ml mh M135 mrhc 0.84 0.85 0.70 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 131

tree.1.2 Target: American Elm 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0123 1.0000 0.0968 -0.0044 -0.0142 0.0968 1.0437 0.0034 0.0077 -0.0022 0.0017 0.9016 -0.0698 0.0071 -0.0039 0.0698 0.7199 I uvh Xd aC -8.11 dB -18.25 dB -10.24 dB 0.80 chh = -7.92 dB - = 4.92~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = m hc = 0.82 0.81 0.64 mh m135 mrhc 0.83 0.81 0.65 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response i - 45 ~ 1:.: 132

tree.2.0 Target Name: Arborvitae 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1-2 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Thuja occidentalis (coniferous) between June and October, 1990. Data List: 0i freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 tree.2.1 134 horizontal 225 31 tree.2.2 135 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 133

tree.2.1 Target: Arborvitae 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L- = 0.0098 1.0000 0.0613 0.0014 -0.0263 0.0613 0.9715 0.0420 0.0078 0.0007 0.0210 0.9216 -0.0067 0.0132 -0.0039 0.0067 0.7747 I ovv Ovh Xd a -9.10 dB -21.22 dB -12.06 dB 0.86 Chh = -9.22 dB ( = 0.45~ Degree of Polarization: mv = m45 = mlhc = 0.88 0.88 0.73 mh m135 mrhc 0.88 0.88 0.76 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 134

tree.2.2 Target: Arborvitae 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0713 -0.0025 -0.0030 = 0.0068 0.0713 1.0078 0.0087 -0.0131 m -0.0051 0.0174 0.9239 0.0519 0.0059 0.0263 -0.0519 0.7995 aVV = -10.68 dB chh = -10.65 dB avh = -22.15 dB Xd = -11.49 dB a = 0.86 = 3.45~ Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.87 mh = 0.87 m45 = 0.86 m135 = 0.86 mlhc = 0.77 mrhc = 0.72 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response tN 0.4.;z 135

tree.3.0 Target Name: Norway Maple 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Norway maple (planophil) between April and July, 1990. Leaves are oblate, five lobed. Data List: 0i freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 tree.3.1 137 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 136

tree.3.1 Target: Norway Maple 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0264 1.0000 0.1249 0.0379 0.0166 0.1249 1.0643 0.0655 -0.0187 0.0189 0.0328 0.9802 -0.0931 -0.0083 0.0094 0.0931 0.7592 I cvv Ovh Xd a -4.79 dB -13.83 dB -9.17 dB 0.85 nv = 0.78 t45 = 0.86 Ihc = 0.67 Chh = -4.52 dB C = 6.11~ Degree of Polarization m m mI rh m135 rnrhc 0.79 0.84 0.66 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 137

tree.4.0 - - Target Name: Pinoak 1994 System: UMass Spotsize: 1-3 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Quercus palustris, a tree characterized by the pyramidal manner of growth of its branches and deeply pinnated leaves. Data List: 0i freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 35 8 tree.4.1 139 horizontal 95 7 tree.4.2 140 horizontal 225 8 tree.4.3 141 References: None 138

tree.4.1 Target: Pinoak 1994 System/Frequency: UMass - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L = 0.0040 0.0380 -0.024536 -0.0536 0.0380 0.7350 0.0313 0.0691 -0.0120 0.0157 0.6047 0.0011 0.0268 -0.0345 -0.0011 0.5287 I o'vv O'vh Xd ca = -13.02 dB = -27.22 dB - -13.58 dB = 0.66 ahh = -14.36 dB ( = -0.11~ t value may be underestimated (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.93 0.68 0.64 Mh M135 mrhc 0.91 0.69 0.58 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4..2 0.2. 139

tree.4.2 Target: Pinoak 1994 System/Frequency: UMass - 95 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0845 L ~ = 0.0017 0 0845 0.0102 L-0.0389 0.0845 0.8548 0.0052 0.0488 0.0051 0.0026 0.8228 0.0922 0.0194 -0.0244 -0.0922 0.6730 I avv = -16.62 dB Uvh = -27.35 dB Xd = -10.40 dB a = 0.82 ahh = -17.30 dB ( = -7.03~ Degree of Polarization: my Mn45 mlhc 0.84 0.82 0.69 mh m135 mrhc 0.82 0.82 0.66 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2, I / 45 < tsl 140

tree.4.3 Target: Pinoak 1994 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L m = 0.0013 1.0000 0.0694 -0.0002 0.0218 0.0694 1.0266 0.0478 -0.0150 -0.0001 0.0239 0.9034 -0.1127 -0.0109 0.0075 0.1127 0.7647 I O'vv O'vh Xd OL -17.96 dB -29.55 dB -11.65 dB 0.83 Chh = -17.85 dB C = 7.69~ Degree of Polarization: rmv = 0.87 m45 = 0.84 mlhc = 0.72 mTh m135 mrhc 0.87 0.84 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response z I - 45 orV.;s4 Ik 141

tree.5.0 Target Name: Red Maple 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Acer rubrum (planophil) between June and October, 1990. Leaves are oblate, five lobed, 6-12 cm in diameter. Data List: Oi freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 tree.5.1 143 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 142

tree.5.1 Target: Red Maple 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0469 1.0000 0.0793 -0.0771 -0.0246 0.0793 -0.0385 0.0123 0.9767 -0.0217 -0.0296 -0.0433 0.9508 0.0732 0.0592 -0.0732 0.8058 Ohh = -2.40 dB C = 4.76~ av7 = -2.30 dB (vh = -13.30 dB Xd = -10.96 dB a = 0.89 Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = Tlhc = 0.85 0.89 0.79 mh n135 Mrhc 0.85 0.90 0.74 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8, 0.6 E 0.4, 0.2 0.2. O '9 Co z 0 2 I' 143

tree.6.0 Target Name: Silver Maple 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1-2 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Acer saccharinum (planophil) between April and July, 1990. Leaves are oblate, five lobed, 10 - 15 cm long and wide. Data List: Oi freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 tree.6.1 145 horizontal 225 65 tree.6.2 146 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 144

tree.6.1 Target: Silver Maple 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L~ -= 00399 0.1198 m ~0.0157 0.0127 0.1198 1.0473 0.0089 -0.0236 0.0079 0.0044 0.8958 -0.0717 -0.0064 0.0118 0.0717 0.6583 I crvv = -3.00 dB cvh = -12.21 dB Xd = -9.32 dB a = 0.76 Chh = -2.80 dB C = 5.27~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.79 m45 = 0.79 mlhc = 0.57 mh in135 mrrhc - 0.79 = 0.78 - 0.59 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4 0z 0.2 145

tree.6.2 Target: Silver Maple 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0120 1.0000 0.1045 0.0152 -0.0103 0.1045 1.1115 0.0323 -0.0081 0.0076 0.0162 0.9508 -0.0788 0.0052 0.0041 0.0788 0.7723 I ovv Ovh = Xd = f = -8.22 dB -18.02 dB -10.04 dB 0.82 ahh = -7.76 dB c = 5.23~ Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.81 m45 = 0.83 mlhc = 0.66 mh m135 T7rhc 0.83 0.82 0.68 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 146

