026247-4-T MILLIMETER - WAVE RADAR SCATTERING FROM TERRAIN: DATA HANDBOOK VERSION 2 Fawwaz T. Ulaby Thomas F. Haddock Technical Report 026247-4-T September, 1990 26247-4-T = RL-2408

0262477 -T MILLIMETER - WAVE RADAR SCATTERING FROM TERRAIN: DATA HANDBOOK, Version 2 Fawwaz T. Ulaby Thomas F. Haddock Radiation Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Technical Report 026247-4-T September, 1990 THE VIEW, OPINIONS, AND/OR FINDINGS CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR(S) AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS AN OFFICIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY POSITION, POLICY, OR DECISION, UNLESS SO DESIGNATED BY OTHER DOCUMENTATION. U.S. Army Research Office Contract DAAL03-89-K-0056

026247LJ-T MILLIMETER - WAVE RADAR SCATTERING FROM TERRAIN: DATA HANDBOOK, Version 2 Fawwaz T. Ulaby Thomas F. Haddock Radiation Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Technical Report 026247-L4-T September, 1990 THE VIEW, OPINIONS, AND/OR FINDINGS CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR(S) AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS AN OFFICIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY POSITION, POLICY, OR DECISION, UNLESS SO DESIGNATED BY OTHER DOCUMENTATION. U.S. Army Research Office Contract DAAL03-89-K-0056

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE MASTER COPY FOR REPRODUCTION PURPOSES I REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6.. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Lb. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Radiation Laboratory, University (if appliable) of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mi 48109 U. S. Army Research Office 6c ADDRESS (Cty, State, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 P. 0. Box 1221 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2211 I 8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (f appUcable) U. S. Army Research Office c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS P. 0. Box 12211 PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT. ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2211 11. TITLE (Include Security Claification) Millimeter-wave Radar Scattering From Terrain: Data Handbook, Version 2.0 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Thomas F. Haddack and Fawwaz T. Ulaby 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 114. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 5. PAGE COUNT Technical| FROM 1/90 TO 9/90 1990. September, 15 206 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION The view, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of he authqr().and sh uld not be const ud as an official Department of the Army position, 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) FIELD GROUUBROUP SUBROUP!9. ABSTRACT (Contnue on reverse if necessary and idenf by block number) This report provides a summary of experimental observations of the radar backscatter from terrain, as reported in the literature. The data is at 35, 94, 140 and 225 GHz, primarily at HH, VV, and HV polarizations. The terrain types observed include dry and wet snow, in-covered ground, trees, grasses, asphalt, gravel, and others. 20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABIUTY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OUNCLASSIFIED/UNUMITED 0 SAME AS RPT. O DTIC USERS Unclassified 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (ncdudt Area Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL I - I I -.... DD FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. All other editions are obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 PART 1. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATA..................... 2 2. MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW.............................6 A. Smooth Surface............................7 B. Slightly Rough Surface......................10 C. Very Rough Surface...................................................... 12 D. Heavily Metamorphosed Snow.................14 E Unmetamorphosed Fresh Snow................17 F. Small Crystal Size..........................21 G Large Crystal Size..........................25 H. Large Crystal Size with Rough Surface.........27 1. Large Crystal Size with Smooth Surface........31 3. MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW............................ 34 A. Manmade Wet Snow........................ 35 B. Slightly Wet Snow with Smooth Surface........39 C. Wet Snow with Smooth Surface............... 43 D. Very Wet Snow with Rough Surface............ 46 E Very Wet Snow with Smooth Surface...........48 4. MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW........................ 49 A. 31 March, 1988............................49 B. 27 February, 1989..........................55 C. 2 March, 199.............................59 5. MMW DATA FOR ICE-COVERED GROUND................. 62 6. MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES....................... 64 A. Cedar Trees............................. 64 B. Red Pine................................67 C. Apple Trees..............................72 D. Bur Oak................................ 74 E Spruce Trees.............................88 F. White Cedar Bushes........................91 7. MMW DATA FOR GRASSES............................ 94

A. Short Grass.......................... 94 B. Tall Grass............................... 96 8. MMW DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES.....................112 A. Asphalt................................ 112 B. Gravel..................................................................................117 PART 11. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS DATA.......... 119 9. 215-GHz DATA FOR TREES........................... 120 10. 215-GHz DATA FOR SNOW............................ 131 PART 111. UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS DATA.................. 136 11. 35-GHz DATA FOR SNOW............................. 137 12. 35-GHz DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW..................... 141 A. February 17-18, 1977 Diurnal................. 141 B. March 3-4, 1977 Diurnal..................... 145 C. March 16-17, 1977 Diurnal................... 147 D. March 23, 1977 Diurnal...................... 149 E March 24,1977 Diurnal...................... 152 13. 35-GHz DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES................... 154 A. Various Surfaces........................... 154 B. Road Surfaces with Snow Cover............... 159 PART IV. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY D A T..................166 14. 35-GHz DATA FOR VEGETATION....................... 167 15. 35-GHz DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES....................180 A. Various Surfaces........................... 180 B. Various Surfaces with Snow Cover............. 192 PART V. OTHER MMW DATA................................ 195 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 204

1. INTRODUCTION Version 1.0 of this Handbook provided plots of millimeterwave (MMW) radar scattering data for terrain based on measurements made by the University of Michigan's Millimeter-Wave Polarimeter system at 35, 94, and 140 GHz. The present edition, Version 2.0, includes the University of Michigan data as well as data reported by The University of Massachusetts, The University of Kansas, Ohio State University, and data from other institutions. Most of the data are presented in the form of plots of the backscattering coefficient aO versus the incidence angle 0, measured relative to normal incidence, although some plots of aO versus time are included also. The radar data are augmented with photographs and close-up observations of the target whenever such information in available in the data source. In some cases, the original data wave reported as a function of depression angle, instead of incidence angle, or in terms of y, where y = aO/cos 9. For the sake of consistency and in order to make comparison of data more useful, all such data were converted to a0 versus 0. No effort will be made in this handbook to provide any analysis of the radar data or to compare the data with model predictions. Instead, a list of relevant publications is given in the bibliography for the interested reader. 1

PART 1. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DATA The Millimeter-Wave Polarimeter is a truck-mounted radar system capable of making observations from a 20-m high platform at any incidence angle between 00 (normal incidence) and 800. In some cases, however, because of truck-access considerations or signal-to-noise limitations, it was not possible to make observations over this entire angular range. Figure 1-1 shows a photograph of the system in operation and Figure 1-2 shows a closeup of the antenna platform. Table 1-1 provides a summary of the system specifications. The list below provides definitions for the quantities quoted in conjunction with the radar data presented in this part of the Handbook. TERMINOLOGY Average Leaf (or Needle) Dimensions - the approximate main axis length of the individual leaves (or needles). Backscattering Coefficient - radar cross-section per unit area averaged over the illuminated area of the radar footprint, expressed in dB. Also referred to as Sigma-zero or cs~. Cut - this term is applied to grasses when they have been cut, and no longer have the natural termination on their blades. Data set code - the unique alphanumeric sequence describing each data set. Typically it is the date of the measurement, in the sequence YYMMDD, with a numeric suffix if required for uniqueness. Snow Density - the mass/volume density of undisturbed samples taken from the snowpit. Snow Depth - the distance from the average top level of the snow to the underlying ground. Ice Crystal Diameter - the approximate semi-major axis of an individual scatterer. This is typically a statistical quantity, arrived at by examining a number of individual scatterers. 2

Dry - a material is called "dry" when its moisture content (in the case of soils and vegetations) or its liquid water content (in the case of snow) is within experimental uncertainty of 0 %. Snow Liquid Water Content (LWC) - the quantity of liquid (nonfrozen) water contained in snow, by weight (gravimetric), measured in percent. Metamorphosed - snow crystals having extensively undergone the natural sublimation process that alters their shape from its original form toward the spherical. Moisture Content - the percent of water, by mass, contained in a representative sample of soil or vegetation. The measurement consists of weighing a sample in its natural state, and again after drying it in an oven. Percent Ground Cover - the percent of the ground covered by tree vegetation when viewed from above. Rough - this term is applied to surfaces which are typically rougher than the natural state in which they are usually found. Often, in the case of soils or snow, it is used to describe a surface that has been artificially roughened. Smooth - this term is applied to surfaces which are smooth compared to the natural state in which they are usually found. Sometimes it may be used to describe a surface which has been artificially smoothed. Surface RMS Height - the root-mean-square deviation of the surface height relative to the mean surface Surface Temperature - the temperature registered by a mercury-bulb thermometer with the bulb just covered by the top layer of the surface. Tree Density - number of trees per unit area. 3

Fig. 1-1 Photograph of the Millimeter-Wave Polarimeter system with the boom extended about half way. Fig. 1-2. Close-up view of the RF sections, showing the 35, 94, and 140 GHz radars on the right side, and radiometers at the same operating frequencies on the left side. 4

Table 1-1. Millimeter-wave Polarimeter system parameters. FREQUENCIES: IF BANDWIDTH: TRANSMIT POWER: SWEEP RATE: POLARIZATION: INCIDENCE ANGLES: PLATFORM HEIGHT: NOISE EQUIV. ao: CROSSPOL ISOLATION: PHASE STABILITY: NEAR FIELD DIST: BEAMWIDTH: ANTENNA DIAMETER: SIGNAL PROCESSING: OUTPUT PRODUCTS: 35, 94, 140 GHz 0 to 2.0 GHz 35 GHz: +3 dBm 94 GHz: 0 dBm 140 GHz: -4 dBm 1 m-sec/freq., 51, 101, 201, 401 freq./sweep HH, HV, VV, VH 0 to 70 degrees 3 meters minimum, to 18 meters maximum 35 GHz: -22 dB 94 GHz: -28 dB 140 GHz: -21 dB 35 GHz: 23 dB 94 GHz: 20 dB 140 GHz: 10 dB 35 GHz: -1 degree/hour 94 GHz: ~1 degree/minute 140 GHz: -10 to 50 degrees/second 35 GHz: 2.7 m 94 GHz: 7.3 m 140 GHz: 2.7 m 35 GHz: R: 4.2 deg T: 4.2 deg 94 GHz: R: 1.4 deg T: 2.8 deg 140 GHz: R: 2.2 deg T: 11.8 deg 35 GHz: R: 6 inches T: 6 inches 94 GHz: R: 6 inches T: 3 inches 140 GHz: R: 3 inches T: 0.36 inches HP 8510A/8511A based -received power verses range -received power verses frequency (at fixed R) -phase and amplitude for each frequency 5

2. MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW Snow is a very complex target and many of the following data sets could be categorized in several ways. In the interests of simplifying the data organization, and facilitating its use by the reader, the data have been categorized into subsections by their most salient feature. The following chart is included in order to complete overview of the characteristics of the give a more data: o =3 0 0 cn tr./ 8 cS Ct el.W-4) I= CA rd 0:x t; 2 T3 O 0 E 4-;>,-.V^ 4-4 "0 (A =13 0 0 'S *s 3 cA cc WCZ 4. N.e,= rA. 0u $2 CZ3 P-4 Data Set Code A B C D E F G 880329 (S) x x _ x 880329 (SR) x x x 880329 (VR) x x x 890210 x x x 890223 x x x 890302 (SM) x x x 890302 (LG) x x x 890307 (RO) x x 890307 (SM) x x 6

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW A. Smooth Surface Dry snow Data set code: 880329(S) Depth: 20-30 cm LWC: 0 % Surface RMS height: 1 cm Density: 0.3 to 0.4 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 to 4 mm Surface temperature: -2.0 C Description: smooth snow surface Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid 7

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 880329(S) Snow crystal from surface A~~~~~~~......::...................<:5 'by Metamorphosed crystal from middle of snowpack 8

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 880329(S) 15 I ' ' ' I' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I I ' ' m- Data Set Code: 880329 35 ' Date and Time: March 29, 1988,5:15 PM 10 Target: Dry Snow - Frequency: 35 GHz - — 0 -5 -10......... -1 -, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Smooth Snow at Houghton 15 ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' I ' I ' ' I I ' ' - ~- Data Set Code: 88032994: Date and Time: March 29, 1988,5:15 PM 10 - Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 94 GHz - - -10.......................VH u - -5 - -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Smooth Snow at Houghton 9

B. Slightly Rough Surface Dry snow Data set code: 880329 (SR) Depth: 20 to 30 cm LWC: 0% Surface RMS height: 1 cm Density: 0.3 to 0.4 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 to 4 mm Surface temperature: 0 C Description: snowpack of highly metamorphosed snow with a slightly rough surface Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid 10

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 880329(SR) 15 '' '' I ' ' ' I*' ' I' ' I' ' ' I'' i ' I '1 ' ' 1 * aa - Data Set Code: 880329 35 Date and Time: March 29, 1988,5:15 PM o 10 Target: Dry Snow 4-. Frequency: 35 GHz 5 Qe "", --------.,-.. *.*......-........ -5 -10.......... VH -— HH i F,,,,,,,,,, \,,,, \,,,i -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Slightly rough snow at Houghton m t Data Set Code: 88032994 - 0 Date and Time: March 29, 1988,5:15 PM 10 Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 94 GHz E 5 - -- - -- W- -5 c. -10.... H --- H B -15,,,,!.,,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,., I,,,, I,,,,' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Slightly rough snow at Houghton 11

C. Very Rough Surface Dry snow Data set code: 880329(VR) Depth: 20 to 30 cm LWC: 0% Surface RMS height: 4 cm Density: 0.3 to 0.4 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 to 4 mm Surface temperature: 0 C Description: snowpack of highly metamorphosed snow with a rough surface Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid 12

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 880329(VR) ^c'o V - ~J ~m cJ 0 U t,, -tw 4J ci B3.,I,,. r. INW 15 10 5 0 ' i. I'' I'.,' I'''' I'''' I ' ' ' ' I'.'i' ' ' ' 1 Data Set Code: 88032935 Date and Time: March 29, 1988, 5:15 PM - Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 35 GHz: —.................,... -...... -.... VH - -- HH mm. eIeI I I I I I I I / I I I I. I I I.I I I I L L e ImI I Im -5 -10 -151 C ) I I I I I I I I I,I I I I I I I a ~ ~ I L A ~ ~ ~.......... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Very rough snow at Houghton co O,on.4 cJ 0 Sem cu rA.~ c3 eM 15 10 5 o -'' 1 I"iI ' ''I ' '1 ' ' II ' ' ' 1 I * -' I ' ' - - Data Set Code: 880329 94 ' Date and Time: March 29, 1988, 5:15 PM - Target: Dry Snow -Frequency: 94 GHz - - - vv.......... VH - - HH mmmIeel1111mlIeelIelmmlmem ii IeII IIe III I II IIIeIIeI I -5 -10 -15 --..- -....... I............ 0 10 20 30 40 50 6 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Very rough snow at Houghton )0 70 80 13

D. Heavily Metamorphosed Snow Dry snow Data set code: 890210 Depth: 27 cm LWC: 0.0 % Surface RMS height: - 1 cm Density: 0.5 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 4 mm Surface temperature: -4.8 C Description: heavily metamorphosed snow 1 mm A.s. -1 I%... I. Metamorphosed crystal from top of the snowpack 14

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890210 SNOV top E -o Q. -0 V PIT PROFILE FOR 890210 temp. (deg C) 22 21 -20- -4.8 19 -18 -17 -16 -15- -4.0 14 -13 -12 -1 1 10- -3.3 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - -2.1 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 - -0.8 bottom air temperature: -4.4 C 15

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890210 o l3 _.c,.E eu C,. ct Ca 15 10 5 0 -II ' 1 I '1 ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' i ' 1 1 I ' ' ' ' I I ' '' I'' - Data Set Code: 890210 140: Date and Time: February 10, 1989, 1:40 PM - Target: Dry Snow - Frequency: 140 GHz. --- -"^ -............. vv: -...... VH -- HH ',, I,,,,I,,,,I,,,,I,,,,!,,,I,,,,i -5 -10 -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Snow at Brighton 16

E. Unmetamorphosed Fresh Snow Dry snow Data set code: 890223 Depth: 12 cm LWC (at 2:15 PM): 0% LWC (at 3:52 PM): 0 % Surface RMS height: 1.4 mm Density: 0.2 g/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 to 2 mm Surface temperature: -7 C Description: dry unmetamorphosed snow Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid 17

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890223 Snow pit Data collection scene 18

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890223 M 00 o E.~) cu.o V cu C* C) U CA L. CZ 15 10 I I I I' I' - ' *1 I I I Data Set Code: 890223 35 - Date and Time: February 23, Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 35 GHz 111 I M '.111 II II 1* I 1 1989, 11:35 AM 5 _...... i..........i... i... 0 -5 -10 -15 C -.......... HV HH li....................... I... - I 1 mr mmm mI,m mI mI )............... a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry snow at Brighton 0 o -w C3 Cu ~ 0 ca U C) em cn cd 15 10 5 o0 I I, I I, I I I I I,,, 1 1 I I i, I i,, Ir,,,l i,, - Data Set Code: 89022394 Date and Time: February 23, 1989, 11:35 AM - Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 94 GHz r - - v - -..- H -......... HV --- HH ',,,, I,,,, 1 I,,,, I,, I,., I,,, I I,, I, I, ' -5 -10 -151 0 I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry snow at Brighton 19

