THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Meteorology and Oceanography AN INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENT TRANSFER PROCESSES OVER WATER Report Number Two: Data, 1965 and 1964 (final report of Contract Cwb-10714) by Floyd C. _lder Associate Research Meteorologist - ORA Project'05982 Donald J. Portman Project Director under contract with: U. S. Department of Commerce Weather Bureau Washington 25, D. C. administered through: OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION ANN ARBOR February 1965

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TABLE OF COONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv ABSTRACT vi 1. IITRODUCTION 1 2. SENSOR AND RECORDING SYSTEMS 2 2.1 Sensor and Recording System for 1963 2 2.2 Sensor and Recording System for 1964 4 3. DATA COLLECTED DURING 1963 6 3.1 Data Corrections 27 3.1.1 Wind Speed and Direction 27 3.1.2 Temperature and Dew Point 28 4. DATA COLLECTED DURING 1964 51 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 62 REFERENCES 63 APPENDIX A 64 1. Telemetering and Recording System 65 2. Digital Recording System 66 ii

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page I Periods of Observation, 1963 6 II Heights of Lower Sensors with Reference to Mean Water Level 7 III Lake Michigan Tower Observational Data, 1963 8 IV Comparison of Radiometer and Thermometer Measurements of Water Surface Temperature 29 V Comparison of Radiometer and Thermometer Measurements of Stirred Water Temperature 29 VI Periods of Observation, 1964 31 VII Lake Michigan Tower Observational Data, 1964 33 iii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Lake Michigan Research Tower, 1964. 3 2 Wind. speed and temperature profiles, 27 August and 10 September, 1963. 21 3 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 22 and 2( September, 1963. 22 4 Wind speed profile, 27 September, 1963 and wind speed and temperature profile, 9 October, 1965. 23 5 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 10 and 17 October, 1963. 24 6 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 18 and 22 October, 1963. 25 7 Dew point profiles, 17 and 22 October, 1963. 26 8 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 2 and 3 August, 1964. 52 9 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 5 and 7 August, 1964. 53 10 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 8 and 9 August, 1964, 11 Dew point profiles, 9 and 10 August, and wind speed and temperature profiles, 10 August, 1964. 55 12 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 11 and 15 August, 1964. 56 13 Wind speed and temperature profiles, 16 August, 1964. 57 14 Wave height spectra, 2, 3 and 5,August, 1964. 58 15 Wave height spectra,, 7, 8 an^ 9 August, 1964. 59 iv

LIST OF FIGURES (Concluded) Figure Page 16 Wave Height Spectra, 8 August, 1964 (Concluded) 60 17 Wave Height Spectra, 9 and 10 August, 1964 61 Al Telemetering and Digital Recording System 67 A2 Wiring Diagram of Sensor Input Circuits 68 A2a Wiring Diagram of Telemetering System 69 A3 Logic Diagram of Digital Recording System 70 A~a Logic Diagram of Digital Recording System (Concluded) 71

-ABSTRACT Wind speed, temperature, and dew point were measured at eight heights up to 16 meters on the U. S. Lake Survey Lake Michigan Research Tower during September and October, 1965, and during August, 1964. Wave height spectra were measured during several days of August, 1964. The Research Tower was located in water fifty feet deep, one mile from shore near Muskegon, Michigan. Edited data are presented in both tabular and graphical form. Brief descriptions of the methods used for measurement are included. vi

1. IWTRODUCXION The research program, "An Investigation of Atmospheric Turbulent Transfer Processes over Water," initiated under Contract Cwb-l0591 in June, 1963 has continued under Contract Cwb-l0714. The original contract provided for instrumentation of a tower in Lake Michigan for measurement of wind speed, temperature, and water vapor profiles, water temperature and wave heights. The second contract provided for continuation of the measurement program. The tower, constructed and installed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, consists of a steel mast of braced construction extending 16 meters above the water surface. Sensors were placed on the mast at approximately logarithmic intervals with reference to the surface. Data were recorded during September and October, 1963 and during August, 1964. This report describes the instrumentation used and presents the data collected. These data are presented in edited form with comments concerning reliability but with no intention of interpretation or explanation.

2. SENSOR AN? REC ODING SYSTEMS The U. S. Lake 9^rvey,, Lake Michigen research tower and assoca~ted instrumentatfion have been described in a previous report (Eladqr, 1963). An automatic data logging system was planned for us~e in the easurement program. This system was described in the previous report and final drawings are appended to this report. However, delays in delivery qf the automatic recording system prevented 1it use during this contract period. A system of paper chart recorders was assembled from equipment available within the laboratories in order to realaze the potential pf the research tower that was already. erected. All of the data repprted herein were obtained from the improvised recording equipment described below. Figure 1 shows the research tower as instrumented during the 1964- season. Wind speed, air temperature, and dew point sensors were permanently mounted at the five upper levels, while the sensors nearer the water surface were placed in position only during recording periods. The paper chart recorders were located just above the 4-meter level and were protected by canvas covers, The location of sensors and method of recording for 1963 differed slightly from those of 1964, They are, therefore, described, separately. 2.4 i ensorQ and Recording Syrtep for 1965 Permanently mounted sensors were located at nominal heights of16, 10, 6, h and 5 meters with referenqe to t]e mean water surface, Thq removable sensors were 2, 1 and 0.5 meters above the surface. These heights were changed between periodp of measurements. Actual heights are given in presentation of data. Air temperature and dew point sepsors were as described. in the previous report (Elder, 1963). Briefly, the temperature sensors at the permanent levels consisted of Honeywell Model 921AC, Nickel A resistance elements mounted in Qlimet Instruments, Inc., Model 01Q 1, aspirated radiation shields, The temperature sensors used at the removable lQvels werg Victory engineering CorporatiQn, type 32A84 thermistors, mounted in non-aspirated, flat-platQ radiation shields qf a type described by Portman (1957). On October 8, a Barnes Infrared Thermometer, Model IT-2, was mounted at about 5 meters to sense the water surface temperature, A thermistor mounterl on a floating gorX board was also used for the same purpose, but it failed to give -2