tree.7.0 Target Name: Sugar Maple 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1-3 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Acer saccharum (planophil) between April and July, 1990. Leaves are ovate, five lobed, 6-12 cm diameter. Data List: Oi freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 71 tree.7.1 148 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 147

tree.7.1 Target: Sugar Maple 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0996 -0.0007 0.0090 o 0.0996 1.1023 -0.0033 -0.0076 = -0.0015 -0.0066 0.9201 0.0558 -0.0179 0.0151 -0.0558 0.7792 av = -4.89 dB Chh = -4.47 dB avh = -14.91 dB Xd = -10.23 dB a = 0.81 ( = 3.76~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.82 mh = 0.83 m45 = 0.80 m135 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.68 mrhc = 0.68 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8, 0.6 o.Y. 0.4. 0.2 -45 & vse~li I. 148

tree.8.0 Target Name: Willow 1994 System: UMass Spotsize: 1-3 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Salix babylonica (planophil) between June and October, 1990 and also July 1994. Leaves are lance shaped (6-13 cm long and 6-12 mm wide). Data List: Oi freq. # of expmts. year data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 1990 tree.8.1 150 horizontal 225 99 1990 tree.8.2 151 horizontal 35 12 1994 tree.8.3 152 horizontal 95 12 1994 tree.8.4 153 horizontal 225 12 1994 tree.8.5 154 References:: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept. 1991. 149

tree.8.1 Target: Weeping Willow System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0296 1.0000 0.0536 -0.0234 -0.0219 0.0536 1.0403 0.0250 0.0037 -0.0117 0.0125 0.9627 -0.0627 0.0109 -0.0019 0.0627 0.8545 I c'vv = Ovh = Xd = a = -4.29 dB -17.00 dB -12.79 dB 0.89 ahh = -4.12 dB C = 3.95~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.90 m45 = 0.90 mlhc = 0.78 Co-pol response Mfh Mn135 Mnrhc 0.90 0.90 0.81 Cross-Pol response 0.4 z - 45 \ *i. 150

tree.8.2 Target: Weeping Willow System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0282 1.0000 0.0891 -0.0051 -0.0315 0.0891 1.1020 0.0042 0.0212 -0.0026 0.0021 0.9667 -0.0466 0.0158 -0.0106 0.0466 0.8169 I avc = -4.51 dB rvh = -15.01 dB Xd = -10.72 dB a = 0.85 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.84 m45 = 0.85 mlhc = 0.71 ahh = -4.08 dB C = 2.99~ ri h m135 rn hc 0.85 0.85 0.73 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response N -M 0.4 E z 45 'S 151

tree.8.3 Target: Weeping Willow System/Frequency: UMass - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L m = 0.0015 1.0000 0.1335 -0.0581 -0.0745 0.1335 1.1195 0.0420 0.0618 -0.0290 0.0210 0.6895 0.0415 0.0372 -0.0309 -0.0415 0.4225 I rav = -17.26 dB ah = -26.01 dB Xd = -9.00 dB ca = 0.53 aOhh = -16.77 dB C = -4.27~ t value may be underestimated (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.77 m45 = 0.58 mlhc = 0.35 mh m135 mrhc 0.79 0.58 0.38 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0N -U 152

tree.8.4 Target: Weeping Willow System/Frequency: UMass - 95 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1214 -0.0892 -0.1130 0.00 dB -9.16 dB -8.61 dB 0.77 0.1214 0.7628 -0.0240 0.0083 -0.0446 -0.0120 0.7464 0.0578 0.0565 -0.0041 -0.0578 0.5916 I a = vv vh Xd = 'hh = -1.18 dB = -4.94~ * magnitude relative to v,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mn = m45 = mlhc = 0.79 0.73 0.55 mh m135 rnrhc 0.73 0.78 0.68 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 153

tree.8.5 Target: Weeping Willow System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independant Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L m = 0.0018 0.0664 -0.0261 0.0141 0.0664 0.8419 0.0016 0.0685 -0.0130 0.0008 0.8108 -0.1570 -0.0070 -0.0343 0.1570 0.6780 I Cvv 'vh Xd aO = -16.48 dB = -28.25 dB = -11.42 dB = 0.83 ohh = -17.22 dB C= 11.91~ Degree of Polarization: my = Mn45 = mlhc = 0.88 0.83 0.78 mh m135 MTrhc 0.86 0.85 0.64 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.6. 0.4,:_ 154

tree.9.0 Target Name: White Pine 1990 System: UMass Spotsize: 1-2 m (6 dB two-way) Target Description: Measurement of Pinus strobus (coniferous) between April - June, 1990. Needle shaped leaves, 6-13 cm long and less than 0.55 cm wide. Data List: Oi freq. # of expmts. data no. page no. horizontal 225 1 tree.9.1 156 horizontal 225 51 tree.9.2 157 References: James B. Mead, Philip M. Langlois, Paul S. Chang, Robert E. McIntosh, "Polarimetric Scattering from Natural Surfaces at 225 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 39, Num. 9, pp. 1405-1411. Sept, 1991. 155

tree.9.1 Target: White Pine 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0187 1.0000 0.1251 0.0363 0.0005 0.1251 1.1070 -0.0096 -0.0039 0.0181 -0.0048 0.9076 0.0604 -0.0002 0.0019 -0.0604 0.6682 I arv = -6.29 dB avh = -15.32 dB Xd = -9.25 dB a - 0.75 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.78 m45 = 0.77 mlh, = 0.57 ahh = -5.85 dB C = -4.38~ mh mn135 rnrhc 0.80 0.77 0.57 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.4. i9 I - 45 A1 156

tree.9.2 Target: White Pine 1990 System/Frequency: UMass - 225 GHz. Incidence Angle: horizontal Independent Samples: > 150 Modified Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.0107 1.0000 0.1831 0.0285 -0.0051 0.1831 1.1709 0.0592 0.0204 0.0143 0.0296 0.8953 -0.0288 0.0025 -0.0102 0.0288 0.6286 I.vv = -8.71 dB Cvh = -16.09 dB Xd = -7.73 dB a = 0.70 Chh = -8.03 dB = 2.16~ Degree of Polarization: m,, = 0.69 m45 = 0.72 mlhc = 0.51 Mrih m135 rnrhc 0.73 0.70 0.49 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response.N 1 0.4, C) m z 157

tree.10.0 Healthy Rhododendron Leaf Orientation 1, A /I + Target Name: Rhododendron 1991 System: UM 12l lo rnm " 8 - t 6 4 2 nonfonn i,,l,XI I E. [ i.-i 11 1.-1 11 -u... U.i..-.... II IL 0 0 10 20 30 40 5 angle 50 60 70 80 90 (vetc) (horizontal) Target Description: Short trunk, long branched planophil. Leaves are prolate shaped with large leaves having the dimensions of 10-11 cm by 3-4 cm and smaller leaves with dimensions of 6-8 cm by 2-3 cm. After June 6, the plant was intentionally deprived of water to study the effects of changing leaf water content and leaf orientation (which became rectophil). date leaf water content 5/27 62% 6/1 61% 6/6 60% 6/17 56% 6/18 56% 6/20 53% 6/21 48% (note: computation of the illumination area for 35 GHz system was uncertain, therefore, these data are normalized to L11. Affected quantities on the following pages are indicated by an asterisk). References: Nashashibi, Kuga and Ulaby, "Polarimetric Observations of Trees at 35 and 94 GHz," APS, London, Ontario. June 1990. 158