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890223 E O r/l 3 10 Io w.^ Q5 0 w 0) -w CZ f^ 0 e^9 ci 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 '111111 111' '' I' I ' ' I ' i i ' I I ''''1 ' ' ' - Data Set Code: 890223 140 Date and Time: February 23, 1989, 11:35 AM - Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 140 GHz....................................... -: -.......... HV - - HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry snow at Brighton 20

F. Small Crystal Size Dry snow Data set code: 890302(sm) Depth: 10 cm LWC: 0 % Surface RMS height: 0.15 cm Density: 0.1 to 0.2 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 mm Surface temperature: -5 C Description: smooth snow surface Surface profile with 1 cm grid 21

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890302(SM) Snow crystals from surface Snow crystals from bottom of snowpack 22

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890302(SM) 15,,,, I,,,, I,,, * * I I,, ' I I I, aa ' Data Set Code: 890302-sm 35 Date and Time: March 2, 1989,9:55 PM 10 Target: Dry Snow 5- Frequency: 35 GHz 5 0 Q) -5 - -5.C....................... -10 vv. — HH CU _-15-,, I I I, I I I i I I Ii, I I I I I, I I I,,, I i I,,1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Small snow crystals at Brighton 15 I i...., i., I,,,, I.., I,,,, i aa - Data Set Code: 890302-sm 94 Date and Time: March 2, 1989,9:55 PM 0 10 Target: Dry Snow 0 Frequency: 94 GHz 5> 5 0 J -5 r -10 cx - -- HH -15,,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Small snow crystals at Brighton 23

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890302(SM) ^-* o,4 r.eu *o w ci <e2 15 10 5 0 _ I- I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I ' I ' I I I I i' I I I I I I I I I ' I_ - Data Set Code: 890302-sm 140 Date and Time: March 2, 1989, 9:55 PM Target: Dry Snow ' Frequency: 140 GHz: —.......... HV -5 -10 -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Small snow Angle 0 (Degrees) crystals at Brighton 24

G. Large Crystal Size Dry snow Data set code: 890302(Lg) Depth: 10cm LWC: 0% Surface RMS height: 0.15cm Density: 0.1 to 0.2 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 2.5 mm Surface Temperature: -5 C Description: fresh smooth snow surface 890302(LG) O to.w c).eO rio an. co C% 15 10 5 0,I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I. II I I I I I I I I. I I, I I. I I -I Ir Data Set Code: 890302-1g 35 -Date and Time: March 2, 1989, 6:45 PM - Target: Dry Snow - Frequency: 35 GHz -- -—...............HV -. — HH,, I 1,,,, 1,,,, 1,,,, 1,,,, 1,,,, 1,,, 1' -5 -10 -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Large snow crystals at Brighton 25

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890302(LG) O Cu e) t. O 0 15M Q) CO rc Cu ci 4"3 C03 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 ' Data Set Code: 890302-lg94 - Date and Time: March 2, 1989, 6:45 PM - Target: Dry Snow ' Frequency: 94 GHz - HH ~.W: --- HH ',,,,,,,,,, I,, I,, I,, I,, -15 ( 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Large snow crystals at Brighton........................................ 15 10 5 0 -iI II i''' I '11111I I111111 I '1' ' I I I Data Set Code: 890302-Ig 140 - Date and Time: March 2, 1989, 6:45 PM - Target: Dry Snow ' Frequency: 140 GHz.!........... — vv m........ HV --- HH ',,1, 1, Ii 111,,11,,.1 II -5 -10 -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Large snow Angle 0 crystals (Degrees) at Brighton 26

H. Large Crystal Size with Rough Surface Dry snowData set code: 890307(ro) Depth: 10 cm LWC: 0 % Surface RMS height: 1.17 cm Density: 0.4 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 4 mm Surface temperature: -10 to -12 C Description: dry, slightly metamorphosed snow Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid 27

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890307(RO) Data collection scene 1 1 mm X 1 --- —* — Snow crystals from surface 28

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890307(RO) 15 I ' I I I I I, ' I ' - ' Data Set Code: 890307-ro 35 0 Date and Time: March 7, 1989, 6:00 PM o Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 35 GHz 5 Q - -vv Q i-........... HV r. -10 HV = - - - HH -15,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,, I I,,,, I,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry rough metamorphosed snow at Brighton 15 15 ' ' ' ' i ' I I " ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ',,, Data Set Code: 890307-ro 94 10 Date and Time: March 7, 1989, 6:00 PM 0- Target: Dry Snow ' Frequency: 94 GHz 5 0........................................... I 5 - ---------— ^^ - -5 - - v -10 -..~ -.......... HV ': --- HH -15, I I, I I I I, I I, I,,,, I,,,, I I I I I I I I I, I I, I, *, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry rough metamorphosed snow at Brighton 29

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890307(RO) O -60 t. r4 Lo cu,Y C*3 15 10 5............ 01 -' I,II I * I'' 1 ' ' '' I I 'I' '' I:' Data Set Code: 890307-ro 140 Date and Time: March 7, 1989, 6:00 PM Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 140 GHz....................... =........ H.Y -......... HV -- HH 113I1111131,I31I,1113.11111111111 II -5 -10 -151 0 I......................... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry rough metamorphosed snow at Brighton 30

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW I. Large Crystal Size with Smooth Surface Dry snow Data set code: 890307 (Sm) Depth: 10 cm LWC: 0 % Surface RMS height: 0.28 cm Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 4 mm Density: 0.4 gm/cm3 Surface temperature: -10 to -12 C Description: dry slightly metamorphosed snow 31

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890307(SM) 15 '' 1 I' ' I' ' I' ' I' ' I ' '' 'I ' Data Set Code: 890307-sm 35 Date and Time: March 7, 1989, 6:00 PM 10 - Target: Dry Snow 5 ' Frequency: 35 GHz 5..................................". -5v ' — -10 -1...... HV o= ' - -- HH -15 I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry smooth metamorphosed snow at Brighton 15,,, ' 1 ' I, 1,, I,, ' I, ' ', i I,, ' I ',,,, i,,, - ' Data Set Code: 890307-sm 94 0 Date and Time: March 7, 1989, 6:00 PM o- Target: Dry Snow 0 Frequency: 94 GHz = 5........... HV -10 HV r t -— H] 15 I I I I I I. I,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry smooth metamorphosed snow at Brighton 32

MMW DATA FOR DRY SNOW 890307(SM) -s t3 0 o e 0 Q) L-4 L. C1 Cu ~J 15 10 5 0 -III '' I ' ' I '. '.. I ' ' ' I I' ' ' ' I ' ' ' '1 - Data Set Code: 890307-sm 140 Date and Time: March 7, 1989, 6:00 PM Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 140 GHz....._............. — W.......... H V -: -- HH ', I, I I I,,, I I I I I I I I,, I ',,, I,,,, I,,,,' -5 -10 -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) Dry Smooth metamorphosed snow at Brighton 33

3. MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW As in the previous chapter on Dry Snow, the following chart is included in order to give a more complete overview of the characteristics of the data: "3 E * O c 3 -5.s o. O co. - r. (U u: 3 0 E5 CA3 4 — 4) cr c(3 3t 31 > co Data Set Code A B C D E 890220 x 890309 (vw w/rs) x 890221 x 890309 (vw w/ ss) x 890215 x 34

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW A. Manmade Wet Snow Wet snow Data set code: 890215 Depth: 27 cm LWC: (at 3:25 PM): 8.82 % Surface RMS height: 1.6 cm Density: 0.48 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 4 mm Surface temperature: 0.0 C Description: manmade wet snow Snowmaking scene 35

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid Data collection scene 36

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW 890215 O.U 03 cr a en 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton 00 13 o 13 Q s 0" can 4.c41MA 0 cU CQI Wo. ci 0 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 I 0 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton 37

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW 890215 Co c,.r/ I) 0 U 40. o ci CON 1.1. 4.0 ca em 10 5 0 -5 I I I I I I I I' I I I I I ' I I I I I I I I I I - Data Set Code: 890215 140 Date and Time: February 15, 1989, 11:30 AM Target: Wet Snow Frequency: 140 GHz.............................................. M...............:- -.................. -vv -.......... HV - - ~ --- " "HH 1" -101 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton 38

B. Slightly Wet Snow with Smooth Surface Data set code: 890220 Depth: 6.5 cm Liquid Water Content: 1.9% Surface RMS height: 0.11 cm Density: 0.1 to 1.0 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 to 2 mm Surface temperature: 0.0 C Description: smooth, wet natural snow SNOW PIT PROFILE FOR 890220 top 65 5 0 4 ~, 3 Q, 0 2 - v 1 bottom temp. density (deg C) (g/cm3) 0.0 0.113 -0.25 0.237 -0.25 |0.958 (ice) air temperature: 1.1 C 39

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW Data collection scene Snow crystals from surface 40

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW 890220 OIQ) *W * c i3 15 eC CW) rA.W> ^j 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton /U J ci C: L) -^ 0C3 aa 10 5 Data Set Code: 890220 94 Date and Time: February 20, 1989, 12:45 PM. ' Target: Wet Snow Frequency: 94 GHz - of -5 -10 -15 -20 4% fts t- - -..W.~......... HV Z -— HH - i I I I I, I I - I, I I I, I [ I,_1_ I I I I I I I I I I __ __ I I I.. -. - - - - - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton 41

MWW DATA FOR WET SNOW 890220 O 0m.c. cr3 CJ 0 cn eC Pd 10 5 - -5 -''''11 '''I. I ' ' 1 ' I, ' 1111 1 1 1 ' '1 1 I I Data Set Code: 890220 140 Date and Time: February 20, 1989, 12:45 PM -Target: Wet Snow Frequency: 140 GHz - -vv.......... HV ---- HH r ' M~~meee~e iii leelll e~lee.,.(1111111..11111111111 -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton 42

C. Wet Snow with Smooth Surface Wet snow Data set code: 890221 LWC (at 12:48 PM): 4.53 % LWC (at 1:20 PM): 5.50 % LWC (at 3:08 PM): 6.57 % Depth: 13.5 cm Surface RMS height: 0.22 cm Ice crystal diameter: 1 mm Density: 0.13 gm/cm3 Surface temperature: 1.0 C Description: smooth, wet natural snow Surface roughness profile with 1 cm grid 43

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW Snow pit Data collection scene 44

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW 890221 1.-N 1. ca Q<o L 4) W3 o= n~ 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton o c) oa L., ci 5 0 -5 -10 I ' I I I" I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Data Set Code: 890221 94 Date and Time: February 21, 1989, 11:40 AM Target: Wet Snow Frequency: 94 GHz m. - -— H -I......... HV -15 -20 -251 0 -1 ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet Snow at Brighton 45

G. Very Wet Snow with Rough Surface Wet snow Data set code: 890309(RO) Depth: 4.0 cm LWC (at 2:30 PM): 16.89 % LWC (at 3:09 PM): 15.47% Surface RMS height (sample 1): 1.36 cm Surface RMS height (sample 2): 1.78 cm Surface RMS height (sample 3): 1.79 cm Surface RMS height (sample 4): 2.29 cm Density: 0.42 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 4 mm Surface temperature: 4 to 6 C Description: rough, wet snow 890309(RO) /-* n '23 O o ~c"an 0 u: O a"3 15 OC 0 cu CZC cd rA CZ 10 5 0 -5 rI I I II I' I I I I' I I' I' I I 1 Data Set Code: 890309-ro 35 - Date and Time: March 9, 1989, 12:15 PM -Target: Wet Snow Frequency: 35 GHz I1 I'I I I IT r I I' I Ir - - - -I 10 "e-e-e IIe i I I I I I I I I I I I I I -15 -20 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet rough metamorphosed snow at Brighton 80 46

MMW DATA FOR WET SNOW 890309(RO) 10 I I I I i I I I I I ' ' Data Set Code: 890309-ro 94 Date and Time: March 9, 1989, 12:15 PM o - Target: Wet Snow ' Frequency: 94GHz 0 Q ~ -5...*... HV e8: * HH 3 -10 I ' I I I I I I, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet rough metamorphosed snow at Brighton 10, ' '. '' I ' ' ' I' ' ' i ' I' ' ' ' ' I *' ' - Data Set Code: 890309-ro 140 Date and Time: March 9, 1989, 12:15 PM o 5 Target: Wet Snow - Frequency: 140GHz = O E --- —---------- 0 s............... — -15 -..........HV - - - — HH CQ - -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet rough metamorphosed snow at Brighton 47

E. Very Wet Snow with Smooth Surface Data set code: 890309(SM) Depth: 4.0 cm LWC (at 2:30 PM): 16.89 % LWC (at 3:09 PM): 15.47 % Surface RMS height: 0.30 cm Density: 0.42 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 4 mm Surface temperature: 4 to 6 C Description: wet, smooth snow 890309(SM) 10 I/3 o.I" c) cCA CZ 5 0 -5 I 1-'1" 11 '' ' I' I "'' I I' I'' I' I I' '. Data Set Code: 890309-sm 35 Date and Time: March 9, 1989, 12:15 PM - Target: Wet Snow Frequency: 35 GHz --- — v....................... W.......................................................................... VH,,,, I 1,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,, I,,,, I,,, I I -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Wet smooth metamorphosed snow at Brighton 48

4. MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW A. 31 March 1988 Snow Data set code: 880331 Depth: - 71 cm LWC: 0 to 10.2 % Smooth surface RMS height: 0.49 cm Slightly rough surface RMS height: 0.88 cm Very rough surface RMS height: 1.98 cm Density: surface: 0.39 15 cm depth: 0.50 gm/cm" 30 cm depth: 0.54 gm/cm3 45 cm depth: 0.53 gm/cm3 60 cm depth: 0.58 gm/cm3 71 cm depth (ground): 0.65 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 0.5 to 1mm Surface temperature: -2.7 C to 4.5 C Description: metamorphosed snow divided into three sections, one natural surface (smooth), and two with roughened surfaces. o 0 Cu U.C) C. rn c3 -^ 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10.....................................-.. II.. I /I. I./1..~11 ' I I I' I I'11 I ' 1 I I I I ' ' I I 'I I I * * * I.. -Data Set Code: 880331 Ground Truth Data: March 31, 1988 -LWC -......... Airtemp (~C) - - - Snowtemp (~C).............. A... I I. a I.. I I. I I I I I I I I I I -- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) 49

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW Surface roughness profile of smooth snow with 1 cm grid Surface roughness profile of slightly rough snow with 1 cm grid 50

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW Surface roughness profile of very rough snow with 1 cm grid Snow crystal..s from surface- - Snow crystals from surface 51

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 880331 10 I ' fIl '" 1' ''1' gI I' ' ' I' I I '' '- I I I I 8 Data Set Code: 880331 35 Data: March 31, 1988 0 6 Target: Snow Frequency: 35 GHz ' 4 - Incidence Angle: 40~ (~ -6.. ~ -8 — v 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Houghton snow with smooth surface 10 1 I l i i i ' i i i ' I ' I t 8 - Data Set Code: 88033135 ~0 6 - Target: Snow Frequency: 35 GHz 4: r Incidence Angle: 40~ 0 2 2 0 -2 -4 J -6 o -8 VV -10 -10t,,,,.. I,,,I p I pI,, I,., pI,, I,,,I,.!, I, p p 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Houghton snow with slightly rough surface -4' Houghton snow with slightly rough surface 52

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 880331 0 0 Cto Cu 4, p. 0 CU -- em CWt c~ c,; 'C O.ci ej CZ C) 0) CQ 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2:l"l' '' '' I '"'l' 'l' 'i' ''I'' i'' I''' I' ''- DataSetCode: 88033135 Data: March31, 1988 - Target: Snow Frequency: 35 GHz - Incidence Angle: 40~ ~1 -. -, I I L 1 1 111 1 1 -4 -6 -8 -In 0 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Houghton snow with very rough surface r 0 -I '1 I' ' I '' I '' I 'I I '' I ' i ' I I ' 'Data Set Code: 88033194 - Data: March31,1988 Target: Snow Frequency: 94 GHz - Incidence Angle: 40~. - -v -.......... VH - * — HH ", I I I I I, I, I, * I I,. I... I... I -1 )................. ' ~ ~ - 6~ I I I I I I I ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ i Ii I I I I I I 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Houghton snow with smooth surface 53

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 880331 20 t' ' I I ' I " I ' I ' I ' I ' ' ' I' '' I' ' ' I' ' ' I 'o Data Set Code: 880331 94 15 L Data: March 31, 1988 ~- Target: Snow Frequency: 94 GHz 10 Incidence Angle: 40~ s -5 VH l) 5. -.''*'' E. -- HH 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Houghton snow with slightly rough surface 20 ~- Data Set Code: 880331 94 15 - Data: March 31, 1988 - U - Target: Snow Frequency: 94 GHz 10 Incidence Angle: 40~ 5 3......_....... <l, -5 -.......... - -: HH.- VH 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Houghton snow with very rough surface 54

