1969-3-Q 1969-3-Q = RL-2040 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Radiation Laboratory DOPPLER RADIATION STUDY Interim Report No. 3 1 January - 1 April 1969 By C-M Chu, J. E. Ferris and W. E. Zimmerman Contract N62269-68-C-0715 May 1969 Contract With: Naval Air Development Center Johnsville, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974 Administered through: OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION * ANN ARBOR

DOPPLER RADIATION STUDY Interim Report No. 3 1969-3-Q (1 January - 1 April 1969) By C-M Chu, J. E. Ferris and W. E. Zimmerman Contract No. N62268-68-C-0715 Prepared For U. S. Naval Air Development Center Johnsville Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974

1969-3-Q FOREWORD This report (1969-3-Q) was prepared by The University of Michigan, Radiation Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering. The report was written under Contract N62269-68-C-0715 "Doppler Radiation Study" and covers the period 1 January - 1 April 1969. The research was carried out under the direction of Professor Ralph E. Hiatt, Head of the Radiation Laboratory, and the Principal Investigator was Professor Chiao-Min Chu. The sponsor of this research is the U. S. Naval Air Development Center, Johnsville, Pennsylvania and the Technical Monitor was Mr. Edward Rickner. i

1969-3-Q ABSTRACT This report presents a collection of experimental acquired bistatic scattering data. Results have been collected for flat and corrugated metallic surfaces and calm and agitated tap water surfaces. Most of the data is for a frequency of 13. 0 GHz with some data at 15. 0 GHz. A description of the test setup used is presented. Based on these results elementary calculations were made for a tactical situation and the results are reported. A description of the proposed fly-by test is presented. ii

1969-3-Q TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Page FOREWORD i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv I INTRODUCTION 1 II FORWARD SCATTER TEST STRUCTURE 3 III REFLECTING SURFACES 5 IV DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP 7 V EXPERIMENTAL FORWARD SCATTERING PATTERNS 9 5.1 Metallic Scattering 14 5.2 Water Scattering 18 VI POWER RECEIVED CALCULATIONS (Tactical Situation) 70 6.1 Introduction 70 6. 2 Forward Scattering Calculations 72 6.3 Side Lobe Calculations 75 6.4 Nomographs 79 6. 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 82 VII FORWARD SCATTERING FLY-BY TESTS 83 7.1 Conclusions 85 VIII SUMMARY 87 REFERENCES 89 DD FORM 1473 iii

1969-3-Q LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1-1 Scattering Test Structure 2 2-1 Close-Up of Transmitting Horn 4 3-1 2-2/3" Corrugated Sheet in Position 6 5-1 Forward Scattering From a Flat Plate, Parallel Polarization No absorber on Plate End or Tank Walls 10 5-2 Forward Scattering From a Flat Plate, Parallel Polarization Absorber on Edge of Flat Plate by Receiving Horn and on Tank Walls 11 5-3 Forward Scattering From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, Parallel Polarization, No Absorber on Corrugation Ends or Tank Walls 12 5-4 Forward Scattering From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugated Surface, Parallel Polarization, Absorber on Edge of Corrugated Sheet by Receiving Horn and on Tank Walls 13 5-5 Coordinate System Used for the Four Types of Scattering Geometry 15 5-6 Three Orientations of the Corrugated Surfaces 16 5-7 Calibration Level of the Forward Scatter From a Flat Plate Perpendicular Polarization 22 5-8 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugation, = 0, Parallel Polarization 23 5-9 Forward Scatter of 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, = 00, ss Perpendicular Polarization 24 5-10 Forward Scatter 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, $ - 45, Parallel Polarization 25 5-11 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, -45, SS Perpendicular Polarization 26 5-12 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, = -90, Parallel Polarization 27 5-13 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, = -90, Perpendicular Polarization 28 iv

1969-3-Q List of Illustrations, Continued Figure 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 Page Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Parallel Polarization Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Perpendicular Polarization Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Parallel Polarization Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Perpendicular Polarization Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Parallel Polarization Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 perpendicular Polarization Inch Corrugations, $6 =0~, SS Inch Corrugations, $ = 0, Inch Corrugations, 0 = -45 ss Inch Corrugations, 0 = -45, Inch Corrugations, = -90~, Inch Corrugations, 0 = -90 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5 -26 5-27 5-28 Calibration Level of the Forward Scatter From a Flat Plate, Parallel Polarization, F = 15. 0 GHz. Calibration Level of Forward Scatter From a Flat Plate, Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, 0 = 0, Parallel Polarization, F = 15. 0 GHz Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, = 0~, Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, $ = -45 Parallel Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz ss Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -45 Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15. 0 GHz Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -90 Parallel Polarization, F = 15. 0 GHz Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, $ = -90 Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 6 = 0, Parallel Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 0 0. 0 0 41 42 43 v

1969-3-0 List of Illustrations, Continued Figure Page 5-29 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 = 00, Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz 44 5-30 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -45, Parallel Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz 45 5-31 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 - -45, Ss Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz 46 5-32 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -90~, Parallel Polarization, F = 15.0 GHz 47 5-33 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -90, Perpendicular Polarization, F = 15. 0 GHz 48 5-34 Forward Scatter of Cross-Polarized Energy From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -45, Transmit Parallel 49 ss Polarization, Receive Perpendicular Polarization 5-35 Forward Scatter of Cross Polarized Energy From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -450, Transmit Parallel ss Polarization, Receive Perpendicular Polarization 50 5-36 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, 0 = 0~ = = 70, Parallel Polarization 51 Ss t Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, ' 0,0 = ~ ' 0t= 70, Perpendicular Polarization 52 ss 5 5-38 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, ss= -45~ 0 = 70, Parallel Polarization 53 ss t ' t 5-39 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, O 0 = -45, =t- 70, Perpendicular Polarization 54 sS 5-40 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, s = -90~ = 70, Parallel Polarization 55 vi

1969-3-Q List of Illustrations, Continued Figure Page 5-41 Forward Scatter From 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations, S = -90, 0 t 700, Perpendicular Polarization 56 5-42 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, =ss I= t= 70, Parallel Polarization 57 5-43 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, = 00, - 70, Perpendicular Polarization 58 5-44 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, ss -45 t = 700 Parallel Polarization 59 5-45 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, 0 = -45 0 P= 70, Perpendicular Polarization 60 5-46 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, =ss -90~, t 700, Parallel Polarization 61 Oss t 5-47 Forward Scatter From 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations, ss= -90, t - 700, Perpendicular Polarization 62 SS t 5-48 Calibration Level From Forward Scatter of Flat Plate, Perpendicular Polarization 63 5-49 Forward Scatter From Water Surface With No Waves, Perpendicular Polarization 64 5-50 Forward Scatter From Water Surface With Waves, Perpendicular Polarization 65 5-51 Forward Scatter From Water Surface With Shorter, Shallower Waves, Perpendicular Polarization 66 5-52a Forward Scatter Test Structure with Elongated Tank 67 5-52b Horn Positioned in Tank, Water Level at Bottom of Tape 67 5-53 Average Value Forward Scatter for 2-2/3 Inch Corrugations and Water with Similar Wave Structure 68 vii

1969-3-Q List of Illustrations, Continued Figure Page 5-54 Average Value Forward Scatter for 1-1/4 Inch Corrugations and Water with Similar Wave Structure 69 6-1 Doppler System Geometry 71 6-2 Water Calibration Curve 74 6-3 GPL Antenna Contour Plot 77 6-4 Ryan 533 Antenna Contour Plot 78 6-5 Power Intensity From Forward Scattering and Doppler Sidelobes 80 6-6 Power Intensity From Forward Scattering and Doppler Sidelobes 81 7-1 Geometry for Fly-By Tests 86 viii

1969-3-Q I INTRODUCTION Investigation of the reflected radiation from a Doppler antenna by rough surfaces is continued. The theoretical formula for the scattering cross-section derived in the Interim Report No. 2 has been put into the computer programming and the results of the computation will be reported in the next report. An experimental program to test the reflective characteristics of the rough surfaces such as the water and corrugated metallic surfaces was carried out in the laboratory. The test structure used is shown in Fig. 1-1. A detailed description of the experimental procedures and the results are given in Chapters II through VI. In Chapter VII a description of the planned fly-by tests is presented. Based on the physical optics method, calculation has been carried out for the reflection from the corrugated metallic surfaces corresponding to the models used in the experiment and some preliminary computation checks fairly closely with the experimental results. This indicates that the physical optics method which we are presently employing for this project can be used for the calculation of the scattering cross-section of rough surfaces. To be sure that the method is a valid one for the estimation of polarization and aspect variation of the reflection, more computations are being carried out. This phase of the work will be summarized in a separate memo to be available shortly. 1

1969-3-Q FIG. 1-1: SCATTERING TEST STRUCTURE. 2

1969-3 -Q II FORWARD SCATTER TEST STRUCTURE In Fig. 1-1 the antenna at the upper part of the picture is mounted on a swinging arm that can be continuously moved from 0 = 00 to near the horizon typically to 0 = ~850. In addition, holes are drilled in the board located on the side of the test structure at 50 intervals such that it is possible to lock the swinging arm at any of these 5 intervals by using a pinning mechanism. For most tests conducted, the swinging arm was moved continuously through the elevation angle employing the block and tackle visible in the upper part of Fig. 1-1. The transmitting antenna is a K -band gain standard horn of NRL design (NRL report 4433), which is the lower horn of Fig. 1-1 and is inclined 20 from the local vertical at a height of 44 inches above the reflecting surface. The receiving antenna, located on the rotating arm, is a Microwave Associates model 628 having an aperture of 2-9/16 inch x 3-3/16 inch and is located 89 inches above the reflecting surface. The rotating arm is designed so that the axis of the major lobe of the receiving and transmitting horns are directed at a common point on the reflecting surface for all angles of elevation. Both the receiving and transmitting horns have a rotary joint as shown in Fig. 2-1 which allows one to easily change polarization. Note also that in Fig. 2-1, several directional couplers are employed to permit adequate monitoring of the transmitted signal for both power and frequency. The transmitting source is a Varian X-12 klystron which has a frequency range of 12. 4 to 18 GHz. For the purposes of the present tests a frequency of 13. 0 GHz has been employed with the exception of a few tests conducted at 15. 0 GHz. The large rectangular tank of Fig. 1-1 was used making forward scattering measurements from an irregular reflecting surface such as water. 3

9KISSIW

1969-3-Q III REFLECTING SURFACES Several reflecting surfaces have been used to gain a better understanding of the forward scattering of rf energy over water. The reference surface for all measurements has been a flat four foot square metallic plate so located that the axis of the main lobe of the transmitting antenna passed through its center. Two sinusoidal corrugated sheets having 'wavelengths' of 1-1/4 inch and 2-2/3 inches to simulate a ripply water surface were used. The peak-to-trough amplitude of the above corrugations were 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch respectively. The mid-point of the amplitude of each of these corrugations was adjusted to be at a height of the flat plate so that the antenna to reflecting-surface-dimensions remained unchanged. These reflecting surfaces were placed in the empty tank of Fig. 1-1. Positioning marks have been placed on the bottom of the tank to ensure the reflecting surfaces were always located in the same relative positions. Fig. 3-1 shows the 2-2/3 inch corrugated sheet inside the tank. When the tank was filled with water, the water level was adjusted to be at the same height as the reflecting surface of the flat metal plate. 5

aDV

1969-3 -Q IV DESCRIPTION OF THE SETUP The test structure for the forward-scattering study is a compromise between electrical and mechanical properties. The transmitting horn, a K -band gain standard horn has a 5. 98 inch by 4. 91 inch aperture. This aperture at 13 GHz requires 2 a distance of 6. 55 feet to be in the far-field, i. e., fulfill the 2D /X requirement for the Fraunhofer field. Placing the horn at a distance of 6. 55 feet or greater above the reflecting surface causes the horn to illuminate a large area of the reflecting surface. If the receiving horn is at the Fraunhofer distance, this large scattering area requires a large and expensive test structure, i.e., a test structure with a 46 foot long swinging arm would be required for a 6. 55 foot spacing between the transmitting horn and reflecting surface. By placing the transmitting horn D /X above the reflecting surface the illuminated area was reduced so that a structure of reasonable dimension could be constructed to measure the forward scattered field. The H-plane of the gain standard horn has a 3dB beamwidth of approximately 11. Four feet above the reflecting surface the transmitting horn illuminates a circular area approximately 9 inches in diameter. This scattering area requires a D /X distance of 7.4 feet between the reflecting surface and receiving horn. For the forward scatter test structure the receiving horn aperture is 89 inches from the scattering surface. Although the D /X distances from both the transmitting horn to scattering surface and the scattering 2 surface to the receiving horn are not the desired 2D /X, the literature indicates satisfactory data may be acquired employing the D /X criteria, (Silver, 1949) and (Beckmann, 1963). The test structure was fabricated to position the illuminating horn aperture 44 inches above the reflecting surface such that the principal axis of the horn intersects the surface 200 from vertical. The first sidelobe of the gain standard horn E-plane occurs at 220, intersecting the reflecting surface at approximately 1.6 feet from the i \7: '" ". / ', 7:I fig a <!t k t i

1969-3-Q peak of the beam so that reflections from the tank sides are not considered to be significant. Continuous elevation angle information is provided by a gear located on the swinging arm that drives a syncro-generator to permit the use of a standard antenna pattern recorder. The receiving horn was mounted on a 9 foot swinging arm that utilized indexed holes on the support frame to provide repeatable 50 increments in elevation. The 0 0 E and H-plane beamwidths of the receiving horn are 13 and 16 respectively to ensure the receiving horn will illuminate the currents induced on the reflecting surface. The 89 inch spacing between the securing horn and the scattering aperture places the scattering aperture in the far-field of the receiving horn. Using the Friis transmission formula and the combined distance of the transmitting horn and the flat metal sheet to the receiving horn, one obtains a calculated free space loss of 22db. Experimental measurements indicated a 23.8dB loss. This difference of approximately 2dB is explained as being due to the beam broadening observed in the specular pattern measurements which may be due to phase 2 errors as a result of employing the D/X criteria. The test setup is shown in Fig. 1-1. 8

1969-3-Q V EXPERIMENTAL FORWARD SCATTERING PATTERNS Because only a finite portion of the reflecting surface is employed, there is a question of the validity of the experimental results because of the edge effects associated with the reflecting surface and tank. Patterns were recorded with the metal plate in the tank and repeated with absorber lining the tank sides and at the receiving end of the metal plate. Fig. 5-1 is a forward scattering pattern for a flat plate employing parallel polarization and no absorber surrounding the plate or on the tank sides. Fig. 5-2 is a repeat of Fig. 5-1 except that absorber has been placed around the tank sides and at the end of the metal plate. It is felt these patterns repeat within the experimental accuracy of the setup. Figs. 5-3 and 5-4 show the effects with and without absorber for the 2-2/3 inch corrugated surface for parallel polarization. From these measurements and similar ones for perpendicular polarization, it was concluded that the absorber was not necessary and that the reflections did not significantly change the patterns so that the remainder of the patterns were taken without the use of absorber. Two corrugated metal surfaces were studied as noted in Chapter III to give a basis for checking the theoretical calculations for periodic surfaces. By studying the data one will observe a trend that is established with these corrugated surfaces and may obtain a partial understanding of what will occur when energy is scattered from water waves. To help the reader understand some of the general trends that are established, the data has been presented with the patterns for polarization parallel iD the plane of incidence followed by data for the polarization perpendicular to the plane of incidence with the same reflecting surface geometry. The plane of incidence is defined to include the ray that radiates normal to the transmitting aperture and the normal to the reflecting surface. 9

FIG. 5-1: FORWARD SCATTERING FROM A FLAT PLATE,; PARALLEL POLARIZATION - NO ABSORBER ON PLATE END OR TANK WALLS. _!

I.1.* - t44^', ^ **.. r ~~:r >~ 's;5,' FIG. 5-2: FORWARD SCATTERING FROM A FLAT PLATE, PARALLEL POLARIZATION - ABSORBER ON EDGE OF FLAT PLATE BY RECEIVING HORN AND ON TANK WALLS. +~ 'D 1t U,-.A.

, - x '., i Z, , A, Al j: T -,,,, 4.,. * -; I, '?, ' I, il . I d, I' .-I, " 'It, I 1969o-2-Q 11, I, i", I ii' A0 TT- t., I I 1, i. -, - i ---. I I 1 U'l 1 . f,;i I 11- - "WI 1- t,.,-11, " t 1 -, v fiG! 5-.~: FORWARD SCATTERING FROIYV 2-2/>~ INCH CORRUGATIONS, PARALLEL IPOLARIZATION, NO ABSORBER ON CORRUGATION E'NDS OR TANK WALLS. IF t ~TTITII T' 'Irl 0 + , 4 1, 44-ft -44 ,, 04 'Ohio, mo i.i 4i i + (00 I T' I A x, I I I T.,F 7T-f. I*~ ItI hi Ii I T II ji Ii [ K It,, i *1 I I I I I I,,. I I"., 1. 11 1 1, -&', ' i -F, '01, i I I I. i I II.. i i I i7i-owo - M V S.A. - ~1:& La t.

I 11 11 ,l i -- I I i t I 1; -- 1 . - I - I I.i i I i i I. i., -- II - I. - T- I I - I -T - i. I I I,.I I I - I I I I - 1. I i I t I T' -, I i i I. I I I - I I _-_. T', — - - - -,. II F -I I I t i. I —.-i-t- - I 1 - I II Ll -- -1 - 1 I t I I I I I I i I I I; I I i i Ii; I I I.L -I 41 I I I - 1 1, 1 I I -A,-,.- ,, J_-: 1, t.... $ i 1- ' I I I! ~ i- ' - <I 5-4: F'")lRWARDI) SCATTERING FROM 2 —z2/ INCH COR)ItU(GATF I) LL L + SURFACE, PARALLEL POLARIZATION, ABSORBER ON j:i! ' ^?EDGE OF CORRUGATED SHEET BY RECEIVING HORN | i' -1 '! A"1 AND ON TANK WALLS. ~ -S F:11j1FI Al, F! - 7 +4 i I nt ItK I -Li I I +4]414-VhHi tYI+V44, ~'ii: ~!..~ ' Li- Li~.Ai -'I 71 i..1 I. - t i. ~ -l [ L. ' 1! f L I! 1 - M A - 1 A 1 -' I i tt1' U1I1M'&_F I-Mt~I A I I IH1-1 I IAU It I,I 1i I I - I. I 4.T. I! 1 I I i I i I I I.-; - — T -1 I I i i.- I i it m -1 - -- - —.- -I ---- --- i i -— i- - I -W 1 —m -V 4- at 4 i m i Itt,! Pt t- it'! i ".! " -to t ti m 1, o" -!, 1 1 1,! i I fly 10 - t " I! I 1 1, 1 1 1 1,. '-! ' ur.J, +- 6 —+ 2 ' rt ",11: f t i 1 T.... 14 I 1.i1 IV TI I I,lil I t. - i I! II I I d oI II I I I i-l. II 11 I i I ---T, I i I i I II I I, I I I I I e 'I I... I.-. I.-. I!., I i; i I I -- I!; I I I { q~ i i 4~ - +',1 1 1 +4 + -44I -~4- V 4.-4 1 -4 -+.-4..44- i#- - 6 -- -4 I. 1 r j!,1 I ti i it! I i.; I I i. I I, I i, I i I k i I, i -4 I - I i! I I j i - -. - -, ---, -. — t - Tt I i.- q. tI i iti t k.I iIjI IiI I;i -L I-,I I -T-1 I I 1;I 11 I i -.I i I i.t., F...,I I. I i i I. i II It.,, 44 - - - r 4 a. I %I I -.1.i III i — 1 - i i I I t, i ith I1 i I I1. 1. ' rKI. * ~ I 1. ~: t. i L: i I -L., Ii 'r, 1 ii I II' -.1 1 -. _ _ -.....,.-..-. I: I I i I.. I - I -.- - I; 1 I I I I I j -L-' i ---:1 j!... I - L " I i I t I II TIs i I ITI i - I i I i f. It F i 1 -! -I-i .LII L I K 1 III. i I -- -; i, i! I - I I i i -i I-, I I - -7- I! 1 1 I. i I A —q I -. -.11, 4f F 0i 9 i D i 1 M I 1 4 I - I.1 t I I i I i -f,..-., J.1 -. — 94 ---, —4.44R —4-~-rW --- —~-.~ - -~ --- 4 ' ' - <,> * -.^cS -,- - -, - I i ~T. -............I _....4, -- I *ii I I I i!l 4., i j t *, II I 'w' I i 4... t r?-' I 11!, III1 'i II I ', i -! i, I ' t l 1 - I I -t Jt!i F.. I 'j' II I:4-' I 1 I_ I ' ' i! I 4 i I* I i. _. ii I I-I — - I - Ii H i j t - 1 -i I i l IT I f 4 — i.I 1....... i —. 5 IN -. I -i +- i i I-' - i, i I i r i I i 1 1, i,-, i I 1V i I i: i i 4 I M i i i I' i i I-! i I i I' - - 1! i 4 1 I, i. N i * r i- - i I II a 17 - I I I i, I t i. 1. I,...! i - l * * is.1 ~ I i i Ir I-, I I. ( i -I -:- _- ~: _. I i I i I I 0.V. i. T -ol c I I I -" I i I I- I - I I -. I I I: i.1 —,. I o 4 I L I I: I I I I. i I. I-, rI I i i I i,!A W &.4, i!!!k, - — i 14 0 --T, r,= -, I I Ii - L', f iI - -1 -3 ' o I il i i I-, I i I I I i I -A -t — IT' j I I I I..I w:.. I~. I aI - tel 4, I - N iI. Vale,., I "r71 I 4,.,,, ir, -1 l, T,'I,, .: .,I:, ',,A'-A-NGL* — '4

1969-3-Q 5.1 Metallic Scattering The geometry of the scattering surface is shown in Fig. 5-5. Four conditions have been considered and are shown in Fig. 5-5 for both polarizations. For the first three conditions the transmitting antenna angle remained fixed (both 0 and t) 0 0 with 0 = 20, and 0t = 90. For all conditions to be discussed the receiving angle t t 0 was variable with = -90 0. The first three conditions are associated with r r the scattering surface which was rotated in 0 so that 0w as equal to 0, 45, and Oss 0 90. The fourth condition was associated with the transmitting horn which was rotated in 0 to a constant angle of t = 70 while keeping Ot =20. Since most of the data is for the first three conditions, the azimuth angle t in the scattering pattern data is 90 unless specified otherwise in the figure caption. Data for the first three conditions is shown in Figs. 5-7 through 5-35. Fig. 5-6 is further an illustration of the orientation of the plate in reference to the transmitting and receiving antenna as 0SS is varied. Figures 5-36 through 5-47 are for the fourth condition. Figures 5-1 and 5-7 are calibration curves employing a flat metal plate and parallel and perpendicular polarization for 13.0 GHz. The remaining data for parallel and perpendicular polarization may be referenced as the power level or receiver gain were not changed after these patterns were recorded. Figures 5-8 through 5-13 are for 1-1/4 inch corrugated surfaces with 0 s equal ss to 0, -45, and -90. Figures 5-8 and 5-9, for 0 = 0, suggest that parallel s s polarization is more greatly affected than the perpendicular polarization because of the more pronounced nulls and peaks. Further, there is a greater amount of energy available at the horizon, e.g., there is approximately 6dB more energy near the horizon for the parallel polarized data, than for the perpendicular polarization. In Figs. 5-10 and 5-11 (0 = -45 ), the two forward scatter patterns for the two ss polarizations are similar with sharper amplitude variations for parallel polarization. unless otherwise noted in the caption, the frequency for all patterns is 13.0 GHz. 14

1969-3 —( Z - -- - - - I ---- Y FOR THE FOUR TYPES OF x FIG. 5-5: COORDINATE SYSTEM USED SCATTERING GEOMETRY. 1) Transmitting Horn Receiving Horn Corrugated Surface t = 200, t = 90~ 0 = var., 0 =-90~ r X-Y plane s = in X-Y plane f = 0~ ss 3) Transmitting Horn 0 = 200, 0t = 900 t t Receiving Horn 0 = var. 0 = -90~ 0r r = -90~ ss 2) Transmitting Horn 0 = 20 0 = 90 Receiving Horn 0 = var., = -90~ r r 0 =-45~ ss 4) Transmitting Horn 0 = 200, t = 700 t t Receiving Horn 0 = var., 0 = -90 r r = 00, -45, -90~, as in above 3 types. 3 types. 15

1969-3-Q z y x z (a) 0 = O0 ss y (b) 0 = 450 Ss x z I y (C) 0 =-9Q0 Ss x FIG. 5-6: THREE ORIENTATIONS OF THE CORRUGATED SUJRF AC E S.

1969-3-Q Patterns 5-12 and 5-13 for = -90 suggest that the parallel polarization tends ss to scatter more energy forward (approximately 8dB) than perpendicular polarization; and more closely resembles the forward scattered data from a flat plate illuminated with the same polarization. Patterns 5-14 through 5-19 were obtained for both polarizations employing 0 -- 0, -45, and -90 for the 2-2/3 inch corrugated plate. From patterns 5-14 ss and 5-15 it is apparent that the parallel polarization is again more greatly affected by the corrugations because of the more pronounced nulls and larger amount of energy near the horizon (approximately 4dB) as compared to the data for perpendicular polarization. It appears from Fig. 5-15 (perpendicular polarization) that a major portion of the forward scattered energy occurs at elevation angles below the specular point (0 = 20 ). This data also has an average energy level of r approximately 4dB below that of the specular reflection and the 3dB beamwidth is increased to 26. The remainder of the elevation energy levels are higher but not equal to that of parallel polarized data. In Fig. 5-14 the energy has an overall level of approximately 6dB below the specular reflection, but a much more random function of distribution as a / the elevation angle. As with the 1-1/4 inch corrugations, Figs. 5-16 and 5-17 for 0 - -45 show the similarity between the forward scattered ss patterns for perl)endicular and parallel polarization. Note, however, that in this case again that rapid energy variations (peak to null variations) are experienced with the parallel polarization. For 0 = -90, the patterns show some similarity Sss with the 1-1/4 inch corrugations with the peak forward scattering level being approximately the same for both polarizations. Figures 5-20 through 5-33 are for the same two corrugated sheets at a frequency of 15 GHz. The frequency change shows that the scattered energy at the lower elevation angle (i. e., near the horizon) from the corrugated surface was not a resonant effect of the periodic structure (occurring for narrow frequency 17

1969-3-Q bands) such that it would not be observed at other frequencies. In general, the scattering effects noted for 13 GHz were also observed in data collected at 15 GHz. The behavior with respect to surface orientation and the response with respect to polarization for the two frequencies are quite similar. Because of this it is felt that further comment on these patterns is unnecessary. 'When the transmitting and receiving horns are cross-polarized, there is no measurable forward scatter at any elevation angle for the corrugated surfaces for = 0, and -90. However, when the corrugated sheet is rotated so that ss, = -450, some cross polarization does occur at the higher elevation angle. The ss 1-1/4 inch corrugation shows the greater affect with the peak of the forward scattering being only about 9dB below that of scattered waves in the specular elevation (0 =20~). r Figures 5-36 through 5-47 are for the fourth type of data, i. e., with the transmitting horn offset in ( (Pt is equal to 700). This data confirms the trends that were set for both corrugations that have been discussed earlier, except that the overall level of the forward scatter is reduced. It is interesting to note that the forward scatter of the two polarizations become more similar as the angle defined by the plane of observation and the plane of incidence increases. 5.2 Water Scattering The value of the dielectric constant, e, of sea water as given in the open literature is approximately 81 with a conductivity of 4 to 5 mhos per meter. For -2 fresh water the dielectric constant is given as 80 with a conductivity of 10 to the -3 10 mhos per meter (Von Hippel, 1954) which is dependent upon the level of mineral content in the water. Most references fail to report that the dielectric constant and loss tangent (which is related to the conductivity) vary significantly as the rf frequency is changed. There appears to be very little data for the dielectric constant and loss tangent of fresh water or sea water at frequencies above 10 GHz. 18

1969-3-Q One source (Von Hippel, 1954) quotes limited high frequency characteristics of aqueous sodium chloride and water, however, the dielectric constant and loss tangent are for a temperature of 25 C which is a higher temperature than found in the ocean. Von Hippel's data is used for lack of any other at this frequency. The data for fresh water has a temperature dependence with the loss tangent being lower for a lower temperature. However, the use of the 25 C data does not significantly change the following calculated values. The data for the aqueous sodium chloride solution is presented in terms of molar solutions and range from 1/10 molal to 7/10 molal in steps of 2/10 of a molal. The concentration of salt in the sea water is 30 to 35 parts per thousand (NAVEPS) which would be approximately 1/10 molal solution. For a 1/10 molal solution of sodium chloride at 10 GHz the dielectric constant and loss tangent are given as 54 and 0. 56 respectively by Von Hippel. For water at 250C the value given for dielectric constant and loss tangent respectively is 55 and 0. 54 by Von Hippel. The loss tangent can be converted to conductivity by equation (5. 1) as follows. 1f(c'/0) tan 6 -- mho-cm (f in cps) (5. 1) 1.8 x 012 where C -- et - j et1 This expression gives a conductivity of 21. 4 mhos per meter for fresh water at 13 GHz and a conductivity of 21. 0 mhos per meter for 1/10 molal salt solution according to the data available. The skin depth calculated from equation (5. 2) is determined in terms of the rf frequency, the dielectric constant, and the loss tangent. Skin depth for fresh water at 25 C is.074 inches and for a 1/10 molal solution it is 0. 072 inches. 19

1969-3-Q 1 0 2 12 - m (5.2) y (" 1I + tan 6 - 1) where '0 From this it is apparent there would be very little difference in the fresh water and sea water for forward scattering measurements. For this reason tap water, which is assumed to be equivalent to fresh water, was used in the measurements reported here. Figure 5-46 is for forward scattering from a flat plate for a frequency of 13 GHz and perpendicular polarization. This is the calibration curve taken for the forward scattered data from water. Figure 5-49 is the forward scattering of calm water, i. e., no waves. There appears to be 2. 4dB loss associated with the water data as compared to the flat plate data and the major lobe has broadened slightly. Figures 5-50 and 5-51 are for water wuith waves that were made by using a board in the tank and employing a hand sloshing action. This is preliminary data and gives at least an indication of the forward scattering pattern to be expected from water. Reflections of the waves from the sides of the tank and the lack of periodicity produced a wave somewhat spherical as compared to ocean waves. In Fig. 5-50 the waves had a greater distance between the peaks with deeper peak to null depth. For Fig. 5-51 the waves were closer together and shallower. The water waves scatter a significant amount of energy toward the horizon as did the corrugated surfaces. However, this data is somewhat limited and further measurements should be made to more accurately characterize the behavior of the scattered energy near the horizon as a function of the parameters of interest. To collect data near the horizon 0 80. - 87 it has been necessary to enlarge r I the tank so the receiving horn will fit inside the tank. The new setup is shown in 20

1 969-3-Q Fig. 5-52. This allows the horn to be lowered closer to the surface of the water to obtain more meaningful data near the horizon. Figures 5-53 and 5-54 show some values for scattering from metallic corrugations and a rough water surface. It is to be emphasized these are approximations and are presented to show there exists some similarity between the data obtained from metal corrugations and the water surface with waves. It is to be kept in mind that the wave height and periodicity may not be identical to the metal corrugations. While the agreement at higher elevation angles is not good, the pattern shape near the horizon display s similar characteristics. In Fig. 5-53 for the larger surface variations (both the metal corrugations and the water waves) display a similar null and peak pattern. Ob0 0 serving the range 0 =30 - 80 the angular position of the peaks and nulls are surprisingly good in agreement when one considers the randomness of the water wave generation. In Fig. 5-54 there is similar null and peak patterns near the horizon but these are not as clearly defined, possibly due to the difficulty in making shallow waves with a periodicity similar to the 1-1/4 inch corrugations. These pattern comparisons are presented to show a similarity between the corrugations and a wavy water surface. This indicates there may be sea conditions which would give scattering levels near the horizon as large as those shown for the metal corrugations of section 5. 1. 21