tree.10.0 Data List: Oi freq. condition date data no. page no. 10 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.1 160 10 35 watered 6/03 tree. 10.2 161 10 35 watered 6/06 tree.10.3 162 15 35 watered 6/03 tree. 10.4 163 15 35 watered 6/06 tree.10.5 164 20 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.6 165 20 35 watered 6/03 tree.10.7 166 20 35 watered 6/06 tree.10.8 167 25 35 watered 6/03 tree.10.9 168 30 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.10 169 30 35 watered 6/03 tree.10.11 170 30 35 watered 6/06 tree.10.12 171 40 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.13 172 50 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.14 173 70 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.15 174 90 35 watered 5/27 tree.10.16 175 10 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.17 176 20 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.18 177 30 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.19 178 40 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.20 179 50 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.21 180 60 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.22 181 70 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.23 182 90 94 watered 5/31 tree.10.24 183 20 35 drying 6/18 tree.10.25 184 30 35 drying 6/18 tree.10.26 185 30 35 drying 6/21 tree.10.27 186 50 35 drying 6/17 tree.10.28 187 50 35 drying 6/18 tree.10.29 188 50 35 drying 6/21 tree.10.30 189 70 35 drying 6/18 tree.10.31 190 70 35 drying 6/21 tree.10.32 191 90 35 drying 6/17 tree.10.33 192 90 35 drying 6/18 tree.10.34 193 90 35 drying 6/21 tree.10.35 194 159

tree.10.1 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 10~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 'vv vh = Xd = C = 1.0000 0.1118 -0.0072 0.0928 0.00 dB -9.73 dB -8.98 dB 0.72 0.1012 0.6834 -0.0373 0.0011 -0.0232 -0.0199 0.6779 0.0087 -0.0488 0.0171 -0.0393 0.5043 ] ao- = -1.65 dB C = -2.32~ * magnitude relative to av (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: m,, = 0.80 m45 = 0.75 mlhc = 0.61 Co-pol response mnh = 0.74 mi135 = 0.72 mnrhc = 0.52 Cross-Pol response I.g m 160

tree. 10.2 Target: Rhododendron - 6/03/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 10~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1502 -0.0199 0.0428 10000 0.1976 0.8292 -0.0571 -0.0129 m -0.1072 -0.0112 0.8758 -0.0896 -0.0629 0.0543 0.0146 0.6571 a0 = 0.00 dB rhh = -0.81 dB vh = -7.60 dB Xd = -7.21 dB a = 0.84 = -3.89~ * magnitude relative to aVV (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.68 mh = 0.70 m45 = 0.81 m35 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.61 mrhc = 0.63 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response - 161

tree.10.3 Target: Rhododendron - 6/06/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 10~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 m 1.0000 0.0926 -0.0190 0.0528 0.1004 0.7429 -0.0133 0.0086 -0.0245 -0.0124 0.7927 0.0643 -0.0048 -0.0093 -0.0714 0.7202 I * a= vv vh - Xd a = 0.00 dB -10.15 dB -9.56 dB 0.88 Thh = -1.29 dB = -5.13~ * magnitude relative to -,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.83 m45 = 0.85 mlhc = 0.81 mh m135 mrhc 0.76 0.82 0.72 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 I - 45 t. - 162

tree.10.4 Target: Rhododendron - 6/03/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 15~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0897 -0.0438 0.0233 10000 0.1303 0.8738 -0.0578 0.0080 m 1* -0.1204 -0.0608 0.7758 -0.1042 0.0566 0.0373 0.0795 0.6274 a7 = 0.00 dB ahh = -0.59 dB Ovh -9.59 dB Xd = -9.30 dB a = 0.76 C = -7.46~ * magnitude relative to av (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.78 mh = 0.82 m45 = 0.74 m135 = 0.76 mlhc = 0.65 mrhc = 0.57 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 45 oSoNe 163

tree.10.5 Target: Rhododendron - 6/06/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 15~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1073 0.0103 -0.0319 0.0662 0.7043 0.0191 0.0437 0.0039 0.0165 0.7584 0.0146 0.0233 -0.0299 -0.0378 0.6271 I a( = 0.00 dB oah = -10.62 dB Xd = -9.92 dB a = 0.83 ahh = -1.52 dB ( = -2.16~ * magnitude relative to oa, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = Mr45 = ilhc = 0.81 0.82 0.71 mh m135 7rrhc = 0.83 = 0.82 = 0.66 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 164

tree.10.6 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0800 -0.0177 0.0534 0.0646 0.6500 -0.0044 -0.0455 -0.0068 -0.0002 0.7438 -0.0245 -0.0140 0.0345 0.0064 0.6378 I * ovv -* 'vh Xd a 0.00 dB -11.41 dB -10.57 dB 0.86 ahh = -1.87dB C = 1.28~ * magnitude relative to oav (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = /l hc = 0.85 0.84 0.71 lMth iM135 mrhc 0.82 0.86 0.76 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6 0.4. z 0.2 165

tree.10.7 Target: Rhododendron - 6/03/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1109 -0.0574 -0.0543 0.00 dB -9.81 dB -9.44 dB 0.82 0.0980 0.8367 -0.0341 0.0228 -0.0132 -0.0464 0.7944 0.0994 0.0238 -0.0255 -0.1425 0.6784 I vv vh = Xd C = ahh = -0.77 dB ( = -9.33~ * magnitude relative to av, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.80 0.79 0.69 mh m135 mrhc 0.79 0.78 0.68 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6.P 0.4 0.2 - 45 ~It'% 166

tree.10.8 Target: Rhododendron - 6/06/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0773 -0.0630 0.0296 0 0.0884 0.7817 -0.0612 0.0003 0 -0.1104 -0.1078 0.8134 -0.0890 -0.0543 0.0245 0.0571 0.7162 aV = 0.00 dB ahh = -1.07 dB rvh = -10.82 dB Xd = -10.32 dB a = 0.87 = -5.45~ * magnitude relative to acv (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.85 mh = 0.83 m45 = 0.84 m135 = 0.85 mlhc = 0.74 mrhc = 0.78 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 z f 167

tree.10.9 Target: Rhododendron - 6/03/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 25~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0965 0.0243 0.0056 0.0641 0.7238 -0.0138 0.0322 -0.0126 0.0154 0.7348 0.0753 0.0112 -0.0101 -0.1212 0.6054 I * ovv avh Xd a 0.00 dB -10.95 dB -10.31 dB 0.80 ahh = -1.40 dB ( = -8.34~ * magnitude relative to ao (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.82 m45 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.69 rmh m135 Irrhc 0.84 0.80 0.65 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6, 'o.M 0.4, 0.2, -90 'A' 168