B. 27 February, 1989 Snow Data set code: 890227/28 Depth: 9.5 cm LWC: 0 to 5 % Surface RMS height: 0.1 cm Density: 0.31 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 1 mm Surface temperature: 0.0 C to -9.0 C Description: partially metamorphosed snow 890227/28 Time Top E 0 -o 9.5 9 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - SNOW PIT TEMPERATURE PROFILE (OC) 1 400 1445 15401655 1 800 10 190 2100 23020100 03000500|0605 0803 0.0 2.0 -4.0 -3.5 -6.5 -6.5 -6.3 8.5 -9.0 -7.5 -7.0 0.0 0.0 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -1.1 -4.0 -5.5 -5.5 -4.0 -5.0 -6.5 -4.5 -5.7 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -1.0 -0.6 -3.6 -4.0 -4.0 -3.5 -4.5 -5.5 -3.5 -3.8 1 bottom air temp -3.5 -3.3 -3.0 -3.2 -5.1 -8.5 -8.0 -6.8 -6.5 -10. -11. -9.2 -7.0 55

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 890227/28 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 - V ~ U4 "' i I I |I Ir I" r I I I I M I I'1 "'! "l 'l I' "' 1 "' i I ' ' " ' ' X | " | U - Data Set Code: 890227/28 Data: February 27-28, 1989 - Target: Snow - -LWC:m,,,, 1 1,, 1,, 1,, 1,, 1 1,1,,,1,, 1,, 1,, 1,, 1,, 1,, m,, -6 -8 -10 1( ) 12 14 16 18 Liquid water 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Time (Hours) content during snow diurnal at Brighton Surface roughness profile with1 cm grid 56

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 890227/28 5,OWN I I I I I I 'I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' Data Set Code: 890227/28 35 0 Data: February 27-28, 1989 o Target: Snow t: Frequency: 35 GHz -5 Incidence Angle: 40~ -20 -25 * V 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (Hours) Snow diurnal at Brighton 15 I I I I " - t Data Set Code: 890227/2894 0 - Data: February 27-28, 1989 10 Target: Snow ' Frequency: 94GHz 5 Incidenc e Angle: 40~ o / '.f -5 / -10 H Cu3 -10.......... HV -. t -— HH -15,., '' I,,,, I,,,, I, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,I I I I I, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (Hours) Snow diurnal at Brighton 57

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 890227/28 /-\ tI o O e. 04 Qj rIn ci r3 c; CZ 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 14 [ I I,I I. a I I a I I A.a I I. I I.a I I........ I I I..I I.. Data Set Code: 890227/28 140 Data: February 27-28, 1989 - Target: Snow Frequency: 140 GHz Incidence Angle: 40~ -..,a....... mm [ -.......... HV - HV! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I!I I ).................. - - -........ 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Time (Hours) Snow diurnal at Brighton 58

C. 2 March, 1989 Snow Data Set code: 890302 Depth: 10 cm LWC: 0% Surface RMS height: 0.15 cm Density: 0.1 to 0.2 gm/cm3 Ice crystal diameter: 2 to 2.5 mm Surface temperature: -4 C to -5 C Description: partially metamorphosed snow SNOW PIT TEMPERATURE PROFILE (OC) Time Top 1 0 9 8 o 7 v 6 6 a) V 5 4 3 2 1 bottom air temp Time rop 1 0 9 - 8 - E 0 7 - - 6 -0) la 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 -bottom air temp 0400 05000600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 - -4.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -4.0 -4.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -1.9 -7.0 -7.0 -6.0 -6.0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -3.0 -1.5 -1.0 -1.8 -1.7 -13.0 -11.0 -10.0-10.0 -8.5 -6.0 -4.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -0.0 -1.5 -1.5 i i, 1 I,,, -15.0 -13.5 -13.0 -12.0 -10.0 -6.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 1700 1800 1900 2100 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2100 -2.8 -3.7 -4.0 -5.0 -2.0 -2.0 -1.9 -1.9 -3.7 -4.0 -5.0 -2.3 -2.7 -3.1 -3.5 -1.0 -1.8 -1.7 -1.7 -2.7 -3.1 -3.5 -1.8 -2.0 -2.2 -2.5 -0.0 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -2.0 -2.2 -2.5 -5.5 -6.0 -6.5 -7.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 59 -5.0 -6.0 -6.5 -7.5

MMW DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW 8903-02 /a o 0 IC c..0) u ema 0 CZ 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -2n.1 1. I. * * I * * *I *,I*1.1 1..,1I1 1, IData Set Code: 890302-dium 35 Data: March 2, 1989 Target: Snow Frequency: 35 GHz Incidence Angle: 40~ _, - - - --..... — --............. VH - -HH --- HH m emro|X | l | | | l | | | | l l | | l | | | l YV 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Snow diurnal at Brighton,-,U C.) 00 o e*M r~ Q) Cu cu 0) Cc) e3 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -n1 '.''1 '' I' ' I ' I'.'. I ' ',1' l l I. '' I'' I 'I IData Set Code: 890302-diur 94 Data: March 2, 1989 - Target: Snow Frequency: 94 GHz Incidence Angle: 40~ - vv -- i,.......... HV - --- HH 11 3.1 3 I 1111,11, 1111 13111,,1 111 ~ehm e l mll~me1elmmmmelmeee ime~lineeemm~ t11emmlllmmelmmll em1emmlee m eemeellmeemmmmemlepee m e~ llllll~ee:Illllllll 11111111 -— HH1111 A. J 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Snow diurnal at Brighton 60

MMW DATA FOR SNOW 890302 o 0.0 0) 4rid cu C1 co 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 r I.... I1 rr I.......................................... - ' I ' ' I '. I I' I '. I. i. I ' I I I ''1 I1 '11 I I. Data Set Code: 890302-diurn 140 Data: March 2, 1989 Target: Snow Frequency: 140 GHz Incidence Angle: 40~............................... - HV -..... HV --- HH 1liii.1 11111I1.1.,.I1.1.1. I, 1.1.1I.1..,. II... )... —........ a a I I K a 2 I A a I I I I I I I I 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (Hours) Snow diurnal at Brighton 61

5. MMW DATA FOR ICE-COVERED GROUND Data set code: 880308 Depth: 3 to 10 cm Surface RMS height: 1 mm Surface temperature: 0 C Description: ice formed by the freezing of sheetflooded terrain, about 10% of the surface was covered by pools of water Ice covered ground 62

MMW DATA FOR ICE-COVERED GROUND 880308 - 0.*o Qc eO U L. C3 rm e,, 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 — T -. '' I.' ' I' I '., I' '. I I I I 1 Data Set Code: 880308 35 Data and Time: March 8, 1988, 2:32 PM Target: Ice Covered Ground Frequency: 35 GHz -V I........... VH -— HH,,, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' -~~~~~ ~~ - - - -*.. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Ice 0 0 o 0.O C.) O Lo e4m cL en -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 0 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Ice 63

6. MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES A. Cedar Trees Cedar trees Data set code: 871111 Tree density: 0.07 trees/m2 Average leaf (or needle) dimensions: - 2 to 3 cm Leaf moisture content: 70 % Ground cover moisture content: - 35 % Percent vegetation cover: 90 % Percent cover of undergrowth: 100% Moisture content of undergrowth: 35% Description: Stand of mature oak trees over low ground cover 871 1 1 64

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES Needles of Cedar trees Ground cover beneath Cedar trees 65

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 871111 0 0 a0 c3 Q rJ (i eQ ~,J O I~J eO 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -1l - Data Set Code: 871111 35 Date and Time: November 11, 1987, 9:18 AM - Target: Cedar Trees Frequency: 35 GHz ---,: VV I I I, I I I I J L U 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cedars at Arboretum 0 eO 0 rj S. 4J eO:a <M 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 I 11 I' I I 111111 Data Set Code: 871111 94 Date and Time: November 11, Target: Cedar Trees Frequency: 94 GHz 11111111 I i ' 1111111' I 1 1987, 9:18 AM I - m mm................. I I -,,,I,,,I,,,,I,, I,,,, I,,,,I,,,,I,,,III.................................... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cedars at Arboretum 66

B. Red Pine 5 -11 November, 1987 Data set code: 871105 Tree density: 0.14 trees/m2 Average leaf (or needle) dimensions: 10 to 15 cm Leaf moisture content: -70 % Percent vegetation cover: 90 % Percent cover of undergrowth: 100% Moisture content of undergrowth: 35% Description: Stand of mature red pines over dry, fallen needles ~ 10 M Red pines 67

Needles of Red Pines Ground cover beneath Red Pines 68

MWW WAVE DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 871105.0.e-m co cd *u 3J ad 4 0 -4 -8k.1,,,, i,,,, i, I,,,, I,,,, I,,, i I,,, ' Data Set Code: 871105 35 Date and Time: November 5, 1987, 12:01 PM Target: Pine Trees Frequency: 35 GHz VV -12 - -16 -20 - -24 L 0 I!. I I I ~.......... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Red Pines at Arboretum (5 November, 1987) 871107 o 0.c3 ~ 106 eo a= cu c110 C AN (V ^5 u 16a 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 Data Set Code: 871107 35 Date and Time: November 7, 1987, 10:59 AM Target: Pine Trees Frequency: 35 GHz - -v.,1,,,, I, I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence O (Degrees) Red Pines at Arboretum (7 November, 1987) 69

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 871107:a O *o 1= W PQ fi eo "3 0~ C,J e. a f. CZ A r5 c^3 tt 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 ''. ' I.. ' ' i ' ' ' ' l ' ' ' ' l '.''-; Data Set Code: 871107 94 Date and Time: November 7, 1987, 10:59 AM Target: Pine Trees Frequency: 94 GHz VV -,, V -161 -18 1 C )...... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Red Pines at Arboretum (7 November, 1987) 871109 00:a o 0 U 4ma L~ cJ cJ 4: w 0 -6 400 cl ci CA. O C114 fl 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 Data Set Code: 871109 94 Date and Time: November 9, 1987, 2:20 PM Target: Pine Trees Frequency: 94 GHz. '11111.111131111 i_ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Red Pines at Arboretum (9 November, 1987) 70

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 871110 /-# 0 0P o 0.Q) Q4 rj C) en e3 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 '"II I ' I I I I '1 ' 1 '1' i' '' I ' ' ' '-: Data Set Code: 871110 35 Date and Time: November 10, 1987, 9:24 AM Target: Pine Trees Frequency: 35 GHz — v.-.......... V H \J.1.m ~~~~ e. -20 -24 -28 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 Red Pines at Arboretum (10 871111 (Degrees) November, 1987) /-* C3 to V 0 O em Ce us eO 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30, I' I1,, 1 I I I I I.,'''1' Data Set Code: 871111 RP Date and Time: November 11, 1987, 1:43 PM Target: Pine Trees Frequency: 35GHz I LI 3 r I I I r r................................. e..~.leee.e.eee.~m.eleme.......e..me... e... m mm m m mm mm m m m m mI mm........... VH. I I I I I I I II, II I I II I I,, I II, I I11 I III I I * I I I* 1........................ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle Red Pines at of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Arboretum (11 November, 1987) 71

C. Apple Trees Data set code: 880811 Tree density: 0.1 trees/m2 Average leaf (or needle) dimensions: 4 by 8 cm Leaf moisture content: ~80 % Percent vegetation cover: 90% Percent cover of undergrowth: 100% Moisture content of undergrowth: 80% 3.5 m 2 m 0.5m Apple tree 72

MMW DATA FOR TREE CAN( Leaves OT Appie i ree 880811 /o C3. 0) t, cu eo w 0 <y 413 CZ:q 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 0 - ff A a ff a a............ -..................... S. I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I I. I.. I I I I I I I Data Set Code: 880811 94 Date and Time: August 12, 1988, 9:45 AM - Target: Apple Tree Frequency: 94 GHz.-................... - -- HH 3- 13 13 I 1 I I I I I I I I,, I,,I I II I............................ I~am5If 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) 73

D. Bur Oak Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) Data set code: 880930-1027 Tree density: 0.09 trees/m2 Average leaf (or needle) dimensions: 8 by 12 cm Moisture content of undergrowth: ~ 70% Percent cover of undergrowth: 100% Percent vegetationcover: 95% Description: Stand of mature oak trees over low ground cover ~7M ~4M ~1M.0 CZ 0 -4) 0 *. C) I Q) co 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 I! I I I I I I I I I I I I a ~Ia 9/30 10/4 10/13 10/14 10/15 10/27 1 1/18 Date (1988) 74

0 C, C,1

0 C, C,1

Bur oaks at Botanical Gardens -- 881015 Leaves of Bur oaks at Botanical Gardens -- 881015 77

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES Leaves of Bur oaks at Botanical Gardens -- 881027 Ground cover beneath Bur oaks at Botanical Gardens -- 881027 78

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 880930-1027 o 0.-., cO -w C13 -^ CZi 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 0, — I K f I I I I I I a a I I...I I.. a I II I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I - Data Set Code: 880930-1027 Dates: September 30 - October 27, 1988 Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 35 GHz -Incidence Angle: 20~ - vv -...........HV, I 1. I, I, I I I, I, I, I, I, I I, I, I, I )-. - r r 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) 0 "a 0.O ua Cu o cl. M 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 0 r I I II I II *I I 1I11 1 11 I I 1I I 1 I I. I I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I ' I - Data Set Code: 880930-1027 Dates: September 30 - October 27, 1988 Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 35 GHz Incidence Angle: 30~ -w - V I I I I I I I * I * I 1 I I I * I I I * ) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) 79

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 880930-1027 /o.t).Om cw 0 ci W) PW C.. <M 5 0 -5 -10 -15 I '! ' I I 1 ' I ' I ' I. I. ' 1 'Data Set Code: 880930-1027 - Dates: September 30 - October 27, 1988 Target: Oak Trees - Frequency: 35 GHz Incidence Angle: 70~......... -__.......... -- - V --. - HV - - - H i I, I i I," i ~i -,! I I,,,I,I I, I,,,I I I, -20 -25 -30 -35 I C ) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) /-~ 0 ci.o t3 IS 0 (i SW CQ mo, f. O rA ci CZ 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 C P 'I 1 11 iii' I I I. I' I ' I ' I I Data Set Code: 880930-1027 Dates: September 30 - October 27, 1988 Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 94 GHz Incidence Angle: 50~ -vv...H.. I.. I I.. I. I. I. I I I I,r f, l, l, l, l, l, |I I| tLL- l ll I I I I ) I I. I.............. I. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) 80

MMW WAVE DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 880930-1027 10 c ' Data Set Code: 880930-1027 5 Dates: September 30 - October 27, 1988 o Target: Oak Trees 0 - Frequency: 94 GHz ' Incidence Angle: 70~ -5 -10 - 15. -........ HH -20 -25 v -30. I i, i I i I I I I I i I I I I I.I I i I I I I I!, I,. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) 880930 ' I II''' ' I ' ' ' ''' I ' ' ' i''' I I' '' I ''' I'II - P Data Set Code: 880930 35 Date and Time: September 30, 1988, 11:53 AM 0 0O- Target: Oak Trees - Frequency: 35 GHz Is -5 -E F --- - o -10 - QIow cv -15, -20- HV X E' -— HH: -25 ' ' '.I i,,,,,. I. I [I.,I....1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf Moisture Content = 59.7% 81

MMW WAVE DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881004 t3 t. 0 O ema eO r P t cu r4 ~ a 6 W CZ3 td 0 -2 -4.....I................................... -6 1 - Data Set Code: 880930 35 - Date and Time: October 4, 1988, 12:05 PM Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 35 GHz. —.. —.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -8 -10 -12 -14.............................. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) /-s aa CO eo 00 *r E Q) o 4) 0 U rI 4) *MR) laa 0 ci Cd3 CZ 5 -5 -10 -15 -20 '111111' 11!' 'I' '''11 1'1 I II 'I 'I '1 ' '' Data Set Code: 881004 94 Date and Time: October 4, 1988, 12:05 PM Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 94 GHz — l... mm,m I... _11 _. _ mm mm m, mm m m m m mm -25 E 0 ) I I I I I a I I I I I I~a I a I~a I a I a~a I ~a I_ I 10 20 30 40 50 60 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf Moisture Content = 54.2 % 70 80 82

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881013 - eO c3 cu h, eO cI 10 5 0 -5.l,, 1,,,,,, 1, I., I I I I I,I, ' Data Set Code: 88101394 Date and Time: October 13, 1988, 12:14 PM Target: Oak Trees -Frequency: 94 GHz ---- -............. = - - - v HV m ~ e HH -10 -15 -20 - - - - - -............... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf Moisture Content = 63.4% 881014?-,* V 0 sa= Q cc" Fn 5 0 -5 I a I v i......... -10 - ' ''I ' ' I I I ' I ' ' I I I ' I I ' ' -Data Set Code: 881014 ' Date and Time: October 14, 1988, 1:40 PM Target: Oak Trees -Frequency: 35 GHz W m ******%. HV.— 1HH *1 - I I I II I I I I I I I I I I -15 -20 -251 0 ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf (Degrees) Moisture Content = 50.1% 83