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The wind speed sensors at the permanent heights were Beckman and Whitley, Inc., Model 170 anemometers, while those used at 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 meter heights were made by C. W. Thornthwaite Associates. The Beckman and Whitley anemometers were used in place of Climet Instruments, Inc. units described in the previous report (Elder, 1963) because they were compatible with the available recording system. The use of two anemometer units caused some calibration difficulty as discussed under data presentation. Wind direction data were obtained from recordings of a vane mounted at 16 meters on the tower for periods August 27 through October 10. The recorder discontinued operation following that date, and wind direction is observer estimate for October 17. Data obtained from a vane mounted on the Muskegon harbor breakwater are used for October 18 and 22. The temperature and dew point recording system employed an unbalanced bridge for each sensor. A commutator switched the bridge output voltage sequentially into a single-point potentiometer recorder. The commutation rate was once per two minutes, thus giving a record of each variable every two minutes. The record was obtained on a paper chart for manual reduction. Wind speed was recorded in terms of anemometer revolutions. Electro-mechanical counters with decade switches (Barber Coleman) operated an Esterline Angus, 20 pen, event recorder. Each rotation of anemometer cups at each level was recorded on paper chart. The rotations were summed over the chosen time interval (usually 6 minutes) in data reduction. Air movement, averaged over the period of summation, at each height was thus obtained. Because of the limitations of the paper chart recorder, the recording system could not operate on a full-time basis. A method was provided whereby the recorders could be started and stopped remotely from shore. In this way, records were obtained during periods when attendance at the tower was not possible. 2.2 Sensor and Recording System for 1964 During August 1964 an improvised recording system was once more employed. It consisted of basically the same system as employed during 1963 with a few modifications. The temperature sensors were not changed, but the Barnes Infrared Thermometer was not available for use. Temperature records were obtained on a multipoint recording potentiometer that replaced the commutator and single-point recorder used during 1963. The -4

multipoint recorder provided a six-minute data cycle. Beckman and Whitley anemometers were employed at only four heights with the lowest height being 2 meters above the mean water surface, The problem of calibration difference between the twQ sets of anemometers was thus avoided, but fewer data points were obtained. The ane-rmometer at 2 meter height suffered damage on two occasionS so that the exposure at that level was eventually abandoned. The data were recorded as described for 1963. A wave height recording system, designed and constructed by the, S. Army Coastal Research and Engineering Laboratories, was installed during July and operated until damaged by lighting on August 11, 1964. The system employed a pressure sensor mounted at ten-foot depth with analog recordipg on rpagnqtic tape, This instrumentation was installed and maintained by personnel of the U. S. Lake Survey. 5

3. DATA COLLECTED DURING 1963 The meteorological recorders were operated during periods shown in Table I. TABLE I PERIODS OF OBSERVATION, 1963 DATE TIME (EST) DATE TIME (EST) 27 Aug. 1010 -1234 8 Oct. 1315 - 2100 10 Sept. 1313 - 1638 9 Oct. 0912 - 1208 1401 - 1501 16 Sept. 1810 -1838 10 Oct. 0902 1331 21 Sept. 1410 - 1850 1733 - 1814 22 Sept. 111 -1550 11 Oct. 0952 - 1130 2101 - 2205 17 Oct. 1330 - 1630 26 Sept. 1314 -.1608 18 Oct. 1400 - 1600 27 Sept. 0806 - 1212 22 Oct. 1135 - 1800 Data for many of the periods of observation listed in Table I are not complete, due to instrument malfunction. In many cases this malfunction may have been due to causes as simple as failure of the recorder pen to write, but it nevertheless caused loss of data. Certain periods of data were selected for reduction due to completeness of coverage, or to the uniqueness of the prevailing conditions. Data for the selected periods are given in Table III, presented as 6-minute averages ending at the time indicated. These same data are presented graphically in Figures 2 through 7. The vertical gradients presented in these figures are the result of averaging over the time intervals as shown. The longer period averages are also shown in Table III. -6

TABLE II HEIGHTS OF LOWER SENSORS WITH REFERENCE TO MEAN WATER LEVEL Height (cm) August 27 60 110 210 September 10 50 100 200 September 22 98 198 September 26 98 198 September 27 98 198 October 9 198 October 10 98 October 17 through 22 205 Table III lists nominal heights above the mean water surface at which the sensors were exposed. Actual heights of exposure for the permanent sensors were 1609, 1003, 603 and 405 centimeters with refer, ence to the mean surface. Heights of the lower sensors changed somewhat between observations due to remounting prior to each period. The measured heights are shown in Table II for the different data periods. -7

TABLE III LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 27 August, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1046 296 305 317 311 328 329 336 343 1052 316 319 334 329 347 347 360 367 1058 347 352 373 364 386 386 396 400 1104 343 348 372 363 384 382 392 396 1110 362 373 392 378 401 400 412 430 Average 333 339 358 349 369 368 379 387 10 September, 1963 co 1356 295 312 331 339 344 354 366 366 1402 319 337 360 371 378 383 395 401 1408 321 338 359 370 376 389 405 405 1414 344 365 385 401 406 414 428 429 1420 336 357 379 388 392 402 416 420 1426 356 379 406 414 420 427 438 440 1432 358 380 404 415 420 428 440 443 Average 333 353 375 386 391 400 413 415 282 1608 369 386 409 417 426 428 431 430 1614 377 396 422 435 440 447 452 1620 388 406 437 452 454 463 465 1626 403 423 448 463 469 474 477 1632 401 418 445 46o 464 471 474 Average 388 406 434 447 451 457 459 20

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 22 September, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1520 595 646 638 669 674 696 703 1526 591 641 628 657 660 677 692 1532 592 652 639 665 669 687 700 1538 591 649 636 664 668 683 697 1544 592 647 636 662 672 699 716 1550 628 677 675 703 712 741 759 Average 598 652 642 670 676 696 711 204 26 September, 1963 1320 143 146 160 159 166 175 181 1326 151 155 169 168 178 186 200 1332 146 156 169 170 173 183 191 1338 133 134 147 147 1 61 169 1344 129 121 130 130 134 1 146 1350 119 120 128 127 128 129 129 1356 127 127 133 133 133 136 133 1402 118 119 128 127 128 129 135 1408 96 92 101 99 100 103 101 1414 72 71 83 82 81 84 94 1420 72 64 77 76 76 77 80 1426 1432 114 111 123 123 126 137 144 1438 112 108 123 120 128 129 133 1444 140 140 127 164 170 1450 148 147 158 159 162 165 171 1456 129 126 138 137 138 145 149 1502 153 151 165 166 168 175 180 1508 160 166 178 178 181 190 189 1514 150 166 177 179 179 188 192 1520 179 186 196 198 201 210 219 1526 192 190 204 207 209 218 219 Average 133 133 145 145 147 154 158 240

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 27 September, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 0818 693 764 782 816 828 887 934 0824 709 775 788 820 829 887 941 0830 706 762 786 820 829 887 933 0836 674 733 754 787 800 860 915 0842 671 724 755 785 798 854 902 Average 694 752 773 806 817 875 925 211 9 October, 1963 S 1410 407 415 426 435 464 499 1416 392 400 407 412 437 474 1422 399 408 414 422 444 475 1428 390 398 405 417 440 471 1434 404 412 418 428 450 475 Average 398 406 414 423 447 479 154 10 October, 1963 1136 437 479 489 502 537 630 1142 447 491 502 517 559 631 1148 445 482 489 505 530 608 1154 471 509 520 535 568 683 1200 448 494 508 522 557 681 1206 452 501 512 499 560 652 1212 466 509 522 540 575 650 1218 493 536 547 565 607 692 Average 457 500 511 527 561 64 145