tree.10.10 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0838 -0.0334 0.0189 0.1020 0.8699 -0.0308 -0.0259 Lo = 1 0000 -0.0376 -0.0667 0.8191 -0.0916 -0.0397 0.0535 0.0640 0.6915 7^ = 0.00 dB Uhh = -0.61 dB 7 = -10.32 dB Xd = -10.03 dB a = 0.81 = -5.88~ * magnitude relative to avv (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.82 mh = 0.83 m45 = 0.80 m135 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.71 mrhc = 0.66 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.6: 0.4, 0 - 45 uSoll 169

tree.10.11 Target: Rhododendron - 6/03/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0913 -0.0645 0.0642 0.00 dB -11.30 dB -10.62 dB 0.84 0.0571 0.7110 -0.0160 -0.0316 -0.0169 -0.0220 0.7628 0.0234 -0.0070 0.0242 -0.0841 0.6500 I Ovv vh = Xd = aC = ghh = -1.48 dB C = -4.35~ * magnitude relative to av (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.84 m45 = 0.83 mlhc = 0.72 mh m135 rnrhc 0.85 0.84 0.72 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 170

tree.10.12 Target: Rhododendron - 6/06/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0850 L = 1.0000 0.0 -0.0547 -0.0397 a<T = 0.00 dB a7h = -10.70 dB Xd = -10.21 dB a = 0.88 0.0853 0.7866 -0.0208 0.0403 -0.0412 -0.0304 0.8324 0.0037 0.0125 -0.0170 -0.0588 0.7341 I *hh (hh = -1.04 dB C = -2.28~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = m45 = mlhc = 0.85 0.88 0.77 mh m135 M rhc 0.81 0.84 0.75 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 45 Wel 171

tree.10.13 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 40~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1064 -0.0677 -0.0030 0.00 dB -10.60 dB -10.23 dB 0.85 0.0676 0.8370 -0.0381 -0.0026 -0.0275 -0.0278 0.8384 0.0782 -0.0130 -0.0018 -0.1215 0.7073 I * vv gvh = Xd = = ahh = -0.77 dB C = -7.36~ * magnitude relative to a, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.81 m45 = 0.83 mlhc = 0.73 Co-pol response mh = 0.85 m135 = 0.85 mrhc = 0.70 Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 1 0.4 0.2 0 -90, jk 172

tree.10.14 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1037 -0.0174 0.0511 0.0822 0.7556 -0.0160 -0.0770 -0.0127 -0.0194 0.7807 0.0448 -0.0343 0.0237 -0.0620 0.6636 I (T -= 0.00 dB oh = -10.32 dB Xd = -9.75 dB a = 0.83 rhh = -1.22 dB C = -4.23~ * magnitude relative to ao (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mr = m45 = rnlhc = 0.81 0.82 0.68 mh = 0.81 m135 = 0.80 mrhc = 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 173

tree.10.15 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1363 -0.0213 0.0312 0.1120 0.8326 -0.0242 -0.0081 -0.0111 -0.0116 0.8103 0.0640 -0.0017 0.0015 -0.0902 0.6770 I * ovv hvh Xd a 0.00 dB -9.06 dB -8.68 dB 0.82 7,hh = -0.80 dB ( = -5.92~ * magnitude relative to (,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.76 m45 = 0.78 mlhc = 0.67 mfh m135 Mrhc = 0.76 = 0.79 = 0.65 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 174

tree.10.16 Target: Rhododendron - 5/27/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.1599 -0.0610 -0.0009 0.1136 0.7661 -0.0462 0.0185 -0.0375 -0.0138 0.7075 -0.0199 0.0209 0.0150 -0.0030 0.5525 I o- = 0.00 dB a7h = -8.64 dB Xd = -8.10 dB a = 0.72 yhh = -1.16 dB C = 0.77~ * magnitude relative to av (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mV = m45 = mlhc = 0.73 0.68 0.54 rmih = 0.74 m135 = 0.72 mrhc = 0.56 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 175

tree.10.17 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 10~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.5383 "V — 'vv = Uvh = Xd a = 1.0000 0.1248 0.0056 -0.0065 8.30 dB -0.57 dB -8.84 dB 0.77 0.1342 0.9812 0.1076 0.0708 0.0215 0.0169 0.8322 0.0295 0.0329 -0.0215 -0.0010 0.6842 I ahh = 8.22 dB ( = -1.15~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.78 m45 = 0.77 mlhc = 0.64 TMfh m135 mrhc 0.77 0.72 0.59 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response.0 '~ 0.4. o z 176

tree.10.18 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1092 Lo = 0.5932 0 0 -0.0781 -0.0317 0.1116 1.0573 0.0437 -0.0153 0.0276 0.0578 0.8850 0.0399 0.0372 0.0158 -0.0263 0.7017 I c7^ = 8.72 dB (vh = -0.85 dB Xd = -9.69 dB a = 0.77 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.81 m45 = 0.77 mlhc = 0.57 Ohh = 8.97 dB C = -2.39~ rmh m135 rlrhc 0.81 0.78 0.67 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.6 o z I0.42 0.2. - 45 1-' 177

tree.10.19 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.6141 1.0000 0.1016 0.0304 -0.0438 0.0794 0.9870 0.0053 0.0415 0.0035 0.0203 0.8617 0.0897 0.0123 0.0037 -0.0473 0.7121 I av = 8.87 dB avh = -1.56 dB Xd = -10.41 dB a = 0.80 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.82 m45 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.65 Chh = 8.82 dB C = -4.98~ mh mr35 mrhc 0.85 0.80 0.67 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 178

tree.10.20 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 40~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.4939 1.0000 0.1086 -0.0146 -0.0053 0.1542 1.2305 0.0729 -0.0285 -0.0025 0.0085 0.9985 0.1147 -0.0260 -0.0068 -0.0720 0.8584 I or7 = 7.93 dB,vh = -0.89 dB Xd = -9.29 dB a = 0.84 ahh = 8.83 dB ( = -5.74~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.80 0.83 0.70 mh M135 mrrhc 0.78 0.79 0.69 Co —pol response Cross-Pol response 179

tree.10.21 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: * 1.0000 0.1059 0.0076 -0.0262 = 04689 0.0748 1.2224 -0.0180 0.0083 m -0.0056 0.0040 0.9760 -0.0771 0.0130 -0.0454 0.0976 0.8800 7vv = 7.70 dB chh = 8.57 dB rvh = -2.74 dB Xd = -10.90 dB a = 0.84 C = -5.38~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.86 mh = 0.84 m45 = 0.82 m135 = 0.82 mlhc = 0.74 mrhc = 0.74 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.6 0.6X z'. 180

tree. 10.22 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.4127 1.0000 0.0610 0.0295 0.0006 0.1080 1.0510 0.0037 -0.0066 0.0083 0.0080 0.9390 0.0739 -0.0088 0.0043 -0.0554 0.8358 I ar~ = 7.15 dB rvh = -3.58 dB Xd = -10.84 dB a = 0.87 Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.89 745 = 0.85 mlhc = 0.75 OChh = 7.36 dB C = -4.17~ rmh m135 Mr hc 0.81 0.85 0.76 Co —pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8, 0.6 'a 0.4 0.2 O -90 \ 181