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881015 -:Data Set Code: 881015 35 Date and Time: October 15, 1988, 12:30 PM ~ Target: Oak Trees -; Frequency: 35 GHz -5 E -10 -10 - ~~1-I — 15 -25 l I l l i I l I. I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) 5 - Data Set Code: 881015 94 o - Date and Time: October 15, 1988, 12:30 PM Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 94 GHz -5 5) -10 * -15 |A -20 -zs - —.HH -25 I I, I I,,, I I, I I,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf Moisture Content = 55.2% 84

MMW WAVE DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881027 tm -0 0t.0) Q. (U 0* 5 0 -5 -10 -l I l ' ' ' I '1 1 1 1 I I 1' ' I ''I 1 ''I I II - Data Set Code: 88102735 Date and Time: October 27, 1988, 1:00 PM Target: Oak Trees -Frequency: 35 GHz W - II V V 113 ',,,,I,,,,!,,,,,, I,,,,,,!,,,, I,,,, -15 -20 -25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) O o.QJ 0 Lo -* cQ:A c 03 tf) 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25....................................... I' ' ' I I I I I' ' I I 1 1 11 1 1 1 11' I ' ' I I I I I I I I - Data Set Code: 88102794 Date and Time: October 27, 1988, 1:00 PM Target: Oak Trees -Frequency: 94 GHz -................ - -vv -.......... HV ~THV -. HH,, I,, I,,,,,, II I a!,,,, I,,I, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Leaf Moisture Content = 42% 85

MMW WAVE DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881118 Data Set Code: 88111835 - ' Date and Time: November 18, 1988, 11:42 AM o 0 Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 35 GHz S -5 S -10 -15 -20...... -.HV e ' —.[HH -25 I' I I I I I I I I I I,,.,. I. I,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8C Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) -,,,2, I,,, i,,, I,,, i I,,, I,,,, I ',, ' I,,, ' - Data Set Code: 88111894 0 Date and Time: November 18, 1988, 11:43 AM o Target: Oak Trees - Frequency: 94 GHz S,-2." -4 -6 --8., -8 - nJW ''^% % - CHH C -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Bur Oaks (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf Moisture Content = 27% 86

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881118.0 4J m o an.: f^ 4 2 0 -2 ' ' ' I ' 1 1 ' I I ' I I I ' ',,, I " I ''. -Data Set Code: 881118 140 - Date and Time: November 18, 1988, 11:43 PM Target: Oak Trees Frequency: 140GHz:-vv m: I -HH 111 I,,, I,1 m1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 -4 -6 -8 -10 ( ).......................... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) (Quercus Macrocarpa) Leaf Moisture Content = 27% Bur Oaks 87

E. Spruce Trees Spruce (Picea abies) Data set code: 881031/881122 Tree density: 0.03 trees/m2 Average needle dimensions: 2 cm Leaf moisture content: 53.1%(881031); 56% (881122) Percent vegetation cover (est.): 80 % Percent cover of undergrowth: 100% Moisture content of undergrowth:35% Description: stand of mature spruce trees with weedy ground cover E. -.. M. —;',:D ii.:.. - E z Spruce trees 88

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881031 ' Data Set Code: 881031 35 - Date and Time: October 31, 1988, 1:23 PM - Target: Evergreen Trees ' Frequency: 35 GHz E1 -5 Q) ^ -10 hill..C................................................ y, -15- VV t ~VH i -20, I, I I,, I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Norway Spruce (Picea Abies) 10 10, ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' '..a ' Data Set Code: 88103194 i5- Date and Time: October 31, 1988, 1:23 PM 0 - Target: Evergreen Trees Frequency: 94 GHz = ~E-10 - -...... -15 -..Z - ~.......... HV c. -— HH -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Norway Spruce (Picea Abies) 89

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881122 10 -s o *C0 U c).mM cr) Cs 5 01* -5 -' ' ' ' I " ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' I I1 'I I ' ' 'I I 'I I '. Data Set Code: 881122 35 Date and Time: November 22, 1988, 10:21 AM Target: Evergreen Trees Frequency: 35 GHz - - -v - m........... HH 10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 /-s -O -6m.15 o ew cL 5 0f Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Blue Spruce & Norway Spruce (Picea Puryens & Picea Abies) t I I' I ' I ' i * ' I ' Data Set Code: 88112294 Date and Time: October 31, 1988, 10:21 AM -Target: Evergreen Trees Frequency: 94 GHz............................. - '_ __....-*................. HV --- HH A I I ',,I,,I,,,, I,,,, I,,I,, -5 -15 -20........... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) & Norway Spruce (Picea Puryens & Picea Abies) Blue Spruce 90

F. White Cedar Bushes White Cedar bush (Thuja occidentalis) Data set code: 881116 Height: 3 m Density: 80 % Average leaf (or needle) dimension: 5 cm Leaf moisture content: 56 % Percent vegetation cover: 80 % Percent cover of undergrowth: 50% Description: dense stand of White cedar bushes White Cedar bush 91

MMW DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES Close-up view of branches of White Cedar Bush 881116 O-O 0 0 O -m.Q) ccu so Q4 ema c) A ", cr cl 10 5 Il I, I I I I I I I I I I I I, r I a I a I I I Il I I I I i _ Data Set Code: 881116 35 Date and Time: November 16, 1988, 11:12 AM - Target: Bushes Frequency: 35 GHz o -5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. * -.............. 1IIIIIIII UIIIIIIIIII iii tie -15 -20 - vv.......... HV.. — HH.IHY..-..... --- - - - - - - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) White Cedar at Botanical Gardens (Thuja Occidentalis) 92

MMW WAVE DATA FOR TREE CANOPIES 881116 2 2,''. I. '' '' I' ' I*'' I'' ' I'''' I' '' '1'' ' ~- Data Set Code: 88111694 O Date and Time: November 16, 1988, 11:12 AM o Target: Bushes - Frequency: 94 GHz — 2 - -8- VV e -1 ~-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) White Cedar at Botanical Gardens (Thuja Occidentalis) 4 'I ' I I I I I I I I I -. Data Set Code: 881116140 2 Date and Time: November 16,1988, 11:12 AM <- Target: Bushes 0- Frequency: 140GHz -2 ~ -4 — 6 — 6 - W -8 10' - -10- -- HH - - 12 I I, I I, I, I,I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) White Cedar (Thuja Occidentalis) 93

VII. MMW DATA FOR GRASSES 871102 10 Data Set Code: 871102 (grass)94 I Date and Time: November 2, 1987, 2:45 PM 0 8-8 Target: Grass 6 _ Frequency: 94 GHz.o 4w 4 2 o O0 LI '-2 -4 -6 en -8 - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 8 (Degrees) Cut grass with wet surface (Height = 10 cm) 871116 Data Set Code: 871116 (grass) 35 Date and Time: November 16, 1987, 11:17 AM ~ - Target: Grass o0 Frequency: 35 GHz -I -10 Q - - ----—..........................................,VH S -30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 8 (Degrees) Cut grass at North Campus (Height = 5cm) 94

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 871116 - 0 C3 c) rj Ca cV 0 o Ca3 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cut Grass at North Campus (Height = 5 cm) 880812 Q).cCu To -C em O*O *la 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -Data Set Code: 880812 (grass) 94 - Date and Time: August 12, 1988, 1:28 PM Target: Grass -Frequency: 94 GHz I ~- - -.......... VH --- HH mm Imm11111 111111 1I mmm eraeee eeeeee ~eeeee emeeel m m m ~~~~~V ' —,,, Hml ~ mmm im11 1111IIIIIIIIIII 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cut Grass (Height = 6 cm) 95

Tall Grass (Amaranthus) Data set code: 881202 Grass Moisture Content: 37.6% Height: 50 cm Description: uncut Amaranthus over chickweed 96

MMW DATA FOR GRASSES 881202 E0 0.Q) r. cu -- c: cu 10 5 0 -5 II I ' ' I' I '! ' ' ' ' I ' ' I I I ' ' I ''i I:l Data Set Code: 881202 35 Date and Time: December 2, 1988, 9:24 AM Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 35 GHz HV 11.111131111111 111 I I 111111 111111e11 -............ 1,,..... H _ -10 [ -15 -20 L 0 I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Amaranthus over chick weed Q) - " Q) 0 Cu In eM 115 ci 15 10 5 0o Data Set Code: 881202 94 Date and Time: December 2, 1988, 9:24 AM Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 35 GHz r '.HV -- HH mIIIIIIIII 111111111 I -5 -10 -15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Amaranthus over chick weed 97

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881202 '- Data Set Code: 881202 140 10 i Date and Time: December 2,1988,9:24 AM ~ Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 140 GHz 5 0-5...................... < -10.......... HV s t --- HH: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Amaranthus over chick weed 98

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881103 t: Data Set Code: 88110335 0 Date and Time: November 3,1988,9:58 AM o Target: Ground Cover -4 Frequency: 35 GHz ell -8 ' ~~ --- -8 -12 - Q... -.."................... -16.............. -2 8 - I I I * I I I * I 1,, I, I,, 1, I I,,. 0.Target: Ground Cover - Frequencyode: 88110394 GHz -2 -4 -6............ ^^ -10 | -12 VV VH, -14. —HH -16 F,,,,,,,,, i,, I,,,,,,,,,,,,,,' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Tall Grass (Andropogon gerardi) Leaf Moisture Content = 33% Description: dry, uncut 99

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881108 2 2 I ' ' *, I * ' ' I ' I ' ' i ' ' I ' ' I i ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' '11 0 - Data SetCode: 88110835 Date and Time: November 8, 1988, 9:48 AM o -2 Target: Ground Cover -.4 Frequency: 35 GHz -4 e -6 -8 o -10, -12...................... -14 -16:= -18 -— HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) 4 2 Data Set Code: 88110894 Date and Time: November 8, 1988, 9:48 AM o ' Target: Ground Cover 0 Frequency: 94 GHz -2 -4 -10 - - i: -m -12 --- HH -14..,.,,,,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Turkey Foot or Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) Grass (Andropogon gerardi) Leaf Moisture Content = 44.5% Description: moist, uncut 100

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881108 0 0 Q.c-m r., ci3 0 ^^:0 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Turkey Foot or Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) Grass (Andropogon gerardi) 101

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881027 O 0. C) Cr Le 0) ci 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 0 - I I I i I I II I I I I I i I I I I ' ' 1 I ' ' - Data Set Code: 881027 35 Date and Time: October 27, 1988, 3:22 PM Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 35 GHz.......... VH I~1' 11111111313 - -. -............................. I - I I I I I ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) - o.3 c0O cO eC 0= 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 Data Set Code: 881027 94 - Date and Time: October 27, 1988, 3:22 PM Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 94 GHz........... VH V"HH - HH - ', I,,. I,,, ll,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,I,,,I,,,,.............. a m a I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Tall Grass (Bromus inermis) Leaf Moisture Content = 70% Height: 80 cm Description: uncut 102

881114 Grass (Bromus inermis) Data set code: 881114 Leaf Water Content = 43.1% Height: 10 cm Description: cut Broom grass (Bromus inermis) 103

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881114 /"O ~0 O o.ca" O -b 0 U I" W - C19 y ci C% 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 Data Set Code: 88111435 - Date and Time: November 14, 1988, 11:19 AM ' Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 35 GHz.............................-*.......... VH ~ -- HH II I I I~ i Ia I I I I I I I I! I I I ~1 ~ -A I aa 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Broom Grass (Bromus inermis) NWOI:c 0 -b4.c3 ci *om Iem CJ 0 <y r,~ CJ 4aa 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 ' ' ' 1' I1'''! '''' I '''' I1'' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' * - Data Set Code: 881114 94 Date and Time: November 14,1988, 11:19 AM - Target: Ground Cover - Frequency: 94 GHz -~,,=................................ -......... VH - --- HH,,,, 1,, 1,,,, I,, I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Broom Grass (Bromus inermis) 104

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881114 o ^-*.eQ *) -- en rC a UP ew 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 ' ' ' I ' I''' ' I' I' ' ' I' I '' ' '1 ' ' 'I-DataSetCode: 881114 140 - Date and Time: November 14, 1988, 11:19 AM Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 140 GHz - I............... - - VV,-- -HH 1,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I I,, I I, I,, I,,,, I,,,, I,.. 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Broom Grass (Bromus inermis) 105

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881115 tt t-ON o C0 E *m) 0 M.c. s~^ D - eM ci C"3 0 u(: c I" 4) CZ CQ 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 i 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Broom Grass (Bromus inermis) I a.. -e - o -E. ci c-0 u so c) C Q. (M ^i 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 '''' I ''' I'''' I ' ' ' I *'. I.... I Data Set Code: 881115 94 Date and Time: November 15, 1988, 1:51 PM Target: Ground Cover Frequency: 94 GHz...e.*.......................... ileleeeelereeeleelele~elleekl~.. l kllllle1lll_ I I I I I I I I I v vJ -.......... HV: --- HH ',, I I I I I I I, I,,I I I I, I,,I I. I I I I I I a I I I I I I... I i I I i, I I I I I I I I -................ - - - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Broon Grass (Bromus Inermis) Leaf Water Content = 50% Height: 25 cm Description: uncut 106

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 881115 emow,,J CQ 0 10 Ioam L) -w 0) $0 6a= vi 11. ^^ co 5 0 -5 -10 ' Data Set Code: 881115140 Date and Time: November 15, 1988, 1:51 PM - Target: Ground Cover ' Frequency: 140 GHz..** *....*..,.....,..........-. - -vv: -.....H...V -,.HH. I I.,.,l - VA A -1 I I I -15 -20 -25 -30 1 C 6........................... i I I I i I I a Ia I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle Broom of Incidence 0 Grass (Bromus (Degrees) inermis) 107

881117 Grass (Lythrum salicaria) Data set code: 881117 Leaf Moisture Content = 24.8% Height: 1 m Description: uncut Purple loose strife (Lythrum salicaria) 108

MMW AE DATA FOR GRASSES 881117 20 35 jc gg, 9:54 AM -DatSet Code: 1 17 15 ' Date and Time: November Target: Ground Cover t: lo0 Frequency: 35 GHz -15 '~ -...................-I.... O 80 log C% 15 V e~ -20 ' "' 60m:O 40 50 to, 30 0 30.e0 (Degrees) Angle of Incidence (ytrm ai ra purple Loose Strife over water ytum 20oe."I 94: -54 AM Data Set Code: 88194 15 Date and T imember 1 19, Target: Ground Cover 0 FrequenCy: 94 GHz 5.0 o| - --- ^~~~~~.5^ --- -- -- ^-rrr -5 ^ -50 '"'"'"' —. ---- — " ---.~~ --- —.........""" '"'"",.................................. -10" V'q............ 5.nl —1 —HH 60 50 e~l _,nr'n,-LLC- 20 30 -/"0 LU 0 Angle of Incidence 0 ( uege a Loose Strife over water (Lythrum s purple

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 890406 0 ca Q) O Ci *cn (u L. 15 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Brighton grass substrate. 4J Ir c; M GJ Fn EP 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25, i I I.' I' ' I I'' I I' I I I I I a ' I ' I I I I I I I I I I I I - Data Set Code: 890406 94 Date and Time: April 6, 1989, 2:51 PM Target: Grass Frequency: 94 GHz -............. HV - HH I II I II ii ~~~~i I I II I I II I I I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Leaf Moisture Content = 70% Height: 4 cm Description: cut, packed down by winter's snow. This from under the Brighton snow for which data was taken is the grass in early 1989. 110

MMW WAVE DATA FOR GRASSES 890406 - Co O.om 43 0 U 1r CQ CZl 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 C r-..I..... I............I.......I.. I.....I..* ' ' ' I.... I.... I.I... I..*.I. I... I - Data Set Code: 890406 140 Date and Time: April 6, 1989, 2:51 PM - Target: Grass Frequency: 140 GHz - -vv............... **....... IeeeeIele.111 eee l ee i!iI~ lllee'~' lleIe~llllle~ilellee e~lelIeleelelleelil e lleeee Wr I I I I I I I I -......... HV i -i - HH ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I,I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - - - - - - - - - - - -............... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Brighton grass substrate 111

MMW WAVE DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES 860918 0 'O O G,) ima t,. 0 ci a 20 10 0 -10 I Data Set code: 86091835 - Date and Time: September 18, 1986, 12:40 PM Target: Asphalt Frequency: 35 GHz -— HH "" —........................................ t I -201 0 6 I................................ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Dry Asphalt at Willow Run Surface RMS height: 0.7 mm Description: smooth, dry asphalt 112

MMW WAVE DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES 871113 o C) tt.a ~D o 0) t. ci Wfl 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) 880928 0 Cu *N 4) ref Cu Q) 0 I" 4) co3 EP 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Asphalt Surface RMS height: 0.42 mm Condition: Dry, smooth asphalt 113