- -- 1~969-3-Q - ~AL~AL tT + -T tTF -.4.L4 jjj- - j 714 41 4 t 44 1-4 jA 7IT7I p 4 V - -A-I I4I T - -- - ---- I. -, I _- " I - -, -;. I I I I - - - I " r - 30,, -4,. -4 --- -- -9. - - - - ---. - -- - iI - -.1 - - 6 - -.. I I - --! - I. I i. 7- - - - - -- t — I4u -I V — I- -! -+-. - I — , -I -.- r 4 - - I -.., I - - -,,. -,: - t,- -t —L f I - - ViFV -44i 7< j 1 1 '- - - '- - -12 -4_ t1474K2 L 4 4- - 4 - 4- 4 - - -.- -t - — 1 4 -4 -..... 1 — I 1 0 I' I 1.. -.. J i L..h i..; --- 4.;.. _ _ ___ 4 _J_ t 1 - - - - ---- I 4 I - -,+- 4 -. -f -- I - -. —. -1 -, -1 I 1771 1, 'r - V 4jt IG.5-7: CALIBRATION LEVEL OF THE FORWARD SCATTER FROM A FLAT PLATE PERPENDICULAR POLAR3-I~~~t- IIZATION. -~~ —F- i~O~2L4 ~4i ----!44.I I v - 4-4 ___-t I I I I I I ij z2f2t iF:-~ -t 4rtK> --— f --- - -I — T-T- I - --- I I. I. -1. -- -1,? t! i t.4 4. i i i 0 - -w B, i-- -- — T-I- I — r--- - -'- T — 7 1E J --- r-q — -— i14.1 1".I L4 --- -- i i I - - 4 6 —l -— I -j.- I -r_.- - - --- . — 1-.-. f- -- -.. -- -.-. - - 4 -iI I. I I.. I I - -r f- I- i.1 I., — t —..- I - - - I- I - -, - - i 1- --. I - - --l -— + -I I, -j7 —i 1 1 I -. — - f.... - t I - -,.w f f - I m 21-7 V,-- - — r -- -- — Li LFR-NTfiV IN V.S.Ao % " - 44~J4 IIT7T'A hT'VT d, l I6 22

, 'O, - '' - 4 - . 1 tm-,, - I - i il i., I If, 4-:,.- " 4 - I ". g-,, -i ilp, - "t", 11 I-.. -:.;,. l, I llll ll..1, 4 .0 19.1, I '~ 19e39-,3-Q A I,.#- f ip , I.I I IT " " -l"il.,, t, I I. f 1 "; I + ~ i. -,,.! I 1 1, l I 1, T ,: J:, - Lf 1, i I i' " -, 'A . I -7 - v - 11-1 lp FIG. 5-8: FORWARD SCATTER FROM 1-1/4'f CORRUGATION, 0 0- -0 * PARALLEL POLARIZATION. I 4 4 ISs 7f4 WITrW Iii A i l."l'fI I -1~ l —q +; 0:1 a, V - - -.- -, - -, W -4 f i -- j. i i I 7 jA iI 1 IWI I ji I I T — T.I'll, I — -I L I 7ft;~i A F;,.ISi -11 11 1. W'& o , 'W-1 - I - I I- L. t, &, L I -liEl-l-L T- - iwA I.. 11 -'W j-, _1_ _ I ' I f' 1 1 LTPI'.i j fL "i I I R,-'ICvjWA61"'A k 1,041A LAAJ r M, -, I - -- -, - - Y a, 744 I - I- L --- 0 T I F I

A"L -. I I I. I -.. I I. I I.. I ... I --— I I-.- I I . I. I -rl-r —f I I I q I I i r r- I - -i.2 T h+. 4 I.AA 4- - AI — -+ I - - - -+ — —.- - - - r --... - - -,.. i. T ---, "-, - t ---, - I- --. -. - - - - = - F — - - -- -- - -L I i I I, I I - I.Y 1 i 1 i., 4. 1 -.1; i 1 1 1 i L i 4 1 1 i I -r -d2c- frI --- - — ItdztctH 4 2 ~{i — t - t. -p4 J-j. -i.t4-.14ic4 - AF -74 9-3ft - I 'r,+K1{ttA1 j1 Li 4 --I. 44 *fT H T,.4 -1 - ]7- — r — _- _T 17.LL 4-..... I -.... - - - - - - -— t - -- -- - -. - - - - - - - I I i --- -, --- -- -- -1 -- -- - — t - - F I -_ 1 I 4 -1 -- -. - 1- -- -t -- -I — I- -- 1-4::t 11 I. I.., I f - i i - i -— 4-! a I I I - i I i i + —* — - i. i 4 i i i: I i I I i i T i Ir i ?" i i -r.1 --- - ".-,. — l - I —,.- t - r- — f- -I I - -1 -t -i- -- - - +. - - I - F - -r- -, -- -- 7 i - +.- -i -1 I -- -- - -+ --- I" — T- -1. I - -La T-f -I, -4- i f! 2 '. i i i — 4- +- - i i i f; i 0: i!? i f t", I -t —t —t 1.7 I i - I - -. J. -, I I- 5% - — -4 —- -t- i & F -i-I4 t T 4-..- t 1 — i iMii+ f: — r ~TZFT 'T -4 -1'I-. A:..~ -V 1 4 I 1 T1~ 4 4 - 4 -44 K.. a I i - — -4- ' 1 i -4 - r.4'Vvrj ~-} t17 -r MT7 T 7'T]Ti '77I '44" ~ -~+t I I I- -4 - 1.4 _. T -~ +IL * t-4 —l -j, i 1 A L I I -, t - T --- -- P. — 4 — - i i 'i i i i I i f -: i 4 — i!- i I i TIE+r.474:4jJ1T I. -:1-.L K I --- I -, I " [:-. -6 — - t ---- ----- I,- I - - f I -.. -f - TIT7Y4-j-1 z I 1..I if -.1I I --- —, 7t LtfZ I2 - ~ 1? I -L.L h -- L -...L - L......4-. -L I II Ii i - 1 i - I i i 4 t, i I 1 1 1 1, - -11, -1 i. -- i L-JL -4 - — 4 i I. -.. -- - - -.. -... I I. I -. - 1. I..... 1 i: t t -1 t-, f I 1 1 1 I 1 1! T IF I I:.1 f t r 1 i _4-14-4 4 —..- 1 2 2 4 1 T7 4 -4 4-:4+Jf J4 7tt. i.- -. I -1 - - t..- - I f - -- -i.. - - I- - -.1 --- I -. -f -T 64-...4.-.1 1 f 1 1 i a 0 1 ftm - 1! 0 Wt't I I —! I -1 r- 1VK717 -~ 1-1 4 447* 4 TI 41 LI4JL& -,.1 L i42i 3-. 4 1 -1 - It - i44 I. —. 4 2L I. - - - 1 1 1 477 HT 2 - -a -I- It I, i it R 1 -, I T a ~ I -1 — + .2.4.4- 1; JL i- --. -., -r- - - i a i 1, i I - 44..- -- -4 Il.t. IvIit'i - 4., 114. t 4 Ii" 4..4 771 A I 1 41 4.1 j 4j.4 -1 41 -t-11. I I I i. m - -. ---..- i I t -,t;. -'4 4 4,.1 - Liii -1 <4 44 4 - 4 4, - -. — 4 4 '14.4,-4 i -4 --1 --I V 4 t 41 1-.4.-..1.: 1 4' 4 ---.-. 44 I44 4 <-7 TI i. X. - L- - i I.. I I. i i i " t- —. i. I - -F i i - i - I -t — I.:-...1. i ~. I If 'G. 5 -9: FORWARD SCATTER OF 1-1 /4' CORRUGATIONS, =00 PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION. Sss 4- IT 4 -F4-1 IC-. 4- 4 4441 4. 7 E 1 -[j - L --- -. -. - - - - --- - - - a -- 4.0. -- - - I - 7 4,. I - U "I w Nr4I. -. - '7-. - -- -.qm4 F 'a a v -,v a- mm. , - I I I I. --— L

,i.: t, 1., 1 - -- l < J1 FIG. 5-10: FORWARD SCATTER 1-1/4" CORRUGATIONS, 0 = -45~, PARALLEL POLARIZATION. ss SS, i i I I I 1

-v -v- — -+A --- i-TA — ~~O7T.7TT T I44. - -I -- 4 j.4 1.. I42-I 2I I I I I I I I I -4-4. ---+ — 44- 4-4 - -14. -4-4. - - - 4 —' —4.-~. 4TtT< j444 F 2427 F 2 4 - 1 - Z - -L- t, i -— 4- ' t! i: i I' i 1 i i 1 1 i i i i f i 1 1! I ' - i I I I -1 I: i I f L I, i 1. i I P A I I i i i i i i I I I I i i 42..j4 4 6 -4 --— 4 T-j:~ - -4-:444i42 I:7{ 4: - 4 — -44 -.:4 - 4.P24:VI4742t 42 j724 izJV$ I`, 44f - -.24 t14 4 ---+- -i i -— l!; i -t- 1 t i! 'r 2 F 4 1 -1-4 1 i —+- ';; 4 -; -i; -1-1 i i i i 4 II i i I i I i - I'. 4.i . j2 4 4, - 4-4-44 4 - - 4 —tI 2 444 If -, ---T-r71 — - -— 4 4. - - 4-i —I 24 7VT'T77..44-77 FT - -7. —. - -4.. 4.I 4 -I - I 1-4-4 4 --- — 7 - -4-. -. -L i. i- i I -L - -j! I 1 i t I -.I — i i -It ----r —t- i i i - I t i I t i f i i i t i;. I. i t -4 4 1- I 4 - I -i - 4.-4 It t-1 4 44.-+ I- - - - 4 — 4 -- 4- 1 — 2 - It-..-4 --- 4 -4. 4.4., I 4.4 '. 4 -., -. 4-~4 4.. - 4- - - I -4 — I-4 —4-4 ---._ 44. 4 __.4.- - ~~A3I~ 1~~I~31~It3 A I A L~ t5Z A~LiFir4444I4u 4 44 444 -4 4i..4VP 44 4 iU"-+-H —-r 4 4 I4. -444-44- 4. -44 4 444 4 4. 4' j 444 I-L-i 1 - -4-. - -- . Li- j 4 4. F 4 4. 3 U].1.2.2 > -4. - 44.4 4 — -— - ---- 4 - 4 -4 - - 2L1::- — 4 ----I 44.. - 444-42-4 - 4 --- -4-4i-4i-.i - - 42vA4 4 ---— I — 6 —v —w 744 4 4 4 I 4 -t- 4- - - - 4 —.- 4 -4 - - — 4t2tt4t - 2 4 - 44 —4 4-4-4 *.. -- -4L4-..4..4. -4 4-4 - i 4~~4 44&4441I4 &44 & 4X -. 424j-J4-. I-9-447-j. I.42:. ---2Lr -I - I4., 4- 4A-44j-44 -4- 4. it 4. 4. — 4.4~7144 -4.4 14 421 2122 - - - - - - i, - 4 - — I- --- - 4- - -. -i I. 4 4- -. - -4- 4. - LT744r ft4--i -I — i - — 4. 4 I —. I-.1.t t I; ---- i I I i.. - i -L-.L.L JL -L -L -1 ;, — L.L -JL i! I 0 m i i i q:, i +6 m! i i i i I!, i + i — 4 - - - - --- P -— q- l 0 m ,, j 0. I I a 1 1 1 1, 0 1 1 1 i I. - -j ---- — I i 4- — r- - 4 - r. -1 -. I - I. -- I. " I - -4-. --- I, I I, -.I 44-4 4- 4 4 4 -4 -4. 4. 4-. 4 — 4.- +4.2. 9 144 - -li —, — z -.- -t-." - -- -- -.-! - -It. - " -- - -, f..T -T. 1 1 -. I- -t -.i i 4 i - 3 — j a w — P - 1- 1.Tj 1 :4 47 { 44 1- ..74 4. 4 - 4/ - -I 94 -444444-44-4442-44-44444.-4 -1 4V-i7 44. j. 4.. 4 4 4444. -4 -4. 4.. -4 4. 212.4. 441 4-K 4444I 4. - 71- 4 -{.44..j.444. 1 —. 4. H 4 - 4 4 { 24. 4 -2 4 4. —, -1-1: 44244 4 4444.4.4 -- 4 4 4.4 - 4 4.4 -i H I44* 4 24-4. 44 4- - -.4 4+ II: 4. 11 — 1 4. - -42. 1 j77j 44-4-4-4.44 444 -..444 4$4 - V4. - - 4 1 -II 4 4.-44i 4. + 1 -I 4. 4. 1 1 4 444 1 —i -t 1- 4. -+4 i 4..4 4 - 4 4 4 4. 4.44 44. - K --- -4.- 44 — - - - 71P - 4 - - 4 4 -.4 ---i.L "-4444 — -1 F — - ---— 4 4 4 4 4...~ 4 4 4. 4 4 4 - - 4 - - FIG. 5-11: FORWARD SCATTER FROM 1-1/4' CORRUGATIONS,4 0 =-45, JPERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION.4 Ss.-I —, - I. I r, I i I t-1 t -t I — t- -- - - -1 - 4. 4. 4-'14- -4. 4 - 44..- 4 4. 74 V 1K 44 44442 - -r-T - 4.4 4- 'T4."2- 1 4 ~24__ _.4 4. 44 4444 -4444 t —4-; -4-4-44% 1 C 4. 444QO: Li qL W I 0 — ' li, go Il -i -... - i.1. & I I.. I i I I -, -. I. I 6 — . I I I0 Im AL lk. tm " 6 ul., A, ---- - lo,. - 4.I% iA- 4' U..s A. 26 ANGLE -4-44- L-4~-, ---

- t I I Ii 1- I -t- I jL.. f ii~t II tp. II i 4~~ I i — -1 vI-r~ j 77J *~ Li12. LL 8" I 6 -i —,-~.. If I IIT4+' - i _ _ - — 2 —i- - ~ — —; -1 ___ ~i- i r t ~i-ri I I I i A AN L 27

— 7 — -I l -1-T — —. -- I - -.1- - - -1 -1 w- V I —. I I.....4- - I- I I i F I r. I- I f- I i. 0 4 - 11 I, I I.- I I I I I i I T I I I I T -- 117 717 771 7- I -L ---][ - = Ir + — 4 —1-4 -47 <4-~1iTi Thjw I 43-1) Th47474{ti 3L,-' —L - — +-4- le f i -I.- - i t +! i I i-+ i 4 + 4 ----4 i i+ —+ —+ --- i -~ — 4- I --. j I i i 0 -t +Fj — 7 {-.j-4 -1 4 — 1 44 2::&: 7f .4 —I — JI -4 - -4 - -1 - E2j4- {L7 — A- 1-. -4 - - -— 41- -4 -- t t r.- - i i ----,.. — T — -, - -1 I T, - f - - Ii - - I - -- 1 - - i 1- -4I - Ar,J. - ~- 1 — -— 4 --- + h 4 4 - I;.1 -A I I i i i i i - 1 i 1 i i i 1 1 1 i t 1 1 i i I 1! 1! t 1 't 1 1 - 1: I: f --- i i 1 -r —T K ~ -4 - -1 -1-~-4 -4 - — 4-4-4 — 4- 4-.4-1-4~ >1 -. — -4 - — I —. I I — I - —. - 1, -.,.- 17-. I — i. ---- - - L ---. -. I - 4 -t- t- --, I I II;, -- f - -— i 1. -T -- -,- -F-1 -I - -. r - T- - -- I - -. — I It- T ...... I T -.1 I I - ---- I- i -, -. - - I — — t - - - - t -.. -I - -..- -- - I, - 4 - -- I- - 7771... r-I -,. — 4 - - - -. II 1 1 - 1-.. 71 <4-17 7i717V7t7. - - -i - 4 -1 4. -L 4-. 14-4 LI 1< 44J 4 — I- 7 I.- -". - - - - - - - - - - - - -I- --- -, 11.-4 4 ---' —4 ---, ---l - —, --. — I- -_ ": -..1.7.4. -1 + — i - - --.- - J -.' A - I' — - - -ir r 4- -F4 —' i - I,, -r 4! i —I-. i I -j.; 4 - I i -- - -... I.. I. . -...; - I I - I i i - -+-n i i i f; i t I I i i t: I; t 1 i FI!1! — r-,,1iI — r 4 -- - 4 — ti -t:4 js-tr 7 14:t 2i .4-1 1 I i I i - I i. r f - J -, " f7- I -1 - -- 4 - -j- -. i, - I-, - 4;i K -t j1jHi1~ -1 -:LL : 4{ 71 -4 --- —-- -— 4 - * — -1 7 -r — 4 -— 4~ 7477 _.I _! -4- - - __ tt_ _t i i amm 1 ' 1 1 i i i - i -t- 1 --!- i- 1. I t --- 7 1 t-!7777' I; -:j - I ---. -i l - fl, L.1 I;- 4 7.4 - — it1-; 2- -1 * 4A I 3 I I W-,' I_ L _L -A A. , a. 1 I- L L L -A LX.E- E 644&,_iso 4 f A- - F.; i _ I F T -'F 2-LA.-i __ Li 1- E o i I I. A I. J -u — i 11 —.! -4. ll_ ---,1 -4 ---l- I, 4-I.. —....u I I J :- -l I -. I -,, d 0%-i I I =1 1A -,, F I —.11 ----. -4, -. 4..f r:_ — r-I I 4 I -.1 -- - -. - I I -4, I —. - 4 - r-.1. I - — 4- -- -". I +- -- t- - " - -+ -- - -.0 - I 'C. " -f-, -" I- - I — 't- I -1 I . -- I -1 A. II -r l-, - - I.- I - r -, -, t I LF t t, - .: -r f f! i I I i'l I. I - — i -4 -i — I - -. -, — ft I, I I j ki 4 4 4.' 4. --— _ I4- 4-i -k~ — - i 4 - ~ ~.~ ~ 4r I V=77, - 4 -1 , d. I - I -, —.] f I - 4 - -- I: — - - -- i - I - - 41 t- -1 - -; 1. - —. - i I. --- t — i-, . — -—, -4- - I - I I I 4 —! T I.- -.+-.7i - '- - 77-7 TT- - - A I-' I-,t-l- i..11-11 -.-, I IA.- -t- -- 4s-i-+ —I I — j-4 - 4: -4 1 < :trtz4 I24 1 - -~ -it-I 1 4 -— 4-,4- - 4- -: - - I — L I + - I! i i i t — 7- — f- 1 i t:; I 4: 1 -+-, I t;! ` 1 t 1 I: i 1 4+'4 141 i t-74474711 r-ttI- H72 - 2i4-; v1 4 ---; -4 --1 i i 4 —: i i i i i! I i i -i t I IL-7 —.1-1-:71 ----— t I, i H — 4-5t ---: -T - - c-I -I ~ - -1 [- —, — I-.1 I. — - I - t. -I-. I. - - 7 — T I -- I I -- -.. - - —; - -. - -.- —. -1 -, -- I ~4 4 FT7 -4-4 - - - 4 - _ FIG. 5-13: FORWARD SCATTER FROM 1-1/4' CORRUGATIONS, = -900, PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION. Sss I I- I I .. I .-T 1.... II. I- - - T- - 1-7. - It - — l I -. i.. r -j — t, - t - - - - - I I - t.- -T,...-I -.. I ---- -! 1- -- --- —. -+ -71 — -I- I' - -I- — t -.- -.-l.- - - t 1 7 1 - - -, - -t-.4 T- - 4 I i -7, 4- 1 1 - I, —I I I i I I I I I. - - - 4 1 1 1- I & I 1 4 - 1 I ill I i i i i 4 i I I i I t - n i I i I:? 1 T Ir- I! I 1 I i 1 q - ', I 1 kz L0 -J 7 73 2 r I I I -4 3z;-1- t 4-..4-t 1 7r4 - -— iA 74- ~ —7 -I t t t i i t i i 4 i i i — i —t —+ t I I i t ttt4 -I 4- t F4 4-? + j-. 4 -r - 4-4 - -- +. + - + 1- F-4- - ___.; -, 41 — + I j- -, - - — t - -- -I I -, -— t - I I I T - I T I. i i -- i J- — 4 - I- — 4 249.47 1L I4 - 4 -t I-, 1 -4 - -i 4 I 1.. -.- -- -. 4 — - - - 1. -.1-1 -. - - t - -, - '7+ —'4 - - - I I- I. —l I -.- - 4 - - I -li - 4. - tII. I I - I: 7. -' -7. r- -17 — i - - -. PI - . I --- I -l --- I i,. li. -..I - 1.. 11 - 1 - i -.. -- - - i - -. —. -1. - + - - I 4 - - -- - i-,-. I 1 7 —, --- 4- i i I I I I - -4 I.- il I. I 1 i 1 -— 4 i I 1 1 1 i I i; I I f. — I I I -... - -i- -1 I I -.: I -- -. - - I - - - I -A- I -~ I 1- - - — t; --- -. -- - I., -.. - I - -- i - - -, -.. -+- 4 -, -- - -- 4 -- - - r - - — A I .1 I; — -A::7 -- 1.,.. - I - - 1 i, -.1 -- - 4 - I -- I.,., I -1 — ". 4 - -I 4 --. —4 - - I - t - - -- I-., - -I-.I- - L i I " - III - I —. -.1. ---.- I- - — i, T -- I -_I- --- - -1 - :LLI - 1,. 0 i i 1 i 1, 1 i I 1 i, - m i i, 1 1 a 0 i i. - i i -1 i I I + —: - i i m i -- I- j -4 - 4- - -r-. -4 ---- I4- - 4 — I:74: I - - ~7-7 -i — -1 — i:, -- — l'- I -J; -.-. I 1. i t - - I-.. i t I 4 I,.,; 1. I I I: -- - - t I I I - f — -- I. -. - T -A- I- - I I — t7t —4- -- - - - -, T - L I, - - I L, —i 4:> -. 4 — - 4 — -. -; - 1 —I~4 72 -di (J7 I I 1 —4 - t -.. I :1,, t I - -4 —. 75 4- + ~ 4 I.4.7 1. - I I - - - -,- -, F, - -, 11 I I i -.. —.-I --- ---- I -. I -, i -1 —I 1 4- i-+ —. i i i i p i i i 4'-4 --- + I 444 -- 1 i 1.: 1 1 f. r o' -— 1,, — i' - If — i.: -l - - t -- 1-4 — ` — f-..-". '.; I ' --- - " - I I 11 I - I -i.-.- I -, -,, I - t- I - - I " -, I -.4. -- i i i i I m!-+ I i 1 1.1 -,.1 - -4 —; 'I --- -- i -4- 1- —. t. -+ -, r.-.- t - -4 — i- --- - -- — t --- I - -4- -, - +-:,I — 1-1.4 --. - —..4, — --- i - - 4-! —7 - -11-1-. ti - -- — t- -t — tI - -4- -- f — - I -- - -.. - I i - -; I --. —. — I -- I!. I. — L - —, -, t - -. - I I — -.I.-. —; --- i II I --- -- - 7I"...- -4-4 4-1-4 —l-,- I ---- - -—!- - - -- -.-, - - --- -, -- - — I i - -4 — ---- - -f - - t --- 4..-. LI t -I — -- I - - - 47 I I I I I —! 4 1 1; 1 1 1 0 1 I' i -i I i i 6 -; dw i i i i i i i i i i i! i i i " I I i i i; i I i i 1 i I i i -- I 1-4 -r --- —- - — t 1 -t.- -.- ----— ' — -I -t 1, ---- II - - 4 - L I - -- I - 3C Ill - -- -,<. - - - 4 -— 4- 1 174 I.4 - -44.4 4-8 4; 1) -r - IL4L -4- - - r — - ++ 4.- 4 -4 4 - - - - - 4- I -T-- T I 'r 4497i.L 44. 4 -jrt 724 -4 - $117 I,I - f~ I —j- - -- I - I-1 K11 -4-4. - — I-!I- - -1 -- > - -4.4 1 -I -1. I - r - ,-T - i. 11 4-j -- i II 4 { - 4-. -,- - 4-4 - I I 4-! i 4I i i 4 i i 4.4 -1~ 1 4- 4 I. 4- 4-4 I ~- - -7444 — 4 - -. --- T —,- - - 1 i-i ----. -t -1 i- - ,., - 11 I - - I II -. -.-,. I I -— i -- - -1 - -t- I - T.+. -1. I 4- - I. —t --- --- i. i — -I.-. -1L.- -1 -A.-, I I - I I -1 -I i- o Kit 4.4 1 - -A-1 71 L m I T - I - - LiZ7 -4 777 4 - -t —. —t ---4 ---- — 4 -II 4.4 4- -- 44 17 1 itI 3G I '.. I. , i i -- X-t-rl t-, —ts 1 t 1 1 t. 1 1 i il 1 1,!I —+- t- t- t-t -t-It -, "::!.- -.. t'.. I I i - t:::t i T t t 77 'li t -! V t4t-r- - - - 4 I 4 - 4 -- — 4 4 — 444 V 9- - - h - I- 4 144 4 -4 47)j7 -t -71 -t 3Q0 - I +,j - I i -- f -1 I I 1. I - -- -. I. I. t -. I I - I -" i 1 —,- 1 — i i 1 -; I i MH aj m 1! H i! 1 i i - i i, 1. i 1 — l-r-4 - I I 2` 472i 4 4- I 4 -- FIT., --—, "I " -,, _-_ - - W.- I -.: I, - -T r 1-q.;- i- -~ A ~ 28 BB

k f- i I L I I VjTT1 -- QL J..LL. r I! rf t'tI I,]1! I^ E E FIG. 5-14: FORWARD SCATTER FROM 2-2/3" CORRUGATIONS, 00, PARALLEL POLARIZATION. K ss 1i I I. j T IF I I ~1 Ii' 4 5' I.1 ek l..I-A 1 1-. -- - 1 I I. 1., l~I 1 i I I I I J I, I I i 1 S L -- i 41 4.4 -4-4 i~ L.......L..i..ILd.L? '' _______________ I I I FHHi i P,!"- -r - -ir-z,I i rT I TFT- 1~.11 'I III I.III i 1 i I lI I I II 141 i I II i I i I U i i. p i ti 11 - I I -.1, 11 I i I i i I i~t I~ 444 I ii KL- -1 I I I i! I4 - *- ~ 1!r ' -2 1 *''HH- K* -44-4 L it.1 Ii -1. ---4:oJ-LL. i i '_ _ _ i.I A.- I - ', 1 1 1 I I I IF-.-. p - i. 1 i i! I1 1 I. I i.-.. II -. -. -- -1 - k ---- -- -; I I I - i i I I i i I i i I (: I I - I I I.: i — L n- i -.1. I - - - - I I! j I, I i I I I I - - - - -I, - 1. a I I I I I"' I I it I! E I I r, I I I " t I 1. I-. I I ' iA LL. I - 1 -_ _ — 4 L FI i4 - ti. I I - - - I - 0- -.0 - t? - 5 I - #..- 4. 1 - I 1 -- . r I — I r -T -jT-, i. I it; I,; iI - I I I I I I I,. I: i I I i I I I I I. -U-T -1 II I.1 i i i [I I i i -tq-I i j f I i; I I i i I I -i j, t I i L I i 1 1 e i i i I ilI I __i1.. __ A__ L_. ___ I [tI' il A&,, * i. - 41& -I,,- I k 1 to I I -1 R+ f I. i - - i - I . tt-tt 1! r, I.,ttl 11 1,, -.! -, *iJ ^.4. —3 -1 ' '1 ~~> f\\ *^-.-^o^ ri"" *. i a 11 i I i 1 j f I —I I I I I].1 11;.1 I i I i 1; - 11 , 1 1 ' ill I u ll, 9, I I - -11 L I: I. 4 -I - -.. i "I.. I I... i I- I I I "Ill Il l - 6 —. if I a; -1 II: I 'I-.-,I J I i II 1Ii i 11 I — 4 1 i I A I 1.1 i i i! I I It I fu I I I 1,! I I; It I I i i 11:1 i Ul: a , - -- - -- 11 I; I - I i g I -a I I.., 21, i 1, -., d. - -. - I- -- I 1 1 J I I m I 1 ",.-,.i- -; I I I! 1 I i i I I i i, I I I I I I f 1 I 11, 1, i - I. i i -4- - - II i I I - i ) I I t. 4 - i; il I "r 1. I r i i I I I.., I -11 I i L -- -1 6 1 -- - — II H E.. - - — II -, I liT i" i i,1!; q i I i -I-v.-#I I I I i i, i I! I I1 i -T s. i 1 1. I i 7 I 1 I I.i. i I I I I I I! i 1 16 i I I i! i! -;_.!Ift I 11 I - I, i I jI, I I- -- I I — i- - I I I I i — w- 0 -T- I -T —T -I. i! I i i ', i:1 I, IA tt, I I; I I I; I,.. j I — r-4- - -- - - -.,. -".4 -i I * I II IK I I 1 i I -., f- - -t- -.! - - i - q i : I I i I 1 1 I I i I TI IF II r1 i I I I I I i i j i i I i I i I 0 i I I 9 I I --— AI I -7- -, I- - -T i -1 I I - t-, I I I, I I 1. - I - I. I, -- - f!;,. LL i I,.- - - I-. I F I * i I i, 11 -"- " 1, I - I 011 -T- - I IT, m i 11 i I I I Pu a I i,; I I I I I 1 1, I I i I I I i I, v! I.. I I I I -L44 I i I I -.1 - I i. 1 I!i I I;! - i ' - i i I. i I I I opt i I I t i I I I! i I i. A t i l i: Zo %.TI H i I I.".? i I If I I I i -, I I I 1 -t- I I i I!: — 7 ii it ! -1 -— i - o- It-; - I I I I I 4-4 1-( i I U-4 *4 - 4.. I I I I, - A-1.31 i- - I I 1, I -,- I - -1 -i i i I I I -- ' ' J- - - 0 p a H 'At.14-1 v I "4:- fin i-,, '" K7 4,Ii,, 'L";i.,.-,, I I 10.1 I 7 . IFIT I -b I r FiPANULt

ft "y I - I I.- 4 (-, 1,. I. io -, I f t l9 1 i)- ~`-(9) —.I 4 4 —A - - mT-l 4- 1 --— I -t —l -+-I 17 — I fi -4 — VI I -- —.- -4 — - - 1-.- -.-. —f - - 4- 1 1- 7 -.1 -- rl I- 1.,~ 9l -11 4 t-~ ~44f z 7L44 1V714111 FIG. 5-15: FORWARD SCATTER FROM 2-2/3" COR-RUGATIONS, = O 0, PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION. 444V-E — T4-f444-" -, —A 4- c-,; 7 ,, -.,, I'll -1 . jm.,,,, N 'i. I +, tv,, "

21. 1 9K9~)- -i 1- 4TY'TIhTT-'MLA FJGt ) U 1FORWARD SC ATTFR FROM 2273" CORRUGATIONS, 0 -45 PARALLEL POLARIZATION. Sss (I:I 4 <1 1 K 1; f" 4~l1 - U4- 'A:I + A I _ i -lw —.- I -- I i I. I I i P ".* -,-I n "Aft, ; -,V,,, ", -,,f,

I 9i'r- v 4-: 5-1? ORWXD SC LIER ROM 2/3 im711-'FI' -1: -1 RAR CATRFRM2-/"CORGAIN 4 Li4 ~ ~T 4 I ITSEF 1~ 1 4 -17F_ 4- -Tr 4 P. 4- - 2. 32 L

! * 0 4v 1 1 tl. t-I 11 Ao 1P* FIG. 5-18: FORWARD SCATTER FROM 2-2/3" CORRUGATIONS, 0 -90. PARALLEL POLARIZATION. I I 33 & '- I,; IT 1, %.' I I j, 44, 1*, - ,14 4 I il I;, i" I; 41" N, I A