tree.10.23 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 = 0.364h 0.0859 L~ = 0.3684 0 05 -0.0446 -0.0624 0.0922 0.9749 0.1007 0.0131 0.0412 0.0219 0.8685 0.0055 0.0237 -0.0136 -0.0121 0.7488 I avv = 6.66 dB avh = -3.85 dB Xd = -10.45 dB a = 0.82 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.84 m45 = 0.83 mlhc = 0.67 ohh = 6.55 dB C = -0.62~ mh m135 Tmrhc 0.83 0.79 0.73 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6, z 0.24 0.2, 182

tree.10.24 Target: Rhododendron - 5/31/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L = 0.1937 1.0000 0.1245 -0.0499 -0.0325 0.1236 1.1673 0.0558 0.0267 -0.0079 -0.0027 0.9347 -0.0186 0.0215 -0.0319 0.0241 0.7682 I crt = 3.86 dB avh = -5.20 dB Xd = -9.41 dB c = 0.79 rhh = 4.54 dB = 1.44~ Degree of Polarization: Tllv = m45 = mTlhc = 0.78 0.79 0.64 Mr/h m135 Mrhc 0.81 0.77 0.64 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 45 co~' 183

tree.10.25 Target: Rhododendron - 6/18/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000? * vv avh = Xd = ~ = 1.0000 0.1401 -0.0567 -0.0542 0.00 dB -8.86 dB -8.33 dB 0.79 0.1199 0.7699 -0.0514 0.0568 -0.0303 -0.0361 0.7740 0.0679 0.0447 -0.0143 -0.0973 0.5955 I ohh = -1.14 dB ( = -6.88~ * magnitude relative to ao, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mm = m45 = mihc = 0.76 0.77 0.61 MI h M135 Mrhch 0.74 0.77 0.61 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response.N o 0.4, z 184

tree.10.26 Target: Rhododendron - 6/18/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.1402 o = I 00 0.1446 0.7896 L 0001.0 627 0.0317 0.0226 -0.0088 -0.0199 0.0138 0.6906 0.0442 0.0193 0.0192 -0.0446 0.4974 I * vv 'vh Xd a = 0.00 dB = -8.46 dB = -7.98 dB = 0.67 'hh = -1.03 dB C = -4.27~ * magnitude relative to a, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = fllhc = 0.75 0.72 0.48 mh M135 mrhc 0.70 0.63 0.51 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8-~ 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -90 bv - 01 I>N ~V9 185

tree.10.27 Target: Rhododendron - 6/21/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0948 -0.0203 0.0214 0.1050 0.8674 -0.0290 -0.0048 -0.0109 -0.0283 0.8226 -0.0010 -0.0289 0.0150 -0.0335 0.7033 I oa = 0.00 dB a = -10.00 dB Xd = -9.71 dB a = 0.82 Th ahh = -0.62 dB ( = -1.22~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = lh c = 0.83 0.81 0.70 mh m135 rnTrhc = 0.78 = 0.79 = 0.67 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response J 45 We"Is 186

tree.10.28 Target: Rhododendron - 6/17/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0854 -0.0003 0.0111 0.00 dB -11.03 dB -10.42 dB 0.89 0.0725 0.7385 -0.0521 0.0248 -0.0234 0.0054 0.8277 -0.0291 0.0120 0.0107 -0.0375 0.7056 I * 'vv rvh Xd a *hh rhh = -1.32 dB ( = -0.31~ * magnitude relative to cr, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: m/ = m45 = mlhc = 0.84 0.87 0.76 mh M135 mrnhc 0.82 0.90 0.75 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response I' 187

tree.10.29 Target: Rhododendron - 6/18/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L - 1.0000 0.0934 0.0464 0.0464 0.0829 0.7488 -0.0305 0.0166 -0.0188 -0.0012 0.7959 0.0215 -0.0093 0.0229 -0.0586 0.6823 I * vv avh Xd = Ce 0.00 dB -10.55 dB -9.97 dB 0.86 'hh = -1.26 dB ( = -3.10~ * magnitude relative to ra, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = 0.83 m45 = 0.84 mlhc = 0.74 mh m135 mrhc 0.80 0.83 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 188

tree.10.30 Target: Rhododendron - 6/21/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0876 0.0226 0.0196 L 0 0.1056 0.7448 -0.0011 0.0080 m 0.0595 0.0210 0.7547 0.0211 -0.0158 0.0558 -0.0511 0.6283 V = 0.00 dB rhh = -1.28 dB ah = -10.15 dB Xd = -9.56 dB a = 0.80 C = 2.99~ * magnitude relative to T,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.81 mh = 0.79 m45 = 0.82 m135 = 0.76 mlhc = 0.67 mrhc = 0.66 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 1. 0 - 45 ~~.oe,*$ 189

tree.10.31 Target: Rhododendron - 6/18/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0449 -0.0409 -0.0740 0.0405 0.8023 -0.0412 0.0576 -0.0177 -0.0267 0.8448 0.0455 0.0421 -0.0202 -0.0870 0.7890 I * vv 'vh Xd Ck 0.00 dB -13.69 dB -13.24 dB 0.91 rhh = -0.96 dB C = -4.64~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: m, = 0.92 m45 = 0.90 mlhc = 0.84 Co-pol response mh = 0.91 m135 = 0.90 mrhc = 0.87 Cross-Pol response 190

tree.10.32 Target: Rhododendron - 6/21/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0563 -0.0516 -0.0030 0.0433 0.7480 0.0051 0.0220 -0.0058 -0.0207 0.7265 -0.0322 -0.0001 0.0073 0.0236 0.6478 ] CTr = 0.00 dB vh = -13.03 dB Xd = -12.44 dB a = 0.80 rhh = -1.26 dB ( = 2.33~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.89 m45 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.72 mh m135 rirhc 0.89 0.80 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response;z 09 - 45 I vsl 191

tree.10.33 Target: Rhododendron - 6/17/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0750 -0.0143 0.0146 0.0641 0.6862 0.0154 -0.0065 -0.0126 -0.0037 0.7369 -0.0004 -0.0064 0.0025 -0.0154 0.6336 I vv Ovh Xd = a = 0.00 dB -11.58 dB -10.83 dB 0.83 (7hh = -1.64 dB C = -0.63~ * magnitude relative to ac (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.86 m45 = 0.84 mlhc = 0.72 mh m135 mrhc = 0.83 = 0.81 = 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 192

tree.10.34 Target: Rhododendron - 6/18/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0821 -0.0833 -0.0301 0.0613 0.7831 -0.0082 0.0388 -0.0234 -0.0231 0.7539 0.0006 0.0371 -0.0066 -0.0271 0.6446 I rr = 0.00 dB 0* = -11.44 dB Xd = -10.94 dB a = 0.79 rhh = -1.06 dB ( = -1.13~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.85 0.78 0.67 mh = 0.86 m135 = 0.80 mrhc = 0.69 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 193