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 17 October, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1342 402 421 424 450 487 551 1348 454 469 471 499 535 604 1354 479 498 504 528 570 615 1400 492 506 498 543 585 651 1406 489 504 511 542 584 663 Average 463 480 482 512 552 617 1412 463 482 488 514 550 619 1418 438 453 457 486 525 590 H( ~ 1424 374 392 393 404 502 531 1430 294 308 309 335 374 433 1436 251 267 269 294 311 384 Average 364 380 383 410 456 511 1440 232 245 245 272 307 363 1446 209 225 230 256 298 363 1452 224 243 249 273 313 383 1458 179 200 206 227 255 314 1504 181 198 201 224 253 310 Average 205 222 226 250 285 346 4+3 0 1510 172 191 190 208 230 274 1516 154 169 174 195 216 263 1522 148 163 168 186 208 248 1528 132 141 145 163 189 240 1534 148 158 156 172 194 243 Average 151 164 167 185 208 254

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 17 October, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. CQ 1540 132 142 140 155 170 205 o 1546 181 193 190 198 205 228 1552 189 205 214 221 213 226 1558 185 198 209 215 211 216 1604 173 187 196 206 202 207 Average 172 185 190 199 200 217 1610 160 172 175 187 197 208 rO 1616 169 182 186 196 194 198 0 1622 160 173 178 190 189 194 1628 186 203 203 215 217 221 Average (20 minute) 169 182 185 197 199 205 18 October, 1963 1406 536 549 553 573 609 670 1414 555 569 558 598 638 692 1420 553 564 555 594 627 689 1426 556 568 577 604 646 704 1432 570 583 588 609 648 711 Average 538 567 573 596 633 693 185

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 22 October, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1142 772 785 813 874 950 1148 710 722 747 803 879 1154 703 712 734 779 848 1200 665 666 697 750 820 1206 624 630 658 712 791 Average 695 703 730 783 858 175 1212 629 64o 63 681 734 800 w^ ~ 1218 628 64o 644 670 724 809 1224.596 607 614 642 697 774 1230 562 578 582 610 664 740 1236 495 5435 549 578 626 701 Average 585 602 609 636 689 765 75 1412 349 328 378 409 448 14 1418 326 349 354 386 436 488 1424 288 308 311 345 385 447 1430 284 302 30o4 332 364 431 1436 297 316 322 353 394 464 Average 309 321 334 365 405 469 170

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN.TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 22 October, 1963 WIND TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. 50 cm. 100 cm. 200 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1442 299 322 325 359 400 429 1448 305 327 333 363 412 488 1454 331 350 360 396 450 534 1500 392 415 420 456 515 592 1506 359 384 388 423 478 555 Average 337 360 365 399 451 520 170 i 1638 378 399 407 443 494 567 k1644 407 427 437 477 532 613 1650 419 441 452 491 545 631 1656 438 463 470 508 558 644 1702 351 373 383 419 459 531 Average 399 421 430 468 518 597 170 1708 358 381 387 422 468 539 1714 409 428 440 476 525 608 1720 418 446 453 488 544 629 1726 454 478 490 531 598 694 1732 461 480 496 536 601 700 Average 420 443 453 491 547 634 170

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 27 August, 1963 WATER SURF. TIME TEMP. AIR TEMPERATURE oC DEW POINT ~C 50 cm. 100 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1046 16.8 17.1 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.8 1052 16.8 17.1 17.0 16.9 17.0 17.0 16.8 1058 16.8 16.7 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.9 1104 16.8 16.7 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.9 1110 16.9 17.2 17.1 17.1 17.0 17.1 16.9 Aver. 18.9 16.8 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.8 ko 10 September, 1963 1356 16.9 15.7 16.9 16.6 16.7 16.6 16.5 1402 17.0 15.6 16.8 16.7 16.8 16.7 16.6 1408 15.7 17.0 17.1 16.7 16.8 16.7 16.6 1414 15.3 16.9 17.0 16.7 16.8 16.7 16.6 1420 15.6 16.9 17.0 1616.8.8 16.7 16.6 1426 15.4 17.0 17.3 16.7 16.8 16.7 16.6 1432 15.7 17.0 17.0 16.7 16.8 16.7 16.6 Aver. 17.1 16.0 16.6 17.0 17.0 16.8 16.7 16.6 1608 16.2 17.0 17.3 17.1 17.2 17.1 17.0 1614 16.1 17.0 17.4 17.1 17.2 17.1 17.0 1620 16.2 17.4 17.1 17.3 17.2 17.1 1626 16.1 17.4 17.1 17.2 17.2 17.1 1632 15.6 17.3 17.1 17.2 17.1 17.0 Aver. 17.0 16.0 17.0 17.4 17.1 17.2 17.1 17.0

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 22 September, 1963 WATER SURF TIME TEMP. AIR TEMPERATURE CC DEW POINT 0C 50 cm. 100 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1520 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.2 12.8 12.8 1526 12.9 13.0 12.9 13.1 12.8 12:-7 1532 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.2 12.8 12.7 Aver. 12.1 12.9 13.0 12.9 13.2 12.8 12.7 26 September, 1963 H 1320 16.5 16.6 16.9 16.8 16.3 Temperature data is average of several minutes near 1330 27 September, 1963 No temperature data 9 October, 1963 1410 15.9 15.7 15.8 15.7 15.6 1416 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.8 15.6 1422 16.0 i5.8 16.0 16.0 1.6 1428 16.0 15.8 16.0 16.0 15.6 143l 15.9 15.8 16.0 16.1 1.6 Aver. *15.5 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.9 15.6 *Averages are corrected values.