TT0T 49-t' —4 — - f L -- — 2- _ i -_ I--,-L.. ---... ---*- I IA r -r I-r -— i -. -I.-1 ~ I I - I- F- 1 1 I117i i II'2J I42K T-:::IIt -jt. - 'r 4z F4'i4 TF T — I -I 1 --.r- ---, 4: — -4-:4 424TI -,.-I — 44i —:4ct44 47. —. -- 4- - — l -- - -- - F — + —.-+- + -,.-i -. +- i t 1 - - -- -r Al I I - L I J - i -0 I. -. I . I I. - - I - 4-: i A — i ~ - 4 i. -1.1! 1 I p I~? :fr:L: 74. i I-I 14 I I-! -; I-I -r I -- ------ I I I.- - -t - - f — --- i --- I.t-T 77 ---7- — r1_ ____ J_ -t, I I I I L I i 1 ' i i — + 1 i -— It-4 —+ —+-- I i 1' -!-'I t! t t I.-F -, T I Ki i —i 77<-,-..~. j~:47 ' +-1 t -L-L 441t -J. - — 12 I A 2 44-I' -4:1 t -4 1-4:4 -1 -4 47 4 cli - I I 11, I-! -f -4- 4;; 4- 11 i +1 i I I;. i i f i I -4 -T E'': EL -r -i —t 4 1 - I.4<: --- -T --; - - -— I- I-f- -.- I'.. — - - -— t- - I I i - - — i-,-~ - t-, I - I - I, _-_ 47 -— l-A - — i - -- -IC i --...1 - I - - f-. --- -1-, ----,- -.1.... -.. - E J4<t r —, -- - I9,+I ~-. - 4 — - — -:_7 -i -,. - --, — -,I li I - -t -1 - 4. - . —.77 i, -! ---- r - -- I — 71 -4-4-4-4- i -- 4 - i i - i I i i I, i ; I i -— T 0 t 1 t 6. 4 i -A,.. I - I -, 11 t i - --..1 I.- I.. -- 4 --- t- — 17 -F F F V. F-: +4- 4 --4' I.. - - - I --- - t, -1 I -1 I. I - i I i. 1 I -,,, -- - ------ 71.' FIG. 5-19 FORWARD SCATTER FROM 2-2/3" CORRUGATIONS J - 900 PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION. i I - '- -,-. -1I U. -- -1 -8" t, 1- i I! I I -!! 1 1 - I F. I I- -. I,,. I. - -T - — T- I I I, I -I --!-,-, -i-, - -, - -17 -4-1- 11. I I T - I.- - 11- I - 4 - -1. - , -- I '244+{2rV'.. - - - 4 --- I-. -- -—,. 1, -.i -1. - - - t — ll - — t -, I i I -, -A -E. t - -F L -L 4- ; +- 4 I i i i i; i t! -it 4 I1i21 -4 4 4 I 4 4] p 1 + -1 7 4 -KIv I - - I-'- iLi.,- I. I - I. - I A I.. - - --- -1 I f. - - - - I- --. I. i A7 12#11? -- -4 --- ——. I v - 4- -- -it i I.1 I —! -' -L -L _j- i L i - J L I -i I.0 & i 0 -! i. I i!! 1!: I L ' 1! I 4 -t -Ip '-'4 LI h -t -t I V 4 4 -1 A-A 4 41' 4-f4 - - i Ki Fft'44 - i 4 -j -L -IL -L -I -.J I I - - '. & i; - i I -1 I -- - ---- - 1 6 i f 1 -; t- - p - r-l I I f i t I!!: i:? I,- I 1 -T -T 1 r it V L-.- I-...ivVA I - -1 I 1 - T - 17-1' —' -L I i 4 j, I 4! i i - 1-4 — 1 1! i i 2 1! i! 1 9, i 1 4 t4 1 1 -t 41 4 A. -:- -41 1 'i:t-'X1ii7{<jS<I4-'. I 4 h I I I - 4 - 4 —; 1 4 i 1 1 1 0 t +- m 1. I I. -Ir. -r 4- 4 - -r T-1 - L 4 -4 Th _ T -44- -4 T -A -4 — 4 17 4 - i 0 i I I I __j 14 * I " 4 LT 7TI V)+I-Lfr~ It T. I I! I - - I I-, I. -— 4 -.21- ti — 424-1 tdhTPiIT -1 __ K 1 -*-, 4-:, HI - -' 4 ---4' I-: H-u — Vt I 1 44 T1 2 1 ---- L I - 4- l 1 4 I K 4ui +4Q i -i-i- - 4 t-I a Ak n --- 34 ANGLE.q.- Or. I I --- -— L L --- -7 — ---

.. —n K -2- ~i2+42f t n - K L F 7F F __ _ _ __ _ _ 4 -~~ 2 I, I. I I I. I. L..1 4 4 -— 4-. -4-F-.KVI{ —4- -2> r —t '-4 --- * ----— 4+ —:L -- -t - - , — - I'. — - - -- I t- - - I —... -- -- I- —,— II 'A I -1 f 1;-,, t 1 i i I I -i -1 f * 4- - -F -— 4 - -- r I --- Tt - 4 - - I I I! — T f -—, I — i. 4 -, --- - --- I —f- - - -- -1: --- -- --, -- -t — lL 4 —, -- -- I J- -, ". — I — --- ---- - - -! — I.-4.1 - - - - -- - I — -- I 1-4-4-4 7 ---T. FF4.....I.FTT T! t~I 5 t-f ot - 4 1 i v i -4 -----4 — I -- i -— 4 -I lr --- - I.,.- 11 -- 1-.11. - - i I. a I -- -i- - i --- -t — 11 - -..0 - -1- —, - i - - I., -,:-_i -L I i::1 I I. -t- -. i i! I I. I 1 1. 4. -I' k --- -L I -.-- I.-!7 1,, -,. f- --- - I I f — I - - I r f. I f # I —+- i!, i; — 4-4 iF -F 4F _ i-i' 4, I 1,1 1 t T —4 — I 4I t- $ --- --. I i.1 - f i i 1.;;; 4 1 1 I 1 4 -j i I -T 4: -I -I; -- ~2 I hjj 44L442. F - -4 Vt - 7FT7 -:4 T - F, F IV~r t, -+. ---+ - i +- i i -.140. -4 — 4-4 F - -I — f-4 F I - 44-2 - T - - 4 —. -F — -......,..-j p, '-`-A —. - I:17 -4 — -1-4-1 I i i 4- H4yT1 I ift -r r-! I — I 71 4 j IA +A_ wtr — JTf I-. - - I -—. -- 1 —, r-Ir- -— *- - -+ —.! f;44,-o -1 — T-r7F —t - -t' - - F -4;- -4. — 1 4-4 — - 4-.-, — 8- IFJJ -: - -I 02 — K — 4 --- —-- - K LL F F - - - 1FFL I b- — F- I I N - - 4 t *1*- - F 5 vi I - -iF -45-, 4 -j 4 - - 4- - - - 4 - 47b> - 4 F-.-: F 4 90 4 1 VM W. '4 i —+-, 0 t w -+, -+ -— 4 —4, - , L 4 4 ~_I -t- r PI!! ihm It's A _1-7 - -J-.x _._r_ _r UZI -: I- -- I I ',*- 7.Y +..& N —, 1.7 7-I 4" I, v +, J- - Z; - -I I & -T:T - I. I 4 a.- —! - I- - — -11 — +, - I I I- - --, 1, -,.'& " I - I., I. + 1 4. -' I- I FLFF — I F - -— F ---- 4-f * - F 4 -* F TV 4-F FTf 12+4?rt ir4t - --— 4 f... -i r__ I.! —.J- —;-.71-.., - IF- I, t-, I __:.- i- - -- f- I i 11 -- r I i I i i i i -I JL L I - -t- 14- i 6 i i, i -,; P'+ 1 -4& 6 II..; " -1, - '7 -1 - -, - -, i. *I - 11 IL L:. - -,.- f I -* 4-F — - I..- I. I I - I.. I. - -- r- --. - - t -. I.11 I - -- I. - 17. T - I - - - - 4 I I II 11 -- 4 -I. -V - T I. - -I-. -- I - I, - -i j -, i t --- I I I I ) I 1 4 1, i 11; 41 i. 4 ---- -1 I I I ff, ,. I i. I 1 - I. -7 -: -.,I t- p 1-! - ---- -.L-. 0 - - — i f I III FIt 1-14 — F ILL'.i - t F4-t — j I I 1 i I - I 4 - rY7 -:FFFFFI 42 TV - I ---— 4 i i: 1! i I F i i 0 i I - - -$, - - - - F - t- 4FF 7-F K:777f7 1 4 - -4 -1Ff____ -4 — 4/ 4 -TI I 4 - 44 — 4-FTF7771$ I i; I lk-1 —, 4 4 — 4 - 4- t I I — 4 F - j - * - 4 - - - - -21 1FF 21 1 4 -- - 1 4 - F F FF4 F -2-4 — F- FF4.F - - - 42 4 -t -4! 1 FT i-i- I -4 --- I —I -ti b- 1 F F 4 44. -4 -r 7J7 -4 I I I I il i & 1 i, I I.L. I I -- - 02 2 AL 31A f LlVl- T 4N M I-FF(L~4 T 4 pF\FF l I- N ).A 3 5 -o

CI- -.ft-. 4 1 f T -- 1 - 4 - ,., - -1 -.4 -1 I i I- I I - I I, - 1 I I I I. I I I -q -4. - I f-,. I -+..-4 -- I. i - I-, I -.I,, I I I — j. '- , ' -- I f - - t i I -.1 -.+ — -4 - ----, I I - I i: I,!- -].-L —j 4.. —l I.. 4 -j., -.,-. -.,,-,..... -.^^ ~- -.-.:::-i... 496, -4 - - 1 9(;.0) - - 1T I y [ — - -f.-, I.. 1 -7 --- -. — I 1.:. - -1 k — T-] 4 — -4 — I r:jPILK^iL^ 4 --- ^T~l.T^^'^r-H^4: 11 - ti+ I ) I -A- t-,- Th27T1 - dl — ~~~+ ~ - -4z 2 i S + A -*; -I Iv -r— I —i 4 i I -1I I ; --- -- -, -4 --- — 11 I I 1 -4.- II I - . -.1. -. I r - I.- t -—, 4. 1 I.jI -mm-j - -1.. —. - -, - I --.- --- -- f -.- I --- - —., i- — I — jzt:21r1 I — 4 -4... 7 T7. 2 -,.- 4 - -'.- - - - -- - -.1 ':: -.-.f t, -- T- — ' -'- - 7 — I I —, 11 I I -t- 1 - - - I - 11 -7 - -- - - 4. - I — - 777-77' — 7 -I f - - L-, t - -. - I- -, - T-1 --- - -- i - - I I - -1 — l, 1 I., - I.. - 11 i. - 1-,-, - 11.- 11 rI IE 1I~ lr. I. I... I I. -I - L- i- i I..~ -10, 2fi r-^ —:-:r -^;!'-.......... j...... f' - ~ t - 4.... 4....., ". 8 '1:L....;. 1. 6.. --— 2 ---4. — K:-> - ', ' ] I. | —t —"( i —;- -'-: —; -' -: -J.' - - ', -—:-' t —t6-:-7:::. - 4 ~ - J ^. -i - --- * —" —, - -. 4... _ L.-.._...,.... _. 'J. -.: -, ~.: *._..!1 t...^..../. ~.. _.,.... _. -I - -r *- -4 —i 4 l4 l -417p7A-F — - r~- - ~ - F? "; "' 'P71;7' r1!" 4-. M, 7, 4ia "i; ffl X; a-m=]L, 4 -i 111- -4t. IN VI". I 7 cc r —+& V- JF T-T mov"m 4 61*, -* - I 4- IJ 7 - JI. - " 'I f -F I 4.t -4-4 - 17 Li tj!r 444 --t.....1- t. xi or -4.:':t-':7.4~ -_,l~''~-f Il I I I 1 T!, - r 9 t! 'm I 1 1 4 t: p! q 0 0 1 1 4 0 r 1. +- i i 1 --- — jr. IF I^r '.! -r ^-4 -I ' I -T ^1-^7S-:-.t:f —%"i 7]'i-lr:— ~1 4-4 I - —.i - + --- -— l -I,-. 4-7 I -1 II - I-, —i - - -: 1 -- -.- - -1 -- - I — 4. -., — -, '.,, --- — - i -.IH K i? -,- -.i.....-4..- 9.. I -r 0 f o i i 4- -!? —.- -f-,t..4 t j.......i.- -.-z'i I " ": r i' 4 ^ -'' ~ '1 ~ ^'t..... - 4- 4 -' -.__i__~ -........ *-: T- - V 77-tt;...-.- -.-4-' — 'T -'-'.....-.,.^. '~! " -:;: l.. it -.-. -4-4.4 -1+.-; 41 I I -,- i.-, I.. - I -! f j I o I -- f 1: 4?A. - I I I I I I I I *> i: ' ^ ^:*\~- ^ -. __ *-i..: __:=~~~ -:__-I_:: ~ r "! ".. 4..__?__._:.:I ---.!=...... I! - 1 -4 411 1 —4 -1 i-1 I -4 - 1.. - - -. - -:...^.^.-....... -. j.-.-, -....~...- ~.-; 44_4_:. -: _'=~-. -':: — 7 --- ~- -47 _ Z____t-iti K..... ' t '4 —+. 112 T....V::.-ut-~.!'1 i.....4! '' & 2 - 1- -- 4-; i — -I- 1 -- i. - T i - - ~ I '...1- - —:-. -.. t' " ',. _ -- Ii. i.- ~ i i 4 j m -! t - 1 1 I L -'-_- - 4- - I: -' —1 ---.4ttlrt 4 4 I. -i iI 4:77 - - {-j YIP-i 421 7: - 4 4 4. —t —1 — +- K --- -I - -_.. I.. - [7...- -....!I - 4 —+ - 74II 2 11 11 i I 1 I 1 1! 1 1. 5 —.21: CALIBRATI)N) LF VLL ()F F[2WI 4A:{ S'ATTTEI FROM A FLAT PILATE, PEIRPENDIC(.ULAR POLAR-.... IZATION Frequency -- 15.0 (41t. 2 — 4 A41 -!....-1. -4- j....... A-N-LEn. UA.. 06 ANGLE 88; 36 1 7 4 i. - — 4 -

7~77 1- 0 -111 . i -t? 1, -- r-r - - -- - I. I.. ---- -- -- - I - I T I: r +24 91iiT. — T 4 '1 - 11. 4 - TTh It-f I. 4i 1 - d I 47I7 I i -r-. f I Ar i i i.. I... I... - 4A'T ti 1- I. t- r - I '- -4 — - 1 w t -4 —4 —i i f F i. I I I. - -t- -, - --- --. I I I I - A I!. I iz I i -I -- - - -- -..-, - I — 4- -1 ---- -- - I - —. - -- - - -.r —, — - t -1 I -- - I- ---- -- I.. — '' --, - -1 I - - - I - —,- - - -4. — - -.- -. — t- - " — f --- 4 - _J - - - - - - I.. I I I. -- L lp. 1 4 f 1 1; 1 -— *! 1,-T —.-t. I- h1 -t -' - — t.4 - i. — -.- -— 4 -. -,- -4- -- - - - r -1 I, — f-, `- -- L — - - i- - - A -t ---- 1 -... —. - -4 -—. J- --. - --- - -- + I - - - _.,, -4 -- — t -. 1-.1, 7.4 — f-, -, - 7 -.4- -, - -T -.- — f- - i -1- _f7 — -- - 11 I I I I- I I I ---- T - 4 - ---- -L --- - - 1 4 — 4 t I I t r - f I i 4!- i 4 i. -4 i i t i i 4 —;, I I i I I L - -. - -.1 A, 11 IIT -P7:241 i4i44 — T ---T ---T -I -- t 144..,..L i I 11 -1 1 , f- -I - -t- A- I 1 I., - - I - -- .- I i, I i.I I-I- -- - I- -.-l....-..,1 - - -- - -A - I -, T I --. I It_, I - i 0 01 #7 j -j-1-4 7 0- I i ll! i i i i! - 1 4 $ -4-4 -FF 77' 4 ________________________________________________________________________ I -4 — i- 4. -, - 9-! lii;4 -I - - -. 4; i i -- I I f i i I i I t i i - -I — ir -t T4-1 ~ +~J7 - 4I4-I 1,V - - LiF. 4* —4 —4 +-V~' IA Uiz — it+ I I [ -4 f-dV tJ 144 444V. Z4-I ~-~>2 L- -. f.i. ---4-4-4 —t, -J,4-. 4 -4, 1- --.; - t — -4 -- - j I j .4 -, - I -r -t. — — * - f - j. J.-t it - -- — t-, r —t", -t-,Ir.-I 1- *-4 1 Ii~f! t7 t~? T7t -:ii 4 -7-! 714K IKAY -I mr-t'4- $ I -o ISV> r w -4 --- — >7 F- ____ *-) _ -4 w. 1 r 44 $4 I 8 1 1 4 ---— 1 -r ---..t t4 t kK1 '7 4~~4 ~A1-A T Iii z24 2 4 B-, 1-I I 4; - 4 — - I I 4 1! - - 4 + 4 -1. 4 tt 74 I w, I.. — t I I L'4W71 t — I E.I-j i.- i i i $ # i 21 -41 I I HI tt $4-I i LI; -- - -.1 -T: 11 I -. I I —.- I -1 t- "lip -L- i 1. I i I -I I A - T, i A Al- I # a 2 a a! - 4- 1 1 i s m i RH rTl-r -iA I - 113M.-. - - I - Im- -- --, —UT T.-f- I, --- - -4 I.., — I i.. L. I" -I - II.- i -. F>1;... T - I I -1- -, , I- -7 t - -j - - —,I 1. -+- I -t. i — I.i - i94 ---- --- - -4 - I T K$124 h4 f I -- - - I -- 4 1 I- I — 4 — I --- * 4 42- —- -4 -- 4 -K — - 1 I I. I. I - I - 11 -- 1., -- - 4 i +- -I I —1 -..,, r, --.I I 2.I 4 — 7 - I F-. — i - -- LI -.1V_4 -- v I.h. Anrrn 4 — LV - -rA ' —4. I-., I i — iI- -H 4 I - -t + - t- -A -7 I -1.- 11.II I — i. 7- -- - -, -;- I II .- I — l,. ---- I. I - o - tl- I... I i- - - —,- 1 -4 -1 I I.1 kI -1- t —i —; -t- -tr + — tu-r-u - r ' r V -~.2L - z - - a - i. - L. U....L. 1 —; ~- - #~i- - i; i t- I + -- I -1-1. I --- -1 I .- - - - -T — I T-Ma I, 77-71 —. -- -. I 11 .. I I v, - 77 * I - II * I - tfl7ftT 7-.; I It4 4.. K4{ 4-4 V 4 *1 -4-4- A 1 H4 4vrf i ft i , i ---- --- 1 - * *1 -. -.4 - -T I -1: -1... i - -- -.-. ii -.4 --- 1 F — i -.-II -j -- - t 1- t II i I T- 'S - -1 -11 - I' I -- I —I. 2 — I ---------- - I- -4 — ll-i - 77Ft .- .-. I - -r. -, ---- -- I A I i t -4.114.i-! —T 1 -., — I I '4060 PRINTED IN U.SA. 3Q 4 1 1 i -i * '4 -. I I -t 4 I 4 I 4 —I ----. ~7T-}J. I I -— l - I - 37' ANGOL E

0 - -,..,. P. - -- I- kn -1 - _, - - --, - 4', 4-- - -1 -- -I i 7 ---; I if r-n- I ' r, I r. -T" I! _f- — I 'L ' 'r 4 '17, - l '!, 7 - ,,- -.r —+ —T-!, r 71: I I __T. _T_ -, T.' F L 6~ — it-A Ti 7 -t ti I —i-i-— 4 — 44 —i -t ---, -+- - 7. ", I I t i - I.; -.I 1969-3-j - Ij..V4 . 4. "4- - 4 - - - -I,- - I r ---. -I- - — T —. — 7 - t T T I j I I I. 7JifL 4i11i7 41 - 7 -- --.I I - It - i - -T- -I 4. - I- - L i - I I I j I -! I - j I I I i. 4 - I — I -i i! I 1 i — r f , — l;, i. I -It-! it i I i r-l- t - 1 j — K T - - - -- -.1 41fVII~ -F- z- I — I -.I. - - I T......, - i i i! i i f i -.-....... - - 4-.14 > — I142 4 I ENAD I CIL L I' t-1 /,4 rtr A tT F TN4TA~~'.I I P. -ft 4 4 -4 - T ~ —t -7 i —k - - - I --- -- I-.f I - -.- I-,- I ".. -, -.- 1 -I — i -- -. I tI -- t - -,. I- 11.- -'TD k -- - - - -- - - - F,. -4,'- -4-' — l L-,.- - — ' i t -7 - I 41-": 1 -10 -- I 4 In x -U w _ _ H -.1 - LJ - 4 -----— 1 - -- i --- ll —, I Ii I I I f, T -,. i I - -tI- 4I I - I I -I —., .,; -4 - I I L. I- - I - -t , 1 -I I I — T- -1 i A...! AE-L-L- " -4, 4 -4-4 - -. I1 "W~- t-T-1r: T:1 -.. I I j, if Lit 4 i 4- 1 - I.- — * —+- f ot 1 - 't -JLd6 - - --.. -. I I I I - -— t- I - I I I -ift — if' 444 11 +f 4 + 00 1444 i 14 dr, 41. I.- i I 1 1 — r-r-r - I 1 1 — I I.. I I... I I 1. A t14441-.. 1-f i1 ---,, - I I.- - -. ' - - 4 - - __. f —t - i - -- - — 7-. ---- -- -- -- -T= -t'- I --- -— i - -— I - — I -— t- - It.I I- 4-1 -.- 4 -.- -.t-, ---f - I -I, -4.2- I1 -4-4-4-4-4 - 1. — 4' —r - --- I - -,- T - - I --, - -4 -, I I, - - - - - --... i — I? -+ 4, i, o 1 i, L. * 'I 4! 1 i it..* I LI JE T- -1 — y I I -- -I-! I -" 2- I I. 1 -4 —' t AL — I 4 A 4 - i ip. i 1 0 4 a i.!,! 1 1 - 1 1 -r —l -t- f i I -------- --- 9- -r 1 4 —?'. a -Ar L I __x "r -. t -- I1 I,. I - —! -, - 4,,, '.f.1, I _,,..I.-_ I -... I - -,- o- - - 'r -,I,- -, t- -- -- _ff. -- f --- -.:. I I.., I..4 ~4ATVT —~f' 4-7 4-4 --- -I M -4 14:-I 1 I71, I -4 I"-~-l-.- I 4 --- —- 7 -I —,. -, -.1 -1 - --- - I I.1 - -i - + - T t — - -.1 I - I-.1-4 --- - -I — I. — I - ii 47j -it-I -4 I -- I -i - - j't -t I Ni, — f I . - t I — t - I I ".": " t -, T "T - I 11 I - I L -4 —l ' 1.4, 4- i I — I 1 i o' I. 1 41I li 1; - O' i i - -; i 4 i - F* ti -7t - 4 i i I I-.14 i, I It i -4 -1 -L - i —,4 1 - l -4 -+ i-i: 22i.I L ----4 —4 ---4 —V4: T I: t IT I I 4- I i - - i - 1 t I — -- — J- T i - -4 k4 - V -2 -L m ; - I # H 4 444.: 4.4 i f -- I t- i +-t )4~~ ---- w t 1 1: I 1 V 1 1 I T T 172. — t- -.. -L 73 - t" 4 — -+ -1. - -. - I. 11. I. - —! - - I I -.. - - - -... -—.t -- -- k. -— t Ira1-M 4 n-i-7 4a A L i I -- I, -. - 4 - - -.. 1. —.+. -- i,.;. -.,. I - -; i, H, i, k I i i —.- -- - i-'i I fill. I. - -; - I -1-7,.. f - , -- 4; -4 -; R; I 4v -i -4 - -,- f!,, 4 1 - I - I I I- I -,, -t — I I -..11 I —T - - - q - I I,. - - i --- - I. I., I I I - -. t — i -.. - i -- 4. - - i I.-. -.. -11. - 4 ---- 1 - A - j I — 4. t-: I+ - -;, — i: -.1, I I - I i,, - -. I -.1........ —, 1 -4- -— i I.; -, -,. 1. - -! -1.1 -4 - i I.-I -.- -— + -4 —! I — ~ I Ij 2 I — I 4 -- - i-.~ F F III — I - - - - i f I I - f - I-z~t:I-L222:22 It I I i I I - - - -r I , I - -I. -- -4, — 4 -. -, - -, ' —"T -7 -'I _7_ -4. tti- — L- t - f - -ff - It I 1-3 —t-I -.1 i - f- 'r —, -_ 1 + -i- -1 I -It - 4-, -4 1 --- -I.. -, -.1 a_ - _.U, - f I F+ -i 4 _4 —." - I -, I -4. - - -.. -- I - -t...-.. I I I - I. - f - -, -L I- T. I. -1 -1. - I' I I - — t - I -4 I - 1 -II I t - I:I'-, I - I.- -. I -I — It>7 ' -4 — - 4- Vti -1 - - - -1 --- — 1 — 4 - -. ----4 --- —- - - - II. - - i -- w - - - I — j —., I- -.1 - - - ---- I — '. -. 1- 1. i — i - -----. _r -4- ----- -4 I - I -r -4 - - 11- - I i A, t,,-tl -2 - I -ILI I I, I -, I i I m, a I L I -- I- I.... I — A I - -- 2 II- --— 6 -7 4- $-t -1 --- ~ OrA NGLE 13 -J JI

-4 - - I )-. - , I - 1-1-7, - I L I - -r., " - - I! -, , I ",, 7 1% - - --..... I I f A.. - - -.. - - - I-T-4 --— 777 - 1-4-7 -- - - T I 71ThT T,I - 271 I 4 — 4 i -:I - I 4 -- I., -4 --- I.-I-... — t -I — - - t.-. I I I.. 4., I, -, - - I -1-,., j- I1. -, F.-,. I - II ..- I - I i.. + -1,..., i 4 -- 4, i~ - I -, - f I -...-:1, I - I —_- - t.2i 4-. I — 4:1 — ~rT1777;-T-I l~tiP-K-', 4-1i ' 4-I *.I -4- --- - i-. -.- -t — 7- . I i - — - f; i- ' 1 i_;! 1 ~ - f -' —4 - 7 4 -4 ~ i -i 1 4 1 4 i ~ 1 1 i i!1. — 7 --.--- I f I 1 4 1 I A 7.-. I -. -4 K K-I- 14f,-.1. 1 - - -. - F- -- -- -11 -- - - 11 T -.-. i, -— f -- --- - I t- t, 1-7; I T, - I - 4- -- - - I. i- - 1-1'. Ill - i -- I - - -- I -- -! -- - - - — l - -- -- - -1 - t - -t-. - i4: -ii *t 1 I -, - 44. — 1 77>47 7LUt24 212 t7.ii i I; T I i i i a i - -; —i 4 I ',- i-4 1 1 k I T- -, -, T i; I T - i-,-t 1-1 f- — 4 4-I-4. i-I- }4 - * 1 — -+8< I.4..f; ii r - I. r -777 i I I. I i.- - T-t-1-4-1. I! -1. I I f -i - - , I. -t... I I ttt t-7. i. i-i ~T.. -4. —+4 - -- I.1 - - - 7LI - - -1-` I 4- 4V 4-4-4- i- 4 J1 v LL1 —I L-4 L L,' - ~ + + - ~-+- -- -4 7 — 4 —44 — --- -'- -4 — 4 4.4. - 444 1. - 1v. 44 JFk: 47 ITI2t2~1 - --— 1 I-t -1 - 11 -- -t- - I -, -r — - I -.1 4 I,. - 1. I I —, -.1 + -- -, I :-T - m -i- I - A 4 1 V.: i 4 —~lI t -. 4-. — ' -:- -4 --- - - --- -.- -.1 - I.-I.- - - J j- -, - o 4 --- - - ". -j. -i-. -.1 --;, — i - --, - --- i -,. -, - I 44 -.1-i -; L. t41~-t -, t W.. r -, -T: —.- -1 t -i-I I - --— i -.. t -- I -..- T- -I t- - I -1 4. 4- 4 -.4:. 1 - - 44 LILILL7AItILLL7-~.. r-! - I-t —. -7 -,I 'I -1 2 — 1i12i1 -4i-: v-itt 4. 4-4 4.I —4- +4414~ 1-t A 0- 0 I 4 IC - i, -- — "I I -I, I,.1, _7 - 11 --4 -, I o 7! I t , f, l I - -- i , t.. I; ~,.\ FTTI /4 I ~.J '4'-' I -1 Xhk"' I - i -iLl"L P,' 'I -4F -, I t, I- A-A'JZATF` I 0 " -.. 7I I.4 ~ 1.I ' 2427"' 'A TLF.iA I-j -t-K 1-4 —V vtrVK 4144< - i-i: -tWr:- -4 T<144Th447 1717.1-74< 2.{I1) i-L-K tt 72t 4 4-"-J-,.LtV -;_::p- 'i I- - 1; 4 i i i-! i ",, 1 i 4 -.,, 1 i i I f 1 - - I - - t -71 7- t- i - f 7J — 1. - - I -.. I?li _ ___ 4tT1I4.44.4 T 4 I. - E -I - I - - I: I__ t 4 1 1 I I.__. __t__ I - 4 4-:T- -;; - 11 4 -1 - - i i i I i 4 i I i -,! t 1 — I- f -, i!. i — L I4 4 - - I 444 — I- -++ -1 4 -t-' I.~ -. iI-; - It. - - i - - i; - F il 1 I1.4:4 L-14-4- - 4 -.. i; —,f —.. i1 t- -t -— i 44 -t 1. f ';4 4 i,, -, - t -1-:3 -11 __,, —; 7t7tt=t-I -4-4,, —~41 i+ i1~ i -4 i 4 1- i i i i - i i i i 4 - f i- i ', —! f:2mkxt-!t —t — I. d..0 -.. I - - - + 4-4 1. - - -. — -- I..1 --- I- - - - I -t.. I - I I- -.-.0.I., I -,#- - +- -- i — j -- -i —. -.I - - j -4-1 - -- 11- - 11.4. 4 - L~J 0 r j -- -j w- - x 4 -i — — 1 6 - t44- i — T1 4 4- 4T 4 4 -41 4.~4 ~4 --- —— +- — + --- —— 1 —+ — I~- - I - 4 1 4 - -T I -- --— 7 :-, - -]... —4. - 17-.", - 4 1 ---- ", i-, i 4,. + —4!,... 1 + I -1 -1 - 't - j-_4 -, I- _:__ I - -, ' I..1 -. T ---; - — r -4 1 ---- t -- -.. I ~-4 4. ---lt-t:14:t2 L:'..4. -4 --- -.4444 I - - i -, -14 ---- - T -T -t- - LL,, -'r- -T -- - -F - 4 - - - - - - -- -- — t i - — t- -- 7,1rjj4 — A.4.4-tI _ _ J I ~.4 4-4.-a — i i I. I I I I I 4 - F- -7 - I I I. I. -f 1 7 1 : I -- T- - - -— I T, — -1-1 _; - I - -, f I.- — I -.- f -- - - - --- - - -T —, - -.-:H-. ---. -4-, I --- I -- I -1 I -- -. i 1 - -- -- i.tI - 17 - -4 —I 2. - i ~ ~ ~41 24 4. 4. -4 - 4- 1 - -.4 41- - 44- - '4I C:t--7:i _ 4 -L~4 '7 - -- 4 -- -i, 4 - +-. — i 4 —.4 4-;-4 — 4-4 — - -.-4-4 1- f..1 2. 4:;-i - t —.- I-.. -.I -- lr - -: I -- I- -.-t I -, - -T-7 —4 r4- L41 T -- - 1, -, - ` '..-:7i — , -: -- I -4 -.~i- 4-z1. 1-I - -4 - -t - - - -7r --- —. I -j — I -- - I -:- - - j - -- - -- I- - - — I - -.4 — - 4 -— '-7 - -7-7: I I $ p 9, i! ---; 4 1 i i i 1 1 i i - - 1 - i;! F I -1 I - 1. - t - i - - t- -I-.17-; am. f. - t. -,-! —. — t.: 1 -. - " -,... ~ -] —. -4. - -- - -4 --- i-..- 1. -11 -, - I ---. - --- - --. " I I - - -- - I I., I I — -I. - -.1 -t —I __- --- - i I I 4-7 7-7j, - i.1.-. —i.. -— t -t , '-' '+- - -, I I - — ll -.4-. - I — 4"7 4-4 - t '4 - 1.1277472 --- - 4-4 -- - I -.4 -. 1-.:4 -— 14 i.- I 0 F., -- - - -4.- i 0 i i & 1 0 1 1 4 i 1 1 I-! t. I 4. 4- 11 - -.1t.. II I I.1i I t- -- - -- I. - 4-4,-T [Al I -~A Ii: I I DIL — z -- 4 - r 12I - i A_ I_ -, "; - - - - -- - i - 1 _,__ _L___l __ -4 --- - '" - `:4 - II - 'I'2 4-4 7i.t-4.17 hW ~-4- -~ IJ I 4-~4- 4- + —+-4 --- —— I-44 - I, -T - - I I - " 1., -.... I. . I I j.- -4 - - - - -.- - -I,- I i, I m, 4, - - 1- - 1, - - -, -, --.. - -, r - I --- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I I + - -;+- i-J i -77 -..: —, I I,M i ~_ - t. -4-~ - -— I I -—; "T 4-:::P-j - i +; - i - I! i i i -4+ il i - +1i i. - 4:, - I I -... t- - -t4 —. - A.~.- - - - 4 —4 -4.44 — 7-.74 12. - 4 — -. I:t 1: 711 -11 - -. IT-1-'-4-A F --- - A: -. * — I1 plj.4 I-: ---, rvv 47~j7L4 K'4 ffi4i4jA' 4. - 4 -. — n.4.zz:ft 1:..4 '4-i 4 t I t - I - ~0 I,, i 4 .. 11, 11 - i i i 0, - 1: - -,- - - -, - — 4 m -. il 1. 'M - — i -4- -t - -- - -- -- -I -- I i i -44+ L-+7 _- - -t- - i:"+-!-,-t I -.41- - t. - q 7 - iFH 1L. 4 '2 4 -i714 — 11 44-. j p' __ - '4 -4 44.44.4 11-1i' 4 - -- - 4.44.4.44 -4 --- — -4 til - -4 I4 It.4 1mS 1L I n 1.4 41 —~ H- 4 W- - -~ - -t-t — 7-7i- I 7-7 —i-1 --- —-- --— '- ---- '.~4 t - I I~ I I ~.11 4 -14I ~I,.71471441. -4 - -i-47<4 — i4 —~:-d - 4. 4 1 - - - -I- - -- 1 - - -1 4 4 ---. I 7i I f I 11. A - I I 'I - Tr- - -;., . t.. i- I ", al 477 -At i 71 - I -77171.777T - -7 — I- I. — — 4 - ! I- I I I - - t. I 1- i. - - -t --— i -— '.. -1 T -, -.1.1...; i i -- — f -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 4414 l+1I-.l1U —I —4 —1-4 ---+ —' -Hpi41M 14W H I A 4 'F' -- i,-, — I iL-I. I ~- 1i-4 —{i -14 —. T 4 V - -, - -- I -1t- i f -t - -.. I~L 41 I 4 4- I4 -1 -- I -I 4. I 41 - 4, t- -,.4.7-I,-,, I- 4 — I - _ 4.4 t L -4 ---~!I - 4 30- > I i - imuuiui.uuiiii7- - 'I' T y T PF '44 iNTED M U.- A..39 Or A"ANGLE