tree.10.35 Target: Rhododendron - 6/21/1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0442 -0.0509 -0.0024 0.00 dB -14.24 dB -13.65 dB 0.80 0.0311 0.7452 -0.0205 0.0284 -0.0202 -0.0200 0.7121 -0.0753 0.0102 -0.0022 0.0492 0.6666 ] Xd O~I (hh = -1.28 dB C = 5.16~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 745 = lhc = 0.92 0.79 0.75 rmh m135 mrhc 0.92 0.80 0.74 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 o 10.4 z 0.2.Y 'z P1 7l a M / 45 ^-*~'s 194

tree.11.0 Target Name: Spirea 1991 System: UM Target Description: Bushy, dense-leafed planophil. Leaves are 0.5-1 cm by 1-2 cm, with approximately 68% water content. (note: computation of the illumination area for 35 GHz system was uncertain, therefore, these data are normalized to L11. Affected quantities on the following pages are indicated by an asterisk). References: Nashashibi, Kuga and Ulaby, "Polarimetric Observations of Trees at 35 and 94 GHz," APS, London, Ontario. June 1990. 195

tree.11.0 Data List: Oi freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 w/leaves tree. 11.1 197 30 35 w/leaves tree. 11.2 198 40 35 w/leaves tree. 11.3 199 50 35 w/leaves tree. 11.4 200 60 35 w/leaves tree. 11.5 201 70 35 w/leaves tree. 11.6 202 90 35 w/leaves tree. 11.7 203 50 94 w/leaves tree. 11.8 204 60 94 w/leaves tree. 11.9 205 70 94 w/leaves tree.11.10 206 90 94 w/leaves tree. 11.11 207 60 35 defoliated tree. 11.12 208 70 35 defoliated tree. 11.13 209 90 35 defoliated tree. 11.14 210 60 94 defoliated tree. 11.15 211 70 94 defoliated tree. 11.16 212 90 94 defoliated tree. 11.17 213 196

tree. 11.1 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.0840 -0.0127 -0.0008 L~ = 00 0.0942 0.8388 -0.0102 0.0343. -0.0200 -0.0184 0.8491 -0.0321 0.0581 -0.0486 0.0112 0.7045 r = 0.00 dB Uhh = -0.76 dB Crh = -10.50 dB Xd = -10.14 dB a = 0.85 C = -1.60~ * magnitude relative to aov (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mV = 0.83 mh = 0.82 m45 = 0.85 m135 = 0.85 mlhc = 0.68 mrhc = 0.73 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response to QO - 45.eo*$~~ 197

tree.11.2 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.0920 -0.0512 0.0385 0.00 dB -10.61 dB -10.09 dB 0.89 0.0819 0.7746 0.0221 -0.0429 -0.0083 -0.0197 0.8327 0.0237 -0.0164 0.0199 -0.0848 0.7369 I * vv (vh = Xd = a = ahh = -1.11 dB = -3.96~ * magnitude relative to oa, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.83 m45 = 0.87 mlhc = 0.76 rMh m135 rnrhc 0.81 0.85 0.78 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response | 0.4 -O 198

tree.11.3 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 40~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 7Tn 1.0000 0.1011 -0.1086 -0.0140 0.0626 0.6433 -0.0694 0.0395 -0.0467 -0.0428 0.7515 0.0011 0.0296 0.0075 -0.0476 0.6077 I *CT = vv vh = Xd = a = 0.00 dB -10.87 dB -10.02 dB 0.85 *hh ahh = -1.92 dB C = -2.05~ * magnitude relative to av, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.82 m45 = 0.84 mlhc = 0.70 mh M135 mTrhc 0.83 0.86 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response -~O.4. z - 45 A 199

tree.11.4 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 7Y L 1.0000 0.1075 0.0393 -0.0157 0.0844 0.7219 0.0621 0.0243 0.0191 0.0308 0.7451 0.0403 0.0249 -0.0072 -0.0461 0.5843 I oa = 0.00 dB avh = -10.18 dB Xd = -9.53 dB a = 0.78 'hh = -1.42 dB ( = -3.72~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.81 m45 = 0.80 mlhc = 0.63 mh M 135 mrhc 0.80 0.78 0.63 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response - 45.1 vs-4 200

tree.11.5 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L = 1.0000 vv 'vh Xd a = 1.0000 0.1181 0.0074 0.0335 0.1113 0.7032 -0.0169 -0.0097 -0.0145 0.0019 0.7083 0.0225 0.0013 0.0106 -0.0194 0.5309 I 0.00 dB -9.41 dB -8.71 dB 0.74 (7hh = -1.53 dB ( = -1.94~ * magnitude relative to av, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mr = m/45= mlhc = 0.79 0.75 0.57 mh m135 mtrhc 0.73 0.75 0.57 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 201

tree.11.6 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 1.0000 * vv Uvh Xd = a = [ 1.0000 0.1776 -0.0495 -0.0314 0.1234 0.6840 -0.0568 0.0305 -0.0406 -0.0175 0.6826 -0.0351 0.0240 -0.0245 -0.0036 0.4419 0.00 dB -8.22 dB -7.48 dB 0.68 Oh (Jhh = -1.65 dB C = 1.60~ * magnitude relative to o,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: 7m = m45 = nlhc = 0.70 0.68 0.48 mh = 0.70 m135 = 0.72 mrhc = 0.46 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 202

tree.11.7 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L = 1.0000 * vv vh = Xd = a = 1.0000 0.1708 -0.0241 -0.0464 - 0.00 dB: -8.24 dB - -7.27 dB - 0.68 0.1289 0.5968 -0.0414 0.0245 -0.0189 -0.0214 0.6280 -0.0155 0.0314 -0.0221 -0.0105 0.4188 I ahh = -2.24 dB - = 0.28~ * magnitude relative to a, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: rm = Mn45 = Tmlhc = 0.71 0.69 0.49 Mrlh m135 mrhc 0.65 0.69 0.48 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 203

tree.11.8 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.3876 1.0000 0.1022 0.0135 -0.0009 0.1049 1.0384 0.0558 -0.0184 0.0029 -0.0184 0.9457 0.0127 -0.0353 -0.0039 -0.0053 0.8090 I Ovv = 6.88 dB Cvh = -2.97 dB Xd = -9.93 dB a = 0.86 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.81 m45 = 0.89 mlhc = 0.74 Ohh = 7.04 dB C = -0.59~ tmh r135 mrhc 0.82 0.80 0.71 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6. o - 0.4. 0.2. 204

tree.11.9 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: [ 1.0000 0.1088 0.0247 0.0492 L~ =03154 0.1149 0.9478 -0.0167 -0.0226 m - 0.0269 0.0434 0.8898 0.0130 -0.0875 0.0626 -0.0233 0.7568 av = 5.98 dB Chh = 5.75 dB avh = -3.53 dB Xd = -9.40 dB a = 0.85 ( = 1.26~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.80 mh = 0.80 m45 = 0.85 m135 = 0.79 mlhc = 0.68 mnrhc = 0.73 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6: 0.4 0.2 A' 205