MMW WAVE DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES 880923 (1) 10 ' ' I' I ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' I ' ' I I I ' I I I I I I I I I ' ' 'I, t Data Set code: 880923 94, Date: September 23, 1988 - Target: Asphalt Frequency: 94 GHz -5 e..""."............ ~.................VH -: -,HH, '0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Damp Asphalt at Dow Parking Lot 880923 (2) - 10 I I i' I' ' i 'II i Ii I ' ' ' I I I I I. Data Set code: 880923 94 l 5 - Date: September 23,1988 ~0 - Target: Asphalt Frequency: 94 GHz.-5. -15 -1.......... VH..... -20,,,, I,, I, a,, I, I I I I, I I I I I I I I a I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Dry Asphalt at Dow Parking Lot 114

Rough Asphalt Data set code: 881109 Surface RMS height: - 2 mm Condition: rough, dry asphalt Asphalt at Botanical Gardens 115

MMW WAVE DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES 881109 -/0J.n.-d 0r c 0 -i,* u5 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 0 I I I [ r I I I a I I 9 I I I I.. I I.. I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I Data Set code: 881109 35 Date and Time: November 9, 1988, 10:17 AM Target: Asphalt Frequency: 35 GHz Note: Overall Calibration Uncertain -- Values are Relative Only! -VV.......... I.. --- HH i I I I 2 I 5 a I I a I m I I I I I I I I I I I I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Rough Asphalt at Botanical Gardens 881109 - a*0 * 'Cu 4" (V 0 U - - ci SW 4J 03 a ci 25 20 15 10 5 9 I I -r 9 I I I I I I I I I - I I T Ir - Data Set code: 881109 140 - Date and Time: November 9, 1988, 10:17 AM Target: Asphalt - Frequency: 140 GHz - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I T I r I I I I I r I I ' - -vv -........... HV - -- HH I- I,,,, II I II I I Note: Overall Calibration Uncertain -- Values are Relative Only!....................................................,,,, I I I,, I I.,,,,I,,,I, 0 -5 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Rough Asphalt at Botanical Gardens 116

871113/880815 B. Gravel Gravel Data set code: 871113 and 880815 Surface RMS height: - 2 mm Typical stone size: - 6 mm Description: dry gravel Gravel in North Campus parking lot 117

MMW WAVE DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES 871113 -I I........... I...............I. i... O o -^. ran r/ cr ca 5 0 -5 -10F ' ' 'r r ' ' I ' ' I ' ' I ' ' I' ' ' ' I ' ' I I Data Set code: 871113 35 Date: November 13, 1987 Target: Gravel Frequency: 35 GHz.......... VH W -15 -20 -25 ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ I I a ~ I~a I I I I a I................... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 Gravel in North Campus (Degrees) Parking Lot 880815 (2) aca3 Cd ci C. eo a= ci 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 III 111, I,,i,,,, I I,,,I I I I I, I I,,,. Data Set code: 880815 94 Date and Time: August 15, 1988: Target: Gravel Frequency: 94 GHz...... -- -W.. ^...*-....-w-4......VV.............. '.......... VH.. - -- IHH,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,, tIII I,, I,,.. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Gravel in North Campus Parking Lot 118

PART II. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS DATA Using a 215-GHz radar system, multipolarization backscatter measurements were made by the University of Massachusetts [15, 16] for various types of trees and for snow covered terrain in 1987 and 1988. The measurements were made from a 80-m high tower at the University of Massachusetts. The radar system used an extended interaction oscillator (EIO) capable of producing 100-ns pulses with 60 W of peak power. The transmit antenna consisted of a 15-cm lens fed by a corrugated scalar horn, with a beam width of 0.64~, and the receiver antenna was a horn with a wide beam width of 23~. 119

9. 215-GHZ DATA FOR TREES Table 11-1 provides a summary of the parameters of the trees for which the backscattering coefficient ao was measured. The radar observations were made as a function of time over an approximately six-month period, and were augmented with groundtruth measurements including: GLWC: gravimetric liquid water content of leaves Cover: percentage of the sky covered by leaves and branches as seen looking up from the base of the tree Normalized Leaf Area: Average leaf area of between 10 and 50 leaf samples, normalized to the maximum value during the season. TABLE 11-1 CHARACTERISTICS OF TREES SELECTED FOR STUDY Tree Tre Name Basal Canopy Crown Canopy Cover Tree Position Code (Latin Name) Diameter Height Diameter Day 99 210 Type Depression Azimuth [ml imi mJ) % 1%) Idegs Ideg A Northern White Cedar 0.15-0.3 13. 5. 90 90 C 28.8 56.5 (TAyuj occideatali,) B White Pine 0.73 30. 16. 85 90 E 20.8 41. (Pinso strohe)sD 28 C Fir 0.48 21. 8. 80 85 D 21.9 (Abie, spp.) D Sugar Mapl 0.32 19. 14. 40 95 A 19.2 31 (Acer s~cc&lrum) 35 4.3 30.5 E Eastern Cottonwood 0.43 25. 3. 35 65 B (Poplu, deltde) 14.2 3 F Pin Oak 1.05 38. 24. 45 90 E 14.2 (Qerc plris) 11.6 43. G Black Oak 1.02 20. 24. 30 90 A 11.6 43. (Quercus velutina) H Silver Maple 0.78 21. 20. 30 75 A.8 46. (Acer eacckrvm) B 49.5 Weeping Willow 0.82 22. 15. 50 90 B 0. (S$aiit bl2lonica) 914 White Pine 1.05 27. 13. 85 E 0 (Pinsu,trobs.) L W(hit Pine 0.6 27. 4. 85 90 E.3 56.5 (Pin8rsroe)4 5 90 B 9.1 58. M Pin Oak 0.92 20. 1. 35 9. (Qeres Psri) 35 0 B 9.7 58. N Red Maple 1.01 4. 15. A 9 (Acer rubrunt) 50 A 9.4 63.5 0 Group of White Pines 0.5-0.8 20.-30..- 10. 85E 9 3. X Mixed Forest' 0.2-0.6 15.-25. 3-. 35 85 AB 83 53. Y Mixed Forest" 0.2-0.6 15.-25. 3-8. 35 85 AB 6.6 53. Z Mixed Forest" 0.2-0.6 15.25. 3.-. 35 85 ABE 7.0 60.5 * Eastern Cottonwood (Poplu deltoide.), Crapes ( Viti spp.), Glossy Buckthorn (Rbamnus /rangia) and Red Maple (Acer rurum) Eastern Cottonwood (Poplrs deltoides) and Red Maple (Acer rubrrnm) '" Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Pin Oak (Quercus PelkatrUi) and White Pine (Pins. strobus) 120

WHITE PINE (B) -5. CP -10. -15. % -20. -25. -5. Ir -10. -15. % 1-20. -25. -20. "*O -25. -30. ~-35. t -40. oO 0 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W uSurrCO - 0 0 IA OA a A GLVWC M x CCN" 100. 120. i 40. 1 60. i 80. 200. 220. 240. 260. 280. 3W0. JUoAN DATE 1987 (DAY ce 80. 60. 40. 20. 0. -20. Curves showing measured a0 versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for White Pine (B). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 121

-5. -1 -10o -15. ""63-20. -25. - -10. - 15. -25. ___*mm - 20. 0 - 25. - 30. tz -40. FIR (C) C0 00a 0% 0 0 00 2 0 0 0 00 00 0 00 AA 0 0 AA 00 o NV- MCASUMCO A VW csoc ~~ t4OCO U~LEAP AMCA I oo.(LAAAM"X) @L.WC SN4 U - CO*WR IN 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220. 240. 260. 290. 300. JUUIAN DATE 1987 (DAY] C-, 80. 80. 40. 20. 0. -20. Curves showing measured &Y versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Fir (C). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 122

EASTERN COTTONWOOD (E) -5. -g -10. -15. o 3-20. -25. I I a a a a~ 0 a O O M -tO 0 l a — -~a C C~~~t~ 0 -- -. -5. % M-20. -25., - 20... -25. -30. Z-35. - -40. I — CD 80. 60. 40. 20. 0. -20. [ * - OASqA&UAZCO LAJ AMCA 1 OO(/.U^AX) - OLWC mIN ' COVer IN X 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220. 240. 260. 280. 300. JULIAN DATE 1987 [DAY] Curves showing measured and computed oo versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Eastern Cottonwood (E). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 123

PIN OAK (F) -o. - 15. "'-20. -25. - L~~O- o'ii -5. Co -10. 3C 3 -15. -215.___ -V-20. -25. 0 MCASUNIR O COMPqJTgO ~60. ow== -20. - 30. P4AA& D AV NA5o.(./'A.aW 14. 0 0.W 120 10A10C10 20 20 20 20C20 30 WJULIAN DATE 1987 (DAY] Curve shwn8esrdad optdc0ess uindt o V HH n HH oaiatosfrPn0a F) losoni h correpnigmaue0gon rt aa 124

BLACK OAK (G) -10. 3 00 C c6 -20. c -25. Co -0. -15. ~.4MCAIUM CO ~80. 260.A -320. AC NVLWC '4.-..CO43'P 10.10 4. 6.10 00 2.20 20 8.30 JUA AT097 DY Cuvssoigmesrdadcmutd&0essJlindt o V HH2n0HH olrztosfrBlc a G.Alosoni h corresponding me~~,asrdgontuhda. 125

SILVER MAPLE (H) -.5. -10. -25. o WCASuRCO cwvo -15. 00 -20.. -25.-.30. tz -.40. uAsco*OMUO -.0. @WC 4..cg 43 Curves showing measured and Computed (TO versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Silver Maple (H). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 126

WEEPING WILLOW (I) -5. -10. -15.: -20. -25. -5. c -1 0. -15. -20. -25. -20. -o. -25. -30.;-35. t -40. = 80. S O 60. 40. z 20. 0. ~c -20.,vNo I i """'O"MA2zC LC I ARCA OO.(LA/bAM X) OLWC IN 3 - l CO ~mr ti 3 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220. 240. 260. 280. 300. JUUAN DATE 1987 [DAY] Curves showing measured and computed o~ versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Weeping Willow (I). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 127

MIXED FOREST (X).-25. -5. -2~0. - 2. ue a 0 - 20. o O^ -25. - 0 WABUCO - COPjJT'O - - 0. a O Q- p oP -40. 2 -20. " -25. - A C.L..A -30. - -35. - 0 V WCAUNCO COPtJrn Io 80. 00. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220. 260. 260. 280. 300. 40. 20. O. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220. 20. 260. 280. 300. JUUAN OATE 1987 [DAYJ Curves showing measured and computed oo versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Mixed Forest (X). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 128

MIXED FOREST (Y) -5. 2 -2o0.. 0. OO oo -10. O MCUAgD --- COaMtO O -25. -210. t —20. -25. a uCASUgO -- CUuUo 200 -20. -25. ~- - a & A -30. 2. - H -35. A- o -40. A MCASU UM- COMPUt -440. w. 80. 0. -20. [UF ULL- g y ^ A<^ 1000 64/6 io'<t^MAX) 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220. 240. 260. 280. 300. JUUAN DATE 1987 ODAY] Curves showing measured and computed oo versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Mixed Forest (Y). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 129

MIXED FOREST (Z) -5. CD -10. -15. - 20. -25. -5. E -10. -15. i-20. -25. ___ -20. -, -25. -30. -35. % -40o. C= C:D I 80. 60. 40. 20. 0. -20. e4OA co M.^JZE@II AO A OLWG 4 ( —,oL~l n rVC 0r-.-.- -gr W M 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200. 220 240. 260. 280. 300. JULULN DATE 1987 [OAY] Curves showing measured and computed o~ versus Julian date for VV, HH, and VH/HV polarizations for Mixed Forest (Z). Also shown is the corresponding measured ground truth data. 130

10. 215-GHZ DATA FOR SNOW The snow observations, which were made from the same tower platform, included measurements at various incidence angles extending from 25~ to 83.20, corresponding to ground areas for which the radar had an unobstructed view. Table 11-2 provides a summary of the ground truth observations that were recorded in support of the radar measurements. TABLE 11-2 GROUND TRUTH FOR SNOW DATA SHOWN IN FIG. 3,, - -.. I.. I D..i.-I:-.. rimml I TemrwraLure I DensiAv Volumetric I Layer Day t KMS Surface I o. o0l....... ~I I A __ 'o% I U —..-~... Lur Thii.t-n Inmmn (Fi. Ref.) | Roughns (mm) Layers Layer # Minimum I Maxmum I (-) gn/._)_.__ ___ ____. t- _ - Mmsum Relm.m I I,/c I, a..,, l-.......-. I I I II - I I 2 7 (no figure) 8 (Fig. Sa) 9 (Fig. 3e) 10 (Fig. 3c) 11 (Fip. 3a & 5b) 12 (Fig. 3b) 13 (Fig. Sc) 14 (Fig. 3d) 0.96 I (BoLtom) 2 (Top) 3 3 6 8 -3.0 -8.5 0.190 0.260 0.00 0.00 30.0 42.5 I i 1 t I 1 1.32 3 1.03 2 1.35 2 1.16 2 I (Bottom) 2 (Middle) 3 (Top) I (Bottom) 2 (Top) I (Bottom) 2 (Top) I (Bottom) 2 (Top) I 1 I (Bottom) 2 (Top) 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 I 1 2 1 I I 10 10 10 15 9 10 10 0 0.0 1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -4.5 0.0 -3.5 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.200 0210 0.090 0.245 0.225 0.255 0.190 0.240 0.205 0.200 0.120 0.180 0.160 0.00 1.08 0.68 0.40 0.00 0.93 0.00 1.77 0.15 1.30 0.85 1.90 0.00 15.0 60.0 45.0 40.0 55.0 42.5 47.5 42.5 65.0 67.5 50.0 60.0 50.0 1.17 1.32 1.58 I 1 2 4 -1.5 3 -1.0 3 -2.0 - 131

SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 09 10,I. I I I I I I I I. I 0* o - x 0 0 x 0 I 10o U) u OS 2 -20 30 - Hm YV * BH X V 0 OV a I I I,I I I I —I iI --. I4dA L ~ kA 0 20 40 60 ou IO UJ Incidence Angle (deg) Measured value of Tv (*), o (+), crv(X), and o (0) of snow at 215 GHz 132

SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 1 1 t0 0 %0010 U.20 z -30 I I I T- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I + 0 4 x 0 C 0 s vy *In 5 a I A I I I I I dfLn I -- I I I I I I a1 I a -10%020 0 20 Incidence Angle (deg) so 100 SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 1 0 10 0 IM-10 (U) Ou 20 z -30 *-40 T I I I I I I I I +* C + C x 0 e VY 0 W * HE X Vs x 0 9V I - I I I I - I I - I - 0 20 Incidence Angle (deg) so 100 133

SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 12 00% zm Incidence Angle (deg) SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 14 10 0I cM-10 U)-2 z -30 -40~ 1T - I-T I- I V V I — - -l ---+* +. 10 0 x 0 o vy OHNY *1 I I I I - I I - - I - - 0 0 40 80 Incidence Angle (deg) Aft &% 4 so I '00 134

SNOW AT 215 GHZ: DAY 08 m-10 Co z Z 100 Incidence Angle (deg) (a) SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 11 10 I I I I O - mNvC) U_ z 10 - * + * -30 - W Measured HH Measured - W/HB Computed I I I I + — m*lU' I I I &- i I -- 0 20 40 60 80 Incidence Angle (deg) (b) 100 SNOW AT 215 GHz: DAY 13 1U I i I r r I I I I 0 m-10 s-o '0 CO U) -20 z H - * W Measured H Measured - W/HI Computed -30 I I I - U - u I I I I I I 0 20 40 o0 80 Incidence Angle (deg) 100 (c) Measured (*: aOV, +: aJH) and computed (-) values of copolarized backscatter for (a) Day 8, (b) Day 11, (c) Day 13. 135

PART III. UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS DATA The University of Kansas program used a 20-m high truckmounted platform, similar to that used by the University of Michigan, to make multipolarization radar backscatter measurements at 35 GHz for various types of terrain surfaces. The majority of the data were recorded for HH, HV, VH, and VV linear polarization combinations, although a few were made for circular polarization configurations (RL, LL, LR, RR) also. The radar used was an FM-CW system with separate transmit and receiver antennas. The antennas were equipped with polarizers and had a beam width of 3~ each, resulting in a product beam width of about 2~. The data reported in this part of the Handbook, which was extracted from reference [17]-[20], is divided into three categories: (1) angular plots of a~ for snow-covered ground under both dry and wet conditions, (2) diurnal plots of a~ as a function of time for snow, and (3) angular plots for various types of road surfaces with and without snow cover. 136

20 20 r 10. — o 0 *4 I % 0 0 o -10 c n.E -20 a(D u Ln.3A U - Date: 2/20/77 Time: 0645 Frequency (GHz): 35.6 - Snow Depth (cm): 26 Water Equivalent (cm): 5.8 Snow Wetness (Percent): 0 - -— * HH 10 co %0 ~ -o CD co 0.- -20 Ia,:{:: I cn C) I N -4 O - 0 73 z 0 O C-a -4s - '4m Date: 2/19/771, Time: 1410 V Frequency (GHz): 35.6 Snow Depth (cm): 26 Water Equivalent (cm): 5.8 Snow Wetness (Percent): 3.3 I - I I I I I -'U -vu -- -- VV -- -- HV I, I I I I I _1 - -. -- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) (a) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) (b) 80 Polarization and angular response of GO for (a) dry snow condition and (b) wet snow condition.