qpl-. I. I I # ---r, v I.. I -...... I I. I. I.-..,..- - -,- I -. -.. - -- -- - - --- - - - - -. I.. q I I I T..7j724 47;7 -~4~ - r * +-4 —+ —f-4 4 —i ~4 2f7i&147V__47 VI -........ r — 'r I - L --— 4 - 4 - -L t 1 1 1 t I I 1; f 1,! I f t 7- 4 1- -- - -- 1 1 fIll it ~ t 4-.-4 -4 - K -44 ft'-'71 --4. -, -- -, —4 --- — i- - -4 —t A4-:4 -4 i I I I i i, I I I I I I I ' -1 I - — 1 Lr- - i.;. i - -- T.1 - r- -... T --- M - -- — i -— I — i — I - -1 - U 4 1 -4-4 - 149" KA< "i ri:zy:: 14 A- I - . -r. — I -— I f: -1 t Il It- — l-.4 ---------- i-I F 1 I I 1 I! 1 I t 1 -r - - -t + ---- - -ir i I; — i- i! i i i.. i f 1 1 1 i i i I JL I -L f?! 1 T:! i P' 1 i -- 4 f i i I I I i + 771 ~K t A 4- A-I ---A —+ --- -i - I -7 -i —.-. 4 - r {4;7 i -1 I r-,4 - - — -I.-. L-t -"+I -- T -. i -: - t - - I 'I,, -- t. I *, - -1 -.4. I-- — 4 --- —4-4-. ----A- -4 --- - - -A44 4- t-7 7 4. -+ — I -— *- i ( i; I -4:1. - 1 4 d, & qv 1 1 -, I i -— t — --- i - t 4 -1 7 -4~ ---: — It. - — T i, i 1 6 2, f... ol t p i '" f " f - I,. -1-H + 4 I't i r 4 - 7-7:~ tT,. A t, — -. -JL..lX -.4 -1 - I, I - f — i 4 a; I T: I.. "I 4! f f i.j, +, f, -F! i i.. io 1 1 1 4.6, m; i;;. 4 -J 4. 1 r 4, 1 11 -.,. ! I I! f t - - - i. A4 A..4A.jQ4 A ---- A - -- I.i. —v 7-. - -K-. - * v... 44 I.4..4 4-V-LI- 4-47 * - - A - -4 i 01'! i I -, - - -1 IV I. 1 4 i i -t t I I! i i -, I i 1 L; --- —-— oI I. i i i I. f-.+-,,, -,, I I-.-:I, ` , ) O'S Q I -- --- 11 -- - - _; F - " - -71-.. ".-,, - -I-.-.4 --- - I I, -. I - - tlt -I- - 11 -- - T I -t — i I i.. i I I -. i -t - + -- i 4'.. i. -.. - -, - 1-- - I-:I - I - f — -'r - I. - f -.-I I I.-; 4- : - I -. I It - - - t I-T - - -1 11 - - -— t - il -i T --- - -- - S -TTLK"IN' J2"I Al V 4 lt-iWI Ik -4 1)E I{I1) EN LIl(C4ULAI? O"('LA{{-IZ.ATFION. I- 1.0 (A-T x 1~1.4 1: 17 2~ '- -i 6 r — 4 — — 4-4 -I - 0 LI - -4 -— 4 —Pu — - -— 4. -. 4 1 - - --— I3cW I i 4.; j '-I I I, i I I I 0 i i i i i i i i i -It,- I.... I. -. - I- - - - 4-4-L -- -- -- L.- - - 4 t- t -.-.- - II. -. -1 T.; f -L- I — I -'- I -I ZNT 7-, - 444- 4. 4- -tI ----A —4 --- —4 4-, I -- 7 r", 77-71-7 I I i A I I -1I I — i I i - I i - T — '-"- -1 —T-' 1 -1 i 0 9' I 1; 1, I I t! t -1! 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 i! i 0 1 I 14% 1 i i — v — 4 — 4- i i- 1 i i i p. 4 & 4 - ' I 1 I I I - - I , - JT ---' I 1 t -, -i r- - — ---- I] ~-A-i — I -- -~- - A - — 4-.-.- I.- - - -.,- - I F —T -,I — '. I -.,,.. — t. ~zI r — - - -1 - I — -,,, 4 - - 4i I.f I - i - - - - — + --- — t —..7I : -T. - I I [V JT LT t- - -I 1, —.- + I 1 — +- --— I - 1 " 1 i i " 1.- t-t-t-t t - 1! ---i -:t7t —i!. 1 - 1 f — * if I i - - 4 1 -- - f i - -.f — --- - --- I - -- -, - - - I --- -, — t-t —l; f, - I."- I — q-. i — - I,'- - - — t- - - -.. T-1 I v - I I -— i - -4.- -I - - - -- 1 - -.: -- - f- -— t -.1 I 1 A I-'.. I ii. - 'Al A,- VI T -,, - - I - - - I -; F.'' - I I --- I I,- L-, I 4 — -—. - - " -. - i --- - — - II I --— At — -.-, -4 — - - I f -f — t- - ~ ---I - I4: ' - -.- i -- 4 - ' - -., — I — I --- -- — l' — t— i 11 i t ---. f — - E-.Ti I I - -7 —. -- A- -- - I I I JL..... L- ' 7 I I! - j _I ' - -1 I T --- JL F - - - - .-.i........ 16 - -L I -1.1 - i t!! 1 i - — --. -, - i i r I., -l-. - i '.' i. , t- t7- - V-.1... -- i - 1 4 i i! i i; - -?124AV4 - I -t - f I.. I I I -— I -A.1 r- - t - - - - -1 -f -- - I -, -- - - - - t - j — - 1 - -- I -- - I - — 4 — - t o I — I -1 I — ' --, -- - i; — -- I' ' " 4. 1 - -. —, 4-.-, — --- 4. -.. - --- I i I I.-7 -- -— T- - i I I - —.. - - -. -T - r - -, - 1 441-, 4 -4 L-. ~'~~ j!- I...: - I. - -, I i 'r-41-L —i 1 -1 ---t I ---- I Ir-1-. -.. I 1 — A- -A —2.-.2&I 4 44 6' 4 -r C-K- A -p — L 42- T --- 4 -4 -. — I4-74 T- T - 4I i.-I -1 -, A- I ---- A.- i -- 242i- -42: A -- i -.~4>.I —.. I.. -- - - I., - - t-.. i I I -! --— 4 — 1.-. t 1. 4. -, i I I — 4.- -4 -4 — A.- A - - - $ 71$ IY: 4-' — 53+5 - u'41-. — F m I. - I I - I. I -. - I 4: I - r --- - - - - II II i. -11 I I I: q - I II I. -. 4- -94- M I I 4-4-L LI 4 1 -- -L; — -- i I I I i 4 A. A.4 4 i I~~44 4 ~- i - 4U — 4 -.- ~ - A-J —.- 4-:4-L — - -. ~ ----- -f L *1YA.F1ffN!TIF 4 A ---f-I4I1iI44AI7I 1 ---+ —A ---1 ---1-httf-t+fr-t-t-t1 -I- - I I I I.. - I - -4- 1.. -- -, -— I +-', -— * I....-, —. —, I —,- -+- -- --- 1 —4- —: . i I, - — A --- - L —: I-,-'-t A I I I 1.411 1 1- - - - - -. - - - I I-', - - -i - T — - -, i -- -. M — - -74 - g -+- i: i 4 i 1, -+ —+ ---I 1 I 14 0- 4-4 - I -I I.:l -,-4-...T --- -j -,: II --- - I — r-4- - 1 -- - - - -. -- - - t- 7 -- - -1 - 4 - --- - -. - -1 1..., -4 - -, - -- I -, ---.. I - -.1 -- L — I I I I I I I I I I - i I , I- 1, t i- -- -.. H 4H i i ! i i I! i, A- iTtt* 4-I:14>4 - --- ---- - f -- - -- 1. -.. — i -+- - - -=4. I II - -- -=-j i I -r L -, -.t - -I- i —4- 11v ~I -4 I --- I -t- - -. I . - I __ 77- -_ -1., -, --- 4 ---T-"- I — I - __ I_ - - - __ -if - __ I, -- -4=.- -,. - -t. —. -- I., - L. -. ----4. - -1 -— F — t I - i: I- i - I I - - I -, t, I n I - t -!t --- I i 1 1 1 1 1 tttt t t " H — - - - - - - - - - t - i - w f:! - " - f -- — +.- -i - -- i,E E. * - i -A- --- 4 - + -- 4 -'- ---- 4 -' - 4 - —. - - 4 -4 ii1,'-1i - I IL I, - 4 -, --: -- '.... f- t-f- --.t -! -. Ii —; --- -4.-. - I, -,. - tI. - — l I - I II -- --! I I I -I — l, - -: -i i ti — i-! -, - r- i i! I i ' 4- ---.A 4-4 7 7 L-,-. - - - -.-.I,- -c- -- - —. - I -4- 4 . —l -e - t F -.,-. I , I I A " 1I 4 1: l I 'I f II H: -. I I i I I I f! i i I 1 A-I -..: - 4 — I - - I It I,. t., -, y. I i - -J-1 I-1., 4-.- — 1I i --.- I, -. I —:I I --;: — I - i. -t: [2>4 tV4 I 1- — A ---- >4 7 -4- I A 4 --,-i1Ii - A 41 —W4 --- —-A. A j 7 4 —4 -A —..1.1 - I T — F —, I -- - i- — i.. — - 11 - I.-I... - I I I - L. _ I _ -— T -.I- - - -.- - -t —,. - J - - I -..- t.I -! -, 4... - I --- — i - 4 - _ W4YA - 12N -t -1 -4 -Li —4-. 1-1 [4 44 -4 ---(I 30 Aw- -W - -- -— V-4-444-!i I A - -- I -- t I I t I I ' "- ' 4 --- --- - - -; --- t - t M IR It.. It 71 — f - — ff —Vt ifl R T 4 1 1 1 r ' 1 i i 4 i '; 14 il i I i - -4 - ';4 -— A-1 - -7 - Al -t-t I A I i 11 _ IA I -— I - — A --- —. --- —A --- --— A —.1 r r I 'I - I I ) I __,. i -.- - - 4 -- - I,, I,.., -- - - t, - - I.,, —1I I - 6, i t i I I L — I:A rr1rN U, A. *..&-.6... -I- - - --. as- 0 40 1' IN 6LI '41

:14: 4-_4 — 4 ---. I - 4 4 ~-.v4~.77IT,1T r-r 1 9 i19 11-4Q 1jd7 11 - -- -- -1, — t - - - 1, - - - -.. -.1 I -1. -.-.- -.-; I - "f - - - I... - — i I- -1-. - f - t..- -.-J, I --- I f -'r, I -, -t J-4 -L O.- -- I... - I t -IF 1 1 1 1 - t, t, i f 1 1, t -i - - 4 47- -I - - t 4 - — 4-i LL L 4: -4 -4-4 1 1 4 -.44 -+ ----4 --- 9- -4 ---4 —4 ---+ —4 — 4 -+ —4 —4 — + — * — -4 ----+ — r -: — 4.4 " - -1-...; 4- -.4-1. 4 V.- -j I 4- 4 — I { —+~-4 ---b i I i i- I- j I i m; 1 1! 1 1 1 jjj7$ 4-1I - I 1T 2-4-7: T1 - + 4 -1:4W - - 4-. -i —I ----. - - -7 1i-.-.4 -- 4-i - - 4 4 - - 4-.44 I, I r- - - ---- I -, ;___., I I I-, — - I 1-1 IN I --- -t -I- 6, -- -j I... T —A.. - -1 — T., i I i I. -i.j - i 1 i 1 I I i i! i i k . -4-.- i; 1 ' , I I; -1' I - I r4- -t- i i " -t i 1 1 i 4 1 f 4 i.- 1 i 1 4"- -Lt k, rt- — w i f,.' 0 -Z, i~.- _- -. - A - 4- I LI -: 5 - 2 - - -WA.....,...t-,, **: 'I( 5 o{-'. t" R W I ---, ss -- I-9 -'_ ~..... ~_ 7;i zu.... - - 1-1-14-1- Al i 1 I- -A ID SCATTER FROM 1-1/4" CORRUG(ATIONS, ), PARALLEL POLARIZATION, F - 15.0 GHz t --..t - t- -1 —....- - f.-t. — t -I... - - -4- i i 1 i i 0! i 1- --— i - -"-+ Eivt t.fI r -.- 4 1 — +kt t T-.-. cL42 >4 - 4- -t - - >rKA K -.4 1444-.-.4 lIt V 4 ii t.- I IThF - 4K.- - _____ 44- -— 4 4- 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 -.2444 44 -1 --4 —.1 - 4 4 i i & 1 i 4 4 1 i i.-4- -4 - -1 F ---6 — H --- -4' -4 -—. — s-I --- — U.44I: - Li -1 21 2 -1 4 — - - - - — I 1 -4-4 -.1.lL 4 III 441 —.V —. _ 4 44 t3i111-I 4 - j-.47 4-4-4 — 4-4 —A - -- -- It ---. I-, - — 4 --- I. - --- 4 -. — - -. -. i 4 1 - - 1. -,,l -,-, i — " " - -- -,.. ". - -t- - -. - - I. r +-t-4 —4 —4 4 i 1 I I i ~ ---t ----4 —4 4 -4 --- — i -1 4 -4 —+ + -i —#-4-+ T -1 1 t. low& a 1 4 + i t f i 0 -t ---t- I + -!? - m i,! i i i f It i — t — - 1; -4 —4- " 1 WO i i i i I i GMO i;~ i i 4 L 1 1 I 01 1 i 1 1 4 04 i "! i 1, " i 4 -.4 4 i 1 I - t - I -- - - - -r - -- 4 - 4.--.-r -- -. -4 -.. — 4- - \ -.. ^ - - 4.- i 4- i 1 I.-1 — J 4 t — t --- ' i1tt44+tf4tz~tP -:...- 4 / -:r-i o.4 -tt+ 4 f — - -- - - - I -4.. -- - - ~ - -- - -. - — t I- -, - - - f. - 1. 1 -4- I - - - I - I 4-4.- + -4 --- I4-4- 4 i i — 4 ---4 —4- 1 4 -------- i —+"4 ---- + i -+-4 —4 ----4- 4 -i I — 4 —.4 ---- -+- 4-4 — 4. `.4 -44-. —I I -4 ~.? I -;7 I I::!-7 - 4 -4-77 -- - -., It - -.t 4-I —. - I --- -.,. I 4 -j, — I- - - - I 4 -— + -—. — l- - - i-4...... -T-, 1. I - I --- - 4. I li --- --- -t —.- t- - L 7] I —4 4-A --- — -. 4.4 — -.... - I..,.... 4 V- + 4. -i -, 7.d, 7t+Vt I 1T4 4 1- {1ThT 4771T. - 4 - 7 - 7.. I i. I k. -. i i i i 4 2 i i I! i i i i i - -.. i 4 1 1.-... I 0 i I 1 1 1 1 i; 1 1 i i. i i 1 1,, i I.; T IIj 4 -,:: I i i - 4 1 i I I 1 - i 4 -1 la I I I I 1 1 11.-. -I -. I I I - 't 1; '-' 4.-: -j 71 - - I-,- 4 4-4 - I-_ -1-44 -... 4 - ' T 4.-., -.1.. -, 7 — -, -- - I! — - --- :,, +!- - -f -:. -- 'i — -,.-1 -", -, -, -.I -r 4 11 -4- — 4~ F~I4 -T -— I' 44tL7>1 _ It:: 8 4tA Tr.4i, + - I.4-.4 J- - I I i!! i 1!! f i i I I i - i i I I f_-t- --.- -— 4 - I - 4f - 4 -. — 4 4 --- TI - -- T - - -- .. r -4 — i -:-. _- - - -1 -—. 1. -- - —:I --- I. r —t - I — t I. I I- I 4~ — 41-_...... i-;.i7.'; It-. 417 4V-4,.,. -.,-.4..1 - — t- -4 4 - -i-4~-.. -. - ' 4- -I *4::-t -T:; *Jr -rt '- ' -4..,..!..... 22!':-; L....: ~.... ~... ^"i....-" l7^ ***-t 4 -' -4" " ^M^-;4 -:47:.l*i. -.4 —4 t ~ 4 4 — t -4 — i --- 4 -— '-t —f 4p ~~ ~ I ~tf i i.i! i;m.,-I, ' 1; I j 1 4 j __I_ A i.- I I j -..'_.,; 7 J- -- 1,,.'- '. + — i -- -+ —. - - -. I I 1[ — I i -.1 1 1 i i i + i i F i i i-4-+-4 —+-' I i 1 1 -- -I- 4- rt-t, i i! +i -:: 4- pt1 54 tW- 4- -4{4,! 1-:j —tI-.4 I -+..- 4 4 1 1 1 it- -, 4 4- -- -77 271t4ji 7}VTfj-4iI 44 -- -4, I 4-. i.. — I I!- -, -- q - i i I i h f i i i I 1, t f f i i I, a i I - = 1 1 1 — +I t - i 4 f i 6 i i i i i i t 4 - i! I -, - -. 1+' — 141 41 -4 L." 4 - I ---.-4-I --- 4 -tj+ - - + — -1 L — t ---- 1..- - 4 - -,. ---i I i- I - - - -1 -, T -, 4 i — - I - -- I --, -- t-, 4 - I I - -1. I --- i -.., I.-I - I I -+- - -1 - - I-.-..4.- j.^.. -- —..-i -T -- i 4 - -- -1. 1 —. -.-I -.- - I... 1.. Irl-l I~4L.. II-4 -4 44. 1ittt1> 1 44 -— -i-1 -Hi.-J — 1 4 — I f i t I I i i — mi ii H i.1 1, 1 -+ —, - i,,, -4 — -4 -71 7 -1 J-7 -— T -L —l L I —, -I...- 1 - -L. iL -L -L ~1 - -'" ~ '"~ 0 * f t — - -t I '"'1 i. f! i % 1 ""o I lffit-[ t -1 1-1 ',!! - 1, I -~ ' ~ 1 t --- ' — i — -— 1 - - --! I 7 __. 1 - - I -1; t ---.- J.- 4-.44 -, - ~ _ - - d: I:. I. .... I I. I i 1. I I i i i I . I I I -1 — + — - -I i -.4 - 4 —4-. 444-4-:1 4 -— 4 — 4 —i --- —1-!4- 1 44. 4 4 -4 - 4 - IT -.{-.-.4 2.: 47 1L.:12 4 1 : i: 7; I iL IJ-: 44B -4L - 4- 4 4- -4 -.:4 L -- I. 1- --:4- 1 -,- _,. -. 1. -,-' - I I", I.- -1. --. I I I t. -.,- -f- — - i - -- -1."T --- I — T j IF i 1 i 0 -4- I 1 4 4 i -1; - 1 o- 1 - 4-, 1 'i 0 i i I I! 4 I 1 — 14~~ TIAI.J 7-I_ I T 4I - 1, t -- I -- T — - - I, I I F I I i I - T I t I I I f i - --- -.- i g L-,T; - -A -- F'INITED IN...A. 0 6 ANGLE 41 r I 88

4 t-4-~- I. ~ 4fl -t4 7 7 1- 4-A ~~~4-7-it4H 6+4 -tT-4 - -1 7 I-i1 J4 4 1 - -4 - Jv-4 7~> V -K 4> 41' -4 — 4-: 4 --- — -I -1 - I -t-!, t. 0, I 1 i f f, - 1 1 i -, f i. I & i 4 - & 11 I - 6. 1 I.. - K * - a.. 1 J L,. I - -F —r1C 4. -4 (:7. -- w tEN CUA-r P'LAL'IX I ~j7 1. ir 1,-, I!? t" i t 071 'I {4i1. 4.2 r -4- vi - '4 p47 wri - I~ -1 -4 4.4 4-. — 2 -tT4277i * -+ii.> ->1214 I~ I, - - . —f - 1 1 i I i 1 i 0 1 - i m i I -I,: - - 7 -- -1 -. i!! -- i i -T 122 1.- -H LI. I; I 4 - - —, -4-4 — -i-I- - 4 4 - I I -, — j. I. - 4.-,.. -1..... J --- -i I I -- -1-.. -"-.I I. I,..I —.. - II I; --.; —.-4 - *1 I -- -— 4- -1 I -- I - iL42.,T-. - 1. " I I -1. -, " - 'I - I - I -- I;-.. - I 77 7". - 1. -, ; - I -1- I - - f i - - - t-. 4 -1 -- -., -1. r — 4 — j-'VI -I I.-? i!,! I -.- 1 4 I 4 --, -4-4 - 21 — I 1 -,f i, - a, i i i I t - I — I, I 1. I j-. - - l.1 I I -_ -T 14 1-I I1 4 4 -- -11J4 1. I I- 4 -II. I i -Rik- I -4. I-, - 21.. 2L3..iz.!im m 4.-4j-4. i-K-v P7 -Tf77-44.-T _ - - ---- ---- - 4 i <i-I.~- -4 —.L.. - -~ -4 4 14..4- 44 +41-i 4..: 4147 - - - - - --:- -.-t-I - -4- - - - -, - - ---. - - 4 I - t --- -- J. - f- -4 -.-, -- - I - ---- 4- -..-..I I - i t -- i I - - -—. - ---, -t —.,. t= — --- - 4-Lq --- I I -- - -4- - t- - — ii: -I- — -....17 —t - -t7,.- 44- I, - - -4 ---, - I- - i- -, + — 11 I I - I I -, 14 - 'I" — _-..1 IT"I"' I i t -, I - 4 -- -- --; 7 j ' -"- --- - - -! - I 1 - i 4 i I i -- L 1-4 -- - I I I,. i *411 II I, --- f L {4. 1 -V 4 44 4 11 j7I74jI777Y77 I --— 1.-J ----t. ---h.-.4 -1 1F1UI<T 44 Li jill -I I 211 -K -- 4, PTj 4- -4. —'1 4 4 I ___ -- :4 r. j f 0:,! 1 j~,I t I'. L-:-i - -! I I L; 42.; 'r-- -,

1. f.AKA.. I ~ ThLP,-r I, I. 6. I I I. r 4C II I 444:41 44 4 46 - 1 i —41-,-j —4 - -4,.4, -r — 7 -:' —T7T7 tl ", IT'I'lol W i, 1 t 44 0* Ot ',W. 41, 1 i 4 4 0 q I " Jil I 4L44444 I44 -!:- -M -.- — t i.-. Ir-1 —l w:11~tIt I — I,-.. tI 1-4-4- — -6-4 - - - -. -... 4 1 11 I- T - L -1 I I:, i 1-... -.. -- - - -- -1 —. -- - -- - - - -. -.. I. - I 1.. -;?! WV i t 1 R 4 -11 I- T -1 - I - -- -, ---- -.. ------ -, --, - - -, 1, 4 0 i I I-. 6 0 i i — i i i i I i i I i. I %,.f i I t " 1A lit — -I tti+ --- - -- i.....I I I - ----— T I I~ I- I F> w -. I - -d I-. 30 4 i7F I- _ -40 i t it V, f i - i f i o4f f -- -.1 - i I 0 4 i 1 4 1 pi I., i 4!, i " i — 4- l i 4. I 4 i- 4. 1 4 I- -; I j 4 - I IYF i 4 -T 41 0 ov m i1i4 -L - I I. I IUJLL- — I i, T- -i - - I - T - I -1 1 I I - I o I T I I - I 1 1 1 I " 5 1, 1! 1 1 1 -- 1 1 m: i 1 Tf 1F 4. 4- - 7 - -4- - I! -.- 4- -.+-] 1.-4- j- -- - - —. t — - T -. - 4: 4 —: — - I. T, I 1 # 41 T f-f- If I -6- 1 4, 1 - 4- I -1 --... -.. -. I. I -- 41 - 1 —t -72 — 4.1. -I~ f1 - - - - - r - -:- - - - - I I -11 - A I -f -113.:==.L JI. 1 7-.... t t-t . I I i ;; -, i 1. " I, -*-.1 0 1 1! -4 — -— * * 4 4 4 4 ml 4, 4 1 i i 4 16-i i 1 i 1 - 4 - ~1+4. -r I ttl - I-t b a -T 4 14 -4 '1: 12 It 7 1 i i — W —* — IIi 4 i H ir4~ I I-r i i - 4 -i —4-4 — 41 1 t i -I-!? i 0 + A4 —it I-4- - V1 - -I.. I-I~ - 445I-4. - -L I -I -- -1-1. I I ---.-.4 1 - - - I 4,-. -.. - -. -Tv - -1 i i f i I i I — 4 - LLItI- i 4.. - 444 1S4 I VP r-A It -r j L 2,jj 1 -:5.. - I - 4., -1 -- I II ---,; t I I - I.. -. t — l..,.... : - - -— 4 - I I-. I. I v -I IL.. I t-~-T. —.1 'ii -i 1 - T I. 71 — i -, - -4 - -1 —+.- I — I- - - I..i, I, I I 4- -. -. I J- I -4- i I —,. '-t7'-, '-' - I - 7 I'1, —4,I I - -1,, j i i 4-.- - ", 1 --- i,.1.-........ T V 60- H HT K v.1.1 V I. 4 - J v i i! I i —4 - -1, -i 2 iT -j I-, - I F4+L12i4J72c::LL. I - in 1 1 1 1-4-I-I. +. -4 ____ -4- -. —-+ --- — T+4FTT TT7. I I 1 I I — T -I.- I- - -.. I.. I -. - i . -L 1 1 1 I -, 1 i " i t i i i, i 1 m - 4 1 K2 rLj II I I -71E -- -- --- i I i; I I

V I L IF::> i4 2 1 --.o — >i r 1'L4 I ZIOIL 2H I I i -?.. _T7 47 1.;. I - Ii- BP- t-4 T —ll I I.; -I t I! I I %!.-r- ' I P L I. -111! i I 0 -.. I.. - - - -- - - F i 4 II 4 -444 T 7W1f *-: -tn I — -t 4j-Tt -17 'r - +rfIiYR7flTf >$:_IL:_ ft4Th-4444-4Kt 4-... -.. I.. ----I ------------- -i -L -r.- -- - -.... I... 'I ---T ---, I I I . --- I I --. T"- I- - t.L -- - 2 - I I I p! I 11 -" I I; P i; 4 - ~ J -4 -- rrr> i i i i I I; -4- 1 - - 4. I i I I T42I i 1 t i 4 -4-4- - I - I -1 I — — + — t - - - - I i -. -1 I 7- -,-, 4 I - 4 r -..4- - m 7 TT7 4j-! i; -- — J. I I L i 4 f4 —1' f If-44 —1 —4 -I - i!, il " ii, F - FI P -i!ii11 L -- -,-,- - I.-. —f.-,. ll::-, a-_ -- i.f —, i i!: f x ir.-trA.-A - A - LL 4- I rT1 -11-~i7i - 44. - --- b i I i,, b I, I - I -- i N-.!Il,. F P —. I -.4- t "t t t, t, 10, 'I o t7: 7 t t-pt'l,,G I - 1 z PR4 7IJ -. i -,! —.,r V: ll-- . M'41 5 & m & 4 -,;- im;4.r,?A..- l - - I-A......I-Oktcl i 1, VI I l."I -I U-1, I.1. 3 -! 1. - - -,.- ff7 1 I - -.94 - 4; ff- 17-4rt. 4- F*+" i -H C — f.~--,4, I, I" - T -I I I I 'IrtII-.rt I I.[ I I. kI I -! I t r --- —f ---1 -7-17,, I t I! j t —,. I;I I-,. 1, I T L4J '3 0 I T - I - -,i,- - I f- i I i- t-j-i.t --- -4 —J V, yc.rj- 4't -,'4 -,.., 1 -, I- -,.4 t, iI...... —.- -f -4-4 tizh17 -+ ~ -41 - i 't.,. 4 - i 1 I i 4" V 1, I- i -1 -: I I f, I F. 14- 1 - ~ 7,-It L I 1 774-r 7E.1.. t -.. I 4 ---. 4 -4 Ir II. I -— 7 -4 4444 -' — 4 4 - 4 - I I I ii- I I -, I I - t, - 11 il 4 4.- +..1 I r 44 - t l 14 4 -1 -. 7 1T, t f if, f 11, t t'M I 4 P i 1 I - iL4 IL - IT K4ziihI:4j1fj 1 4, F --- — - - 2 I F41 7 4fL 44-JI7-i 4-444.4 4 - 1 14+ I ~ iLkji - 4~,-TF- 'A-~ T~4tT744:7 I7~ 1 -t I TT7V:4r~ -— i 1 4 -41 4 3. — - -4.4 -- _La I - -7- I I 0 w I I- i 1 i -- - - — L i I - - -A - - 44 1 4(V~ Ax \m11' Tri4 T-,)Y' 9), i ~ C4- 14 ~ 4 0 P1 1~,NDIf"TJLAR P1'-LAI 1/ ZATFJ(N, 1 10 0 1 - 4 4 3QCo~T~' 40'PAIATOED '1$ A.~A- i-i~. 44