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 10 October, 1963 WATER SURF. TIME TEMP. AIR TEMPERATURE C DEW POIIST C 50 cm. 100 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1136 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.2 16.2 1142 16.4 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 1148 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.3 1154 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 1200 16.5 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 1206 16.5 16.4 16.5 16.5 16.5 1212 16.6 16.5 16.6 16.5 16.6 -q Aver. *15.9 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 17 October, 1963 1342 14.7 16.4 16. 16.6 16.7 16.4 14.1 13.3 12.1 1348 14.7 16.5 16.4 16.8 16.9 16.5 14.1 12.8 11.6 1354 14.6 16.6 16.5 16.8 16.9 16.5 13.9 12.4 11.4 1400 14.7 16.6 16.5 16.8 17.0 16.7 13.8 12.4 11.8 1406 14.5 16.7 16.6 16.8 17.2 16.7 13.7 12.2 11.5 Aver. *16.9 14.6 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.9 16.6 13.9 12.6 11.5 1510 14.3 16.7 16.5 16.7 17.3 16.9 13.4 11.7 10.6 1516 14.0 16.5 16.5 16.8 17.2 17.0 13.6 11.9 10.7 1522 14.2 16.6 16.6 17.0 17.4 17.2 13.3 11.6 10.5 1528 14.2 16.6 16.4 17.0 17.4 17.2 13.3 11.5 10.2 1534 14.4 16.8 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.4 12.8 10.9 9-7 Aver. *15.9 14.2 16.6 16.6 16.9 17.4 17.1 13.3 11.5 10.3 *Averages are corrected values

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 17 October, 1963 WATER SURF. TIME TEMP. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C DEW POINT ~C 50 cm. 100 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1540 14.7 17.2 16.2 17.5 17.9 17.6 12.0 10.3 9.3 1546 14.6 17.4 17.6 17.6 18.0 17.7 12.0 10.3 9.3 1552 14.3 17.7 17.4 17.8 18.0 17.7 14.5 10.7 9 1558 14.3 17.2 17.4 17.8 18.0 17.6 12.3 10.6 9 1604 14.7 17.3 17.5 17.9 18.0 17.7 11.7 10.1 9.2 Aver. *15.6 14.5 17.4 17.2 17.7 18.0 17.7 12.5 10.4 9.4 Oo 18 October, 1963 1408 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.4 16.2 1414 16.4 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.3 1420 16.5 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.4 1426 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.4 1432 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.8 16. Aver. *17.7 16.5 16.4 16.6 16.7 16.3 22 October, 1963 1142 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.2 14.8 12.1 11.3 1148 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.4 16.3 14.9 12.3 11.6 1154 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.3 15.1 12.4 11.8 1200 16.4 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.4 15.1 12.4 11.7 1206 16.4 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.4 15.1 12.4 11.8 Aver. *16.8 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.3 15.0 12.3 11.6 *Averages are corrected values.

TABLE III (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 22 October, 1963 WATER SURF. TIME TEMP. AIR TEMPERATURE'C DEW POINT 0C 50 crrm. 100 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1212 16.4 16.4 i6. 16.7 16.4 15.0 12.5 11.8 1218 16.6 16.5 16.6 16.8 16. 15.1 12.5 11.8 1224 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.9 16.6 15.0 12.5 11.8 1250 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.9 16.6 15.0 12.611.8 1236 16.7 16.6 16.8 16.9 16.7 15.1 12.6 12.0 Aver. *16.6 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.6 15.1 12.5 11.9 H 141211 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.4 16.4 14.8 13.3 12. 1418 16.7 16.9 16.7 16.6 16.6 15.9 13.5 12.8 1424 16.7 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.6 15.0 13. 12. 1430 16.6 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.6 15.0 13.6 1436 16.6 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.6 15.0 13.612.9 Aver. *16.8 16.7 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.5 14.9 13.5 12.8 1442 16.7 17.1 16.9 16.6 16.7 14.4 13.613.0 1448 16.9 17.2 17.0 16.7 16.8 15.0 13.613.0 1454 17.1 17.3 17.1 16.8 16.8 15.0 13.6 12.9 1500 17.3 17.5 17.1 16.9 16.9 14.9 13.5 12.7 1506 17.3 17.6 17.2 16.8 17.0 14.8 13.5 12.7 Aver. *16.5 17.1 17.3 17.0 16.8 16.8 14.8 13.6 12.9 *Averages are corrected values.

TABLE III (Concluded) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1963 22 October, 1963 WATER SURF. TIME TEMP. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C DEW POINT ~C 50 cm. 100 cm. 300 cm. 400 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 600 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 1638 17.4 17.4 17.3 17.1 17.1 14.7 13.3 12.6 1644 17.3 17.5 17.3 16.8 17.0 14.6 13.3 12.4 1650 17.5 17.7 17.4 17.2 17.1 14.7 13.4 12.7 1656 17.6 17.8 17.5 17.2 17.2 14.5 13.3 12.6 1702 17.2 17.4 17.1 16.9 17.0 14.7 13.4 12.7 Aver. *16.5 17.4 17.5 17.3 17.0 17.1 14.6 13.3 12.6 0 1708 17.0 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.7 14.6 13.6 12.8 1714 17.1 17.3 17.1 16.8 16.9 14.7 13.5 12.8 1720 17.3 17.4 17.1 16.9 16.9 1.6 13.4 12.6 1726 17.5 17.6 17.2 16.9 16.9 14.7 13.4 12.6 1732 17.5 17.5 17.2 16.9 16.9 14.5 13.3 12.6 Aver. *16.5 17.3 17.4 17.1 16.7 16.9 14.7 13.4 12.7 *Averages are corrected values.

27 AUGUST, 1963 10 SEPTEMBER, 1963 1040-1110 E.S.T. Wind Speed Air Temp. Wind Speed Air Temp. 1600 T T 0(N a \ 1 000 | I _ 0 X 1000. c 5 600- -. 600'/ -/ I ~ 30 400 4. 400 200,200 100 10060' 50 300 400 16.5 17.5 300 400 500 15.5 16.5 16 17 Cm/se~ Deg. C. Cm/sec Deg. C. Sfc. Temp. 18.94 Sfc. Temp.= 17.11 Sfc. Temp.= 17.04 Figure 2. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 27 August and 10 September, 1963.

22 SEPTEMBER, 1963 26 SEPTEMBER, 1963 1508-1550 E.S.T. 1314-1526 E.S.T. Wind Speed Air Temp. Wind Speed Air Temp. 1600r 9 1600 1000 1000 000 X 600 600. 400- / 400 Iru I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 200 200 ro / 1001 1 I0 I*' 500 600 700 13 14 100 200 16 17 Cm/sec Deg. C. Cm/sec Deg. C. Sfc. Temp.= 12.07 Figure 3. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 22 and 26 September, 1963.

27 SEPTEMBER,1963 9 OCTOBER,1963 0812- 0836 E.S.T. 1404-1434 E.S.T. Wind Speed Wind Speed Air Temp. 1600- / 1600 - / / 1000 - 1000 - C. 600 600 600 - 640 400 - 200 / 200 100'' 100~' ~' I, I 600 700 800 900 300 400 500 14 15 Cm/sec Cm/sec Deg. C. Sfc. Temp. 15.5 Figure 4. Wind speed profile, 27 September, 1963 and temperature and wind speed profile, 9 October, 1963.