10 -C - - Dry 0 Wet -10 -. -20 - 2 Polarization: HH - Frequency (GHz): 35.6 2 Snow Depth (cm): 27 '. -0 Water Equivalent (cm): 5. 9 -30 Snow Wetness Date Time m, (%) -40 - * 2/19 1410 3.3 -- 2/20 0605 0 -50 L I ' I I -50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) Angular. Response of (~ at 35.6 GHz to Wet and Dry Snow 138

20 r 20 S Surface Roughness.-* Regular -- 10 — W Wind-Generated /4/I' Date ' 3/7 -- -^- 3/13 Time my 1155 1.9 1140 1.3 Snow Depth (cm) 44 48 Surface Snow Temp. (oC) 0 0 Co (D co 0.E-2 a1) Cu af) V VAn, Snow Depth ~, — Date Time mv (cm) 3/4 0700 0 45 3/12 1255 0 47 Polarization: HH Frequency (GHz): 35. 6 Surface Snow Temp. (~C) -7 -2 Co 0 0.c () 0 en 1L-) CD.4.-* 13 0 -10 - 1 fAmi.Ymo u- mm V 6 -20 Surface v Roughness * Regular - - Wind-Generated/VVl/ Polarization: HH Frequency (GHz): 35.6 lI I I II I I I \ I -30 -JU AII~ I I I_ I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) (a) Dry Snow Angle of Incidence (Degrees) (b) Wet.Snow Effect of surface roughness for (a) dry snow and (b) wet snow. (mv is volumetric liquid water content of 5-cm surface layer). Photographs of surfaces are shown on the following page.

- *D*. (a) 0. 5 cm I 3 0 cm I ~ui~-~ --- —-0& L 2 c m Snow surface structure: (a) regular snow surface, (b) wind-generated snow surface 140

12. 35 GHz DIURNAL DATA FOR SNOW A. February 17-18, 1977 Diurnal Date: 2/17 -2/18/77 Snow Depth (cm): 30 Water Equivalent (cm): 6. 3 X,- I,.. Lm c ' 2 C E 3 1) C Q O - -0c ^l c S oL 40 (n c a.) c L) 3 E 2 E1 Surface Layer (Top 5 cm) I 0 Snow at 26 cm above Ground 0 a).-0 —o LCa) w 10 5 - 0 - -5 - -10 -15 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 Time of Day 2400 0400 0800 Diurnal variation of the supportive ground truth data on 2/17 - 2/18/77. my is the volumetric snow wetness of the top 5-cm layer. 141

8 61 / — 4 CC' - 2 0 C ~ 0 -4 O -6 C: r — ~= -8 0 CU t'n Vu. -" 1)L~j Date: 2/17-2/18/77 Polarization: HH Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 5 Snow Depth (cm): 30 Water Equivalent (cm): 6.3 Frequency (GHz): -- 8.6 ----- 35.6 - 0 0 I-) No 0 I I I I I I. i, -, 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 0400 0800 Time Diurnal variation of o~ at 8.6 and 35.6 GHz at 50 angle of incidence.

6 4 2 so 0 0 I 0 m, -2 c -4 -10 I.).o u -8 AL I -C (A) D:!d. 2,'/17-2/14J77 A Polarization: HH \ Angle of Incidence \ (Degrees): 25 / Snow Depth (cm): 30 \ Water Equivalent (cm): 6.3 \ Frequency (GHz): X/ 8.6 \ -- 35.6 I i 1200 1600 2000 2400 0400 0800 Time Diurnal variation of Yo at 8.6 and 35.6 GHz at 250 angle of incidence. -14 - -16 - -18 0800

CO -a "0 0 o C-, cD a) cD c Ct C).4,.0 - 4 2 - \ / 2 o I l -2 - /, \,v -6 / / -61 -14 - " / Date: 2/17 - 2/18/77 Polarization: HH Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 55 Snow Depth (cm): 30 Water Equivalent (cm): 6.3 - 8.6 GHz --- 35.6 GHz o — Snow Wetness 0 a) 1>3 2 ~: - >.m -16 0* 0 -18 -20 -22 040 reit 0 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 0400 0800 Time of Day Diurnal variation snow wetness and o~ at 8.6 and 35.6 GHz. (Note that snow wetness scale has been reversed for ease of comparison with o~.

B. March 3-4, 1977 Diurnal Date: 3/3-3/4/77 Polarization: HH Angle of Incidence: (Degrees): 20 Snow Depth (cm): 48 Water Equivalent (cm): 10.5 Frequency (GHz): -. -o 1.2 -- 17.0 10 --- 4.6 -- 35.6 ---- 8.6! Qc -0 Q) L; - 02 W c '.-.C aD. 0 -5 -.. - -. -.. - - -. - a I. -15 Dee... 0 c2<.-i *"0 D ~Ia. I~.~ of..."a4mmOal 0 0 -20 y/ 2.0 >; E 1.0 c 0.0 = C) Cd 0800 1200 1600 2000 Time of Day 2400 0400 0&00 Diurnal Variation of Snow Wetness and o~ Between 1 and 35 GHz at 20~ Angle of Incidence. 145

Date: 3/3-3/4/77 Polarization: HH Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 50 Snow Depth (cm): 48 Water Equivalent (cm): 10. 5 V -- I 2.0 E t al 1.0 c 0 0. O t'1 17.0 35.6 5 A0 CO s25,~ -10 so a=, -15 'c."~ -20 -251 Frequency (GHz): --... o 1.2 -- --- 4.6 p. ----m 8.6 I- J-., - - e. I_.. ~ a o,"a'"-.._.c= 0a 0 0 -' "a laDlc 'aw"* ' n " —." -1 -30 L 0800 1200 1600 2000 Time of Day 2400 0400 0800 Diurnal Variation of Snow Wetness and oo Between 1 and 35 GHz at 200 Angle of Incidence. 146

0 ' I- > 5 i E 0* Date: 3 16-3/17177 _ Polarization: HH Angleof ncidence (Degrees): 50 1a -\aA Snow Depth (cm): 45 -15 Date: 3/16-3/17/77 Polarization: HH 0 ~GHz at 500 ange of Incidence (Degrees): 50. A Snow Depth (cm): 45 —, - - Diurnal variation of snow wetness and 6O at 8.6, 13.0, 17.0 and 35.6 GHz at 50 angle of incidence.

5 0.( 1.1 2. 3.1 4. 5. -0 o 0 A-~ "c: a) I 0 a) CD CO el. W,, OOD O > 0 E CU 0c 0o Date: 3/16-3/17/77 Frequency (GHz): 35.6 Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 50 Snow Depth (cm): 45 Water Equivalent (cm): 13. 5 -----— a RR RR - RL circular polarized oo (ORR/ORL) at 500 angle of 0 V/ T -5 rA V I 1600 2000 Time 2400 0400 0800 Diurnal variation of snow wetness and the values at 35.6 and the depolarization ratio incidence.

D. March 23, 1977 Diurnal 0-I. E ct tu CV 0700 0800 09001000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 10 r 5 F 091V..-Oo 0 0 -5:-. -5 =L. -10 /.. r-=. ---.- _ --- -- / J* / / / /!f - - - - a- - -a - Date: 3/23/77 * Air Temperature o Snow Temperature at Surface a Snow Temperature at 10 cm v Ground Temperature -15 ' -20,,, - - 'I,, I i I 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Time of Day Snow wetness and temperature variation over the measurement period of the diurnal experiment on 3/23/77. 149

10 r oh -10 CI) C). Q) -20 - o `*0 ~4 0A 0 0 VVVV77V'I V0 -~.d.... olzt-0. a b-N 0 Date: 3/23/77 Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 50 Polarization: HH a 8.6 GHz v 17.0 GHz o 35.6 GHz 0O*4 CAM ~o 0 0 v v Wvv V WVVVtVT?Y a -30 [ -40 F -50 - -60 07( 1! I*. I I. I o0 000 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 18 1900 Time of Day Time variation of 500 backscatter power at 8.6, 17.0, and 35.6 GHz. 150

10 Date: 3/23/77 Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 70 Polarization: HH * 8.6 GHz v 17.0 GHz o 35.6 GHz O - es(po oo; Go 0 Qa) CL Q) c:) -10 H 00 0 -20 - I B jwvv vw0v -30 - wv v vv w VT vv v VyWlFv -10 H a2Do3 mM a ~ raI l c I a -50 H O].a... -60I I I _I 1.. a -r I I 0700 0300 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Time of Day Time variation of 70~ backscatter power at 8.6, 17.0, and 35.6 GHz. 151

E. March 24, 1977 Diurnal la E I E 1 m 0 t'i x L4 -LL t ( 1. 1. Date: 3/24/77 Snow Depth (cm): 44 Water Equivalent (cm): 12.7 0.51 0.0 4 _ 3 E t0 t, 2 Q 1 (3 O, 15 O C) 0 E a) 10 - "Ilo - -' Air -- - -= Ground -- Snow Temperature at 40 cm above Ground Level -y 5 - ~. -- 0 -5 a laom. 91 M. -10L 0800 I t I I.____ I I I 1200 1600 2000 2400 Time Diurnal variation of ground truth data on 3/24/77. 152

Date: 3/24/77 Polarization: HH Angle of Incidence (Degrees): 50 Snow Depth (cm): 44 Water Equivalent (cm): 12.7 Frequency (GHz): - -- 8.6 - 17.0 -— m35.6 00o -0 CA 0 a) r C_ em cm_ -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -- I/ i 6 / v ex- *-v-./o 8 6 - 4 0 a) - 2 au L-. Co C.- -4 W -6 — 8 2400 A A -20,/ -22 \__,-. / /A 0800 1200 1600 Time Diurnal variation of incidence. o~ at 8.6, 17.0 and 35.6 GHz at 500 angle of 153

Date: 12/19/78 Date: 12/18/78 +30- Target: Loose Dirt Frequency(GHz): 35.6 +30 Target: Compacted Dirt Frequency(GHz): 35.6 +20 +10 4-~ o - I C' O I u.) -L 4-11. -1 n +20 +10 r — '- C) 0 C) L. -) co -20 -30 -40 0) -1 C F) C C "1 -4% 0t U) CA) 01 I N -I -n 0 C 5 -n o) c1 C) c =n Cl) CD) 1U,) -20 -30 -An VV vv A HV HV - v 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) ( 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) Loose Dirt Surface Compacted Dirt Surface

+35 Date: 6/29/78 Target: Dry Gravel Frequency (GHz): +35 Date: 6/29/78 Target: Wet Gravel Frequency (GHz): +251 - 35.6 35.6 +25 10 +1) +15 +1.~ +5 +5 H -3 0203 0 0 60 70 -50 of 2 3cidence(Degrees) ~Angleof,ncidence (Degrees) C_) G:-5 -15S " HV HV -25 -25 -350 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Anl o lc c 50 e0 70 Angle of incidence (Degrees) Angle 0 Sncidence (Degreesa Wet Gravel Surface f Dry Gravel Surface

Date: 12/13/78 Target: Rough Asphalt, Dry Frequency(GHz): 35.6 Date: 12/15/78 30 Target: Smooth Asphalt, Dry Frequency(GHz): 35.6 +1 m 0 4 -90."a -10 CD 0 r-20, -30 -40 -40 +20 m +10 4-.- 0 *.. c:= Ca) C-10 c-" CD S -20 VV HV VV.HV -30 -40 -50 0 10 Angle 20 30 40 of Incidence 50 60 70 (Degrees) 80 0 10 Angle 20 30 40 of Incidence 50 60 70 (Degrees) 80 Rough Asphalt Surface Smooth Asphalt Surface

+35 Date: 6/6/78 Target: Dry Concrete Frequency (GHz): 35.6 +35 Date: 6/20/78 Target: Wet Concrete Frequency (GHz): 35. 6 +25 1, +15 0 0._ +5 0 O.-5 au -15 O~ +25 o+15 0 0.-, 0 -5.-* CO o -15 -25 -35 0 vv HH vv -25. HV HH HV -35 -- I I I -I - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) Dry Concrete Wet Concrete

+35 Date: 6/15/78 Target: Dry Asphalt Frequency (GHz): 35.6 +25 cfn +15 0 r-.- +5.0 a) i an -5.CrL o -15 -25 30 Target Date 6/6/78 ----- Concrete Soil Moistu re (%) Dry Surface Dry Surface Frozen 0% - - Asphalt 6/1! 5/78 18/78 20 A -. crY o %10 r' Q) c) t -10 L) Plowed Ground 12/] Polarization: HH Frequency: 35.6 GHz VV HH HV -20 -35 I -30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) 0 20 Angle of 40 Incidence 60 (Degrees) 80 Dry Asphalt Various Surfaces

B. Road Surfaces With Snow Cover Ground Truth Data Date 2/10 2/11 2/13 2/13 2/14 2/16 2/18 2/19 2/19 2/20 2/20 Time 1315 1030 1037 1350 1050 1400 1420 1100 1430 1015 1352 Target (Snow) Dirt Dirt Grass Asphalt(2) Concrete(3) Asphalt Concrete Grass Concrete Asphalt Grass Soil Soil Moisture State _( vol.) Snow Depth ( lo ) Water # of Equiv. Layers (cm) 1-3 3.0 1-3 2.8 2-3 5.2 Frozen Frozen Partially Frozen e ---. Partially Frozen --- Partially Frozen 6-14 --- 6-14 N.M.(4) 14-20 - 5-13 --- 3-4 --- 2-6 --- 6-13 N.M. 9-14 2 1 2-3 2-3 2 1 0-2 0-2 2.0 3.0 1.5 3.1.2.8 1.5 1.1:2 Snow Wetness (% vol.) 0:10 0 7.7 -10 =lO 0 0 10.9 3.9 13.4 12.1 Air Temp. (~C) -1.3 2.8 -3.0 -.2.5 -14.6 -5.2 4.5 2.5 2.0 1.9 (1) Snow Temp. (~C) -.3 --.4 -.5 -.5 -,5 -5.5 -2.8.8.0.0.0 Snow/ Ground Temp. (_~C) -1.9 -2.0 -.5 -.8 -.4 -5.1 -3.1 -.9 -.1 -.7 -.4 0-3 0-9 0-14 N.M. (1) At 2 cm below the surface. (2) Ice layer underneath snow 5 cm thick. (3) Layer consisted of packed snow, slush, water and ice. Wetness was not measured; however, the snow was wet. (4) N.M. —not measurable with present technique. 159

20 - Date: 2/11/79 Target: Snow on Compacted Dirt Snow Wetness (%-: 10 Polarization: ------ HVV -—. HV 20 r Date: 2/10/79 Target: Snow on Compacted Dirt Snow Wetness (: 0 Polarization: --— ' VV 10 10 Ok k0 0) 0 o t) -\ I -10 0-m -0 o t:) 0) 0 -10 _ - v \ V~ -20 -20 4N -30 H U N v -30 Frequency (GHz): 35. 6 I I I I! '% 4% 4%~ I % *1l Frequency (GHz): 35.6 I... I -40 I a- a -40 I I I I ~ * - 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 0 Incidence (Degrees) 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 Wet Snow on Compacted Dirt Surface Dry Snow on Compacted Dirt Surface t

20r Date: 2/19/79 Target: Snow on Grass Snow Wetness (,: 10. 9 Polarization: ---- VV -—. HV 20 r - Date: 2/13/79 Target: Snow on Grass Snow Wetness (0: 0 Polarization: — mv VV -— m HV 10 10 16 - I OF 0O' C) 00 o.-0. C) -10 -20 v ------- -o 0 0) -10 ~- % \ 44 I It -20 -30 -/n a %a jency (GHz): 35.6 \ I I I I I Il -30 - F reqi I Frequency (GHz): 35.6 I 1 I I I - -40 I I I Jim, ~ m - i......... ~ ~ lU ~ - -,v 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) 80 Wet Snow on Grass Dry Snow on Grass

200 10 Date: 2/13/79 Target: Snow on Asphalt Snow Wetness (7: 7. 7 Polarization: -- VV vy = ' 7 20 10 0 Date: 2/16/79 Target: Snow on Asphalt Snow Wetness (/,: 0 Polarization: —.v VV, --- HV 0I —.L 0) N) -0 o O 10 -0 0 0 -10 N ft"MW v 3W amV~ "t mm ~.me. -20 - V -20 - -30 - -30 Frequency (GHz): 35. 6 I I I I I Frequency (GHz): 35.6 I I i I I -40 I I I -40 I I I m 0 n v m a 0 I ~ I L -- — III -- -- i ~ i ~ ~ 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) 80 Wet Snow on Asphalt Dry Snow on Asphalt