VP 47'. H Lffi.. L -;:::i' 2 L '.42.4 -I:1:i.1 ~7T17] -4 I r - I. — r —=-T 7 I I I I. I.-. i i I I I IFI I, p I I I I. -,.. K: >-.17 1 9f;P-:--(, K;::. 7 v 72 1V L -f- i i I. f. i i! i i i * I I I! - I I I i I I i i -;. - 4 - 1 i i 11 i; i 41 -r_ -7T -T IIT t -T:4e. j 4 T, T -V i *t-4-~ I.. --- i i t! t I! i ! i i -- I sKI.L I - T t I t i i f i I i: t i t — f i 1 1!? 1 i 1 1 1 i: 4 1 1! I A, - L — I- — l.-4.1.. —, - il- - T -. -,I -1, —, i -11, i- -T j i -, - II i I-—, - f -- - - - 4 - -- -,, - - - I i T-1- -, 7i -i-, - 1. ".., 1 ------ J47 ) K * 4 t. I7I p.- 4 - - - I I.. 2 I i i i I i I i - I -.t 4 4' -4! i +- i ' 1, i -4 - T K - 4-t7 t1' -4:7 PAVAL L Eli P( -,LA~kIZATI!- )N. Ss3 -1 i 'r A -- — j 11 - 74 t4TL 1k-' F-- -.-. 4. r + - --— KI*-- - t71 2. KK'171:t *1 -4-1-4 — -. jIw: 44. - - - 77 I I V - i I, I I " 1; -J- 6-. 6 -0 - 464-4 fl:;' 4 —ii 15.~0 i j-1Z.. i! i 4 i 11 11; I i ol 11 i i i i — 4- I, I - 4,, r -.! i - J r i 4. I T i t I -f LI h- +4 I t 1 1 1 I! I I 6 4 1 I I 9 1 7 I, 10 t t 1 1 f! t i - 1 1 1'.-' -I., I2 --t 4 -1 —f 4 -11 4 - - r 'P 4 - I~...1>:741 J-: - 4 —t fr;.7T4j. - --- 7 I -- I -I — -F: -.,. '7,. --,- -1- I,; i i I - T-.-4 - '. - +. -.t -- - - -, - I. " - - -. - J. — -- -1 — I ---- - - - I -- -1 - I i I. - -k.ll I v I I i I -i I - I; I J,: I I - i I i - I I ff a. —L I a I .. i I. I -. - - - I I i- - 74. 1 7L7T 1-7V.-,-. V77u T127T.22TTV..L VUVTT) 44- 4 t<;:4 r.ft4.ttrFif 1-NVT a ff II, 44- - A-.4J2tt..It..7t.4. 1-ivj 4., I 1 I - 1 t! i 1 11 1 i;! i 4- V If m fV tW4IiV FI if-M I - i,. i i L - i 1 0 1 1 p i i 1, 1 4 1 i I, do! 1 4 - i i a i . - -. i -E-1.....1 5', w - -4 — I _ - I f2. 1 1 -t-:-, - I - I — -- 4I -.-I t f -1 -- 4 — -1 I 1 -I --- I L i -i --- I..., -J I i I -- - i i -- -- I- -. I " ---T -- a: A . 4- --- - I - t —. - - , - 1-1 -, - I., -1 - '.. I -— I ---— 4 - I - I- I I -.. I -. I i - .1-t.-.. - i --.-I- -+ — i- -- I -r 4zjt 3=1 --- 7 ---- 4-.. I.i -- -I -0 -r -r f - 1. - - t,... — J- -.. - I --,, f - -— 4 -I. - I -1 i - 1... - - 4.- -.1 -., - --,i,.1 p13< j -1 RI, — i - I.4! - -- ---- — " II I 4 -- i,-,- -,.,, -, I. - $ 1.. I. - I t. I - --- I -'-4- ~ -4-;i1 + -- -4 - J —s - -L -L. 1 1 I -- t 1 —f 1 i t — v * —t Ijzifl -.4 k —., Iil -. 2T'VtI fr- I . I i I.-4 i. t - 4-K ' I i r i I; pi i i i i i i i 4-4I414 -. 47 4 4 — -4- i4.,, 1 17 2 — I -- - 4. I -4 4 - 2 - }- - -, - t -ii I —II K - - L- - F —~ j- i V- -I lilt —. -- - 1 1 i - 1, 1 i i 1 I m 4 d 1 M - 0 i, l 1 i i 4 1 i 4 ~ -i -— ' —4 --- — + -4 - II i....r- -t -.1, I - L — 4 --,I — I i - I - -I -, _4 - I.,I — Ir- k - t-t - 4 1 1 - 6 - I - - t- I --- 4 — I -- - - i H-i FT7 I -4 4-. F 6- ~ — I 11 - -I-.L JLL i i 1 9 1 rlt-! f I: ti I R- i it i H i I A. 44 if -r 7jj~; KA. ii . -1, I. -4- - - '- II — t -. — - -- I- " 1 -4 I.-. - -- -.1 f - I, I. I.I.- I 44- i-4 '.4 — tfI 4...- 4- T 4 W I i li i BE I-, I ---r. R i MR- i; -— 4 - I t I, I --— #Sri* -+ MR& M! —W 6 -T ------ 1 7' 4 4.j 47 - Al~ i., r i - 1- 4 - H I 4 I ' — -l I i i i i 1 i I 1 -+- -.. t. I I I i! -- - f- +- -. - ---- -- - -- t - -.1. - A — -.I 11 t, - I —4 —-t. '. I ' — -I-. - i - + -. —4 —.-t7 -—:tTF - t -4 — I-i - K1 — -4 -2-~ -J -F'1.2 - r — -— I - i.. -. — i - t t - I i - I - I - I. -1 I t I. I F I -I — - --- -- - -- - - - - - r:4 -4u I,- — I -. I 0 - 0 1 i 1, 1 -—, I 7. 11 - - - -1 4- +_ — t — I - - I —I — i-- - -- --- '. - i. 4 ---.1 [ —.,. - , - I -,-., — A 44t74#-.74-jJ 2 -- -4- K 2T2. I 4 4. - -4 4 - +4 — - 4 ---.' 4 — tii2- 2 174-. -.4 — 4. -. -. 7 iI I V -- 1 — 4"- l + --- I r-Ir I I I7 94t..-.: - I 4! -! -, i .-I - - I- - i. -, I -. 1: I.- - I - I I! -4 - I - I -4 -L.L -a -Al. 6. n G 1- F - - 45 —

6 -— 4 -- ~T~'~E i >U / U4-AT I ---4 —O — '4 P NJUL ILA 1 AT i N I (\I/ 5 E,I N D ULV 1 L -I/' 1-1 4 — Iw t.-4 ttt I4 -- 4, 4 4._-.4.1 +17 ViiJiyt- 41 (U 6C LE30 - 46

- TI7WFI ETTh 44 71 1 tt 2. 41 -4 - I'""' i +- 7 T4r!; 77 — 7 I - - '41-7 - -J 1! - 1 +- i 1 - - I 1 i i I: - 1 1 t t t F -1- - I,- -j. I I I I T i aW.; - - - - - -.-,., - 4. 1 1.,,, 1 i i i - 1, i-, — — 4 - i i " i!", i; rr= -- i --- - I.--. - f -—. --- -- -4- - - I - L-1F - I. - I --- - t - - - c I I r I i I - - I.. - - - I- rl I I - - - -- - -.1. —. 4 --- - - I 4 -4- --, I' 4- i- iiIiw 1 1~1~t,1,f~ -- I —.- T—, -4 --- - I., -i. -4- , - - -t7 -- - - 4 --- - 4-4-+ —;::: — 41i 1 -7- 1 - -1 I- I — -, —; -,- — l I. I — * —;! i - i i 'If i — + — i +, i It It 0 I -T --- r-..- - I- - =-I 4-. I: I- I I J -4 - 4 1 - 1 4.1 4 i 1 — t -r — I I - -— t -4-'. -— Ii — —7 -4 - I I 4.. — --- - i- -- - - w -i- i I.-I —I — -, -.-: - i -77 4,-L+47-44 I-f I: - I- f I. 4 1 I* "i i i t Ia i 4. L-44A I. =T j -7.. I k --- L...i - I - -- - -- - -'.'. - - - -. - -T. - i 4- - — l - -- -.- ---.1 - 7 T - . -- -. -, -— + —t .. - -, - --- 4 --- - - I FIJI. -- F- - - -ZI - -1 I.. I , — 4 - - 4 L-.-l-t --, - - -- -.. 4 — I-4 - r-l- - -... — " - I --- - - -4 I I - --- ---- I K 6 Io9 - 6-4- 04 oi o -— 7- - I - I - I i- - t T - i I I: ---- I r-A4 — I f.. - -t — 7t F i -+ f 1 4- It I - 0 -,t - t-+ —, -,T" "' "I - I -r-: - t. - . -, I - - --- --- - I.4-t-> I,, -~O, 1)A-'{ALLEL iPOiAIM{1/A T N. 1, )iz s s ? WJ 41 T2T{ L + --— F _ 2 — *.jj~J 4-{7J {4K L 'r 1 1 1 I 1 -! i'- - I "", I t, 1 1 — t- -, - -.1 —* - '- — t -4-4- -- I I 4 I I - I: I A -L- — L -1 I I -t -L.. -.. I.. 4 i i - - L - t. i -— t i i v -i 4tA FJL1Lt:Jzt'tcVF42:'htI4rt4t4 -- F- - I It 4 It r i: I i - I.. I. - i -1 - I -_I -1 - -M — - --. -- -+ — t! I!! — r 'I m!, I, -T-"m,- I - - I L- - -. -, T - - -1 I, -: - -._7 - -I- - — tI i — I -,71 —, 11.-T -1- --. - -- - -—, 3- -, 1 -t- +I- 1 —4- - f-. — I - -t- - I. I I -T, -- I -, i I! 7 I I j- I I - I I - 4 4 i i , I 0 -P - 0, - i f 11, -6. -!!. v i I - , I I - I t r, "",, -, I - L ' - -, - L I I I. I j i 4 i i i -- I I I I I I -- I 4 o i 1 i p 1 i I 0 : i 1 —F # ~7-jKI-:vA + jj.A21 'j{r4 +4I-.L.1 - 4 - 4 — I4 - - I 1- -,i -- I -t - 1,, -1 I - - -. - i, I, T..1 -.,. L - I -i -.- - -, L: I t ------------- I-.... - - A. - I. —. -. - - -rI- -- I -, - - L- I --- —!7::-, - 7 --- -.-I -1 - i..-= -r I. -I -.4 - I 7 - I I- - — 'T - --.1 -1- , I-r 1-1-; i 4-4! I'' I [. 4. I i - 1 - 1 - i, f 11 — 44W o 1 1 10 -1 t 1 ! 1 t I - 1, - zL- I I 4 I I. I — ' - A -. --- " - - i I I 7 -I -.; -- " 'I -t- -, - I -. I --:, I I, I I -, -, I 1- i i, 1 I! -T — -I 1 4 - I. J- - - - F -;,_ 4. - f - 1. -1 - i -4- -t- - I.. - ;-.1 I i - I - 1 I ". 1 - F 1 - I - i - - — ' — 1 - i -: - i - I i -. 7t .. 11, - -I — -" - t! - -! -, 7! -- I - - * iiiF .. -1. 1 — -- - -1 - 4 - ---- - I — I —! I - T -- L --- -- I. I. -. - I I -t --- -, - I 74 --— I... - I: 1 " — r-.... I I- -. i — i- - I — i- - I , — 4- -t - -, —I F,- - - -;-. — 4- - i i - 4 — I - -1- -I -- 1, - A! i I — t L1~ TL — F itsF- Iti r t _ _ _ _V1 I j, -~;-.- I 'T t I I I a. I.. -.... - - - - - ----- -- -. - I -T - I-I. I i - -- - -.. -...... I. I I I - I.- -1 -. V — t - - —,, -- - --; i. --; - - I. - -— T- '14 - -1 - i - i. — - I I — i - - -1 -- 1. -, - - I. 1 14 --''I 1-, 4 1 - — 4 - IL I - - -' —F I I I I I! I I - —, L- - -,. I i I... - - - -- -, - -i I. I I Z>47 -T i -,., - -4 - '11 F 4 I - I I - t- 4 - I I - i - i i i a -- — r- 0 - - 1. -- - -4.- s: - _.-_ _-, -T -- __. _F 7 ' - - -i -- -! - ' — I - t- T — l- - - Ill it 1 -- - 1- 1 J.-I -- -.- -! - F 4. -— F — LI -I 4 -'1 oc - - i - -.- I -,,. t, - - - I, -. f- --, - - - i - f- -. I I.. J. - —. — i. — -1 - — 1-7 1. -, t — -- - --- -I ---, LI — r -- ' — - -F- -F - -. F l - 1 - - ..- - I -.- -., I I . -!-.,., -- I i- I t - LL I - -1- -- F - I I-, - I I =II U a 4 i - - 1 -, I i -4- -' i i i - + + 1 f.. r H - ~ Ii -i 2 — I AL A ---4'. -43i T 4 T 4744 _I I ___-",I ____LL__-_____ I IF FIFI S. - I 0 I a 00 I ONI, - 7 -r~j~ PRINTED IN!j.!',.A. "O *. 0 1 47 r no I -j — 40

In -i -f i- 6, - ll. -.- ' I.. — T 4 -4 -r, I,. T I I I " 1 I T, - - '-I I.-I I-... 7 1 * L-717!7 -- -. -J - I I I - f.- -I- - -1 — -- -4- -. -1 -7-t= — 4-=4-++-i I. -. -- - TI I.4 — - — I — 'LI' -I 9 (i 9 - -3 - Q I - --- I - — t- -! -, - I - -, I -.-r- - * — I-..-t - -?- -, .- - - t —... 4- -11 ----I — - I -.- I ---, "- I I -., - I - - - - 41-1 l - - -:, I - i —, -— + -i -- - i -., I- — Tz. I I - T - n - - A I 4- i; i i 4- — i I! - 4 i li t Ii -i 0 ir - - - - 7 —.- -.,..-, — j - -.- - -.1.1-1-1. I -. —+ I I. - - -. -—. -.- I —:Lt- -! -1-.11 1-1 - - — + -—.j.-. -- — T ---- f- I-.-.. - t — I...... - — T I I i I I I t -1 — I. -L - 4 1 -Z -— 4 — - i. i i i I — i - -0.1 I I -+ -,- f- - -. - t I I., -- p -. - i -- --- -- — 7 —T - -. — Lj- -1_. __:- _-r r-7-t T-: ---. -K t -- K — 1 — -t-i T - " - -7f, r-. -- - j 4. '1ITiI". : 7_J —-IE — — l I 1-4..I- - J- I -1 I -- t-~+ --- --- ~ ~ fi~ zt:LZ ZI -I-i:J:t iT~F T 7 -- -i 4-4-4 — -- -+ -- J- '<i4 1:1 --- - - i K-:27 P 2 4 — i j 4 — 4- -4 I &I I i- — I-. If I I - - - - - - -- -1 - - - -. I. I. I I -- -+ —. ---4 --- —t —t ---t —t ----,r-r-rrr tT+Z+ 1J...274- [27TT7WT2L2724- 4 J- -7 - _ _ I f I - -.. — i. 1- ---- -- I 4 -, - I -, - I -t -i i:74274:: 4-44 - fz. -T4-44 I - — ll -.-. I.I. — — 4 --- t- - --.I i $ 4 -.,I f i I 11 4 --- 4. I I- i 4- 4 1 i — i i!-.14, i 1 t 1 1 - -4 - —4 —. —.) I I I I - " I- L I I 1.4 i; 4 i; - If i +- +- t 1! 1 1 't7t: 1-71-7 —! I jI" 2 "TTiLit1 L I --. i. - -I.-I I —.i - --- I I,-+.- f — -+ -- -i -- -- L- --..1 — i- -,; - - - 4z-I4;r; T 1, I I - 1- —. i —7 7i, i-71-4 - -... I....... - -- - - -T -- - - - - - -, -.,. -. I I I I -::j - -—.1 --.- L- I d-.[I, -1 *ELIIEL P 0 I; j Ll-L -k — Ij I 1, k. J., 'MARL W&Mw L - Ow''Ittl2ttit =iul I %,& 1 — -- It""M ~-~ r -! —f - — f - -j 1ftL I 7- I - - I -- _-. - ---, t i. i + _- N "I I —. - " I, T -- -- -.1 I- - - - I -, -,. — -, I I -- 1 - - - - -- - -T ---- - — - - t-3 +LLI+tLL3rti:& -P+0 ) PI2IEDCLY L /T i I. 11/ 1 s s -V4 444-j 14~ 6 + + + a i I 3 ~ + 2 ~ ~ + i i ~ m - ~ -7 74 -1 — -..4 -iT j 414K t IK —: -I-.. -1 - - - -:l I -.- - - f - * - 7 —. -, — -4- -- LL -- i. -. - -.4 -J-11L -. — -1. — — T -— T- ' -J- -L- -4 - t. —. — r Lir 1T I.. - I. -- - - --- - I -T — 9 I T I I T... I. I I Ij7 -AY~ifjj~-p 7Th -— 7= -I- 4-A -4-4 —i - +-f + I "! ' 1 1! -+- 1 1 t I ii - 7 1, 1 1.i - r T,! - - -L — L — L L.. - ' I — ' 777i:71- IV- -1 -- - - t-.... -. I t — 4 --- -— t ---- - - — 4 -IL +9W K —.1 4 *[ --- - li -t — - — Ik- -- - — +- - t -- - i - - - " I r —,- — t -4 -- -, - r, 7 1- Al I a.. 1 -4 — i- I i - i U I -I- i "I i i i 11 - 1-= —L- = tzt -L I I.-... -.. -T. 148 a I I VI =O-i - 4- r-1 Y —T- I- (Ilk I I I I 11 I I -I A I I I I I... I. I I I I i Ii -i i i 7-4 - 274: 47 t 7 7 7T. 4; i 1 1: 1 — + - i..- - --- tI -:tL 4-,. - - F..- - I#4 --- 1,.I-...i — L 1 i 4 4 i -4 — I — I — -r — C ---+- — 4 --- - 1' -- - I Ti, if I I - -- - — I --— j I. - -- — + — +- I- 1 1 - I 0 i! 1 t- 1'. 1 - I - -r — - -- - -— -7 I -T-.' -—. - L 1. 4 - -— " --- - ____ r. i. - 11 —,. I- 7 ----T7 ", 4 1 1+- --.. 1, -!. -1 - - - I _.- - I. --- -T I-.- T- T -T- I - i.- --- -t — -+ ---- ---.. I- I - - -.t -4-,.- -! — -- , — i I- -IF-! —!- f - -: -. Irl I.1 -; -- I- I- I r t _L47 I II r-~Jo2 i —7T o -7 ~ ALJ.1 -V A I " j - -,; 1 4. i. 6 la 4 W4 i 4 at 1 1 1 1 t -r, I I! I mrr —v, - - v I -- I- - -- - -...4 —r - -. - i.774 — t — -f- - - -- t-, - F- I - I. I I I - I 1 7 1. --- 4:u4ci I - -— 4 r -'-t f 4 1 1 I * -I- 727 [iLitT IS LI T - -wW-" 1 `I I - 1 A " ~ 7. ANGLE, I- 8 49- ~ I. 48 r -.- -. -

\kA S, ATTi-` [-1 /4' JAt',-'ATE -N SS,-~q-I-. 11 LA VA.fWJ N ()X i- 1 1" i 4L, l T.'I N jIT Ss I~A~ LLELP( LARIZATION. "'I< LIVE PERIPENDICULARi' J) ~'LARIZATI-N. A 11 - I= t -!' M I lb AN luff IT AW-,I -- ANA.- - - - I". I11,A I I. O'IVt;AD 't 4. - "I

. WA S i 'ATT {:' ( )- )/ 1 ii:^U?)T1IKS 0 )SS P' LA!I ZD NE G,?' -45. T AN MIT P'AI'ALLEL Ss *'I LAU{ Z ATI':N, RE C E I VE P El{ P ENDICU LAi POLAI Z ATION. T- -f- - I - G' I <.::I6 i }...!r t;

V I T4 P7T7>r rt _ — 4 --- -4 --- j -+21+ 4 1t__ _ 4 4: i2k —: iv UTT - -- - - -- --- — I - -I i - 1 I -- I j I -1 k -I T I i I: I 11 i i -, Ir 90I _.A- +, t * -i t -4 — I L; I I I I I! I -4 I i i i- i i 4 1 t 1 1 1, -t -4- - 4-, -1 - 474 -' ~ —i — i I4 4414 - -r + —4-; -t F K ll: -r -1 - -'!-4 —4, 77 Iy77T - i1' I+ —~ * 4 --. I i ThPT-t-4 -- - 4- 44-4.4.4 - L I '- -; - 4 - IT I -- *4- Ii ''4 4444:.~4-i!::74<1: I.T - I I-I- - 1- I - I -L-; I 1 -i I — i I I. 1 - i; i -I I I.1 i 4 1 1 t 1 1 t! p fl -; -t -. - -4 4 -4r47 -r -1 --- —7 - — 7 --.- I _-j- -_;- - T, I - a 1-7! -'- ' -111- - t- - i 't.. I - I I - 1- i — -- F- --- 4 -- L-a -, -j — i-~ L i~_ -__ 1. i -1 — 4- - 4-. -4- I - - 4. - I I - I. I.-;. I I i, I-..I 7"tf -:- 1 ---, - - — i- -- - i- - - 1 -- W i - ol 44I 474P, 1 4 I A PO *941 IT +, f - i - i 1 mi, I to!!*,II t I I -, i U6, I-Al & i-M mifi -t *0010 1 - i9 rlll- I T-, - I, -;- - t t-, I - - i I I 4 - # - f- - - i, - 4 O", T - — 1 - - 1- -1-1 III- 4 -444- 4 - 2X-t-t. 4; I I -I — - Y24 -,. - I". -.,, r -7, -t- -1,-T-=4I t -,.-- - - j:: —,, I - — l.- I. M. -tI+t-iI1 444-4 - '-4 — 4 4 I r + t24j r -K<7:- 2. -4 4 4 - -4 ' -4-. -— I -i l - - I I i.,, — t ---, 11 t F - -4 I, - -; -- 4; . 4 1 i;. i 1. I. I I I I I 4 0 i: i I i i i i '" 'I! 1 I - -2~' 77.-j4 4 -- I -- - — 4 -4+ 47'i4;41t-:-I 4:4 :2! -- - 4 - 4. i 4- " 1' - -- I - I, -. -i 1 -i — ' - - -4 - - I; -1 -11 - - 44 44. 4-4 4::_1> T -— 4 -j1 F AI T RA4:ALLL EL. V A 1 AT[Q IP.I-t=t.-l - T — T — I- I i- I - I - L J- 1 I — i- I. 1 4. 6= i i i 1 i — +- 1 1, 1 -t- I 1 t, 0 I -. I I. . ...... - - -L.- I I 4 -4 1 i i i i - 4 i i i i f- i t! k - t i i I i -I - i I - I 1. I I I - I 1-P p$1 'T~ih 4 - t 1 I I 1 1; - I I -I i ---i- -, ---It- — T — f.:z44 4 1 -:y~fru.:. - 7 - T 74 - t14 —4. - rI- I —4 i - i i -i - 4 — v -T --- I -!, I- I I- & I I I I I I I, 4 i i i I 4 4T 4-4 j244 I~ i — I. I i.. i- i 1 1. i ! 1! 1 1. I i I! -- 4t -~- l,- -A! I I- - I 41 4 '-4: — I - - - - -.-. - - --. - t - -1 - -t — - - -I -., -. -- — - - - - I -- — +.-I.. — -.4, - - -- - - I I --:74 -.L - - t — 4 - -- - -I- - -- 4-4: 4:-. * 1- - --. 1. I.0. li — - 7 " - -4; t o -4 I - -- -.- -"" I. I - 1 1 i! ti 1 - i i 4 4 1 ', i 1 1; I I i i -- - 7 -.- - - -.4 Vi- -:4 -— f — E-Jli-7::111'- I... I A- I -It j. - -t- 4.->T4 i -4. J A - A -r ---j i , 4 -i i i i i - --— 4 - ~-1-4 — t I- - --- -1 - ~~4. 4- -% 4- - 1 4. - -- 44z] -I -— T- I IN i H i i i i F i I I.. I- I -- i 1 1 i i i -4 --- -r I 1 7 1 I I - -1 I 24- -4 - I 11 i Isi i W i I. I -- , - L- '. — - I -..-..-., I- - - -I -.- i - — +. -, ---4. 4 -- v w F- q -, —,T -.: I- ' — -— 4 - ---, - - IILL.1 I - I. I - 4 — L- - -- I -I — L ----T-T — T- -I T -- o -T - - I -i.- I - -..... f- i -, -. - - t. -, I --- iE #1 A -T- --- -4 - F 7..+- I -- 1 --. -- i ",-,.: - -.. - I I I - Ir., i 1 1 t t 11 1 1 t MI -t-r-I!- 1 1 in I I -1 I --! A- - I I -- V41 - i i- i-' --— 4 - -It —i- -I-I Alt-t — 4- 1 1-4-49-4-4-4 —l' 1 # H jr --- AW-L — -— 4U — i- - - * 1 4-t -1 - T or_ 'IT-.- I -Ii1 4 i 11!, - f - i. — i-f m It-, - -,-, -1!. t -rd -t.! 7,", 0 -!rm r11, — !-t r-r- t I, I. --- UEI. —, - 1 -— 4 - I --- —.-:. I, -1 4 -,,.I. I I T,; ii -.,.4. — il. I I. -., I I,- - — 4 -- I-4- -4- -- —.. I --- —— t I ---.. -— j-,-4-, —,.- - 4 -- -- -t- - - - I - -j I - I - i -. I - I -i -L. — LI m 6 __" - I I _.1 1 I -.- t I II-, --- -T I.1 —. I I r -4. -+ —.. -I..,.. - +-tt-lir t I -1I i 4 t.II. 1. i +.-....rI - I -, -L-i 4 1 4 ml. -. -..- L.i -.111I. T ftl Fiat c1- 4 3 -- -sk-l-M tit-, I J..I 'J I -1-1 - 1~ ~~ ILIWh -- I "t 4.L - r 5-1 -- i -- - ---

~ —:- 1 ' - - 4r- -"+ c....z::^-r_ ~....r.:.: -??.c'" S^^I^ic -- - - I I! I I " 1"-"r,, I I 1. I I I. -1.. I V I o ". T I I i.. -- I I. I I I. I I. -.... - - I dr4 IE ffi21 9 L!r 1-r + I q 1' 1' -t4 -4-t"',_'' ^ ^'_4-t: t"4"' * T. i -.." I — L I — -1 -- t, I I . I 11 I I I + I --- -1 -- — l -I --- I I I I; I l -.... i I -t7 -I - - - -f- -. - -1 - T — - -T-.. __ ~..... -. --- —,- f ~ 4 ~ I I I I i - L i I-: I - - lr --- — i I i i i i f t i t i! f 9. - I I 1 4 1 I - I- - -.. -i- - — ', J, I.- _ - It- i.- - I, "!-,, 1,, - - — f- - - -. — I 7 - i s-p i i-t-t-47 —t - 4 -- i f 4 4 - F t 1 1 -+ m i i 1 i 1 1 1 i i " ll - 1 i 1; 1 77 ''.. —. IL1 i i; - i i - I ";; i 4 i -i i -; i 4; i i i -— 4 —...... 4-:fj1 --I " i - — 4 - ..-i- -- -- '.. - --- -.- - -, -- -- -— 4 --- -,. r- I- ---: - j... -- - -- --- a -4, I,.4 r I.4- - I I. I.. — 4 — 1, -4- J 4 - - I I I.- -4 - - -- 4 -' 1 -4 ---. 1 -A I -1.1 9 ' f' 74 ii 4-I'I7-~'7#4tFdj I {— 4 TI-li t' ~'l f - a 1"r-' ---i- t"r! I, -- - t —., -d- - ", -, --- — 4- -l-,.1. -I'- I I I U 1- 1 -— I,-4 —;- - I. — I,. — i4. -+- -4 — 44 +4 i - i -* 4 1 -+.'-4- -4~ ----4 - L- L — r, + t-77 i JV 471 t-FH 47 —L 1 11 " 0, It -! 1: " t, P O-o 1 1 t -t i: 1, i! i; | -4 — 4- -. — t-4.4-I — r —;t --- - a IL + II — f1-. j, — i - "1,.74,-' -.. - J — t -- I i-, -4 - -i - [ - -- I1~ t 17I; 4- I -- - 44-, - -.t I -4 r - -.-494L 2 I *~ ~Li~Hi~+T777 -t - -4 4 — 4 - I - - I i- - '- i I, a r' 4 - i -+ -4 ~ — I~, I, I.- I I 7 I -, I 14 —+ - I I. II I ' —I " -~.. P I I - K_ L 1t - 4 - - -- I; I I -- -T —. - - I, I -. I i f - t — + - ,. —I - -.- -4-4I tI — 4 4 4 -- -, - * --... - 44 -- 4 —i -44, —4 -F * 4i4-4.-li.lT-. - - ~ I 4-.-1-4 ---, - - L-.- I — — 4 ', t —.1 - i.. -- I -. —, I, -.-. f —,, -i- 4 - -.-I -. — i- .- -f -.-4 ' -4 I "II I, t I I-1 I I-A — f -, - -. I i A - -1 - - t --- i i 01 i 1 i f i f! i! i r i! i i I O i I i i! i I I:. 4- - -4... I. - - --. 11. 1? 1 1 "s 0 r — +- I I - I I. - -.. 0 OM K 44 -4-4. 4-4, L I 7 — - 1! 1 -- i p i 4-1;4 ~ A~F / i -\TI-.- PP~T E O i- L4tA]I ^-.- " —i- -— 4 --- -— 4 — — 3 ---4 - - 4 —,'l' I4 — I - 7 t-T 7 - - -4- i 4 1 6 — 4 i 1 1 4 1! 1 ' 1 4 ----i- - i 1 4 - - — 7-.. — I- - -- - -.." - - -1. ;.-..-. -..- - ' --.. I.-t C I - --- --.-+- - -4: - -,- —. i — 4 --- J- -. — I - -I.- I - — f- --- -4 " _ I - i — r — I 7 — I - - t - I - - -- - i-% - - t'-! i i 1 i 1 0 1 i 1 F- -.- + - 4 F -'I F 1 - —4- --- I 4; -.I P- - I i I - 4' ThT-4 T7 LU C ji44 - -1 — I - I I. —t, I — t -, - - - ---- LL: ir ---i -— I 1 -4 - 4 1 -- - --- -i I-.4. - -.- 7t — I- -.,, 4.1V4 4-44 - 17L~L> 411~1 4 — 7. M-7 -f442fi-I7 - -t- i! -1 --- - 1 1! 1! 1 1 i 1 1 1 --- - 4- - 4- 4- -- 4 - 4 — - i -. -- -t- i i i i!: i i i! 4- i 1 1 I 4- - i i -11 - i; I i i. I i i 1 1 1 i -4 - i - —.. -- -- - - 4. . --- -- - -- I --- I- 17- - r —' i 1 1 0 1 1 i f 4 + I I42I. I- 4k.4T — ~.- i4-., - f - _ - - 4 - 4- 4 --, Ii' -1, + -- -t - 4 11 I.. i -T, rz] ---. -i.-I 7 1 f, " -4 -4 -; i - "! m 4. -- J — i I -1 I -1 -1 4 i, 4" I i I - 4, a i 1 1 - tj, ~; j t7Zj+>, - I.r 9 — 4-it IL 1 I I I IF!!, I -, 5Biijli-:t — a j L-..,,.'". I. -,. - |. - - ^_. — UJ2-iiL4^ -.-=<. * fc.,.... LI ' - ""' - 4- - t- - - - - 4.... -'... Q; '..;:...-: t4 -""-'t "- - -' 6.1.1 T-1 - ' ^::' ~ ':....:'-... - -::-.47i-, (...., ~ -_, ^..' - ~. - i - * - t.- i -... — ----.'i '.. '..1- ' -';:t.; ~ r.-: -4 4 —:' —:-" -? 441 _ —4-_ 4 4-4 Ii:,':-+.-: —: ~-i-}4- - - =i --- -'___~ _ 4::Z4... -.....- 4 --- -- -. - - 1- - 4..-. - 4., -I- -- -1 - -- -- - - - " —, — - I - -+, - - -.-, --- - -4-,, --- i. - -4. I —,, 1 i I i I i I! -t — 1 i q f — - it! t!! i q 1 1 1 " 4- * i a ME 2 1 f i i i 1 I- '.; i i 1 1 i, 7 T -T4_ -- -t ---.t.-4 —4 - IV 4. —+ —.4 - - — 4- -4 ----+- -I i -+-+ —+ + i -+1-+-4 ----4- + - -4 --- 1 -s 4- f --— 4 ----+ —f~ — -4 — +-f --- '-_ 1 t 1 t —i- — f- 1 1 i t i t —t~t-.-: t-r. —:1-tr:. i ^-t-:-:'-i-'4 ---C t-+' ' —~ -— t -'-,t....-' 4. —.4-i - + - RJUX-L.- I I I 4 -1 I I I T T — -.1 --.- I -4- " -- r —f,, - -- 1 il ----4 - -- i::T — I 4 — I i i a 4 i i i i I i " 1 1 1 i 4 i, 1 1 i I 1 1 i i i ia i i M-4- i i 11 i i; I - i I 1, i I I i: 7 r -, I -', t 1 - I I:! t i- I i I! L! I!! L:*:. I r-i-.. I '- i -4-' - _I - - 17 - i -I -.. I-' i... — 1 - r ---- 1 -. —+ - ----- -t-._ _- ~'I —L= 7.;:;: w s — 1~ —t7 -^^. 1. l-. -1. Ii4 — -4 --- T-1 4 — f-.4 -77 -*- I -- -- i -- -!-:iii~t! t '-' A i '737r r- J- I i — T i',,.-. —!..... I - "4 — -l I i I - i - 4-: i -4 4 -1' - - -- -4 - j I I I I I. I I I A I .. I -- i. I _I t i I ~, ] - i I - I I t -T r i i -..-i.I 7 ~- 4 -f 77 4 - 4f — -- — I -, — -: --- I - 11 - II -.-. L-t — " ---- - -_-I - - 1 1 i 1 - n! 1 1 f " ti i 'I I~ ' -I- - - ii4N i ' -9-.-. 4 4 —4 --4 — -_- 4-= - I - 4- 4- -.-.: -. -. 4- - - I - I - I -. —l, I I - -- - -,.-, ".... I I- --- -, -.. I I...j- — 4 t I I.. 4 i i f i 0 i i I i i I - -. N i 11 4 il i -; 7 - 777777 - Ir I - 1 7 -4 1 4- 4 1 r- I'7 — I -r 4-4 4-1 4 -744- 1 ' -— 4 + 4 74-4+4 4 4 4-44-I 4t ti j — ~2 1-9 4 —''1 il-i V i Ir -4 — - - I I -. -; —H:-.-:'..4 - -f —~~~~~~~~, I j i i 1 i 2.4 l -m -1, & I-, -4 - i I j 1. I -, " la F. I, -i 1 i I i i i -+ I LI 17 - - i414I9 Ii - 4 —4- -4-4-4-4- 4 -4-14 +4 C 4- 4- i —1 4 - 4 4 -1 'I i1 i.! I.1 -t.- -- I.... I - - I. - 1 I I .. i I.. - -i 2 r,.1 ]_GLE -' - I -I.. _____