17 OCTOBER,1963 10 OCTOBER,1963 Wind Speed 1130-1218 E.S.T. 1600 - 1000 _... X Wind Speed Air Temp. I O; - - o X p 1600 / / /p 600 *- 0 w 4 0) I 01 0 - 03 I 041000- -400- ^5A 0 i0 1 17 16 17.5 17 1 D 600200 400 400 450 350 400 200 250 150 200 150 200 150 20( Cm/sec 200 10 Air Temp. i^^ / ~~~~~~16001,. I, I 1000 -o 0 p e loo'~^~^~ ~~100~ ~~ ~'n /1 /r 1 400 500 600 16 17 Cm/se Deg. C I 600-0 1 Sfc. Temp.= 15.9 300' 16 17 16.5 17.5 17 18 Deg. C. Sfc. Temp.=16.9 Sfc.Temp.= 15.9 Sfc. Temp.=15.6 Figure 5. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 10 and 17 October, 1963.

22 OCTOBER,1963 Wind Speed 1600 1000- Z' // / / / / LA Z 600- PO.L 18 OCTOBER,1963 o 600- 1402-1432 E.S.T. 0' N/ o 6,~1 0 0 400- Q2 0 Wind Speed Air Temp. 40. 0) 1600p / ~ lO1000- 200~'.~ ~0 650 700 550 600 300 350 350 400 400 450 400 450 ^/Icp~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~Cm/sec t 600 n>^) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~/ Air Temp. o400. CM 0 )1600 N U1 1 400- (A 0 r 0 ~~0) 0) N) 0 / looo- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ \ I I i 1000 4 N.P Cl' 0 W W C~~~ 0 C 0) 0) 0) 0) N) CM 200'- J ~ ~ i 450 550 650 16 17 3 6 Z 1 600 1 Deg. C. 1 65 71.75171. 1 7 Deg. C. Sfc. Temp.= 16.8 16.6 16.8 16.5 16.5 16.5 Figure 6. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 18 and 22 October, 1963.

17 OCTOBER, 1963 22 OCTOBER,1963 Dew Point Dew Point 1600r 1600 - /, /A "6 I0o- ~~ =r 1000o 500[_________I'._______.._ ~0,____________________.,, 50C 0', I I I,I 500 I 9 10 11 12 13 14 lI Deg. CDeg. C. CO'x^ ~Sfc. Temp. = 15.6-16.9 C Sfc. Temp = 16.5-16.8~C Figure 7. Dew point profiles, 17 and 22 October, 1963.

3.1 Data Corrections The data tabulated in Table III have been carefully checked and corrected for known instrumental errors, and cases of obvious instrument malfunction have been removed from the record. Derivation of applied corrections is discussed in following sections. 3.1.1 Wind Speed and Direction The wind speed profile data were obtained by use of two sets of low inertia three-cup anemometers of different design, and therefore, of different calibration and somewhat different distance constants. However, it was assumed that with known calibration constants, the two sets of anemometers would give comparable measurements of the mean wind speed when exposed under identical conditions. Prior to use in the measurement program, the anemometers were subjected to extensive testing to determine the correct calibration, and to detect small differences in calibration between individual units. Two methods of calibration comparison were employed. First, one unit of both the Beckman and Whitley and Thornthwaite sensors was operated in a low-speed wind tunnel to check its conformity to the calibration as stated by the manufacturer. While some deviation was observed, it was accepted that the manufacturer's calibration was sufficiently accurate to describe the average response of a group of sensors. Means available to measure tunnel wind speed do not permit determination with an error of less than one percent as desired in wind speed profile measurements. The test section of the wind tunnel employed did not permit exposure of several units simultaneously to compare calibrations precisely. A simultaneous exposure of all anemometers on a horizontal bar in natural wind was used as a second method to compare directly calibrations of all units. The exposure site was about 2 meters above a closely mowed grass-covered surface on the east side of Willow Run Airfield. A uniform flat surface existed for at least 1 mile upwind. The anemometers were exposed for periods of several hours in low wind speeds, less than 1 mps, and at higher speeds, about 8 mps. Percentage differences between anemometer revolutions were calculated. Anemometers within each set were reasonably consistent in calibration. However, calibration differences of 2.0%) between two of the Thornthwaite units, and 2.6%o between Beckman and Whitley units -27

were observed. An average difference of about 5% existed between the calibration of the two sets as is expected from published calibrations. A systematic dependency of calibration differences upon wind speed was not observed. The comparison data were accepted as a valid indication of calibration differences. Factors were calculated that would normalize calibration of all units to that of the anemometer used at the lowest level of the tower. On September 28, a storm caused loss of the anemometer cups for the 1-meter height and damage to cups at 10 meters. The lost and damaged cups were replaced with others that had not been compared with the remaining units. Following removal of anemometers from the tower, a second comparison, of the type described above, was performed. The results of this comparison were used to normalize observations made following September 28. The normalization factors were applied to all data presented in Table III and Figures 2 through 6. Examination of wind speed profiles shows that the normalization factors produced consistent and reasonable results with data in agreement between the two anemometer sets in some cases while in other cases, disagreement remains. Data for August 27, September 22, and September 27 are most noticeable in their disagreement. In these cases, an arbitrary correction was applied to bring the two sections of the profile into coincidence as shown by the dashed curves in Figures 2, 3, and 4. 3.1.2 Temperature and Dew Point The air temperature data presented in Table III and in Figures 2 through 6 have been edited and represent the best estimate of the existing thermal regime. Some error in the temperature measurement probably exists because of lack of provision to calibrate accurately the bridges in the improvised recording system. This error could amount to a few tenths of a degree, and may not be consistent throughout the period of measurements due to repeated efforts to improve calibration as the work progressed. Water surface temperature was measured by the floating thermistor from August 27 through September 26. These measurements are subject to doubt as the float movement with the wave surface produced a high noise level in the record. On September 27 the float was removed from the tower, and on October 18 the Barnes Infrared thermometer was installed. Surface temperatures following that date are measured by the infrared sensor. The surface temperatures indicated by the infrared thermometer were compared on three occasions with water temperature -28

measured with a slightly immersed thermometer shielded from solar radiation. The comparative readings are shown in Table IV. TABLE IV COMPARISON OF RADIOMETER AND THERMOMETER MEASUREMENTS OF WATER SURFACE TEMPERATURE Barnes Radiometer Thermometer Difference October 8 14.0~C 16.2~C 2.2~C October 9 13.8"C 16.2~C 2.4~C October 10 14.3~C 16.1~C 1.8~C On October 10, the radiometer measurements were compared to the temperature of a bucket of stirred water as measured by a thermometer. The radiometer had previously been adjusted to read zero when exposed to a stirred ice-water bath. Agreement with the thermometer was good at that temperature, but departed at higher temperatures. The comparison data are shown in Table V. TABLE V COMPARISON OF RADIOMETER AND THERMOMETER MEASUREMENTS OF STIRRED WATER TEMPERATURE Barnes Radiometer Thermometer Difference O.OOC O.O~C O.O0 C 5.4~C 5.50C O.10C 8.70~C 9.0~C 0.3~C 11.3~C 12.0~C 0.7~C 13.10C 14. 10C 1.0OC 15.4~C 16.7~C 1.3~C 17.9~C 19. i~ 1.2~C 19. 5C 20.7~C 1.2~C -29