20 10 - Date: 2/14/79 Target: Snow and Slush on Concrete Snow Wetness (7: - 10 Polarization: * HH -— m —v V ----- HV 20 101 Date: 2/18/79 Target: Snow on Concrete Snow Wetness (%: Polarization: *- *HH ---- HVV ^ ---- HV 0o o -lo O -10 co.-o -10 am-..f a -aU M -20 -30 -AOn -20 I I a -30 - Frequency (GHz): 35.6 I I I I I — v Frequency (GHz): 35.6 I 3 i I I I -40 I I I I - - N - N -- I - I -- ff I N I - a -v 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Angle of Incidence (Degrees) 80 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 Wet Snow on Concrete Dry Snow on Concrete

20r - Date: 2/20/79 Target: Snow on Asphalt Snow Wetness (o,: 13.4 Polarization: — m VV 20r - Date: 2/20/79 Target: Snow on Grass Snow Wetness (%/: 12. 1 Polarization: -- -v VV -—.. HV 10 10 ~ — HV Ok OF 0) -Pil -0 C0 -10 -o O C) -10k V -20 -30 -40 -, - - N 7 - '.I J %A V V -20 - I ~ * -Ua * -. am- m 4f — U ---- - - a aI -30 * * Frequency (GHz): 35. 6 I, t I I Frequency (GHz): 35.6 I I I I I I I I -- I -40 I I I -- I 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 Wet Snow on Asphalt Wet Snow on Grass

20r 10 0O 0) (01 00 -0 - Date: 2/19/79 Target: Snow on Concrete Snow Wetness (7: 3.9 Polarization: -- uw VV -—.i HV L.\ * ^ -* -\ -10 -20' -30 Frequency (GHz): 35. 6 I I 1 I I -40 I I I i A m. 0 10 20 Angle of 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence (Degrees) 80 Wet Snow on Concrete

PART IV. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY DATA The Ohio State University data presented in this part of the Handbook were extracted from references [21] and [22]. In its original form, the data were presented in the form of plots of Y = ao/cos 0 versus the depression angle 0' = 90~ - 0. All data were converted to &~ versus the incidence angle 0. Moreover, for data measured prior to 1960, which includes all the data reported in the Terrain Handbook II [21] issued by OSU in May, 1960, the level of the data was off by about 6 dB due to a recorder calibration error. As noted in the article by Bush and Ulaby [27] and confirmed by Peake (one of the principal authors of the OSU reports) in the same article, the level of o~ should be increased by 5-7 dB. Hence, all OSU data measured prior to 1960 has been increased in level by 6 dB in this Handbook. The OSU measurement program used a truck-mounted CWDoppler radar to measure the backscatter as a function of incidence angle at 10, 15, and 35 GHz. Only the 35 GHz data is presented in this Handbook. 1 66

14. 35 GHz DATA FOR VEGETATION 0 O 11 ~ - Three-Foot Alfalfa and Grass (June) -5. -10 ca -15 - 35 GHz.. VV HHHH -20 I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Three-Foot Alfalfa and Grass (June) Si ~ L' '' ' I ' '' "l ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' - Effects of Mowing Alfalfa ' 35 GHz 0 -5 VV Polarization -10 -15 - t- 3' Alfalfa and Grass - - Same After Being Cut -20 -20 I! 1 1 11 I 1. I I I 1 1,11 I,,. I,,., II.. I,.. I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Mowing Alfalfa 167

0 0 g t,) a. '3 E U 0 ci %W W Fn ^^ EP e<d CZ -5 -10 -15 -20 Effects of Mowing Alfalfa 35 GHz HH Polarization -- 3' Alfalfa and Grass - - Same After Being Cut I II lm lI II II tt I I I II 1 1 I I 113I I II lIlI 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Mowing Alfalfa 0 o t3 Q) ri ~. c ^ 10 5 9 a a I 0 a I I I I I I v I a I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I a I I I a l m II OH -5 -10 -15 m m F m m m us * 3 * U I ' I. i U U I I. I I. I. I I I I. I I I I * I U I I * U I I I I. Rain on Vegetation 35 GHz VV Polarization - 3" Alfalfa and Grass - - Same After Rain m l m m m m a I ImIl I am. m m tom I II II I I I II III I -20 1 C ) I I I a a 9 I I I a I a I J.. I I I L L - - I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Rain on a Vegetation Covered Surface 168

0 o E O 0 a ca o 0) v u CQ -5 -10 -15 -20 I Ii,. I I I ' ' I ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' ' I ' I ' ' Seasonal Changes of Alfalfa 35 GHz VV Polarization -.......... _ 6" Alfalfa, April - - - - 3" Alfalfa, May -.-. 10" Alfalfa, Oct. -......... 6" Alfalfa, Dec. a.a.. I.*... I.*... I.*... I.a... I.... I...a. I.... I.... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9C Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of Alfalfa 0 F 0 O E W 0 Q( l.Co CO cw cc -5 -10 -15 -20,,,, I I I,II II I I, I II I I I I I,I I Seasonal Changes of Alfalfa 35 GHz HH Polarization -_ 6" Alfalfa, April - -- 3" Alfalfa, May - -.-. 10" Alfalfa, Sep. -.......... 6" Alfalfa, Dec. Ill1 IIll 1111 III II II II II 1 11111111 11 I II 11 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of Alfalfa 169

0 N"ol aw O m" eO ~ Q) 0 u *la C.d CZ 0 -5 --10 --15 -m -20 - 0...... -..... I.............. ~ ~~I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I m I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I....I I I.. IIIIII........ Corn Stalk Field (Oct) ^^^.""*HH vv 35 GHz vv..- HH IL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Corn Stalk Field (Oct) 0 la o N 'S O.W 0 Q s-I I) elll CZ ci aa ci 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -_nI Seven-Foot Dry Corn (Oct) - - ^^^" ^-...HHWvv: 35 GHz - VV..... HH -AWU I. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 8 (Degrees) Seven-Foot Dry Corn (Oct) 170

0.......... z I I a I I o tlam 0 O ellm O L) E 0 U Qd O aa O CC3 ci M -5 1 -10 -15 II I I I II II I I I I I II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Two-Inch Green Grass,m 35 GHz O* HH ~ -vy Hm -20 1 C ).......................... ~ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Two-Inch Green Grass lo\ ca O ~0 IS= w '3 E L) w 0 (i Lo O U L. cd 0 CC3 O ty3 O 013 tt 10 5 ~ I ~ a ~ I I I I I I~I 2 I a f I a I........... m m n h * mm m. ~ Dew on Two-Inch Grass 35 GHz HH Polarization 2" Grass << 2" Grass, -5 F -10 -15 I with light dew I I I I I I I I I I I I I II.I I III I I I I I I I II I.. I I I -20 1 0 6....A.............iIia I InII~~II~~ II III I!II~I~I[III 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Dew on Two-Inch Grass 171

10 ' '' ' I '' i ' I '' I ' '' 1' I '' 'i ' '' 'i ' '' 'i ' '' ' I ' '' " - Rain on Two-Inch Grass 5 35 GHz m - VV Polarization 0. -5 I -10 -15 - Before Rain - -. After Rain -20,,., I,*,, I,,, I I!,! I. I,,, I,,,,!,,, 1 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Rain on Two-Inch Grass - tEight-Inch Grass Flattened to 3 Inches -5 Q -10 -20 35 GHz HH _ og "..... HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (degrees) Eight-Inch Grass Flattened to 3 Inches 172

0 to 0 0) *3 c,) c) eO 0,*N CZ -5 -10 -15 -20 I '' ' T '' r T T11 I r l ii ' ' 11 '1 '' I' ''' T' 1 'i' ' 1' Fifteen-Inch Green Grass in Head (May) m '''''' -: ---**.HH W: - 35 GHz vv - HH 1 II I ) I I I I I II II1 I l l ll l I I I t t I III A.% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Fifteen-Inch Green Grass in Head (May) 0 0.0e O elim Q L) Cu -w em aa ci -5 -10 -15 -20 Effects of Mowing Grass 35 GHz HH Polarization - 3" Green Grass - - - Same After Mowing,,,, I,,,, I.II I I,,,,!,,, I,,,, *,,!,,, I,, I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Mowing Grass 173

0......................... I............ I....... WC 0 13 o gg 0 so rj0 C O CQ3 -5 -10 -15 "n i I m * * Seasonal Cha 35 GHz VV Polarizat 1 ~ ^X —L '""r* *"** io ges of Grass ' }n II I I I I I1" I II 1 " i 1 i"1" "1" I I I I I I I a a I a I II aI I I I I 1 IIviarn '..., 1" April 1" May ".. 2.75" Sept. 2" Nov. I I,,, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -/-U 0 0 0 CJ c: cO tt -5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9C Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of Grass Seasonal Changes of Grass 35 GHz HH Polarization.-" ''1" March. ******1"April - "May '" - -- 2.75" Sept. ~._ — 2" Nov. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9C -10 -15 -20 ) Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of Grass 174

3 -. Three-Foot Green Oats (June) - 0 -5 -10........... -20 II e II t I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Three-Foot Green Oats (June) - Seasonal Changes of Oats 35 GHz 0 -5 -VVPolarization -10 -15........... 1/2" Oats = - — Plowed Ground * — Disked Ground -- 3' Oats -20,,,!,,,!,,,, I,,,, I,,,,,,, I,,I, I,,, I,,,I, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of Oats 1 75

, oQ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' I ' '' ' I" '' ' I ' '' ' i ' '' ' i ' '' ' I ' '' ' - Soybeans (Sept) 5 c * -'',''',: -HH s -10 L -15? 1 35 GHz - WV e~..... HH t20 - 1 -20r,,,, I,,,,I,,,I I!,,,!,,,, I,,,, i I,,,,!,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Soybeans (Sept) - t Three-Foot Green Soybeans 0 -5 - -10 - Q v -15- 35GHz HH - Y - W CQV -20,, T I I I I r F I I I I I I S Ie n 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9C Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Three-Foot Green Soybeans ) 176

0............................................. % O qw re a O *3 0 $0 w L~ h -*l U ~C) a rn cd3 -5 -10 -15 -20 I —. SI.... a 1 _.ft S I I I11' ' II' IIIi a I 1111 llj I II ull Il' I I',I oybeans oybean Stubble rozen Stubble I. % I~e e 2,5e Seasonal Changes of Soybeans 35 GHz VV Polarization 1111 1 11111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I m,...... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of Soybeans aa 'C3 m rS v E 0) O:a Q) 4) 0 6 w Let C^3,*E -*l 0 cd ~n 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Four-Inch Wet Soybean Stubble 177

"a 0 O Nom 0 P cj omm a: B3 0 C3. so eM Ioa 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) One-Half Inch Green Wheat 0 u,O.em so *0 {*W q,) M cj^ -4A (W CZ 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 C..................... 1 1, Il,,I I,,iI I1,, I, 1,,,1 1 11 111 1 1 -,, Twelve-Inch Wheat Stubble lb -- \ HH 35 GHz VV - -W - HH.... -. -- -.. - -. - -.. -.. - -.. I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Twelve-Inch Wheat Stubble 1 78

0 eo e3 O c L~ o ex Q) r3 ec 0J m -5 -10 -15 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Plowed Field O O O.) o eO c) ci -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 ' ' ' I ' ' ' I ' ' I ' ' ' I ' ' ' I r- '' ' I ' ' ' I'" I ' I ' r- r Seasonal Changes of a - Plowed Field 35 GHz - VV Polarization * - - -Freshly Plowed - - 5 Months Later -...Frozen I 11111111111111 |I ** I * I..,1 1,1.I. -- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Seasonal Changes of a Plowed Field 179

15. 35 GHz DATA FOR ROAD SURFACES A. Various Surfaces. tAsphalt Road -5 rms height: 0.04 cm -10 -15 O-20 ' 35 GHz -25 -VV....... HH HH -30,I II I I I II I I I I i,I I I I I I II,,, I I, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Asphalt Road '0 Asphalt Road -5 rms height: 0.05 cm -10 -15 -20 " '2 rvv 35 GHz -25 - - "HH -30 I I, I I I, I,!,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Asphalt Road 180

tlaftl% 00 %%Moll 0 O,*,la aj IIZ; t: W 0 u I" W 406,*Ml) cc j w 119 ci cc 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0............................................ Asphalt Road rms height: 0.044 cm35 G1-z - HH 5HH I*II u l, I I.II.I I.I 3 I.II.I3II.I.II I.II I 1 I I I I I I a a 0 a 0 A I ff I I I I m 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 Asphalt Road (Degrees) O-OW&IN WC NNPOI 0 O 1406 4),IC7; 4" Q 0 j I" w,*No,*=I el f.j W.W ci CZ 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 C Asphalt Road 35 GHz l 'IT~J S - vy....1-11-I L. I I I I I I -- I I I I I L I I I j I I I I I I I I I I -J..j I 1 1,6-1 1 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 8 Asphalt Road (Degrees) 1 81

0................. v I a I a I 9 I I I I I I N I I I I m I I I I I I I I f= n o 0 O C: * 11,,) Q) U 0 C( c CZ Wa -10 -20 -30 -40.1 * * I I I I * I I ':.....-Asphalt Road -v - 35 GHz H W - HH,,, I, l I I ' I I I, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Asphalt Road -s eO eo N.L). eO CZ CQ 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Asphalt Road with Thin Cover of Gravel 182

10 - - - - - -................................... a a 9 00 ""MO" 0~ t.),*MA Cu 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 C Sprayed Water on Asphalt Road ' - 35 GHz - - HH Polarization - m-, - Asphalt, Dry -. - -- Asphalt Wet,,,, 1,,,,!,1,,, I,, I,,,,,,1,,,, 1,,,,, I,, ).............................. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Sprayed Water on an Asphalt Road Co.o 0 w a C...) 10 0 -10 -20 -30.................. Rain on Smooth Asphalt 35 GHz Asphalt Road HH Polarization - Dry - - - After Rain " -...~,,,, I,,, I,,, I,,, I,,, I,,, I,,,,,, I,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Rain on a Smooth Asphalt Road 1 83

10........... Ir.......... I........ I UU- II- ' ' ' III I ' U I I' I I I ' ' I I ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' '- ^ Rain on Rough Asphalt ' 35 GHz 0 HH Polarization | -10 ' " 0 -Y - - D',- After Rain -t - -30.,,, I I I I,,,I I I., I I I, I I,,,,,,,I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Rain on a Rough Asphalt Road -a, ' ' ' ' ' 'I ' ' I ' ' I ' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' '' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ':........ Cinder and Gravel Road p. o -15 % l -20 - 35 GHz HH -25 - V:...... HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cinder and Gravel Road 184

0 PQ 40 om cu 0 u I" CZ O U.. CZ 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 F I Cinder and Dirt Road - VV 35 GHz vvHH w "HH _ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I............................................ I m I........................ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cinder and Dirt Road 0 tt c) Cu 43 4) 0 O L3 W s 60 14^ Cd 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 I-r' "' I I I I I I '"'I I" I I I I I I I I I I I I I". I m: Cinder Road With Thin Cover of Gravel 35 GHz.HHH I II I 1I m ". ~V ' I., *~ ~ ",,,,,,I,,,,I,,, I,,, I,,,, I,,,,,,I,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Cinder Road with Thin Cover of Gravel 185

,~10... ~ - Rain on Cinder Road 5 - 35 GHz,,' VV Polarization. -,) -5 -- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Rain on Cinder Road - Cinder and Dirt Road,.,,,. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Concrete Road...~ 2 O -10 ' -20 Angle of Incidence 9 (Degrees) Concrete Road 186

ca L0 om 0 to *L ci. *3" Q) eO 0 U S" 4) CC3 * CA O,*N co cd 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 C F -U: Concrete Road -2 rms height: 1.5 x 10 cm ' r VV 35 GHz - r.....HH -, I,!, I, I, I............................................. )........................... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 Concrete Road (Degrees) 0.............................. I_...._....... o O Om L) ~0 a cS J *3.W E C) 0 Q) ~CJ O r O CP -5 1 -10 -15 -20 Disked Ground - 35 GHz H,m111111111111111 111111 - - 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Disked Ground 187

10 ' ' ' I ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' I' ' ' ' I' ' ' i ' ' ' ' I' ' ' ' I' ' ' ' i ' ' ' ' '5 Slightly Rough Gravel - o 0 -5 10. eI - 35 GHz -i HH -1..... ---- HH -20 1 I I I I I I I I I., I I I I I I I I I. I I, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Sightly Rough Gravel 10 I I ' ' ' ' I ' '' ' ' 'I I I I I I I I I. t Pumice _ O 0. -v ~ -.) 1 -l 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 <~ " — V Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Pumice 1 88

10........................................... m V Nmwv" 0 t) 4mo Q *PO C. on" 0 u SW W 1*00 4NO 0 cd n.W ci CZ t,"UN m 00 Noww, 0 t) 4ma 1= 4) 000 ci ON" Icot"m 4) 0 u Lo W 1*06 lw CZ ci n 119 ci 0 90 51[ 0 -5 -10 Rough Grey Pumice Surface-35 GHz HU -vv -..HH 0 10 0 -10 -20 -30-................................................................................... 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence e (Degrees) Rough Grey Pumice Surface -''~I tI' 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIII I1 Smooth Sand Surface 35 GHzFi - vv -.....HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Smooth Sand Surface 1 89