1 t-7i7-' 1 I - -4 -H Hi 1 1 iZT lrT472$ + t -;, 11 1, i,,; I I - - '4 i - i Ii -6 -iii-It f I 2 I. I I I-.-I 4 1 1 It - I -4 -Y0 ss 1)TEV IkOMV- 4~ OI R Io Iz\ A 1A LE PO) t., H ' -1 4 1. -#t —j — 4 -4 — I144 -, -: — l.-I t~

~ II T )r-r.II" r - II!t - - 1 714 T -tThL7Z T _7T7< -4 --- I 0 A I L I -; - I I I r. - 4 --4- I -8 Y74 - — a 44444444 -- ) — -4 —4 —A-4-4-4-4 —4-4 - -T -I! -t 1 - m I -, i a 77-1 - 4 4 — 4- 4 i - -4: cA uV 11<4 4EN. TTT V - - -4 —I4,4 41. 1 7 —- - 74 74-,' I; ---, — 4 <4. H v V * 4- 4 - - '11 -S - 1< 17>iU 'N 4:IM!LIiJP*_i7~12A--7. I.., I JL. T - I 1<J4 EL. -1 -j2I~ -.1 - 4 - t t! 1, I I t , I t f i i lo 1 1 - 0- 1 41 - 1 4 i " '.- I i. - I -- I t ~ —; - I -- I C, -+ ---+ ---4:- - E-14- FZ I- - T --- ---- IF,t —t.1 i -1 0: i 1, ii 4, 0 + i11, 11 1 0,... . I - - - - —. — AL 74- - 24 6 t -z -1 - I- - I - 1-1 - - - - -. - - I.. -.... L I. I I -,..... -. I.... - - - I -. - - - - -- - I- - i a I 7 1 1 I I if!! 1 1 - I t 1 1?! f 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 i: 1, i! i —.L i 4- 1 -- i I - " 4 - ---4 -i-+-4 4+-. -I — -t-4 - 4 ~- — 4 -7 — ~- ttLiJ 4 }417 T7 1 1!!! f — i- 1, 1 4 - i 1. i 1 i + + — i; 1 i 1 - i 4! -& -- I - +, -r I 7 -. — L .I -; T I I I I I- -.I- -, --. I -- I i — - - -- - - +- 7. --- -- 4 — 1 — f - - + - - - - '- -, - I-. I.. -- t - r I I i T —T tt L t1 I4 U 4-ttI4I t- t 1 a - 1 I i I t. 1 I I + --- i! i 0 " i 4-4 i i 1 1 4,! i;,; 1 p 1. -..- I. - - i - I - I. I I I - i T - I I --- - I I - - - -- I.-. -.- - -. - - --- --... i I.1. -- 1. ---- —. - -—. -. ---- I.1-1 - - - - - - I — I - — I ---,- - - --.- - - I -1 — -- -.1 - -f- I --- -4- - --. — --- - = 1-t11 I i -4 - i! 1 I t q i f 1 1 - 1 i: i 0 1 " -L.1.1......... - - - -.. -. - I - I.. I - - i - I.. ---.. I-.- -. - - I. - - I -- f4 fI- - ' -- - - - - - - - -- -- - It- - - _: - -— T ---. --- I. -1 -.1,. -- - + — t- 4- -t —;..- -, t. — -7- -1, -- - - -- -- - L - E" - - - Ir -,-, — t -1. -1-.-T.- 7 - I w.... -O.- - - -.i T - -...;.4 I I. — 4 11!4- - -+ i t -- -f- -It,- '.! I 4 t,.. 1, I - - I.1,. I - I.-.; - i-- -- I --- T-7i I J. -: T - - - ---- I — I I I- - -- t — t"I'Ll-1 —r, -,P- -t —, - i -- f 1 1 t,, I f 4 0 1 f 1 1 1 4 ---4- - - 46 - -t i +r-I ----.- 11 -1 - -4- -- F -1 - A —,- - 4, -- I.-.-i- 7- — f -- - i --- 1-1.f -....t - -.- +-.. - -..i- - j — i-f I.-t. - I - -i — -v-, -I' I I I - -1 - --- - . I -1 --- - i I I. I I 4,, I 1. I 1. t _, —I -- -T - _4 ---- - I FT' 4-1 - - - -- i. I i i i i i t- 1 t i 1 1 -,I 1 1 I 1 IH 1 i i; 1 1;-i i 1 -I 1. — . L - I: -__ - -L - I - --.1-; 1 -— 4- - I: - -. I 4 ' T - — I.- -4. - --- -.. t — - - t f -,.,-. -- I I-...I - - 777 I —.I --- -4 -i A i - I: Ii ii.0 i0 6"4 - -,f —l- — 1 t —j - --- - I IL:z - - 1 J &:utYf4:AJI A' I - L I I -I -L ML, i p, 1 I 0.1 1 1 1 i 1 i,! #1 i i - t 1 1 1 4; i & 1; I: I I 4 — -,- 4" 1- i i. 4 —.' i -— t- - --- -' - I -j —4 - E- - 4- i7r+J - -,zj It.IT - I 4 — Ii - - t -— [ —4 --- - - 4 I. I 7 i F-I I I A - I -r r 4. A l, ... - -. — -9 I i I! i 1 - 4 — I o - - I. I 1, I- I -. i I -L — 4-4 -— 4 ---1 ---- a I I. I.. — w 44-44-4- i 144 —. — T Y - i I i; I i i i I I I L 1I 11I. K 4 - - -.. - I....... ------- I I I.IU11-J44L. C - K: -- -II- 1 —' A 7 I I I I I.-:11 _- I - -t - I: I — -11 t f - 2 V - - 4-. I - I I 47+ -f --- —-- 1 - FTTI7IP-WTTIF7VI 4- -i --- —-t-4 ---4 —{ - 4- 1 - i 144-t4itt4lt i --- Ii TW il HIlf. I -, —l -. -1 - - -- t - t, " r- -11 11 f -" ll ilt i.- i. I I — : li St lit I; I 1; I I!, I t- I t t I,:- ' i 1 4 — t —4 —4- — T- i i f i- I i I L 4 I ' I - — 2- - 4 1: I - - I, -: 4 — 4- 4 --4 — — 4 — - - -4 — -L I-t - 4 _ I- -- I -E 41-i Si I 7 - AIN it 1a 1! II I-r- f i - I 1 '.! - L t.-I., i i I 4- 4 —; -4 -7 - - 7f'1,jQJ >47 I 44L -44- -#. Lii? I -r i- 1-; t 4 -41 27 I r - ..{ -4 IT'7 I ELf I 4 3QO.1 . tV -I -4 4- 47414 -4-! —; 4 4 -4 4 -f - - 4 44.-Ii: r 4 4 K I- ri j I.f!r - — 7- 4 - 4 I m a I a.6-.m r, I.. t, -- -. jw- II V- - W EL AL - 1 -I:- II r I-,, i I ' A -v IF 1W - 477 ---W 1 -~II~ 47 -4,~ 0 r 54-4 AINGLE I j 6 -Iil- --- -, - - I

I..- i - -.- I - __.T I — r- " — t-+ — -7 -— L I -... I. v i m ImI I -I- -I: I I I I I f I I - -'"-: I ---.-,, I -V - iQhP--Q I -1 I - i i i; 6 i - i i - 4; 4 i i I i I a! I. i i i i i -— t -— l -4 ' -11 —.14 — ---- — I, -1. 171* t-t*. I t -4 4-! t I - -1 2-.:1 41 -t --- I 1-t - -, -4 —... - 1,. -i I - - - I I. I. -- 4. -.- 41 -A I: - - t -— t- - -.1 f. —, I110 r-tz -41-. -_444 1. v I 1 12-, — 11444+444-. - 4 -i -; '. - - + - - f- t, -, -t-. -- - - i — I t I t LU 4 — I-U +41 12A. F 44 ---- - fj .ji - I II - 1 - -, -4;->. r A 42 t f f I, t-A, -—,- -T —.- -, -- - —. til-. - -- - - - -t-= L i - - 4 I -t - -- 7t -I-: -,-T-! _- I-a i; i;-i i i i! 4 — 4 --- 4 i 4 4 ~f-4-f+"+ I f.- ' ' & —; 4-i*4 4 4 i 4-'-, + f a' 1-4 f i i, 1 1 i t- i t ': I I — 4T - I ~ —1 — I-i T_ I r r _IF - I 0 — - 4 - I I 4-A 4I I I - I A - L I -- I, I - I; i -4 121~ rl-l I F- I I . F-T - -1 I I : -t. - - - - - — t — j I -— I - ,..-I!-:ttt 1':1":,1 ':rt 'I Z ----7 -j —. -1 - - -L:-+ —l -!- -? -. I -f-i +- 1 +Fit..... -I I I 1-1 11.- I U_ i-I IL -H - I 1-71 1, 1- I I -.,-.L- a I. - 4 —) - -4-+-A ----4- -4 — -t- 4-1 4 i f i i t i 4-4. I -4 ---.4-4 - I-i4 I ---I -1 I II I p42444 i A 4!- i i 4 f. i - I t- , f -!. 77 f, —, 4; - m- -... faL —,-Z4 4 -i -; 4 i 1 -- I I I -L I L. 4. -- -2 4 - i i i i! F I - 4 — 1 - 4 - r - I -.. .1 =r:' i.. -,, I f - - - -1 - 'r -L I I... - i.. - -:71 —= - -, — - - - - -- -.L -4~-f.-4:7i-, -4-4A4- ---— 4'-4 4- -f-$-I —I-~ —* - I - i i ' i i - - 1 i I i t t -* t 1, i i I - -'r U I C -- - T -,I -T-1 7, T -T -— I -- i - - - I a I -- i T7.. - -- t - -... - -&% i i; —*Q 4 i 1 - o -.1 --.1 t--— ':7 — A -i f I -..0 --- ----.,, It -4 - i I I-. I- , i. I I. - I -. - - - -. I....... -- T IL I L — I - I L V I - L -- I 1 —l I -.1 - 1- 1 L, -, —, I._- - t -.4 —. 1. I - - -- - -.1- I — -- - --- 74 -I- -- - - I i -T r t -- 1 -!,- t t f. - r- - r t r -r-, -r 4 - i - I -4- ' I ' ' 4 — b i i - 4 1 i 1 1 4 v 1 -4 i 4 1 -— i 1 1 1 4-04 1 1 V - i I i 1 # 1 1 t....... 1:4-1 7iLit771 4- 4 'P4tt-r44 - - -1- -t T 4Ki IO LU I - J-, I L I T i — I -1 i I I I i - -- i!; 11 i 4 i i 4 i I i: i! I i — t- i 11 - i. i I . I.-, -.- - I' - I.. -4- 7-;-', T t T --, - - I I - -- - 4-4-1-4 1. I I -f I _r t. V, 1 1 I m, 1, f 1 1 t f ,t- i- 1 1 P 1 - I' t r I 'I " 1 rr - i!, 'r? III k I " 1 f i I - I- -.. I -.., - I I. - f ttvftt~ >t7tThLf4Tiri T. 177 - * 4-;-.>; I ii r2 -441 - 4- - 74 - -- -4 Ii 1 -: -- IF -4-i - L6J - I - 51 4-44-4- 4 --- - - F:_, I - F- -, - -,- 4. - — - —.. A. -.-, a- i. - -- -4 -1. _.,_ i - - -U- 4 - I-,T -A -L I I I I., s, - I I - -4 17i - -4 —' 4 i I til -! f -. - If i t 1 I I 1 1 -r — t - -4 — 14 -Ltt41i ~ -r 17 t4t -i -t-i 4-4 - TL-I I 4-!; I. i.! -',-1 -1,, I,, I. -- i-i- — 1 1 4. I - f I ' —I -7-; -- t - t - -- T-Ft- -. —l., ---. j.,. -— l - -, -1 - i I. -I -, II - .. - t- - ,- -, I - I I;-4 i; i i i 4! i: i p I I 7- — 4-4 -T-4 t174-I 771__7L~h;-~ I __7..77-j27i: 4 T T 1~ i~t, 71 0" t I -.4 -4 2 i. I I I.. I I.. I -... S'S A.- r,11il 55 ~NGLE I I-. ' I '

i'-j I ~~F7 IF+ I t 1 1 4 I4 -~ *74 217 i77 -L 7 t ~ _77.........1 * t 3u8 I I - p i II - I ij I I T I 1 2 r i 56

~7t4 C 4r h T_ L i 4, i ~ 4 i44 T _tTT I-I [ 'WTT 'T.FA i/'L 4 4 2. ii4 P,L 'L LAI 4AT 4 I T 17 8- _ 60fT47jd1KiLI 5 7

-1 * 4 * $ 77Y7tTT 4-t-t -! 'L - -V —I o — 2 -I. I I. I4.:. I 1,,,,, - - r ' —' " ',- --- -4 ---, 1 24. 4 —.. Th-77 7T#7I 7 --- — t -. I 9 ig-;3Q 4. I -t - 44 - 47t-77t7 — 7 — -7 -,Kii<H-4 -$ I I.1 — -—, r i 4 I, -- 4 — i- - f -- i i - I -- I I -- — I. f i I 2 — i - -1, -. - -' 'I -1.. I -1 - -- -j - - -— 4....... If t i I I I 4i I -— i- - m I I j i ---- -4 -t I I I I. - I I I i I I. I i I I 4 iI II 'I J 5 —I. M;WA.7DF ~S`ATTEV~??ROMT 2-!AU\TJF-)NS. U i 0 10,. PEI ~EDCLULARi P"' LARIZATP Ss -, 4-.-. -1. jr -- u 20 I -- 6 sit -4 —' 4 ----.1 -921j -.4 ---. —. f -7 77+ +F 12.-. -—.4.4., -.4 III - T - -- - - - - - 1 — F-A4. t. I; t I I -2. 4.. 1-. - 4-.- - -. I, I -. -'- -*1 -. --- —— --- —-..4 —. --- ——. ----.. - -.1 1. - * 4 -i K 712-1 * -1 LI * I * - -I- J24....4.. - 1.7 1.;i*1~ 4{il7ul 77.2.tz77

I I I I; V, I, - ~ T -4 7t 74:4K-i9 - 4'I I. I 6 I I i. I I T I I I f t - — r -- - t i.i - -I - I I,. I I! I I F 14 - 1969-:3-Q - 7 t-4 — - -- - I-i — I- - i. -1 -I. I. -- -! li-i I 1 1 t:t t 4 f;' f - + + P4, *-+ I t it-I -1, — I — - T - T I 9 - 4 4 i - i i 1 1 i i 0 i - '40 1 1 V71t "POP J: -L I I I - I. i i i: I i -: I -- -- - 9 — 1 i 9 —+- 4 - 1 1 i 1 — I — t 1 i t I. I- ' I I -- 4r#, r>4 - r - —.T -1 4- -- - I 1. I f-.7 E — — T +tL{ - I I 4 X 4 - I -- 19 L 1-. I -I.1. —4 9 I — -i -4. I -.L- - - - - — 4 ---- I - I -... I,- -- I'-,-— l,-. - f — I. 4: -19 -4 -4 -1 -<47 >1-f:. I 4- 4 -I -4-1 1 - -& F-+ I f I I I t-"f II 4- VE&14-.-4 t —t —1J -F T - I II - _-I L L 1 ' K - - - - I 1 - -, - -,, - - - - - I - - -1 0 - - I I.-" -t -. —. - I. - i A ----t- i - ".- t: I t T I [ i 4, --! i i I i i i ", - i - i i I- t 1. T l - I - -T r Li I; I i — I A I I i - I I I -- i 1-6- - 4 i i i -- -1, -I - -. I I I-? 1 1 1! t i - - I 4 4 i - - I -+-; *-:- -i - -4 — j — -. -j- -- -- t_:-. — - + ---v -- T - 67 - -f - v I I T — I — T - — L - I I 4.- -0- - -1-7FTT7i7-tx.; i22' i:4: I j7.j -r, -, - f- I —. - I f I -, — lI.. I I " -...I I I t -- I I, i I.- j. - i", , ---- t- - - I i i I I. F VI ty —f,I I, I _; 1- -- --- — 4 — -f - -, I --- --- -1-4-, - -1- i. -- :Z.- - - I I -1.. 4, - -; — - -- - t . - I.. -I --- i T i I i =r-= F- - -- ---- L. t=t I -I 4 J 1 4fO c70", PARALLEL, P 41AVkTATJ"'. oss 45 0t -I I I I I -, -- -4-. ii t I 10 I.. T I -- ---- - - - - Li - 4-4-+-+1~A4-t4 w -- 4 4 4 -- -- i.- -iI — T-~4 t +- H~t. 1 4- I i -J -l - — 4 4.. - I - I - I I, I" _T. I I - -4 -r- I I -,, - -- -.. t t --, -, - I - I - - - -- i: - I I I - f -, -, I I -1.. I - -1 I I I - - ---, I t — l -.1. -t.:- i — -- 4 — i.- 7 - -r - i. - - A I-,- -, - I T- --.-I — I - I I - - I - I. I -. 4.. I I - I --. - i — I.- t T — 'T. '' —.4, II. i'.... - -;-, i - I.- - - AL -'I- - i - -- -,. - I T I I 0 -,-i _ - i.- f - '_ __ _! - - -. - I .. -, i. - I -I - 1 -.. - I L-1 - --- i --- - - i -- - i — - — t- -- I I. -- I -.. - 1 -1. -.- t r --- I - — I- -, -— j- - i -".I I -'. I. i --- -4 —. I I!; i i I 4.L It. A — -7I -T I' - I - -, -- E I .. -.4 - - I.. 442 - - - 4 —I -- -4 1 T. 1$1 -111 4 -14 - 1 j L I - I I - i 4 4 i I I — 4 i I I O. i - I 0 I -t 1 i! 1 I I i i i i fI:,- 1 I4!110: I I i. - I - t,. I.. -... I.- I I I. -4- II ... -.- I —. —4.-4 5. - i -- 11 -. — I -- r. t — -, - I i —,. I I I -. —t -, -I T - r- - 11 - - -.- " -- -.1. f - I,- r7.1- 1- - - ILi —Z - -I --- I i., - A L-. -—., i -- - 1 T --- - I I I I I I -p; I-, 1 1 t t i 1 1 i -- -+ i-1 I -4-. -. I I 1:; I -1- - I 7- 7 - - -- I i I I ii 44 1-. 4 4,4- II.. —.4 -- %4..-4 ---- 4 *,-. I -4 1 141 -..4 I i5 rm 411 Ill —.- i —,I - - - I r -. - -1 - I i - - -— 4 — -— T i - I --- I - 1. I -1 I -- - - t -r i - — It i - - -,I -- I --:. ---.I-1 Ii --- t -,,. - f, I; I I - t- - -I I --.. -- 4 7 - I -1 - - i j -4 - -. - -- I..-t — -- 1-.- - --- i - - . -- 1. 1. -4 --- -- -- - -; -- 4 j I I I I- - -t7T, 41 f — --- II i- f - - I I -" I - 4 + - II I ---- - 19'- I -1- - I — I -L 1 i I -t -— T- - -K + 11, —. ' 4 - - Ii I I -. I -1 I I I I t I - - — - — l! I I --- i 1.4-v 17. 4,. 1..-1.tL-r-V -. 1 4+ 4 4.4 1 —. — - -- -4 -'-7 1 -1... '77I7I. r44w4r4)44-iL 4Lk.1.11 -<:19 -I ----. I I I I 1, m. -69r 0 - A N-.

I I I IT,,1 7i I klF.1, -. - - - --- - -.. 1. -.-. 1,-+ -. 0 - - 'ir - -f -. - I -,. - -I4 K- rP If-t -u ' Iif27 fft r I - 4 f, ip 4 -4 i - 7 ---- -.. - -. -— t -T t r —.i. = 1 --- -'l -- I.- T — - I - T,. - -- r,- - - 't- I i~ piT -1 - i 1 i i 1 -I i, I. 0 -+- Z i 1 1 - , 1 1 , P! r I - I - -, —! - - - I -17 i -, - - -T-,-i T-1 J — I 7 - f I v l, 7 - t. t -ft tt -...... K~~JmU i:~~~.ht:t~ I~4~4~L1Z~IL ai~. X~~WrHJ~L~zfAttf -y -,-J-11-1' -I Ft- -1 +-4 -. -.:I -- 1771 - — t: --.11 i.,- -,.- -i-, - - T - -t -—, - t — -.. 4-4-4- 4 —T -1. -+ — I - i In fitz w.. I -i — I % i-i.,~ ~It - I r r4t I I ht I I- I 44TpT I -- c4Tttz1L: -Avti., —t 1 4 i f i. i U- I, 6 --- -t 4-. 4 F K K-I i3fl ->1::f- I- -— t 4-1.. I -- -, i-..-! - . E-: F i — f- — I --- - ---IL, =T-4j -. — -I.t -11 r f — t —T-' r -4 I 6 J —t-t- 1-.-..F -- -- - - t r —T — &,;I -— I X I L. I -- -1 ' — I- -4,;, 1 - -+-+- -+ 1 i 1 b _ r 4 P — 1 WI t - I.71.7 -4- - i- f.-J-- - f - ---- — T -- --- -+,. - - I - I -— l — i - ~ i-4- - I:1 I - +- — ' -t -t - ,.1-, --- -1, I I -1; 4- 1 t-I- -1 - -1-iA- —i I. I 1 1,!! -4-I- + -A --- I S Vi SCAT TER FY!iQ(\I 2-/ -i;2iATJ-4~ 700, PERPIENDICULAK~_, P4"LA({1I2I - t —; I I —. — t i. -l I I I I -- I i I -T I-9 N S 54I ATI(-N. -f 114& -4- - It -I -t -t - - 1-f4 __ - -a S -~r 'II 4 - - o 1% _ ~ < T jijiI- I I t 1 8 i- — - iL:2. 'V -— I — it-p. — - I,i —14 I-i — I -1 2.2 p.14 7"T 8 go-i: — 4 42 - 4 4- t it -t F it'1 '' —4 { 4 - 4 -4 F --- —-1-: --- —I7h -2 -4. -II I I ~..0 ANGLE "M. r -j - 60

EM 4 — -. -9 I-44 4-4* -4: -t 7 -t.41 + A -4 4 4T1 r 2V p "-.1 :M,7,., 1 4-1 Ir i +, -L -~;4 1-*pp I I 1,77 -l T;i:l-,..-.. + --. I -f LLt ~1 I 4_ ilff X-T 4-4 -Ooi 4 — lt+1 -4 r+ L L7 7

I I.. I. I i. I I I; I. I i I i J, I a %. i I I ii i I T 77, - - — r.1 -- + -- F — - -I - - - - - I -- - I i -+- -T I I I '; 1 4 i i 1; I 1 i 1 i I- 9 (g ' —4 4-4-4-44-4-4+ tLttctzicK4z r I I', I I I 'I I I I 14441 -t ---r - - t — - DE -L-L- -i i 11 -1 -. . - i I I L 1; i 1 I 1 4 1 4- - 1 i i -1 " 1 ; Z 1 1 " i 1 " — f I !,-+ -4- i i i i 0 I i i 1-4- t f -+- - - -+-: - i i f i -, 1, 1 1 1., V 1 I 1 1 — 4 - i{+ti:t 4-A-i -- r --- — "' - I ---.1 --- t -.1 -I -,-1 -1 I -r -- --. — 4 -:i,A: -T Ij; I I I- f — I-A-, 1-i - - I 4'- - (I -- i -.-I -. -1 f — -- - - - - -.-4- - 1. - -, J.,, "I -, -1..-, - i -- A I.. 4 --J'. Ii A - I.. - I -4..''..I I - -t — I I 4-1..!; i! i f i! I I i *, —T. I' — I- -- I ijjj7? IL - 4j'7'VM+ 4Uc +-z4 4i -L I -T — t —T -1 -r- - 1 - -- r - i -, -— L- -I --- -I ) i I I - I I L I ; i I I -I - I '.- i i 4- 7 --- — 4 i ' 1; i 1 1 i! 4 4 0 1 + -1 1 O ' i ' i i -. I -- -- r 7 i --- 4 1- z4-4 r4- 1 l> I -t -4 i I I -' 'I - I t - Ir -,-7- "... 1 1 f -+ -4 - j4 4 It4lJ~iflh4L2:t I I -4 L 1Z JZ t '71ZZ LL I -4 - - --— Z ---4- I - — 4-i-~ ----!-41 1 4 4 -+-4 --- ---- - -4 t — 4 ---i i+ m — I i 14-,i4 1 11 1 i1 -i i;i i ii I i i - 0 i ~ 7i4444~~ 4 iL 11iI~ I I 1 - t -' I'- - t.- t-4 - -,f I I It - - L. —1 --- - — 1-4 4 I I -a a f "37 64 1 MZ=, r A,;3" a zIliq,; — 4' S ATTEJ~" 1' 1( A4{ ATP f'N. t -4- (A -'i (A70 1ERE NDII"-ULAR" I"OLARIZATION 4-.4 r70 E -- ~Ss 1 - -4-f r ~Ld . -. 1,71- --,,IIIIv 4-.. -, -. - I I I,,,,,,,,....... 444 - I --, I - i — I I 1 I r'- - 1 1 -T I - I 'r —Y —I= -T7-= I I, v L I I -5 i -L- — I - -L- - I - I- - I - -]L. I -,I —;,.., i i I I — I - - —! t 4 —. 4-.t-. — t -.= - -1 -i -1 -1 AL - A. I. L-1 + 11 i i -! i f i f i i f — f i- i f I I I + , 1 - "- - -— t t -, 1. I I I i L-..-L -------- - - - -. - - - -I — 4$- — '-I- 4Th - I!.., I + -4 — — I- -:!.1 -t V6 t —T I I, '-. I I I I I 0 1 j I I i I I L i 1 4 1 1 - - - - - -- i --. - - - -.. 4 - & i i i i 4 i i 4 i i i- i i i i.! i i i i i i 4 I i i i i i! - i- I 4- - I I i - i 4 ~ ~fl4~TL4-4 - I-. .... - - -.... I I I 11 .. I r . 11~~~ [4~~{ ~~14~MLFAfI 1T it J+4 Ft E —x - I - I - ' - I. .. t ---- 0 -4I I t i I.-.....:1 4;; 4;; 1; 4;, I' I + i i !;;: i i f i 1 i 1 i 1 .. I 44I 42- L L1J22L11 I. A2 2L L- I - ii- -... —2 — - -.. i -. — - --..+ -4-4 --- I - I -T-r-7 —' I 1 1 v 1 1, 4- FF — T —.- I- I I ---I I I -1- - -it. A I di.l I- - F7 -!.1 —mi... il-l - ---. —,. t I.. 1-1. —4- t — - - f. I - - I I- I! 1. - IT, f + + - +IVd 412 t~4~ ifril - -. ----4 —, — 4- -4 ---4 --- -4 — 44-444441- I - - I - I I i i - i i i i i,! i 1 i " i i I T -. -4-: j 4-- -+-4 —- -.+ -1.- - - - - I -- --- I. —. — l -. - -- I m. -- I.. - A - -..- -- I- -- - -t - i- - i -- - -. - - - -- j. - l -iill.T - 4- --.-1 —i -4 i q -i! i! I +-t! I..11 —'- -1,,,.1 -I -— A - I.m. — -, - - — v - " -7., -.-. -1- I. -.- j 1 -- - 4 —l- - i- - -i -i -.-.. -4. I I- . -+ - I -- - -, - - i -f 4 J-1-it1 it i —j I! I 0! i -! 11 i-t- 11- i i! i! i! t! f-j I I i'22L4 +2K t42 - ---— 1t EF~- +f fI I-II I i I I4AI II -41~1 - —,. - - - - -1 -.- -, 44 -L - -4 T -II!-4 I L.L I~4 I+I f- 4 44 4 1 4 --- —- 4-+-, --- —----— I —I-4 --- — + — 4-' + —,I I i -j-I.. - - - FT -, 4- -- I J.-.v.- - I - I - -. -, -- — f- - -V-! i i i + f -I AL 1-4- S; I;; ' 1 4 4 2>-1:r-h T hiV I -- fi 4- -4 — I., t, 4 -4 -.. - 1, I F- 0 -A --- -A` --- -;::::;:z4; 4 —4 14 [ IF- I I- - -L- -T —4 flh - -i-~i7i 77717i-77i7~!! - -4., I- -.. -— fit -4' — --— 1 --- — I - - I I' — 6 — I — -. I I- - - - - - I II J — -ti I - I - - - T -. - -- I -! - - - -- 1 — zj-7iLj44A 4I;;! — 4 i 4 ; i i; i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I i f, i H i -i 1 I I I I -' - - — _ --, -. I-4 I- 4. I! I I i — ~- E — - - I- I.I i -f7-4 — - -T I I - T I I - - I I I I I I I I - I I -1 I 1-1-i- I-A-.- -.-.- ---- 7 - f I -t- t-t- + — -- I --- - -- I I f i - -I 4 44 4 4 ' ~ -r-4 -~ Z- l -l 4- -— 1 - Et+Li4it I - - -r --- --. I I. --- --- - I - -1.., --.- - — l t — — - I-; —4 -. — - - - - -- t -.,, I i i s i.1 4 1 1 4- — 4 1 i - i 9 1 1 1 f 1 f i 1 1 1 i 1.1 1 i - — -4 -l-R -1 I, i -- -— I i i; It i i; i! i 4, i i Vy i i i i I 1 4 __, t.- i. 7-t-.! 77t... 777 t.71. 7-t-17 -1,.1 -t --- 114 ---t I - I-t — - - I i-__. - t-.. -4 -, - -- -4- -- - —,-! --- -- I -. — - - —.I -4 --- -- I I4 1::1 — -- --- I — - t - i - 114' 4 + 4 I -4 -1 ' ' [ - - -- uj, i I I I... iI: I I I - 41!il ^ I I - 4 --- 14 — '''-4 4 2 - - 4~ - - ' 41 -. it'4 tn — 4 -- I t4 - 1 -4 4-' i t ->.-4 I Itz - -— 4- -:4 +- IZ " T T --- - -.. t -1 - i- --- - 7.t --- T- I F-j I' - I - — V-t4-4 ~ 4 +-~-1 i -4.. --.11 —f -11, - I -- I - -I ------ T-, I.- ] -.- t - 4 -.- --- - I -1 - i - 4- - 2 I- I -, I -! 1 i, I. I -.I- - I- -_ -, -- -- - —, -.-. 1 -, 4 '-17 -I I - 4 --- 1-4 4.- f.,4 ii-1 -- -I-iI I — T- 7- 1, - T -- I I i I i: -- " ---. I. - I I I -.. -; - 1;4- Li 4; —4 -; --- i; i i 1 1 i i! f i i i " a 4 1 I I 1 i i 1 i i f i t- I - - - 1. - -- ---- -- - f- I - - -- - -, -.-,- -. -4 — - I I - - - - ---.-, I" - i - — t- - r- -; - 4 - -- - I - r -; I F - -r- # f i i 1 A: I f 1 _ 1__ 1 ' - ' -, __ _ -1 _. —., L. * — t F - + — 4- J —-4 ---U - 4'' — f -i-4 -i. - 4 I - II 414~ 44.. b Lr -— 4 -" --— 4- i i I-, ---i -f I:-~ t t l-~-. i - -.— t — - i I m I I -. —t ---- r -! --- I.77 I- - —.- -.- 1 — _- -I__-_ - — I -1.. — I -.-.1. — 4, I I 4- 4 -17. - I-. -- - I -I — 4.i;7- -7 t - -.- - " — i. -;.7 --.-...- ' t — - -Lr-7 I t ----+- - -- 1,-. —, - —.T— t -— I- - - - i- -- - - - T. -:T= -4- - j - - - -! - -P I -L-I=L - 1t I. -1I I o L —r-,. I — f - - II-,:7- -~1.-,- -i.. - L-,, — - - -- 44+ 4:1 -- - j?4 - t- - I'I 7 I-. 1- I - I - r- -- 1..., ' JL [ -1 -- I - ' L- 7 ";' ' - i —'. il - ' 4 -'4T - 11 - li 4 1 1 j 41... I I - - l - I 4L;. j i, - i + i --. I...- - 1 1:, I -I - - i i. -- 4'J- I — — it- 41 i- I -,1 I -. 4 --- t — -I - f - 4.~ — I t4 44 V{ V+ 42:1!4 + ---4 —4-r I —' 4- -, - - 4 -- - i7 — 7 I. 4-I1 -1 1... I - f - I, — " +. 4 ' - 7. 2I I I - I 4 - -1 —4 — +1 -7, - 1 - I 4" I.- I ~i- T --- 4 -. -. - -L- -,. — - -, -- I -I- I. - - i,,..... — - -i -; - + - -, I. -i 1- I - - 4:14: - 4-' 4,ll -171 I.. ~ i. K-, - II!- 441.-. ' 4 - - I - I I i, --- - i -,, I + I..I I r -- - — t- i - t - -f -, - f,-. -. I '-f —t- I -I - '!_1 - t i i -1 - --- " . - 4 ` i 1, 4 ---J- i i -J. — - — 4 -14- tI' I I I t ---4 -, i - -- -— 4-. I -.-q.. - -i.+ I-4 f-i T I — I - - 4 - -F --- -T -T F -K a -A I m- 4A I9A10 _ __ _ __ __ _ - ir IN A'A. 88m 0 ANG4(LE in r 62