Since most of the water temperatures measured were near 16~C, a correction of +1.3~C was applied to all radiometer readings. The remaining discrepancy between water surface temperatures as measured by the radiometer, and by an immersed thermometer are probably due to the temperature gradient that may exist near the water surface. This factor has been discussed by Ewing and McAllister (1960), Clark and Stone (1964) and Franceschini (1964). Dew point profile measurements are tabulated in Table III, and shown in Figure 7 for October 17 and October 22 only. The Dew Probe instruments were, exposed throughout most of the measurement period, but a thorough verification of the record was not obtained. The data appear to be inconsistent with measured water temperatures in some cases. A sufficient number of comparisons with psychrometer measurements were not obtained to give great confidence in. data. -30

4. DATA COLLECTED DURING 1964 Data were collected with the recording system described in Section 2.2 during periods shown in Table VI. TABLE VI PERIODS OF OBSERVATION 1964 DATE TIME (EST) DATE TIME (EST) August 2 1802 - 2050 August 10 1346 - 1436 1606 - 1654 August 3 1124 -1236 2020 - 2120 1700 - 1812 August 11 1200 - 1636 August 5 1212 - 1642 August 12 1200 - 1254 August 7 0800 - 0918 1500 - 1600 1736 - 1836 August 15 0830 - 1000 August 8 0746 - 0840 1200 - 1300 August 16 1318 - 1648 2000 - 2100 August 9 1200 - 1300 1700 - 1800 The data have been reduced and edited in a manner similar to that described for the data of 1963. Obviously erroneous data have been deleted where malfunction of equipment could be determined as the cause. The wind speed, air temperature, dew point, and water temperature data were averaged over 6-minute periods. The averaged data are given in Table VII. Longer period averages, usually 30 minutes, were formed and are shown graphically as Figures 8 through 13. The longer period average values are also shown in Table VII. Table VII lists observations at nominal heights above the mean water surface. The actual heights from a quiet water surface, measured at time of installation of sensors, were 205o9, 408.9, 799.1 and 1604.5 cm. Changes in mean water level throughout the measurement period were not great, probably amounting to no more -31

than a few centimeters. Actual measure of water level was recorded, but the record had not been reduced by the time of this writing. Dew point measurements are tabulated for only two days. The Dew Probe sensors were installed on August 9, and two units were damaged during a storm on August 14. They were not restored to operation. Wave height spectra for periods coincident with periods of meteorological data have been supplied by U. S. Lake Survey. The spectrum for each period is presented in Figures 14 through 17 as analyzed by personnel of U. S. Army, Coastal Research and Engineering Laboratory. In each case, the spectral distribution of linear average of wave height is presented. Each curve represents data averaged over a 20-minute period using a filter bandwidth of 0.027 cps as described by Caldwell and Williams (1961). The data have not been adjusted for the depth of exposure of the pressure sensor. 1. The records of mean water level during August, 1964, should be available from U. S. Lake Survey at a later date. -32

TABLE VII LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 2 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1808 243 342 425 23.0 24.2 24.6 1814 288 373 447 E 22.9 23.9 24.4 1820 280 349 408 s 23.0 24.4 24.8 1826 253 437 502 t 23.0 24.3 24.7 1832 403 493 517 i 22.4 23.8 24.6 1838 375 463 512 m 22.5 23.9 24.6 a Average 317.7 403.9 461.8 t 22.8 24.0 24.6 17.8 11.0,i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ e 1844 401 475 531 d 22.9 24.1 24.8 1850 394 477 542 22.2 23.3 24.0 1856 363 463 538 22.4 23.2 23.7 1862 334 440 547 s 22.7 23.8 24.5 1908 377 480 570 o 23.0 24.2 25.0 1914 352 454 562 u 23.9 25.2 25.7 t Average 370.1 464.8 548.3 h 22.8 24.0 24.6 17.8 11.9 1920 323 405 508 23.2 24.6 25.5 1926 375 463 543 22.9 24.3 25.4 1932 400 492 559 22.7 23.9 25.0 1938 363 465 541 22.2 24.4 25.3 1944 357 452 539 22.8 24.2 25.3 1950 365 465 563 22.0 23.4 24.6 Average 363.7 457.0 542.1 22.8 24.1 25.2 17.5 L1.3

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 2 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE 0C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13m. 1956 365 460 562 E 22.6 23.9 24.8 2002 373 466 535 s 22.0 23.1 24.0 2008 403 502 574 t 21.9 23.0 23.9 2014 409 505 575 i 21.8 22.8 23.8 2020 455 562 627 m 21.8 22.8 23.8 2026 423 551 634 a 21.8 22.9 24.0 t Average 404.8 504.2 584.4 e 22.0 23.1 24.1 17.9 11.3 d 2032 399 502 609 21.3 22.3 23.4 2038 408 513 609 21.5 22.4 23.1 2044 362 469 573 0 21.9 22.9 23.6 2050 u 22.0 23.3 24.0 t Average 389.6 494.8 596.2 h 21.5 22.6 23.4 17.8 11.0 3 August, 1964 1130 245 255 266 295 E 21.8 22.3 22.5 22.5 1136 313 337 363 409 s 21.9 22.3 22.5 22.6 1142 328 358 389 444 t 22.0 22.7 22.9 22.9 1148 249 275 306 360 i 22.3 22.8 23.1 23.0 1154 221 242 264 315 m 22.0 22.9 23.0 23.0 1200 221 235 258 290 a 22.0 22.6 22.9 22.9 t Average 262.8 283.8 307.7 352.1 e 22.0 22.6 22.8 22.8 20.0 12.9 d W N W

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 3 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1206 247 265 288 340 22.0 22.6 22.8 22.8 1212 297 309 328 368 22.0 22.6 22.8 22.9 1218 289 310 322 365 E22.1 22.6 22.8 22.8 1224 300 313 329 380 s 22.0 22.6 22.7 22.8 1230 354 378 398 456 t 22.1 22.6 22.8 1236 374 395 413 465 i 22.2 22.8 23.0 23.1 m Average 310.2 328.5 346.4 395.6 a 22.1 22.6 22.8 22.9 20.0 13.2 iz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t 1706 580 606 675 736 e 23.8 24.6 24.8 25.3 1712 560 616 668 765 d 23.7 24.6 24.9 25.3 1718 591 645 710 836 23.8 24.9 25.0 25.9 1724 536 587 652 780 W 23.8 25.0 25.3 26.2 1730 521 572 631 764 N 23.7 24.9 25.2 26.0 1736 519 572 632 763 W 23.7 24.8 25.0 25.7 Average 551.0 599.8 661.4 773.7 23.8 24.8 25.1 25.8 21.013.5 1742 546 601 663 780 23.6 24.7 24.9 26.0 1748 584 638 705 842 23.7 24.8 25.0 25.8 1754 492 545 608 733 23.6 24.8 25.0 25.8 1760 23.5 24.6 24.9 25.4 1806 350 426 475 353 23.5 24.5 24.9 25.4 1812 343 417 454 525 23.5 24.6 24.9 25.4 Average 478.6 525.4 581.0 686.6 23.6 24.7 24.9 25.5 20.5 12.4