- t Rough Crushed Stone Surface o 5 0 1 ~' - -5 Q) -10 - 35 GHz -1 -15 - VV HH... — HH -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Rough Crushed Stone Surface '.. Various Smooth Surfaces -5 - ^-.35 GHz o VV Polarization. _ ^...'... ". -10 -15 s -20 - Smooth Concrete..*-...: Concrete -0 - -- Smooth Asphalt -25 - -- Rough Asphalt ' -... Gravel, Cinders, Oil -30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Contrast of (6~ for Various Smooth Surfaces 190

0 0 C) o en 0 v) ca -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Contrast of c~ Incidence 0 (Degrees) for Various Smooth Surfaces 191

B. Various Surfaces With Snow Cover: - Effects of Snow Cover o - 35 GHz ' 0 VV Polarization - -10 - I -20 ' - - ~Concrete Road with 2" Snow - -- Concrete Road -30,,,,,,,,, I,,,, I,,,,,,,,,,, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Snow Cover 0 t' '' ' i '' '! ' i','' i ' '' ' ' ' ' ' -= - Smooth and Rough Snow - -5 - Covers on Concrete Road - %: t --- 35 GHz - l -10 ".." ""- HH Polarization -15 v -20.. - t 2" Snow (smooth) ^...: -25 - 2" Snow (rough) '^.. t- — 0 Snow -30 ' I I, I,,, I,,, I, I, I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Smooth and Rough Snow Covers on a Concrete Road 1 92

~v' 00 -ft a em 0 o *36 s ql.~ c. U c/j 4) uw CQ CZ e( ff 11 0 -10 -20 -30 -40. I I I I I I a I I A I I I I I I 1 1......... IF....... - I.... I... I... I ' '* ' i I I ' ' ' I ' ' ' i '' Melting Snow oh 1 Inch Grass m 35 GHz _-. VV Polarization I -- 4Snow s........... " Snow% - -*0 Snow I I I I I I I I. I I I II I Im " " I I I I I I m eemeemeee m -Y % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 Effects of Various Depth of Melting (Degrees) Snow for 1 Inch Grass 0 CO. Qe 0 cd e. O ci el e~t ^5 P1 10 0 -10 -20 -30 I I I 5 II I~................................... I Effects of Snow Cover 35 GHz HH Polarization.:............ em emmeeeeeme q ~ e/eeeelee~~lme ~ ~ m e m e m m e e e e e e l m ~I. ii Ii ii 114 Ii 11 -- Concrete with 2" Snow and Ice - - -Concrete Road.... 4" Grass with 2" Snow Cover.......... 4" Grass I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III II I I I I I I I I;- I II I I I I 1 I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Snow Cover 193

m - 1 '11 11 - Effects of o - 35 GHz 0, VV Polar a -10.. -15 - - 4" Grass with 2" Snow Cover.. ^.^ u t - - Concrete Road with 2" Snow... a: - - 4" Grass............. Concrete Road -20,, I I, I, I, I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Angle of Incidence 0 (Degrees) Effects of Snow Cover 194 70 80 90

PART V. OTHER MMW DATA This part of the Handbook includes MMW data reported by organizations other than those covered in previous chapters of this Handbook. The data, the majority of which was extracted from plots published in scientific journals, do not include measurements that lack adequate ground-truth information or whose accuracy cannot be ascertained. 1 95

' Lo AA --- —.... — __~_I_ Is o. d -20 a(D (I) -30 co n -30 0 16 20 24 4 8 12 16 20 24 4 8 12 TIME ( h) 23.02.83 24.02.83 25.02.83 DATE Diurnal variation of reflectivity for a metamorphic snow state at 94 GHz 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 9s CK 0 Ii — X - '- x"x".. +. 1 LI I I24 I4i a 8 1 a - — '4 % t~ 30 tLc 2 o P20 -J H ) 23.02. 24.02. 25.02. DATE - N Diurnal variation of air temperature from 23/2 to 25/2/82. From [23]. and liquid water content of snow 196

0...... ----.. I I a a ff I a ff a I I a a I 9 I a 9 I I I I a a I a I 9 9 I I a I a ^m o 0O * em L) *P c3 o u 0) Fn -5 -...: ^ I *** 1984 Data 94 GHz VV Polarization - -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 C m m m l l l -m =0%.......... rr = 1%..... m=5% - - - ni = 9%... I.... I. Surface rms height = 0.7 mm Snow depth = 45 - 65 cm I 1, I, I I.,.. 1,.I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I1 I A I I I I I I I I I I I I a I I I I I I I I I I~ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) a O -600 *) c t. rc 0 o C) e3 Cft cc 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 I 1986 Data 94 GHz VV Polarization I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I.. 1.. 1. 1. 1.. 1.....1..1.....1.1...................I.. -ft t ft.ftft.t f IL CI %.4 - - - m 9% Surface rms height = 0.7 mm Snow depth = 45 cm I,, I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I I.. I I I I I I I.... I.... I... I.I... I N I I a 5 m I 2 a I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) VV - Polarized Backscatter of Snow Measured in 1984 and 1986 for Various Liquid Water Contents mv From [24,25]. 197

0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I E '- ___ 1984 Data - -5 94GHz -,.- VH Polarization -10... — - -' ' 3-, -"-.....-..... '................. = -15 -, - o -4'4 c -20 - ni- =00 e.......... rnv = 1~ -25 -.mv = 5~ Surface rms height = 0.7 mm _ - - - =9~ Snow depth = 45 - 65 cm - -30,,, I I,,,,, I,,,,!,,,, I,,, l,,,, I,,,,' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) - 1986 Data Surface rms height = 0.7 mm 5 - 94GHz Snow depth = 45 cm to. VH Polarization \ = -10 - -15 - -20 '-m =o0 U - r -5~........... m 1-. " ' m= 0 -25 - m=9~ -30,!,!, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,, I,,,,' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) VH - Polarized Backscatter of Snow Measured in 1984 and 1986 for Various Liquid Water Contents mv. From [24,25]. 1 98

~ 1''' ' 0 '1' ~'1 1 " I II' '1 1:- 1984 Data -5 94 GHz " —. VV Polarization -10 j. 15 - 4.C -20 ' = - h = 1.4 mm -25 -........ h = 0.9 mm Snow depth = 45 - 65 cm — h=0.4mm Snow wetness = 5% -30 -30,,, *!,, I I I!,!, I I,,, I,,.. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) 0 I t ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'I I: - 1986 Data -5 - 94 GHz t. VV Polarization i. | -10....... -15. 2 1 -20 ' - — h=1.4mm -25 -..........h = 0.9 mm Snow depth =45 cm - h= 0.4mm Snow wetness = 5% -30 ' ' ' ' I ' l, I I I,,,, I, l I, l 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) VV - Polarized Backscatter of Snow Measured in 1984 and 1986 Liquid Water Content of 5% and Various Surface Roughnesses (h = rms height). From [24,25]. 199

0................... "0 aa o 0. E 4m rw em qW 0 U 4) 49N O *la 0 ^d rA 03 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I ' I I I I I I'I I I I I i 1 1 I I I m, -5 -10 -15............................ Im i ie "e eeb n 1984 Data 94 GHz VH Polarization II,m,m m m mm -20 F -25 -In -h= 1.4m.......... h = 0.9 mm... h =0.4 mm Snow depth = 45 - 65 cm Snow wetness = 5% 11111 II I I11111111111111 111111111 11111 III I.........................................,V 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) 00 0 t0A w aa O '13 o eO emm rQ C: t w C.) *N,*N 0 -5 -r I IJ Im Snow depth = 45 cm Snow wetness = 5% 1986 Data 94 GHz VH Polarization — r 10 k -15 -20 -25 -30...................................... 1. h = 1.4 mm.......... h = 0.9 mm. ---- h =0.4 mm " --— " —., m m"4 o m,i I ql % -"eeq'e '* I I I I II I I I, I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Incidence Angle 0 (Degrees) VH - Polarized Backscatter of Snow Measured in 1984 and 1986 Liquid Water Content of 5% and Various Surface Roughnesses (h = rms height). From [24,25]. 200

20., - r I I 15 \ 10 -- 5 0 - -5 I I I I lb lb ASPHALT l- CONFIDENCE I INTERVAL OF MEAN,I- WET \Wl,-"U T. -- DRY T J.L I I I I cl lb~ -10 -15 -20 - -C-J 3 I. i, 0 10 20 30 40 50 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean co for wet and dry asphalt. 0 10 20 30 40 50 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean ao for smooth and rippled water.,o lb lb lb D 10 20 30 40 50 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean ao for wet and dry concrete. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean ao for wet and dry wood. 40-90 GHz for various Backscattering Coefficient, Averaged over surfaces. From [26]. 201

-5- W IE W —._. _ WET I W - I - II iii ~ " -101-; 0 lb I DRY D GRA VEL I-w l FD DRY, MEAN %O W LW WET, MEAN o0 -15 I - 0 10 20 30 40 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean cO for wet and dry gravel. 50 co lb 10 20 30 4 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean aO for wet and dry tall weeds. -5 -10, 10 CD lo -15 -20 L 0 D DRY, MEAN a0 W WET, MEAN FO I. I I -- i — 10 20 30 40 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, deg Mean aO for wet and dry sod. Backscattering Coefficient, Averaged over 40-90 GHz for various surfaces. From [26]. 202

OL') 00 0 0 CN) N (0 0D 00 U, C.) L. C.) (00Q N0) C l 0 - N =00 0, —.0 N I (9 0 CZ P; I 00 -0 N LCe) 0) oC/) OTJ c0) 0 (CL 0)% 00 ) CU 0L) DCD 4 -0 0 CD _ N.01 0D 0D Ns P-4i II I (nP) 0 D:1UGpIJ:) oJ 6UIJa~lDOS 203

REFERENCES [1] Ulaby, F.T., T.F. Haddock, J.R. East and M.W. Whitt, "A MillimeterwavE Network Analyzer based Scatterometer," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, pp. 75-81,1988. [2] Whitt, M.W., and F.T. Ulaby, "Millimeter-Wave Polarimetric Measurements of Artificial and Natural Targets," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, pp. 562-573, 1988. [3] Haddock, T.F., and F.T. Ulaby, "140-GHz Scatterometer System and Measurements of Terrain," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 28, pp. 492-499, 1990. [4] Whitt, M.W., and F.T. Ulaby, "Millimeter-wave Polarimetric Measurements of Artificial and Natural Targets," Proceedings of IGARSS '87 Symposium, Ann Arbor, May 1987. [5] Ulaby, F.T., T.F. Haddock, and R.T. Austin, "Fluctuation Statistics of Millimeter-Wave Scattering from Distributed Targets," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, pp. 268-281, 1988. [6] Hallikainen, M.T., F.T. Ulaby, and T.E. Van Deventer, "Extinction Behavior of Dry Snow in the 18- to 90- GHz Range," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 25, pp. 737 -745, 1987. [7] Hallikainen, M.T., F.T. Ulaby, and T.E. Van Deventer, "Extinction Coefficient of Dry Snow at Microwave and Millimeterwave Frequencies," Proceedings of IGARSS '87 Symposium, Ann Arbor, pp. 859-864,1987. [8] Van Deventer, T.E., J.R. East, and F.T. Ulaby, "Millimeter Transmission Properties of Foliage," IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '87), Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1987. [9] Ulaby, F.T., T.E. Van Deventer, J.R. East, T.F. Haddock, and M.E. Coluzz "Millimeter-wave Bistatic Scattering From Ground and Vegetation Targets," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol 26, pp. 229-243, May 1988. [10] Ulaby, F.T., T.F. Haddock, and M.E. Coluzzi,"Millimeter-wave Bistatic Radar Measurements of Sand and Gravel," Proceedings of IGARSS '87 Symposium, Ann Arbor, V. 1, pp. 281-286,1987. 204

[11] Sarabandi, K., F.T. Ulaby, and T.B.A. Senior, "Millimeter Wave Scattering Model for a Leaf," Accepted for publication in Radio Science. [12] Ulaby, F.T., T.H. Haddock, and Y. Kuga, "Measurement and Modeling of Millimeter-wave Scattering from Tree Foliage," Radio Science, Vol. 25, pp. 193-203, 1990. [13] Kuga, Y., R.T. Austin, T.F. Haddock, and F.T. Ulaby, "Millimeterwave Radar Scattering from Snow Part I —Radiative Transfer Model with Quasi-Crystalline Approximation," Submitted for publication in Radio Science. [14] Ulaby, F.T., T. Haddock, R. Austin, and Y. Kuga, "MillimeterWave Radar Scattering From Snow: Part Il-Comparison of Theory with Experimental Observations," submitted for publication in Radio Science. [15] Narayanan, R.M., C.C. Borel, and R.E. McIntosh, "Radar Backscatter Characteristics of Tree at 215 GHz," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, pp. 217-228, 1988. [16] Narayanan, R.M., and R.E. McIntosh, "Millimeter-Wave Backscatter Characteristics of Multi-Layered Snow Surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 38, pp. 693-703, 1990. [17] Ulaby, F.T., W. H. Stiles, and M. Abdelrazik, "Snowcover influence on Backscattering from Terrain," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 22, pp. 126-133,1984. [18] Stiles, W.H., and F.T. Ulaby, "Backscatter Response of Roads and Roadside Surfaces," Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Kansas Center for Research Inc., Lawrence, KS, Technical Report 377-1, 1979. [19] Ulaby, F.T., and W.H. Stiles, "Backscatter Response of Snow Covered Roads and Roadside Surfaces," Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc.,Lawrence, KS, Technical Report 377-2, 1979. 205

[20] Stiles, W.H., and F.T. Ulaby, "Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpacks," Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc., Lawrence, KS, Technical Report 340 -3, June 1980 (or Stiles, W.H. and F.T. Ulaby, "Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpacks," NASA Contractor Report 3263, 1980). [21] Cosfriff, R.L., W.H. Peake, and R.C. Taylor, "Terrain Scattering Properties for Sensor System Design (Terrain Handbook II)," Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 191, Ohio State University, 1960. [22] Peake, W.H., and T.L. Oliver, "The Response of Terrestrial Surfaces at Microwave Frequencies," Air Force Systems Command, Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Technical Report AFAL-TR-70-301 (AADD 884 106), 1971. [23] Baars, E.P., and H. Essen, "Millimeter-Wave Backscatter Measurements on Snow-Covered Terrain," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, pp. 282-299,1988. [24] Williams, L.D., and J.G. Gallagher, "The Relation of MillimeterWavelength Backscatter to Surface Snow Properties," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 25, pp. 188-194, 1987. [25] Williams, L.D., J.G. Gallagher, D.E. Sugden, and R.V. Birnie, "Surface Snow Properties Effects on Millimeter-Wave Backscatter," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 26, pp. 300-306, 1988. [26] King, H.E., C.J. Zamites, Jr., D.E. Snow, and R.I. Colliton, "Terrain Backscatter Measuremens at 40 and 80 GHz," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 18, pp. 780-784, 1970. [27] Bush, T.F., F.T. Ulaby, and W.H. Peake, "Variability in the Measurement of Radar Backscatter," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 24, pp. 896-899, 1976. [28] Hayes, D.T., U.H.W. Lammoers, and R.A. Marr, "Scattering from Snow Backgrounds at 35, 98, and 140 GHz," Rome Air Development Center, Hanscom Air Force Base, Technical Report 84-69 MA, 1984. 206

UNCLASSIFIED,..L,,o MASTER COPY FOR REPRODUCTION PURPOSES SECURITY CLAlFICATIAnl Vu 1! MI rAuc; REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1 b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Unrl iffi Iti 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATN AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABLITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE distribution unlimited. distribution unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6. NAME Of PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Radiation Laboratory, University (If pplcable) of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mi 48109 __________ U. S. Army Research Office 6c ADDRESS (City, Statf, nd ZIPCode) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) P. 0. Box 12211 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2211 8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (f applicb) U. S. Army Research Office 8c ADDRESS (City, State, and ZlPCode) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS P Box 12211PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT. B 12211 ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2211 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) Millimeter-wave Radar Scattering From Terrain: Data Handbook, Version 2.0 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Thomas F. Haddack and Fawwaz T. Ulaby 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 1|4. DATE OF REPORT (Yar, Month, Day) 5. PAGE COUNT Technical I FROM 1/90 TO 9/90 1990. September, 15 206 I 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATON The view, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authqr(6) and shguld not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, nnl l. tv r pr1... a n_ lin/ on, i_ ' t.of a hXT r rlnr a..... 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necestary and identif by block number) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP 19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necesary and intify by block number) This report provides a summary of experimental observations of the radar backscatter from terrain, as reported in the literature. The data is at 35, 94, 140 and 225 GHz, primarily at HH, VV, and HV polarizations. The terrain types observed include dry and wet snow, in-covered ground, trees, grasses, asphalt, gravel, and others. l 20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRA1. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION O UNCLASSIFIEDUNLIMITED O SAME AS RPT. ODTIC USERS Unclassified 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Indude Area Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL DD FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. All other editions are obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED

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