I' -r-r, I 1 T' - I- -1.4,iI,!, 4 K-t'.V '117KV 4IpT V :4:.-:. t4+ 4- 1 17 I -1..... 1 - - — I- 4-1 -1 i 44- i — i-A i f i i I -f 4 4. — -- - '- 4L I I I I i i i I - I - - . i I i t i i i i i",-4 I; 4.- i I rl - i M717 I i i, 1 " I 1 1 1 'I 1 1 o - +,- i 1 lo 1 1 i i - 4 4 1 40 'I I 1 4. I +{.- i-+ II I i -h - f — ---44 --- - -! I - i "-4-4 I 4-. - -47} i i 11 4 i i 4- 4- i 11 i i f - + 4i~~jI I' --- I I -,- I, 4= -1 f- - f -- 4-+ -T -t1 4 ti 4-i - 4 - ----— I I i i- t I... t t I 1 I ~ t 1 1 t -t~ f 1 i! t t o: 1 11 1 4 i 1 i, — 4 L -JL:L, V i - - t — - - - -- -. - - -- " — -— T', - 111.I — — i ml-I 4 - I f I 4- -,I, t, ,.l I I- I- -- -, -I.. - -1-1 II I- '.I I ". -4,;_. — —.- i 1 S -- -,-4!, - + t- k- -1 j,. T I - -, — —. -.1 -i —. I --- - - I ' — - 1. -f —,L- -,` 4,, -, _: J-1-1 - I I — t- i. 7, I 1-i 12 f4 I~7 -?VT[+ -- TI -~ -- hI +YI9E4 1+-i-V — 4 --- -~ ----.- - 14 --- — _: I;4.-7jII L -, -, 1171 —l - Z,- -4-. —- L-1, -'m -- -- -. - - - - -.. -. - - i. — 4 - — + — — i - -.- - - 1 I 4 1 - -1 -4'I ~ 4J~-t - -4-4- - -*. 4,. tTTF - L-. ~ -I —4- - -r - - cr>- T T74 Lu t _I8 -4-2 1 1 71f 17t>- vi 4 4-7 1/ I -4 --- - - -t 4$ -- -1t-... i; I i i I I it I - — I -r -f,L-j -.. t -----., -.4 ---- -- - -.. - I — 4 I I —I — ": -;, 7 1 -- -I. -.- - I- -. I -4- -1 L I — 'I AL — t i,;, 4.. -I — -4-4.- f-4-t-4- -.- 44- 1 -1 -t - -.4- 4 4. - 4 - -..YFT7i:7Tf7P 4 -, - - - -- -4. 4-1 -'I:- 1* --- - 17 i , — 4 - -4- 1 a - I JL I I — 4 -r —4 — 4 —4 - -I-,1t I -I -t r. i I i - i i! i i -!, 4- I 1 — 77.~ F I i I, I. — I I -, - T — I I. -i - i. I T. - I'- - i - i I -- F —T- - - 1- I -- - -. - I - - -, I- 4 -., I-. JL i " F ' 41 - -'- I I -! -! VA f f 1 i 0 a 0 1 v I i I i h i i i! I i! I i .L - --,, i IT- -, -11-I — --. 1 - - f -t7-t-. — i r- -- I - -,-.. —f -- -— I-..7. - - I - I - - - -T 44.4, —7 -r-, -1 I I T -— ' - i i - -i 7-. ..A- - --- - e I -.., I-11! -- I — -------------- I i ---1 - I I I I I L I r i; i I:! i f 1 - - r.44 1 T- -- -1 —' 4;- --.- - 4 I4 - 4 --;- -- I - - - tffi77- 7 - ..- f-1 - - I I - i -f - t, - i, I - L... " 'i- - I" I 7/1 - - t - - I - i - 1 -~- & 1 i 1. 4 4I. -T - i - - - - " r -; f -, - - -- i. I.- I. i - i -—.4 - - I. -j.- -— II I I I _-r, I-, 4. ';- - I I - . I 1 -1 II -F -:4-4 — L I I -s —i -r 1 1, I i v - i 1 -- - -. - 4 -4 --- -4 — - I I I. I -L A i-4. - 4 - -t i t I i i -M I 1 i -4 --- i; i~~- 4 - - -1-4 — -14 72 -4 1- -4 I I t I I 4-4 --1 I i i i i - -.1-1 - -7.247<44 -2 >t:4 _ -:4 - -.; - -1-i 4 I! o +-, H,i i I I 1; 4 , I -'-4-! j i 1 -t- j- ' —4 - 4-4-.4 --- - t 1, 4 - 4 t-4 4 4 4 ii 4~ 0 1 -.- 1 1 Is -- a t I 1 ir I I -t 4 — — 4 i - '.L. 4 477-..1 77i~ 4.4,. -, ATE L4- 4T I. -,AT F.~ I F44.4 I-41-t-,~ 4~4f~- 4 4 )- LA,- ZA- - T- - 14N. 4-4-4F.:4... -4 -— 4-4 L 4 - -I 4L7. - ~1 - 1 I 1 f 1! I t; 1 i-., - - - -- -- 11-1 --- tI j - - I f.., -+ I. --- + -1 - -i - I ": .4'i: i — 1, - ' -4 - i - - I " -" - - 4. - 4- —;7- --- -, I I L- --, -I-I4. —' -- i —4.-.4 - -- 4- -. I -r! T i:,, 1 4 1 i!, i iI4. I m.,,MI l% 44 VP dt, — -i! ".I! I IWI I - 1 t 4 14.- t -1 4- 4 I — U: 4 4-.44-. *-.-.~~ ~ 47 4-2-..4 ~=.. = L. 4 T'- -.N iAV-'-Y'V4Y' r- -, I. - — m - -. -. — -. -.- - -..1. I 'm W-W IMR 1w - - 19 WV v I -.?RIN-rOr 114 Q' SA. - 0 - A~f1E-Tm ~-.& r 6.3 - 44..0 a

< P -,, I lm I I I F I. t.. f.1 I tt 1 I; T * * - * -.;. - *. -l - I M14t jr: - -I I I-,-~, T-+ -4 VT2 i -- -~44.4 4J2 4.~244J..Z1 ltnrl —jz I I I I.? i, -, -. 4. I. - I -f -., - -, -, 1+. I --, -- — 4 4 - - 4 - 4 --.- -. - -. - -- L --,I I.. — J -.. t,'I F-.IZ7J7 ITIEU L T7 1 -- -- - i 1 f! -- u | -41-:7 I - I I I -1. --- I- I -- "I -I - f - - -— t- I -f- I -— j -- - — L 11 - - T -.. - -. -, - - - - -A —, --- -1 I —. I - 1 T -- I I - I - I I - - -- I. — t- - '. T — —,, - --— i -, - 4 I - .4 ....f -. I :, -I . I - I 1-1 - - I,..4 -1.-,- -11 - I I-,... p:- 4 71 -: -4,1A444Z4.Z4 1-4 -4 ---~ i -.4-+ —.-4....-.~.L i 1 ZLT t7 I 4-4- - ---:. : -T - . f -" --.. -1 -- -- - t I— V- l,-:T=l- -I -, T1 -t- I...,I:: 1-1 - - -, - -t - I, - - I --- -I - i.. 14 -2 --- 1 r, I. I. I I', — I T I JPI —7b-+LJ T:LIjY j r e f t — 1 4-4 I f * 4 -f *- 4 I4, t -: - 1 - L -3- 4 - 4 -7 I. 1-7t — I - _- - -. I - - -- I - L - -7,f,.' Z t - - I - t '74-f- 7 —r-: —t-t, _, - - I -- ", —,, -'- I i - 4 - -_ - 4_. *:. =~c17V i 7I1 14~tf I 4L __ 4~j~IT4:EV 44 _____ -4-4 K ~k~Ltj~~4t4944 - L4t h KYT~V -- ___7 -i _ _G 24.-AO4~~I- *LI PI J4 4 ~I 4, - 4..4 4,:.. 4-'i -; ' - FIG. 5-49: FORWARD SCATTER FROM WATER SURFACE WITH _,_: * t — t ~.... rl:!, NO WAVES, PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION. t6 ~- Ir'' i ~ = - -.. ' -..... —: — - -; -,.;;-:, — ~ 1.-F- -. — 1-.^_ —=.-'- -.e- X 4; -4I_- |-i-! -t- - -J fi;:-f +-t-!*.<. — H -^.... J' ^.i.^.... ~1^ ' - _ __ i. --- _1_. r ' 2'O mj~rit ~~>1S;F}~$tF - -..... I. -- I — - - - - - -.......... I - -i ---- - -. - - - T I I,,.- f - - - - -.- I -..- -,-. - - E:" - -..- i4 -, -...t — i t i I i i i 4 4 - 1 1 -, I - __ 4 — - - _..IT - I - I-.. t-' I'-, - 14 -7 1 _.. - - 4 —t" A- - "I _ I i. — -— t - -- - # - I - I.... - -.. -..S.-. I . -.... -.. - -.1 --- - 4 - - - - - - 5- o Ayr - * T-.4 _-t_ 4..-..- ^ ^ d~cn:.: 3; i - - - ^ s a - * - k. I II,I Lim * 4 RB

0 1' -9 —I,, V: -1'T:rtIii HE 7 'If r 1 -. I -. - - - — Pv 4 - P. I. I I r Ir! I -- q, - T.. '1 I* 4-4- I -; t i. - -1 -, 1 If. —I. I ---- -,- -4 - i -A " -t - I I I I I. 4..I..-I I - I T -i 77 -!= —I 969-3-Q -f- -H -. "..-4 - i. - I I f -, I; I t, I i I I I I f. I I I,.1 I i, I I. i I.... I... I 1 -4 I I-. — - I, I — 4. I ~ 1 97 I 14 4Vv if iiL itE 111f14+t24f -4. -4-. A-" - i -, - - I - 4 - -- f - -t I" -T-4- 1 4 1 1 &., 1 i i f 1# r i i i t I!! a t! I -j.4- - i - t -. -4 - 4 - -1-4. -.- - -- - 4 1 I - t - 4 I -t- 4 - +-+- 4. 7 1 - - ---- — I --- 11- I -1-t - - I I - I -. - i I-, -- I::! ': " -4 ----.f- -t, +- - 4 -IF-+- i i - -tl t i I! i -! i -? i -I i i - - I L —l =-, - " I — r- I - -I -- T - - r I I I I I 4-4- i - - - - -1 -- L. - - fA —:.f — ~ -- - — 17- --- - 4.- --- -1 i-, - -" -- 4 -- -, -4 — j - i - '+. - I -.. - -P - 4 -4 -1 -f -.-i —"7 4 - -1- 4,-, 1__T_ 4i -I ---.7 7 -i o 4 114-411 I i-. 11. 1,, ", 1, "; -,, I I I — j - I I. I; i,, 4 - o r, I y I. 4 I i I #-. t I —.9 -, -4 — 9. 7 1-7 4 49i' 1 T4 44 f49 990 - 14. 41 19 41 Ii d . 24 in 41 - I.t-. 24:..::I4tr 4 — 99 9 -i:7 71 - - - ir4. 1:.-4 -4 T i -1.. - — t -- - i - -f+- - I --.- -, - I. -1 -, - li, -— T - -4 1 14 i. - -4 4 i 4- 1 i — + I I- I- 7 - — t - T, - t —. -- -1 - -..- - tl — - - I- I —l_ cIIiIi 4 4- -+-+ ---w ---4' — E I i - i i -! 1! - i I + -4 - 4 --- +-4 i - - i I i F I., — -- - - --- - - , — I,-. - — 4. -44 i I I i 1 -4- 4-; I- 1 - i- - i i # 1! - f! -+ ~~1 - IT I -1 II- - - - T-1 —4 - -7.4 -ii:12 ~t4 - i i 4. — -! - ------ i 4- -4 — -- + o - - I — l - -.I- -- - -I -1-,.-- 4,-I- I' - -ti I I I - - i ---j 1 1 i 1 i i! '. + + t - 4 t i i 1, "! - - - Zl-. - X -— + - —, - 1-. A -=-. - - 0 -i, 4- -- -9. -4 - -+- 't - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - .. I - - - --- - - - - -f -I — - I.... - - - - - -, -..l - I- --- - t -.-:_ -f -.. ... t -- - i - -T-.:L- -14 -, -I - I — '. - - I - I I- 4. 'i I - -- --...... - - - - - - I - I I -1 I I I I - I I I I I 11 i i -. - - - - - 4-4..-I. - Ir i i I - T -1-. -- —. - - - - 4 - -- I -- -. I - I 0- 4 -. 4 - -. - - t -:- — t — -I-! - i — i 4 -, -1 - - -- - I --- -— +. - I I I I I I I - T - I 171j71 K~~ — I-4 V4 i4:4 s4. 1 - - — P-.. — I.-f -. - + - i i -4- i —I i i i. 11 i i i i I, 4 — I-- I,I -+ —i r-'. t-:i -- - - 4 -. -- 4 - - -, t -, - + 1. i -:4Ev - - --- - I -.-....-- -- - f — -t ! L -.. I I 6 - i i - 6 m. I m - i 4 - I -0 - i - i - i.4 - t i 2;i-i. 4 — 4 1 AtI- - -- i i 4 - I --,I - 1 - I -- I: 1 4'tL —i I 4 t7 t 'I -9 - -T-,: 7 - I-1 T4- L~ -I 7. 7 -.1 --. - r-. I -1 -- -t:-! — I= - I - I -- -- L 4- -4 -4-4 -4 - I- - i- -4 - - - t. 1 -- f -: - f- — 4, 1.. - " - t —l - -t- i - t I -Y -: --- 1- L-i — I I I I --.. I I K5-50: FORWARD SCATTER FROM WATER SURFACE WITH WAVES, PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION. I -. I t I- -... ~1. -- - I-4 --- II I.IT1??-"rIi -,. 4i: -i:, - -". t,.4 - i. — I. I i -I --- i - - t, -. t I. - -, t I -.jl- f, - - F... -- r - -. - -.-,. - 1-.. - - --..- -.-..- -. - -1 -- - -- - 11. -.. I - -—, - -1 - - - - I - I -. 4- 4.. I- 4. I..- . I — i 7 - I - _7 - 4.... f, r-4 - j47 - 43'-, -1. I- --- 4 - I -.. - -4 '. i- - -t -4 --- - -T...- - - - - I i - -—.,.4 I- - I -. -— 4 - I- - - i - -t -- I I I I I - I- - V I I i ---. - I, -, -I- -T- T - - -- -T -, - I I I, - -L I - a - i. e t, 11? -t 1! - 1 i 1- I I I.. -—, - I --. - i i i! +- I I I -k - - + i " I! i i 0 f t I - t f I I _r i J,-1. W 4F44-1 t - - - - -.. ---4 --,- - -t-:-. -.- I.- -.- -- -.:1 -- -- - t - I - - - - I-I.. 1-4 —. I --.1.. - - - —..-.4.- - I I t- -1. - I.-, i I - 1.4. -1-4 — -1 I - -; - i 1 -4 ' i - 4 1 - i ' t - t? -! -— t! t - -j.I I4 i 9 A,.I -4. I-t —..J. — a. -;,- -- - M4 — 4-1... - - f- - -t- - - - -f - - i-4 - -4 — i - ' - r -1 --: - - -- Jm4 6 I Ax A.. 0- i.-., - -- - - - 'mg - - .A4- ., t+w" 0 A -. -, 8.. - - I;. I. - I.. I 1,,. - -11 III V-A.,,...ANGLE,,. -,9~.-.999 49J44.6..,, i ,, 11 -Ta,

r 91. -4 - r r-4 I 4. 7-f-In icr --, - 4 t t -.- - 1.1.4. -I' Iq; E-1- -- A i I 1. 4 —;_ — 4 i i a 4.! 1 i i 1 t t I! " LT-4, iA-7 1 -1 rl —.. I — I 1 ` I Li 2v',Xr- - 11, __"r I t <V 7TTV3 - r 1< 1 -* 14 -t 227 TLL LAA. r -k-'- -+- V. -I 11 lr-:7T ---=.L i I- 4 - 4- - - -;:_ i i ---4 - i i ~ --- w i -4 i- tk i i I -11 I ---- I-; f, -, j j- &; 1- io i i 4.! —t 1-,- 4, t I I: I VIr1HW - - - - - itt -r f. —A -- -- I J --- -— 4 —, ---- --. TI. -1-7 ---- - I:r F 7,-.-T-:7T7 * --- f... I I -. - -. - I - - — I - — -- -... ll. - I.! - -4. itr- —,I - - -. - I - -'. 4 - - , 714 77r. " -- - `- - - i — f- -- - - - -- - I,-.. - I -- -;- ---., -.1 --- - - -,.. — i — -. -.., -. — f - - I - - o. I p - I" 1. -1..-:EELL-1- i I I zr_ X - - I... I -. -. 1 - I Al t....... 't. -,.: L —! --- - - I - - -I --,. j.- -- - -- + —+ - i -- - I — *-T - t t r I!; x I I I - i - - "- I --- 4 --- — t- 11 1-11 -. -- i. -1.- -- — I- -- T —T -, i i I I i 4 1 1 1 1 0, 1 t 1 1 - 1 1 -1-1 I-! -!!, i I I 1, i - I. -... - - - -- - I I -..; I. I - - - -- I I I I. -.. I I I -1- 4- -4 ---.- --. -I'- -.-;...,t... -.- - -.- 11 11 -t t- -4-i-i. — I -.; - I.. -- - - -I -, I --. ) --- I -,T-. -4 1 - - — I A., I I.-. -I-,, I f —t =j -1 -.-t — -i -- - 4; — Z41:: 4--! - -4- f i -:LL:A:=T- I - - - - I - I I I -- Io.-. I - f-t T:-l I. 14 4$ 4tt+ T ---T- f- L-U: -- 1 -4. lu I I & I & i I I ~J I I - I. i. - - 1- 1.. +- f-,. f 1 1! - -V'7V7 ii 2TIIZRL Am1 I - 4 - i 11 — F 77 -1- 4 --1 Tr -= - -— II,- T-1 - - - " - I I -I- - -, - -t — i I -- i 4!; i i 4 + i!- I I 1 I - -7 - ' — I --— 4 + --- t 4- 12-7 4 >41 i I - I- I -t --- --. 1 L - r I - I — 1. - 7., -.-..- — I - - -- 7 -=-" I -1 — T - --.. ---4::14-.: f ,T SIF R~TElY(. SHiALL9W`E-'{ WAVES, P E PVPN1) 1ITCULlA 13 COL ARIIZ AT I C"N - ~,iI i -- i-I f, -I - -I- -.- -- k, - I ~tVL~I VTT 7_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I__ IL -4 - — i ~ O~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I. I.. I. I.. I. I.. PRITE UN.S.A. ANGLE 4~4-4- -~ 4-54~~ 44- 4-k

1969-3-Q FIG. 5-52a) FORWARD SCATTER TEST STRUCTURE WITH ELONGATED TANK. FIG. 5-52b) HORN POSITIONED IN TANK, WATER LEVEL AT BOTTOM OF TAPE.

i-it r I ---- it'T -4- L-C. --— i 4:4 -- 1.' -tL~ - ---- -~~ — id~ I- -~ - I.- -.t~t - 4 — I ~4i24i7ii~iTTf -t — ~-c-4' I!~-: ~~ *~ I.1 W I V-i. - _ _ _. 14 i~ i -1 1 L 1 * C - ~ -t-i! +- t -; —1 71-7e.L~ 1-C.-J,..-3 f;rt -t r i~;-1- -:t — i — ~-(-~- ' L -C-~- -~ hii~t~1-; —C-t~-~r -- 1- f ~-: t-~ ~-i- ~ ---1~~ -I ~ t-F1-T r ir --- -e i c ---i - i —r t C ~-i I; t- i —i —C, I, 1 i~ —! t:' t _1 t- -t- -1 -r' T"' ~t t ~;t i JL t t -- I r — i i -— ~1- — c... i. I:i ---c-~ ~ ----~ — -F ---~ i --- t . e-. — i-~;~ -i r i - i ~-; i.. — t- i --- —i — t i..?.. L.. t I-iI t ~-~-,, --- — ~t 1-~ i- t —~~-~-- 1~ — i i-i: )~ t ~~ i -t:~- -~ t --- t1:-j;- C ~i-L 'f t --- j i-. i j i i ~.$ -t —i f t --- -r,1 I,. t -~-I ~~- --— + ~ --- c~ — i -~ r 1.I. i ---~e- I — f i..-:i. C.. _1..-.. -i ~i-~~'~.(..:...1! —~ i-1.1.. 1. __,_ --, —t t- t + ---~r~ — ~-i ~- ~ ~ -- -i.-1 i ~-I~r it.-J~-t —~ ~~ r..ce --- f~lk — 1-~ — J1... t- i--.i c -— tt i t -.1. 1- -~-,-! t_.rl. — -i —i i f-:i::i I I It )f - t+~III ~~-~~~ -— 4-44' )- I t - ~-i-F - I i — t ---t-ch+c K r FIG'. 5-53: AVERAGE VALUE FORWARD SCATTER FOR 2-: CORRUGATIONS AND WATER WITH SIMILAR WI STRUCTURE. - -2-3/4' Corrugations Water I, w~ 0 i i.., ~i, -liii _: -. It: *I I rpi~)~ ~:

4-.- 4 T-7 -K-'4 w6 I I 4: ~.J- i 4-4 30 - ~Lhi. ~y~ AVI STE ~JE '_M_ T -(T - I i — A-L a I r t ' I T - 'I I I I; I I! r, -t -I - a; '01 r 't 4.4 j.t1. 4- i 4- + * t-, I ~ ~-, 1 -i f0 - - +- -- - - 1 - - -. -- -4- i. - -..-- - - - -- - T"- -! - - - -1 I,- - 4 — l - -; ---- 1 —i---- E. t I.., - -4- ' 1 64 6 4-4-4 - i —, I-, -- I-I: -T r — I-1 4. - 4 j 14-4 L7-t -t —... - I I. --t I- i s, +6~ Ii -+*- ~ -1 -4 -.. I- -1-.- 1, I I -, 1 - - '..4.. J. -.1 I I I -.4.: ---- --- -.-. i - -, - I - I..,+-. t'. [.-I, I I f1-iz4dTh 4 *1 4-.1 I '.-.. I t -t:,, - A i -L i 40 ~ I i k i 1 i 4-v 0 0 4 ` '. " l i f j; i- K.,I 3.- I - - — T-. - - - -.1 -.-.!- I- - 4- I-,. I I 1, -- i — Ir -41. ~j: - 7r I ~ I.I ----.4 -: -- I '2 -1 7 1 "t- r I I? I.-t. -r --- -L -. - t. ---l+ - — 4 —. -- - -1. I -.- 1..1 b I I-— 4 - I -. -.- 4::: t- + -, 4; - - - 4 - - I - -.1 Pt - -- I -+4 4 — A I - I..- ri,, 4 f- - -, - -4 -4-1 -492 -1 4A 'ui 1-i —v 4 -4 - -,N - i - I,-i —. -.. I... '.. - - I -- - -. I - I - —.I -, - -, -- i — i — ' I I. i -i 1 i i i -! i 1 I - 'L: t I!77T7 t-4 - - 47 -— 4 —.-, 44 - -7-1-'-- 4jZ 574: -A I 1 - I i. —1." I - -. - f I -7 " I ---It-t - -, —: -1 - j- 4 - -r -4 1.:fl 4. xffi4:iriTh4 4-, 4 1 -41 i - - - -4 —, 1 i! 1 0 i 1; 1! i f I i - - -. i 1 H-4 I; i A!, 1 41- 4 — i i 4 1 1 -! - — o- 1 0 A i 1 -!.. + — i i 1 1 - - a i I 1! I - t I I -: i, I t I; 1 I 'r -1 — -htt: 77 - - - 4- j t -- - 442- - - ji - *- - -1- - -, - -4 — - 1- -4 -- 1 - - r- 4 —4 --- —4j ---4 - -T 44 -4-.-I IT f..4 ~I A z::;0 - 1 tt: ~41, oI1i i Zt <4.:7 ih 4- 2 44:4244.1 I FA{AGE VALUE Y( tIWF)AJ)I) SCATTER~ F"-.)1:I -14 RRUGATIONS AND WATER1 WITH SIMTILAR WAVE IUCTURE. --— Corrugations (1-1/4)- -- Water 4 x.-1~: -A A MIIk-LI1- jti $ 17 ~

1969-3-Q VI POWER RECEIVED CALCULATIONS (Tactical Situation) 6. 1 Introduction Employing the test structure discussed in Chapter IV, forward scattering patterns have been collected for several different surface configurations. Surface configurations considered have been a flat metallic plate, two corrugated metallic surfaces, and a wavy water surface. Data collected has shown that relatively strong signals may be scattered near the horizon from a ripply sea surface. Because of the large signal levels that may be present near the horizon, some elementary calculations have been made to determine probable signal levels that may be available at the aperture of a distant receiving antenna. To make these calculations, use has been made of the Friis transmission formula (Kraus, 1950) slightly re-arranged from its normal form. The modified form of the Friis transmission formula is, (P - G ) P + L + L (6.1) r r t t p s ( where all units are expressed in dB or dBm. P and P are the power received and power transmitted in dB above a milliwatt (dBm). Gt and G are respectively the gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas and L and L are respectively p s the path and scatter losses associated with the RF energy. L is obtained from the expression L = 20 log (X /47R). Data for L is obtained from the forward scatterp s ing pattern data that has been collected employing the test setup discussed in Chapter IV, The geometry for this problem is shown in Fig. 6-1. Employing the above geometry, the path loss (L ) for the forward scattered energy is obtained assuming R = H + H from Fig. 6-1. When determining the path loss for the side lobe calculations, the straight line distance (R s) between the transmitting and receiving site is used for R of the path loss expression. 70

0sl AS, 1969-3-Q 40 40,000 r-20 430,000 20, 000 l A10 10,000 r- 20 FIG. 6-1: DOPPLER SYSTEM GEOMETRY 40 A -r-5 \4S 10 A 10 -r-10 A - r-5 0t 71

1969-3-Q 6. 2 Forward Scattering Calculations For the purposes of the following calculations, six conditions are considered. For all six conditions, it is assumed that the transmitter is located at an altitude of 40, 000 feet above the reflecting surface and at an angle 0t 20. The six conditions are associated with the receiving site. Three conditions assume the receiving site is located at an altitude of 10, 000 feet having 0 rs with respect to the scattering surfaces of 5, 10, and 20. The last three conditions assume that the receiving site is located at an altitude of 40, 000 feet and again having 0 's of 50, 10, and 20~, (see Fig. 6-1). 40 The nomenclature to be used is as follows: A The superscript 40 denotes r, 20' the altitude is 40, 000 feet, r denotes the receiving site, and 20 denotes that 0 is equal to 20, and A denotes altitude. Employing the geometry of Fig. 6-1, the data of Table 6-1 has been compiled assuming that the transmitting frequency is 13 GHz. From Table 6-1, one may obtain the path loss (L ) associated with energy transmitted via the scattering path H, Ht. TABLE 6-1 o 10 10 40 40 40 0 H + H (miles) L (dB) H + H40 (miles) L (dB) r t r p t r p 20 13.2 141 29.9 148 10 18.6 144 51.4 153 5 29.4 148 94.6 158 Relative Path Loss versus 0 (Forward Scatter) To obtain the scattering loss (L ), experimental data for wavy water was used (Fig. 6-2). On the data of Fig. 6-2, the scattering coefficient associated with a flat metallic plate has been noted and serves as the 100 per cent reflection 72