tree.11.10 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.2543 1.0000 0.1208 0.0180 -0.0054 5.05 dB -4.00 dB -9.08 dB 0.78 0.1285 1.0161 0.0432 -0.0137 -0.0048 -0.0085 0.8798 -0.0652 0.0107 0.0167 0.0439 0.6927 I c'vv 'vh Xd C = chh = 5.11 dB C = 3.97~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.78 m45 = 0.82 mlhc = 0.59 mh m135 mrhc 0.78 0.74 0.64 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 0.2 -90 0 0 90 '1'0 206

tree.11.11 Target: Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.2044 1.0000 0.1703 0.0833 0.0143 0.1669 1.0097 -0.1008 0.0707 -0.0420 -0.0498 0.7479 -0.1535 -0.0325 0.0653 0.1206 0.5304 I aor = 4.10 dB avh = -3.63 dB Xd = -7.75 dB a = 0.65 c7hh = 4.14 dB C = 12.10~ Degree of Polarization: my = Mr45 = mlhc = 0.71 0.69 0.49 rmh m 135 mrhc 0.72 0.62 0.45 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 207

tree.11.12 Target: Defoliated Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.2944 -0.0704 0.0152 0.00 dB -5.52 dB -4.48 dB 0.39 0.2670 0.5755 -0.0787 0.0271 -0.0485 -0.0558 0.4856 -0.0954 0.0222 -0.0172 0.0382 0.0949 I vv 'vh Xd = f = 'hh = -2.40 dB C = 12.96~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.55 m45 = 0.48 mlhc = 0.25 Co-pol response mh = 0.38 m135 = 0.51 mrhc = 0.20 Cross-Pol response to '0 W 11 Ca 208

tree.11.13 Target: Defoliated Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.2625 L~ = 1.0000 0. -0.0072 -0.0072 0.1860 0.6001 -0.0387 0.0062 0.0004 -0.0393 0.4808 -0.1129 0.0161 -0.0035 0.1157 0.1561 I oa = 0.00 dB o*h = -6.49 dB Xd = -5.52 dB a = 0.44 'hh = -2.22 dB C = 19.75~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.58 m45 = 0.54 mlhc = 0.26 Co-pol response mh = 0.53 m135 = 0.48 mrhc = 0.24 Cross-Pol response 0.8. 0.6. 0.42 0.2, -90,5>td. ty79M 209

tree.11.14 Target: Defoliated Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: ' 1.0000 0.2245 -0.0465 0.0552 L~ = 1 0000 0.2398 0.7928 -0.0341 -0.0259 m -0.0224 -0.0495 0.5934 0.2166 -0.1200 0.0620 -0.2008 0.2488 a = 0.00 dB 7hh = -1.01 dB Uvh = -6.34 dB Xd = -5.87 dB a = 0.53 C = 26.36~ * magnitude relative to ovy (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mV = 0.62 mh = 0.56 745 = 0.58 m135 = 0.55 mlhc = 0.29 mrhc = 0.34 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 ", 0.4 08o z Lz I 5. 210

tree.11.15 Target: Defoliated Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.1463 1.0000 0.1329 -0.0375 -0.0388 0.1671 0.7801 0.0067 -0.0152 -0.0193 -0.0324 0.7244 -0.0928 0.0074 -0.0212 0.1053 0.5236 I a vv= 2.64 dB avh = -5.59 dB Xd = -7.73 dB a = 0.72 Degree of Polarization: mV = 0.77 m45 = 0.74 mlhc = 0.51 ahh = 1.57 dB C = 9.02~ Tmh m135 mrhc 0.65 0.69 0.54 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 211

tree.11.16 Target: Defoliated Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.1356 1.0000 0.1279 -0.0353 -0.0551 0.1419 0.7784 0.0141 0.0284 0.0009 -0.0297 0.6663 -0.0398 0.0226 -0.0133 0.0318 0.4797 I awv = 2.32 dB Cvh = -6.38 dB Xd = -8.19 dB a = 0.65 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.78 m45 = 0.68 mlhc = 0.48 ahh = 1.23 dB C = 3.58~ mh m135 mrhc 0.69 0.65 0.49 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response g 0.4, 0:z w 212

tree.11.17 Target: Defoliated Spirea 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.3367 1.0000 0.0994 -0.0289 -0.0595 0.1050 0.8383 0.0316 0.0168 -0.0009 0.0070 0.7545 -0.1096 0.0056 -0.0081 0.1268 0.5796 I arT = 6.26 dB avh = -3.64 dB Xd = -9.54 dB a = 0.74 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.82 m45 = 0.75 mlhc = 0.57 7hh = 5.50 dB = 10.05~ fmh M 135 mrhc 0.78 0.75 0.60 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0 45 At 213

tree. 12.0 Target Name: Spruce 1991 System: UM Target Description: Young spruce, approximately 1 m in diameter and 1 m tall. Needles on young, small branches are 1-2 cm long, on mature branches, needles are 2-4 cm long. (note: computation of the illumination area for 35 GHz system was uncertain, therefore, these data are normalized to L11. Affected quantities on the following pages are indicated by an asterisk). References: Nashashibi, Kuga and Ulaby, "Polarimetric Observations of Trees at 35 and 94 GHz," APS, London, Ontario. June 1990. 214

tree.12.0 Data List: Oi freq. condition data no. page no. 20 35 w/leaves tree.12.1 216 30 35 w/leaves tree.12.2 217 40 35 w/leaves tree. 12.3 218 50 35 w/leaves tree.12.4 219 60 35 w/leaves tree. 12.5 220 70 35 w/leaves tree. 12.6 221 90 35 w/leaves tree. 12.7 222 25 94 w/leaves tree. 12.8 223 30 94 w/leaves tree. 12.9 224 40 94 w/leaves tree.12.10 225 50 94 w/leaves tree.12.11 226 60 94 w/leaves tree.12.12 227 70 94 w/leaves tree.12.13 228 90 94 w/leaves tree.12.14 229 215

tree.12.1 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 20~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.2907 -0.0468 0.0449 ~ -1.0000 0.4072 0.6593 -0.0688 0.0187 m -0.0635 -0.0639 0.5047 -0.0376 -0.0973 0.0100 -0.0006 0.0354 %r = 0.00 dB rhh = -1.81 dB av = -4.57 dB Xd = -3.76 dB a = 0.33 C = -3.91~ * magnitude relative to av (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mr = 0.43 mh = 0.39 m45 = 0.44 m135 = 0.45 mlhc = 0.14 mrhc = 0.11 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 1 1 0.6, 0.6 0.4 0.4 A 216

tree.12.2 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.5603 -0.0781 0.2448 0.3331 0.9160 -0.0513 -0.0653 -0.0879 -0.0294 0.7732 -0.0453 -0.0776 0.0869 0.0371 0.0812 I or = 0.00 dB ash = -3.50 dB Xd = -3.31 dB a = 0.45 chh = -0.38 dB C = 5.51~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.33 0.56 0.21 mh n135 rrhc 0.47 0.56 0.10 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 'o z M 217