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 5 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1218 617 660 690 723 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.2 1224 635 680 711 740 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.2 1230 632 674 708 741 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 1236 624 668 702 730 E 20.1 20.0 20.2 20.2 20.2 1242 647 692 727 769 s 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.3 t Average 630.9 674.8 707.5 740.7 i 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 18.112.0 m 1248 658 700 728 765 a 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.3 1254 649 697 730 768 t 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.3 1300 641 885 721 758 e 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 1306 683 735 773 807 d 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.5 20.4 1312 712 757 790 825 20.4 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.4 1318 725 775 815 863 W 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.5 20.5 N Average 677.8 724.6 759.4 797.8 W 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 18.4 11.7 1324 705 757 795 835 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.5 20.5 1330 692 736 768 807 20.5 20.5 2. 20. 20.6 20.6 1336 697 743 772 818 20.5 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.5 1342 705 754 782 829 20.5 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.5 1348 725 771 803 842 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 1354 715 767 802 847 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.6 Average 706.2 754.6 786.9 829.8 20.6 20.5 20.5 20.4 20.5 18.8 11.3 1400 734 780 813 847 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 1406 712 760 796 839 20.6 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 1412 757 818 859 897 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 1418 725 773 802 842 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 1424 747 800 823 848 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 1430 763 809 846 884 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 Average 738.1 787.8 823.2 861.6 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 18.9 11.1

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 5 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1436 780 834 875 913 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.6 20.7 1442 732 785 821 863 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.8 1448 756 809 839 886 20.0 20.6 20.7 20.7 20.7 1454 746 800 834 884 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.8 1500 765 817 855 888 E 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.8 1506 834 898 936 980 s 20.6 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.7 t Average 768.7 823.6 860.1 902.1 i 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 18.9 10.7 z^~~~~~~~ ^~~~~~~m -~ 1512 790 850 884 930 a 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.7 1518 811 874 909 959 t 20.5 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.6 1524 796 859 888 937 e 20.6 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.7 1530 763 838 875 922 d 20.5 20.4 20.6 20.6 20.6 1536 817 900 934 980 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.6 20.7 1542 880 946 975 1030 W 20.6 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.7 N Average 809.3 877.8 910.7 959.4 W 20.5 20.5 20.5 2o~6 20.7 18.5 11.3 1548 837 900 942 1005 20.7 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 1554 822 880 923 990 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 1600 800 860 900 947 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 1606 792 849 886 20.4 20.0 20.4 20.5 20.6 1612 796 855 899 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.5 20.6 1618 772 830 872 20.4 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.5 1624 732 780 809 20.5 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.6 Average 793 850 890.2 20.5 20.5 0.5 5 20.6 20.6 18.5 1.

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 7 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE 0C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4m. 13. 0806 488 530 603 648 20.3 20.4 20.7 20.8 21.0 0812 447 487 548 651 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 0818 452 490 55 662 Est. 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.0 0824 465 505 574 671 20.3 20.5 20.8 20.8 21.0 o830 457 497 560 665 2100 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 0826 462 500 560 671 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 Average 462 501 564 667 20.3 20.4 20.7 20.8 21.0 18.1 13. 0848 432 476 540 644 20.1 20.3 20.6 20.6 20.9 o084 407 447 14 618 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.6 20.8 0900 390 436 504 608 Est. 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.6 20.8 co 0906 381 422 495 600 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 0912 382 425 495 598 2500 20.0 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 0918 20.0 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 Average 398 441 510 614 20.0 20.2 20.1 20.6 20.8 18.113.4 1742 22.0 21.9 22.2 22.3 22.6 1748 650 710 759 830 21.9 21.9 22.1 22.1 22.4 1754 649 626 754 813 Est. 21.7 21.7 22.4 22.0 22.2 1800 639 694 731 800 21.5 21.6 21.8 21.8 22.0 1806 657 706 751 817 3000 21.4 21.4 21.7 21.6 21.8 Average 649 684 749 815 21.6 21.6 21.9 21.9 22.1 18.9 10.9 1812 649 708 750 817 21.2 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7 1818 633 700 746 805 Est. 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.7 22.0 1824 645 709 756 827 21.7 21.7 22.0 22.0 22.3 1830 638 694 746 820 3000 21.6 21.7 22.0 22.0 22.2 1836 695 761 807 8 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.4 Average 652 714 761 825 21.5 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 18.9 12.3

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 8 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 0754 862 941 976 988 17.6 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 0800 831 913 939 925 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.4 17.4 0806 792 913 949 910 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.3 17.3 0812 784 854 883 908 E 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.2 0818 833 934 970 941 s 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.2 t Average 817 905 937 933 i 17.5 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.3 18.1 10.2 m 0824 812 901 930 921 a 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 ko 0830 809 861 884 909 t 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.1 0836 760 814 850 877 e 17.3 17.2 17.1 17.2 17.1 0840 812 872 894 906 d 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.1 Average 805.1 876 905 911 30 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.1 17.9 10.3 1206 920 978 1003 1027 15.6 15.5 4 15.4 15.3 1212 950 1 1009 1037 1083 Est. 15.6 15.5 15.4 15.4 15.3 1218 1028 1100 1141 1185 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.3 15.3 1224 1085 1156 1195 1226 310~ 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.2 15.3 1230 1029 1095 1142 1192 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.2 15.2 Average 1002 1068 1104 1142 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.3 1.26.0 9.