1969-3-Q coefficient reference. It is assumed that there are no losses in the plate and the reflection is specular. Figure 6-2 serves as a calibration curve and the scattering loss may be read directly from it. Employing this curve the scattering loss associated with the ripply water for angles of 70, 80, and 85, corresponding to 0 ' of 200, 100, and 5 respectively, have been obtained and are shown in Table r 6-2. TABLE 6-2 00 L (dB) r s 20 -14 10 -18 5 -25 Forward Scatter Loss versus 0 r Employing equation (6. 1) and the above data, one may calculate (P - G ). Example 1: Assume that the power transmitted (Pt) is 10 watts (+40dBm); gain, Gt of the transmitting antenna, is 20dB with respect to an isotrope; L, the path loss is -140dB and L, the scattering loss is -20dB, (P - G ) is then -lO0dBm. s r r Employing the more exact data of Table 6-1 and 6-2 (P - G ) associated with each r r of the 0 's may be obtained as noted in Table 6-3 for A 10, 000 and 40, 000 feet. r r TABLE 6-3 0 10 10 40 40 0 P -G (dBm) P -G (dBm) r r r r r 20 -95 -103 10 -102 -111 5 -113 -124 Received Signal Level versus 0 (Forward Scatter) r7 73

1969-3-Q -- I I I. I - -- I - I - I-. i I -- I - I-. I ",T-.9- il -1 I - I - -- -- T- -4-4 - I.;-. - - I - 4. j- _ j..-I - 1. _., - -A.i - - J.- -, I. 4 - '-'I - I I -.4 - I - -I jf i - - -4 --~ ~-44-!.I & —, - 4 ol - i i 0 1 I i 4 1 i 4 i i -4 -'- -4. - I, 44 '~t: -T, V.L.4 ~.L 1 -4 —t ----f —-1-t ---I 1LjT. I- 4 —~-J li-I hi VT i-Vi-'- 1+ 4..1 -4 Ki~T~{- 114 j+f[ VdI 4f flmVf} - f4jYJ; 4:J -f -dT2{ .F:Vi{? I I il i 1 4- i! 1 i 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 — -4 1 -i ii ',.. 1. - -1 , - - -- i ---4- -4 - 1-f-T "-,,_:I-.-.-, -... -1-11. -- - - - --- - - -,, - -, -, - - 1,-4 - -- I - - - - -.-f -. -I. — 4 --- - - -, - -. - --- - - 11 - I-. - -- -.- I- — + - " ---- - 1-:1 ---- - -- 7 4 -j 4 - - + --- 4-it I I I- - I - .-j- A - -.1: -1!t t -. #. I -t -.i + -. -i-..,I — +. f -I - - M [I.- 4,. f - - I. I. --, - I I i r-4-4-k 4- ~~i-?.1, 7rIrI. i II -1 T ~72~TTT1VT~;cT-:; 2. f! i -~ ~ ~~rrzz. -6, i 4 1 - O' f 6 -R 7 2:I4:17p t -$ff - 4 f 4 i - i i i E 4 1- i i - IMetal Reflector Surface ReferenceI -:4 4.+ I -1 -ra, T. - -,.i I- i -- LI - I-! I I -- +.1 f 1-,- I- I (OdB) t -, 41 K~ Fk1ThlI I r 'T T I 7 I r r I - -3- I-_- I 7T - -1 71- - 1 - 7 -Y T 717- I 7, - I -I T - a I? a - L I -. L iN -A -. I - _ — ~- S ~-1. ~ — z - I - -- -_ -i -. - I -,. i -- 6- - I "I, I.. '.1- t-l ---, - -4-1 -.11 I t J 4 - I --, --,-; I.- -T" 4.4 -LiAff, - -.- -r_ --- — 4 -, 1- - t — 4,. - — I - f-I -- I - _- I I --. rI- t 1 t -1UiL44 _T-T 1IT ITII-i P2 -4- -I4.-:-,-4I -.I4-iffj~.-.- -41f-4.-.-L'.. -1:-I - -, t I -1 -1 - I i 1 1 1 t 1 " i — l t - 1 t 1! i, i I 1 7. f f 2 " +- i i -IN I- i.- +- --- I. -t — -—. - " —. -.-,..-, - I - -j.. -. i L.- 4 i i. i i- 4 -1 i I- 4. 0.. i - - ---- I ---- Lj —-7 1. . - t7 I- -,I'll 1: - - 7 I r I tI t A -- - i -. L- - 1. _r_-.i i~-I.i 0 v 1 t ---4-ZI i 1 o I i 1 1 4 I 1 -+4 i 1 1 0 F L, — f.-, -.. —t . — t - -, - - _r_ I -"^ 1, i- I ii-V - I. —.4- & i 4 -4# —4- ip 1 i to i 1 " O I- - --- --- -- 7 —l I # 4: tf AF, ii - I.1 - F ii L:;- it ' V444 4- j '4 Vti'1 44 4 1 T 4-I - " I * a * t!i - -- --- - -- I, K -4 -'1- I:' LtJ I,: t t. - i -., 11. 1-4 1,LI - I 11 T ". I. 4 J.,,. 1 1, 14 1,. 1:.; i I. I:. I I -, I "T i - i ' -! 4 i; , I i 7 -,; - - 4 4 -, i;, Z i;; I 4 i i - 1- -4L - - [::I -- - t- - I I. I 71:.-I;.;i -4.j , 4+ #f t..,, 4.l't...f 4.. LT $,.-l' - 11 4- -1.4',4. - I —, 4.1, Iti-; jj. t,., 1..t-t.0 I i -tA4, - - i - -, -. -U1 -4 —, "' m- - -,.., I,,, II- I- —. " t,:3. 14 -.. *.-l- P i - I 720:-j - I 11 (,i I A ~- A:4 1 i i ' Pi- I I#*i4-'vO AA-& i - 'w i, 0 o 1 l W91 I; 1 -W x 0 1 1 444 * —4-4 r f -W. r 4i lt -T - ----. # 4- j " I.,. - i. I -.4 - 11r i"I f J.+ 111, I L I,, I! v, I. t- - ii - ht1I -t it I. V I -0. -.4 —4 ~ -J1 I I f - - -. -.- -, - I. — - --- -I- -..-. f..- q.4.,, -. -.1 - 11 .- I i 4 A L. 12 -1 — 1 2 iTh1tij -4 ~ I.1 1 -1.1-- — - — 1 t. I t: -, " ' ' - - I - - - - ' 4 ---, - -. I I I -- - - - (l0dB) i i "; I -.- - - 0-, 1 17.. -1 — -.., I -t-. 1 --41-:*:7 -.- 1:7.4 — - 747 -- : — I A-4 — 4 —. --- -L.0- t i 1 0:4 -, -, -I-..- - - _t7. l- - - -II —.i - 4 - - I-1 —t-!7 -1 - I I.- - -I - - I I I-. I - I - -,j' -444-1-~ i — 4- -4 — -4f H —4 ---+ —44 ----4 —i — 4- h 4.4-4. -4 —4 — 4 L -t I 0 - - ii f i 4 i i - " -,! -- f I f II I I.-,. --... - - - - - -.- i - +- f- I i tl — - I I r I I:tjf~t 4~bI 4-7 II - -+ -" I i 0 i I i i i i I? - i i q i i 1: I i 1 1 1 I 1 i.4 f i! I i 4 --- -- —..i 41 - - -4 -- - f F- i-T — -- 4 —4 --.1 —.. — t I -.: r " I - I,!,- 1-1 -- - r i -l - -1 -z j --- - f:I f4 - (2OdB) — I, rl - - t - 7 Tj 11 I.1 I -!4 - I 11 - -- I - I - I - f T- r- I -- I - -T, -! i -. I - I 1. I- - -L *.... 1 - - I ~ 101,. -.-. - - - I - I I I - - I I i- I~- I P1 i I - I — 4I - I *- 4-r.-4 --- - -4-. 4l -- T!7:.,I.1!; T. 4 I 4 -_a_,.4, i!t.. t.., -, -.-, — 4 - I I 4. -I f - - I - --. - --- -, I - - 44 i - f - - 4. - - - 1 I - -- - — T. - -I f - 7 1. - -Ii jt4-E2, ii 1 —t --- —-4-+4 - + —+ —4-+ ---4-+ii! i-ii -4- i- -+ —4 k- i i i i — i - A I -- L 4- 1 - I - -T. t- t7.. -I- - I-,-:i -. -... - -.1 -. -.- - 4. - - - - -. — - -, - 4. - - -.I- - - I f- -, -- 6, 1 n 7 I -,, i, 1 — 't 0 t 91 —" i,! 0 -1 1 1 1 f t- 1 1! 1, 1, R i 1? i 1 4-+ i-4-44 4 -+ 4 ---- i -4 —i-4 —q4 — 4 i i4 — -— 4- 4.4 - -T-4 —. — 4-i - 4 -4 —44 - i i i i- a 4 i i i, I li + — -4 —;- L -i — T. — - 4'.pt - 11 4-3q JIJ I 511 : I -: ot.. i, I, -.1 I 11 I:I 2;,I- -i A —.,:- t- -41 - I -4 V1 tUY7 4- - f — t -- - - - t 4 4 0 i ti 4! i i I? 0 4; I i i i i i - 4 4 i i + — i i -- i 0 i - i I i a 4 - 0 — i I.- -+ i i -! i.. — T — - - - - I -1 -— I 41- 1-1 — i ) -- I_ -f -4 — -F' - -1 t. - t -1 " -,,,I- - -- tf — --.-.1 -.. -.4 - -- - - - -,T- I - I- I -- - i- — I- --- - I i'll i 1! t "! ! -! t i t i -! - " 1! --: 1 1 1 - I -. 1 1! 1 - 1 1 - i: - i 1 i! t: 1 ! -4 - I - t - ---. -— i- I..- - -; - Z - 7 .- - '- ' # — "- t I f I. - -.-, -- + I - i -- 4-, T- -- J.. - -- I. I - I- -- -. 4 # I -., - - -t- I 7- 4 - t — - — I - t — - - —:, - I i F- -l * H 4-11 — + — i — + — i iii- 144 --- — + -'-4-+ — I 4-1i 1 -4-44- 4 -+-i-4 -4 ---+ 4 i-+ -— ~4 i + k 4-4 —' 1- 4-4- 4 i-4~- --- 4- -4- -4- 4 —. I I i A A. -7 II I I -, 4-A 4 -4-.- -; - -. jj 4-44p:4 4 —' 74-4+4 -. 7 — --- ' i-V V, V, - +- -1 -. t — 4 I k — - 4-j.T ~41+ I-L -~ —.-1 i i i 1 i i " i -4 i 4. 4 1 - 4 1 i 4 -, I - -- i; 1 ", - I — j j. 4 1 - I. I-: t'~ W- 1+rItIf 1 'i-. Aa i f it - 1 1 1 1 -' 4 -! - i I i i i 1 1!, — + f i - 1 -- 1 - " 1,! 1 f t 1 1 - 1 - 1; i i i - '. 1 - 1 i 1 - - 7 - - 6 -f. -4 - -4 - fI 4.-6 - -, I.- I..4-, T f# — 'o. I. Ik 'IIA V L' lzl+ldLh +vf:4~. I.,,. I. I' *:-J., I - It.. I -I- -. I t - i,: 4.. I 135 8 ID HrjFIG. 6-2: WATER CALIBRATION CURVE. i~~Tt ~T4- tFI A- ~ r V - t ( 9 4 4- - i 1!, i, - M- # I — I I M- I I - I i I I A i - 4 i. i 4 0 1 i 0 * — -, 1 m 1 1 1 0 f - - 4. m 0 0! 1 1 1 1 — + MUM'?~ IN us-l ANG~LE 0 74

1969-3-Q 6. 3 Side Lobe Calculation Consideration was next given to the power level that may be available at the receiving site as a result of energy radiated from the side lobe of the transmitting antenna. Again, employing the geometry of Fig. 6-1, the range from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna was calculated assuming the receiving antenna was located at any of the six conditions noted previously. The range between the transmitting and receiving antennas is denoted as R and the data for the above condition is listed in Table 6-4 along with the path loss (L ). TABLE 6-4 0 6 R10 (miles) L (dB) R40 (miles) L (dB) r sl p sl p 20 9.77 -139 23.58 -146 10 14.65 -142 45.83 -152 5 25.13 -147 89.89 -158 Relative Path Loss versus 0 (Side Lobes) 0 1' the depression angle of the side lobe from which radiation may be transsi' mitted. has been calculated and is shown in Table 6-5 for those cases where the receiving antenna is located at an altitude of 10, 000 feet. The gain (Gt) associated with the transmitting antenna for this particular depression angle is also given in Table 6-5 as dB above an isotropic source. TABLE 6-5 GPL Ryan 0r 0 Gt (dB) Gt (dB) r sl t t 20 30~ -1 +8 10 21~ -3 +4 5 130 -7 -3 Transmitter Gain for Side Lobes 75

1969-3-Q To obtain G it has been assumed that the GPL antenna has a maximum gain of 20dB with respect to an isotropic source, and the Ryan antenna has a gain of 30dB with respect to an isotropic source. Further, the Gt data has been obtained employing Figs. 6-3 and 6-4 for the GPL and Ryan antennas respectively. On these figures, the level that was the largest for the three depression angles has been circled. It is recognized that there are many other points in each of these graphs where the level is considerably less than that shown. However, for the purposes of these calculations a worse case condition is being employed, and it is to be understood that it is not representative of all situations that the system may encounter. Again, employing equation (6. 1) and setting L = 0 since there is no S scattering loss, the following example is presented. Example 2: P = 40dB t (10 watts), G is OdB, and L is -140dB. Employing these assumptions (P - G ) t p r rsl is equal to -lOOdBm. This suggests that the power received at the receiving antenna is in the neighborhood of results for Example 1 for the forward scattering data. More exact side lobe calculations for (P - G )sl is presented in Table 6-6 for both the Ryan and GPL system, assuming the receiving antenna is located at an altitude of 10, 000 feet. For this data we have assumed that P for the GPL t system is 40dBm (10 watts) and for the Ryan system it is 30dBm (1 watt). TABLE 6-6 GPL Ryan o (P - G)1 (P - G ) r r r r r 20 -lOOdBm -10dB 10 -105dBm -108 5 -113dBm -120 Received Signal Level 0 (Side Lobes) S 76

1969-3-Q 0 7-i LU LCD It - i - i i I lw 3 I x S a a 1 1 X 33 1 a I: a II 3 II a a s a a a a 3 31 a a a a 3:I 3 x I I a a a ax 3 33 z a t ~ x t I X a ai 3 33 3 33 3 3 3 33 33a 33 33a a33 33w 33: a3 3 $ a a3 p B p 3 m 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 I I a 3 B 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 II 3 3 Ill 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 P. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 I a a a. 3l 3t 3 3 3l 3 3 3 3t 3 3; 3 3; 3l 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 % it t $1 3 3 3 J; aa 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 1 3; 3 3 3 3 It a 3 3 it 3 It 3 t P. 3 3 $l 81 3 A 3 3t 3l 3I 3 3 3; ft a; 3 3 3I;3 3q 3 if 3 3 3 3 3 3q 3 If 3f 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 a 3 3 r. 3 3 3 P. 3 II 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 r. a 3 t 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 P. 3 t a 3 3 3 Lb 3 3 14 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 s; A 3 3 3 3 3 3 It 3 3 al 3 3 3 tl II 33 33 33 33 33 lt m d S 33 l I i 33 33t 33 3l 3 3i 33 33 33 3 3q 33 33I 33 3( t 3 a 33 33 338 3!8 3. 33 3: 33 i 33 33 33 33B 33 33 33 a3:3 33 33 3 3 3 -3 t 3 3 3 a St a a 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 1 it 2 t x t 33 33 33 33I 33Il 33 33I 33l 33I 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33l 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 a a 3 3 3 $f J; 3 3 3 3 14 3 3 n 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 J; 3 3 ii a 3 a 3 a a 3 3 3 3 3 3 $i 3 3 3 a a 3 3 3 3 a a 3 3 a 3 I 3 3 3 3 3 3 #; a n1 at a a a 3J 3 3q 3q 3 3q 3 3 11 3q 3 3 II 3~ II 3 3q 3q 3 3m 3~ a; 3 3 3q 3~ 3 3 3f 3 3f 3 a 3 a 3 Si A 3 a 3 3 P. 3 3 A 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 A 3 $q 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 S. 3 3 Iq fl 11 a~ a a a a % & a A & o1 a xt 0 -U-n o 0 -C\i a a a A 3 it 3 % 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 a a 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 3 a a 3 3 3 3 It 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 x a a 33 33 l # 8 3t I 33 %8 I8 - 8!8 $8: 33 33 8 a 33 2 2 % 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 It 3 33 g X - S -3 -3 33 33 33 33 33 33 X3 3: -X 3t I 33 33 3 3 x 3 a 3t 3 3. X x 3 a 3 3 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 J[ 3 a 11l a 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 a a a 1X It 3 In A 1 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 X X 3 3 x a 3 3 x a d a ~ a 33 33l 3 3 9 a t 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 R 3 3 a 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 A A 3 3 3 3 3 3 It a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ft 3 a ft X X 3 3I 3 3 a 3 3 333 13I a a ft a 3 K r. 3 3 R A 3 3 it 3 3 X X x 3 3 3 3 3 (X x x P. ft a $1 3 a 3 3 3 3n 3 3 3 3 3 a 3c 3 3 3 a 31 31 3 3 3R 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 a A F. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a J; a a 3 * t ~t ~t 3;t 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 $t 3 a X a 3 I 3 3 3 3 Jt 3 3 3 3 3 3 %4 a a a a 3t 3 t a 3t 3t a ~ a R. s3 a ft a ft x ft a 3f 3 3 It 33 ft a 33 3 X ft 33 33 33 x a 3 a 3 3 B a R 33 33 3 a a 3 3 ft a a a 3 3 3. 3 -0 --- " 3 a fta t f 333 333 333 a3 A X ft 3t x x 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 ft x 333 333 3333 3a 3 3 3 3b 3 0 I -0 kD -0 C) 3 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 3 II 3 3 3 3;] II a 3 3 P. it 3 a 3 a 3 It a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 It 3 3 a 3 3 3 3 P. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 3t 3 3 3 3 K ft X 333 33 E 0 0 i-1 P., H 0 P z z H z 0 6 PL 0 -n 3 Si 3 P. 3 a 3 3 It 3 3 3 3t a 3 it a f 3 3 33 33 I3 aS 0 0 0 0 MR I *', S 3 3 3 a 3 31 3 3 it 3 a a 3 33 a at a X a x x 3 3 3 0 CT) I0 0 an or oo4 3 3 3 a 3 fi i i i. -..4 /L. o IO oeI UI3H1 osl o0i 06 77

co ' —4 0 '-4 CI) q) q bl) C1 o 1969-3-Q CIA II II IL - Q frt. L alele 9,' 19 99 99'or 99 1 9 U VU 9 919,Q19 WA 9 Ir Q o'gVW vu we a wego 933 Ik IIIiri 1999 VW 99-9 9* 99le9, 191 9 31an9 9 93I 'llv t99 99 Q3 CD c' 0 0 000 r — Cl C 114 '-4 (saacai) 9i2uv uoissaiddacJ E~ 0 z z z Ci' LO (0q 0 78

1969-3-Q For the case when the receiving antenna and transmitting antennas are at the same altitude (40, 000 feet) it has been assumed that the side lobe level is 40dB below the pattern maximum, such that the relative gain (G ) of the side t lobe for the GPL antenna would be -20dB and for the Ryan -10dB. 6. 4 Nomographs The data obtained employing the above method has been further summarized in the two nomographs shown in Figs. 6-5 and 6-6. These nomographs although simple in nature, give a rather broad picture of the relative signal level that may be received at a distant point by the received antenna assumed to be located at an altitude of either 10, 000 feet or 40, 000 feet and whose 0 angles are either 20, 10, or 5. Further, it is assumed that the transmitting antenna is located at 40, 000 feet and has a 0 of 20. From these nomographs, one may assume 5 t various transmitter power levels (P ), and transmitting antenna gains (G ) to t t determine the relative signal level available at the aperture of the receiving antenna (P - G ) in dBm. An example has been diagrammed in Fig. 6-5. Here it is assumed that the power available from the transmitter (P ) plus the gain of the transmitting antenna (G ) is 60dBm and the receiving antenna is at 0 10, 000 feet at a 0 of 20. To determine the received signal level (P - G ) from the forward scattered data, one simply draws a line to the right until it intersects the solid curve 0 20. Then dropping straight down from this point r of intersect, one may read the signal level available at the aperture of the receiving antenna (P - G ) as -95dBm. A similar extraction of the signal level available at the same receiving antenna may be made for the side lobe by assuming the data is from a side lobe and in this case one must determine (0 + G) which t t is typically 30dBm for the GPL antenna. Again tracing a line to the right from (0 + G) 30dB to the ) =200 (dashed curve for the side lobe data) and then t t r dropping straight down, a signal level of -109 dBm is obtained. For this example the signal level (P - G ) available at the aperture of the receiving antenna would 79

1969-3-Q +70. - - - - Side Lobe \ \Forward Scatter +60 6 o +30 \ \A1000 \ \ o -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 P+0 - G (dB +\ \ +30 - _ _ _ \ 0 FIG. 6-5: POWER INTENSITY FROM FORWARD SCATTERING AND DOPPLER SDELOBES (A 10,000 feet; A = 40000 feet ). r \ \ r r DOPPLER SIDELOBES (A = 10,000 feet; A = 40,000 feet). r \ t 80

1969-3-Q 100 Side Lobe Forward Scatter 80 \k 0=50 60 -20 \ = 40000 \ 40 100 120 140 160 180 P - G (dBm) r r FIG. 6-6: POWER INTENSITY FROM FORWARD SCATTERING AND 20 DELOBES r = At= 40 feet). A = At - 40,000 feet \ 0 r t 100 120 140 160 180 P -G (dBm) r r FIG. 6-6: POWER INTENSITY FROM FORWARD SCATTERING AND DOPPLER SIDELOBES (A = At = 40, 000 feet). r t 200 81

1969-3-Q be strongest coming from the forward scatter and weakest from the side lobes. A similar nomograph has been prepared for the case where A = At = 40, 000 feet (Fig. 6-6). 6. 5 Conclusions and Recommendations It is to be noted that the data presented in this chapter is for six cases: two receiving heights, three relative receiving angles of 0, and one transmitter height. It is to be recognized that there are a vast number of conditions that could exist and it would be extremely time consuming to carry out many of the calculations employing the experimental data that has been employed for the above example. Therefore, it is important to continue with the present theoretical program to generate, theoretically, the forward scattering patterns. These scattering patterns may then be employed in conjunction with the theoretical or experimental three-dimensional antenna pattern data to determine the signal levels available at receiving aperture antennas for the desired conditions. 82

1969-3-Q VII FORWARD SCATTERING FLY-BY TESTS During recent months the Radiation Laboratory has been conducting a laboratory investigation to gain increased knowledge of the probable level of energy that may be scattered in the forward direction from a Doppler-Navigation system, typical of those used on board Naval aircraft. Initial results of this study have suggested that an appreciable amount of rf energy may be scattered in the forward direction. Judging from these results it seems desirable to measure the level of the forward scatter signal employing an aircraft and a typical real-world geometry. For the planned fly-by tests, use would be made of a Navy aircraft employing a GPL-153 Doppler Navigation system. It is anticipated the Doppler system will be operated in its normal mode, i. e., employing the stabilized antenna platform and beam switching. For these tests interest is primarily centered about energy scattered in the forward direction from a water surface. To provide for this it has been recommended that use be made of one of the Great Lakes (Lakes St. Clair or Erie) in the vicinity of Ann Arbor. To aid in establishing requirements for these tests, a few calculations have been performed assuming the following: P = 40dBm (10 watts) Gt 20dB t G = 25dB (circularly polarized receiving horn) r P = -70dBm (receiver sensitivity) r L = path loss dependent on range (see text) L = -25dB S 83

1969-3-Q Before discussing the above, let us first determine the geometry of the test setup. Referring to Fig. 7-1, the location of the specular reflection point (x coordinate) has been established for nine receiving site locations, i. e., y = 50, 100, and 200 feet and 0 = 50, 100, and 200, as shown in Table 7-1. r TABLE 7-1 Horizontal Distance From Receiver To Specular Reflection Point (x) 0~ y = 501' y = 100' y = 200' 5 575' 1150' 2298' 10 284' 568' 1136' 20 137t 275' 550' To minimize the possibility of having the receiving antenna illuminate the shore area of the lake, an antenna having half-power beamwidths of approximately 7 is to be employed (G = 25dB circularly polarized). Again referring to Fig. 7-1 (assuming r 0 y = 200' and 0 = 10 ) the lower half power ray of the receiving antenna will intercept r the water surface approximately 834 feet from the receiving site and the upper half power ray will intercept the water at 1754 feet. Therefore, the patch of water illuminated by the receiving antenna for these conditions would be approximately 120 feet wide by 920 feet long. As will be shown later, it is desirable for the receiving antenna to provide as much gain as possible to ensure some probability that a signal will be received at the receiving site. Therefore, it is anticipated that the aircraft will have to make several passes over the specular point to ensure that a signal will be received because of the narrow width of the specular area illuminated by the receiving antenna. To be sure that the transmitting antenna (AN-153) 84

1969-3-Q illuminates a wide enough swath on the water surface, it will be desirable for the aircraft first to be flown at an altitude of 10, 000 feet. Assuming the aircraft is flown at 10, 000 feet at the rate of 180 mph and that the half power beamwidth of the AN-153 antenna along the track of the aircraft is 6, it may be shown that data may be collected for approximately 12 seconds provided adequate signal is available to the receiver. To determine the signal available to the receiver use will be made of the Friis transmission formula in the following form: P -G = P +G 4+L L r r t t p s All of the necessary data for this expression has been noted above with the exception of L where L = 20 log (X/ 47R). Assuming X =.074 feet, At = 10, 000 feet, 0t 20~ y = 200 feet, and 0 = 10, L may be shown to be approximately -125dB. Substituting r p the appropriate values in the Friis expression, it may be shown the power available to the receiver (P ) for the above condition (At., Ot y and 0 ) is in the neighborhood of -60dBm which is 1OdB above the noise level of the receiver. 7.1 Conclusion For the purposes of the fly-by tests to measure the forward scatter associated with the AN-153 Doppler system, the receiving and transmitting sites would possess the following characteristics: 1) y = lOOt - 200' and be within 100' of the water, 2) 0 = 5~, 10~, and 20~ with emphasis on 10, r 3) P = -70dBm as a worse case condition, 4) G = 25dB circularly polarized minimum, 5) A = 10, 000 feet typical lower altitudes will be considered, 6) 0 =20 or depression angle of AN-153 7) P = 10 watts (lOdBm) or power available from AN-153 8) Gt = 20dB. 85

1969-3-Q A 3dB Beamwidth r x I s o FIG. 7-1: GEOMETRY FOR FLY-BY TESTS. 86

1969-3-Q VIII SUMMARY In this report we have described an experimental arrangement for making forward scatter measurements to simulate the Doppler Navigational radar geometry, frequency and polarization. After appropriate calibration measurements, data were collected for two different corrugated surfaces and for wavy water surfaces for incidence angles of 200 and for angles of reflection extending from 00 to about 850. With the transmitted energy parallel to the plane of incidence the scattering effects introduced by the corrugated or wavy surfaces are much more pronounced than with perpendicular polarization. This is characterized by a greater oscillation from maximum to null in the scattering patterns and by having more energy scattered forward near the horizon. This latter effect was one of the important findings of the investigation since the level of the energy scattered in regions between 50 and 200 above the horizon was, for some aspects, within 15dB of the 100 per cent reflection level. (The peaks ranged from -15dB to -25dB). This is believed to be more critical since the energy exists over rather wide angular extent as compared to the side lobe or direct beam radiation. Tests were made of a second frequency (15 GHz in lieu of 13 GHz) to determine whether or not the above effect was resonant and closely coupled with the wave structure of the corrugations. No resonant effects were found. Measurements were made to determine the cross polarized response from the corrugated surfaces. The cross polarized response was negligible except for the case when the corrugations were at an angle of 450 or so with respect to the plane of incidence. With the latter arrangement, the cross polarized response was, for some aspects, within 9dB of the direct return. With the exception of one test, all measurements were made with the plane of incidence and the plane of observation being the same. The results obtained when 87

1969-3 —Q the plane of incidence was rotated about 200from the plane of observation showed little variation when compared to the more standard arrangement except that the level of the scattered energy was lower. Calculations were made to determine energy levels at possible receiver sites of interest as a result of forward scattering from the water surface and as direct radiation from the transmitter antenna side lobes. The signal level from the two paths are comparable although the scattered signal tends to be higher. A proposed fly-by test was described and expected signal levels were calculated for the scatter geometry. The level is such that the signals should be detectable for limited ranges with the system to be used. Work has continued on the theoretical aspects of the investigation along the lines described in the previous report. Progress has been made in developing a suitable computer program. Preliminary results based on a physical optics method and with slide-rule calculations are indicating satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. 88

1969-3-Q REFERENCES Beckmann,P., and A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, Volume 4, pp. 10-16, The MacMillan Company, New York, (1963). Kraus, J.D. Antennas, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, Chapter 3, p. 54-56 (1950). Silver, Samuel, Microwave Antenna Theory and Design, MIT Radiation Laboratory Series, pp. 198-199, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. (1949). Von Hippel, A.R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, The Technology Press of M. I. T., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, p. 12, 294 (1954). 89

Secturity Clnwl (ifictionn DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA R & D (Security cInxsfiicnrtion of Itflo, hIoy (of nhtitrrct n odl tle'x/ol liiotlotitbon nt@Int hie oifelord when too ovorall reporlI 1 cln ailHed). ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporelo nilhor) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION The University of Michigan Radiation Laboratory, Dept. of UNCLASSIFIED Electrical Engineering, 201 Catherine Street, ab. GROUP Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108 3. REPORT TITLE DOPPLER RADIATION STUDY 4. DEsCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type ol report and Incluelve date9) Interim Report No. 3 (1 January - 1 April 1969). W t N@# i fit trD nmewI, midlo t t11 m I* ntoa moe) Chiao-Min Chu, Joseph E. Ferris, and Wiley E. Zimmerman O. REPORT DATE 7s~. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES -b. NO. OF REPS May 1969 | 89 4 So. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO..ou ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBE.R(S) N62269-68-C-0715 196 b. PROJECT NO. C.,oh. OTHER RCPORT NO<(S (Aniy othotr tnmhbart thoat miey hbe e ^igne tIlda report) d. 10. OISTRIOUTION STATEMENT II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MLITARY ACTIVITY U. S. Naval Air Development Center Johnsville, Warminster, Pa. 18974,3. AOSTRACT This report presents a collection of experimental acquired bistatic scattering data. Results have been collected for flat and corrugated metallic surfaces and calm and agitated tap water surfaces. Most of the data is for a frequency of 13.0 GHz with some data at 15.0 GHz. A description of the test setup used is presented. Based on these results elementary calculartions were made for a tactical situation and the results are reported. A description of the proposed fly-by test is presented. rr FORM 4 A 7 '* LUL itNOVl1l4/3...UNCLASSIFIED S'curitVy C(l.ssi licil tion

. — UNCLASSIFIED.I*,,IIy ( 1 I '.; I. I II'^ 4I LtJNK A LI K J T LINK C K Y WOH9 DS ___ ROL E W T R 0 L r wT r 0 L E wY T i -..I I Doppler Radar Radiation Characteristics Specular Scatter Back Scatter Diffuse Scatter Bistatic Scatter Sea Scatter Terrain Scatter i I - L. L l km I... 1.j __._. __._.,__ m UNCLASSIFIED S.tirrltv l..sifi>altc,,,