tree.12.3 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 40~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: LO = 1.0000 [ 1.0000 0.3381 -0.0204 -0.0229 0.2482 0.7974 -0.0755 0.0559 -0.0224 -0.0504 0.5569 0.0441 0.0364 -0.0223 -0.0764 0.1518 I ol = 0.00 dB 0ah = -5.33 dB Xd = -4.87 dB a = 0.40 ahh = -0.98 dB C = -9.65~ * magnitude relative to or,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.50 m45 = 0.46 mlhc = 0.20 Co-pol response mh = 0.53 m135 = 0.48 mrh = 0.12 Cross-Pol response 0.8 0.6 O. ' 0.4 0.2 0 -90 ', 0 J79 Coo % 1147 218

tree. 12.4 Target: Spruce 1]991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 L~ = 1.0000 -0.02605 -0.0055 0.2261 0.7320 -0.0727 0.0125 -0.0645 -0.0096 0.5591 0.0635 0.0029 -0.0041 -0.0653 0.2141 I o* c7*~ ~vh Xd a = 0.00 dB = -6.14 dB = -5.51 dB = 0.46 rhh = -1.36 dB ( = -9.46~ * magnitude relative to ac (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mV = m45 = mlhc = 0.59 0.48 0.26 mh M135 mrhc 0.53 0.56 0.21 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0.4 219

tree.12.5 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 vv a* = 'vh - Xd = Ca 1.0000 0.4071 -0.1221 -0.0445 0.00 dB -4.47 dB -3.85 dB 0.39 0.3082 0.7366 -0.0348 0.0535 -0.0716 -0.0429 0.5973 -0.0255 0.0446 -0.0100 0.0122 0.0660 I (hh = -1.33 dB C = 3.25~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: my = 0.43 m45 = 0.47 mlhc = 0.13 mh m135 rnrhc 0.41 0.51 0.09 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response. -2 0 z 45 I 220

tree.12.6 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 1.0000 1.0000 0.3645 -0.1241 0.0184 0.3049 0.9050 -0.0865 0.0463 -0.0742 -0.0621 0.5653 -0.0679 0.0292 0.0062 0.0460 0.0706 I arv 0.00 dB s *= -4.75 dB Xd = -4.54 dB a = 0.34 ahh = -0.43 dB C = 10.16~ * magnitude relative to a,, (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.47 m45 = 0.40 mlhc = 0.09 Co-pol response mh = 0.50 m135 = 0.48 mrhc = 0.12 Cross-Pol response 0 0.4. 221

tree.12.7 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 35 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: 1.0000 0.3248 -0.0280 0.0347 0.3964 1.1088 0.0217 0.0085 m 1.00 0.0582 0.0040 0.6776 0.0652 0.0040 0.1463 -0.0451 0.1469 = 0.00 dB ah = 0.45 dB 0vh = -4.43 dB Xd = -4.66 dB a = 0.39 ( = 7.62~ * magnitude relative to aov (see pg. 39 for details) Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.43 mh = 0.56 m45 = 0.51 mi35 = 0.46 mlhc = 0.17 mnrh = 0.10 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 222

tree.12.8 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 25~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L = 0.0550 ' =vv C'vh = Xd = = 1.0000 0.2116 0.0355 -0.0808 0.3164 1.1674 0.0049 0.1861 -0.0560 -0.0012 0.8496 0.0575 0.0702 -0.0273 0.0710 0.4404 I -1.60 -7.39 -6.13 0.60 dB dB dB ahh = -0.93 dB C = 0.60~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mlhc = 0.65 0.68 0.36 MTh m135 mrrhc 0.59 0.59 0.32 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 223

tree.12.9 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 30~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0696 1.0000 0.2231 -0.0546 0.1237 0.3283 0.9105 -0.0610 -0.1838 -0.0993 -0.0213 0.7569 0.0973 -0.0451 0.0810 -0.0626 0.3040 I Cav = -0.58 dB Cvh = -6.18 dB Xd = -5.40 dB a = 0.56 Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.64 m45 = 0.63 mlhc = 0.24 Chh = -0.99 dB ( = -8.57~ rh M135 Mrhc 0.50 0.62 0.34 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response t:, 10 a).N _2I 6 m 224

tree.12.10 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 40~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.0753 1.0000 0.2223 0.0058 0.0115 0.3026 1.0728 0.0326 -0.0173 -0.0249 -0.0091 0.7540 0.0506 -0.0244 0.0199 -0.0029 0.3414 I acv = -0.24 dB avh = -6.05 dB Xd = -5.96 dB a = 0.53 Chh = 0.07 dB C = -2.80~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.64 m45 = 0.61 milh = 0.26 mh M 135 mrrhc 0.56 0.55 0.27 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 225

tree.12.11 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 50~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L = 0.0919 1.0000 0.2156 -0.0665 -0.0102 0.2853 1.0797 0.0411 0.0356 -0.0416 -0.0107 0.7566 -0.0541 -0.0305 -0.0014 0.0498 0.3466 I go- = 0.63 dB 'vh = -5.39 dB Xd = -6.18 dB a = 0.53 Ohh = 0.96 dB C = 5.38~ Degree of Polarization: my = m45 = mnlhc = 0.65 0.60 0.29 mh m135 mrhc 0.58 0.58 0.26 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 0 226

tree.12.12 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 60~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.1252 1.0000 0.2633 0.0374 0.0691 0.3434 1.0826 0.0722 0.0081 0.0127 0.0373 0.7128 -0.0822 -0.0703 -0.0109 -0.0128 0.3030 I Tav = 1.97 dB avh = -3.21 dB Xd = -5.36 dB Ca = 0.49 ahh = 2.31 dB ( = 3.90~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.59 m45 = 0.55 mlhc = 0.28 Co-pol response mh = 0.52 m135 = 0.52 mrhc = 0.20 Cross-Pol response to m 0 I 227

tree.12.13 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 70~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: L~ = 0.1373 mF 1.0000 0.2307 0.0349 0.0130 0.3051 0.9835 0.0714 0.0473 0.0073 0.0352 0.6745 -0.1750 -0.0137 0.0018 0.1171 0.2510 I cvv - Ovh Xd = 2.37 dB -3.35 dB -5.68 dB 0.49 ahh = 2.30 dB C = 17.51~ Degree of Polarization: mv = 0.63 m745 = mlhc = 0.57 0.26 mh = 0.53 m135 = 0.54 mrhc = 0.19 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response,o;z 228

tree.12. 14 Target: Spruce 1991 System/Frequency: UM - 94 GHz. Incidence Angle: 90~ Independent Samples: 99 Normalized Mueller Matrix: Lo = 0.1605 0' = 'vv -= g'vh = Xd = t = 1.0000 0.2561 -0.0311 -0.0484 0.3272 1.0599 -0.0243 0.0972 -0.0121 -0.0288 0.7599 -0.0676 -0.0177 -0.0483 0.0130 0.2920 I 3.05 dB -2.30 dB -5.48 dB 0.51 'ahh = 3.30 dB C = 4.38~ Degree of Polarization: my m45 m Ihc 0.59 0.57 0.25 Mlh Mn135 0.53 0.58 0.20 Co-pol response Cross-Pol response 229