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 8 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec. ) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE CC TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1236 1063 1145 1193 1248 Est. 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.3 13.7 1242 1074 1157 1195 1223 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.2 13.8 1248 999 1077 1122 1150 310~ 15.6 15.5 15.4 15.4 13.6 1254 1032 1108 1141 1179 15.6 15.4 15.3 15.3 13.6 1300 1155 1115 1072 1002 15.5 15.3 15.3 15. 113.4 Average 1064 1120 1144 1161 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.3 15.2 15.8 9.4, 2006 39 42 40 37 13.2 13.3 13.5 13. 13.7 0= 2012 40 45 44 43 E 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.6 12.8 2018 55 58 56 55 s 12.8 13.0 13.6 13.4 18.6 2024 54 64 59 60 t 13.0 15.3 13.3 13.5 13.6 2030 55 65 61 62 i 12.6 15.3 12.5 12.1 13.4 m Average 49 55 52 51 a 12.9 13.1 13.3 3.4 13.6 8.2.5 t 2036 52 59 58 62 e 12.4 13.5 12.9 13.0 13.4 2042 54 57 60 63 d 12.0 13.5 12.4 12.5 12.8 2048 50 53 57 56 11.9 13.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 2054 47 50 54 52 360~ 11.7 13.3 12.0 12.1 12.5 2100 49 55 52 49 13.0 12.0 12.1 12.4 Average 50 55 56 57 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 6.2.5

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 196k 9 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE OC TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm.. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1206 12.8 12.8 12.0 13.0 13.0 1212 390 436 482 538 E 13.3 1.3 12.6 13.9 13.6 1218 407 446 497 556 s 13.5 13.4 12.9 14.0 14.0 1224 367 400 454 532 t 13.6 13.5 13.0 14.1 14.1 1230 408 447 507 577 i 13.4 13.4 13.9 14.0 14.0 m Average 393 432 485 551 a 13.3 12.3 13.9 13.8 13.7 9.3 5.9 t 1236 422 462 518 594 e 13.6 13.6 13.0 14.1 14.2 1242 420 457 517 590 d 1313.6 1 3.6 1.1 14.2 14.3 1248 389 427 488 566 13.8 13.8 13.2 14.3 14.4 1254 366 40o 467 539 2400 13.8 13.7 13.2 14.3 14.5 1300 388 427 480 552 13.8 13.8 13.4 14.4 14.6 Average 397 436 494 68 13.7 13.7 13.2 14.3 14.4 9.2.9 1706 258 300 375 450 312 13.9 14.2 14.1 1.6 1. 1712 251 308 388 478 312 13.7 14.1 14.4 15.5 15.9 1718 242 300 376 466 315 13.5 13.9 14.2 15.4 15.7 1724 222 276 350 430 320 13.6 14.4 14.3 15.4 15.9 1730 198 265 330 425 325 13.4 14.0 14.2 15.3 15.5 Average 234 290 364 45O 13.6 14.1 14.2 15.4 1.7 7.4 55 1736 145 210 291 299 332 13.3 14.1 14.3 15.4 15.9 1742 136 192 261 332 12.5 13.1 13.7 15.0 15.5 1748 166 220 278 341 13.2 13.6 13.6 14.9 15.5 1754 154 247 265 340 13.4 13.7 13.9 15.2 15.9 1800 173 229 272 291 338 13.2 13.6 13.9 15.3 15.7 Average 155 220 273 13.1 13.6 13.9 15.1 15.7 7.2.6

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 10 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1354 315 359 437 187 15.6 15.8 15.8 16.8 17.1 1400 305 351 423 198 15.6 15.9 15.9 16.8 17.2 1406 272 313 381 199 15.5 15.8 15.7 16.6 16.9 1412 252 293 347 194 15.5 15.8 15.8 16.6 16.8 Average 286.3 328.7 397.1 15.5 1.8 15.8 16.7 17.0 10.0 5.9 1418 245 384 337 188 15.3 15.4 15.5 16.4 16.7 i 1424 252 283 305 184 14.8 15.0 15.1 16. 16.3 n0 1430 270 297 311 176 15.4 15.6 15.3 16.1 16.1 1436 372 299 319 165 15.2 15.5 15.1 16.0 16.0 Average 259.8 290.6 317.9 15.2 15.4 15.3 16.2 16.3 9.9 6.0 1612 222 265 338 152 15.4 15.7 16.7 17.3 17.4 1618 254 305 361 141 15.4 15.9 17.1 17.5 17.7 1624 238 290 344 142 15.5 16.2 17.6 18.0 18.2 1630 223 287 355 156 15.8 16.7 18.0 18.2 18.3 Average 234.3 286.6 349.6 15.5 16.2 17.4 17.7 17.9 10.6 6.0 1636 225 281 354 170 16.2 16.8 17.9 18.4 18.6 1642 244 300 370 183 16.4 17.1 18.1 18.4 18.7 1648 270 335 382 185 16.5 17.5 18.2 18.5 18.7 1654 266 323 383 182 16.4 17.3 18.3 18.6 19.0 Average 251.4 309.5 372.3 16.36 17.2 18.2 18.5 18.8 10.4 6.0

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 10 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec. ) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm.. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 2026 340 317 381 120 17.6 18.8 20.2 20.9 21.2 2032 352 317 416 123 17.1 18.4 20.1 20.8 21.4 2038 299 378 454 121 17.6 19.1 20.6 21.0 21.3 2044 356 430 501 123 17.7 19.0 20.5 21.9 21.1 2050. 386 459 525 122 17.9 18.9 20.3 20.7 21.2 Average 306.6 380.2 455.3 17.6 18.9 20.3 20.9 21.3 10.2 6.0 2056 371 439 511 121 17.7 18.8 20.2 20.6 21.0 2102 387 457 526 119 17.9 19.1 20.2 20.6 21.0 2108 377 444 519 125 17.8 18.8 20.0 20.5 21.0 2114 408 477 561 120 17.8 18.9 20.2 20.7 21.1 2120 419 492 580 123 17.9 18.0 20.3 20.7 21.2 Average 392.4 462.0 540 17.8 18.9 20.2 20.6 21.1 10.2 6.0

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 9 August, 1964 10 August, 1964 10 August, 1964 TIME DEW POINT TIME DEW POINT TIME DEW POINT 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1206 7.4 7.6 7.8 1354 10.7 11.1 11.3 2026. 11.0 11.8 12.9 1212 8.2 7.6 8.2 1400 10.7 11.1 11.3 2032 11.0 11. 11.9 12.2 1218 7.8 8.0 7.8 1406 10.7 11.1 11.3 2038 11.0 11.5 12.2 12. 1224 7.9 8.0 7.8 1412 10.8 11.1 11.8 2044 11.0 11.6 12.1 12. 1230 8.0 8.3 8.2 2050 11.0 11.6 12.1 12 Aver. 10.8 11.2 11.5 Average 7.8 8.1 8.0 Aver. 11.0 11. 12.0 12. 1418 11.1 11.5 12.0 ir 11236 8.1 8.3 8.2 1424 10.9 11.4 12.5 2056 11.0 11.5 12.1 12.4,T 1242 8.0 8.3 8.3 1430 11.1 11.5 12.1 2102 11.0 11.7 12.2 12. 1248 8.0 8.2 8.2 1436 11.1 12.5 12.2 2108 11.0 11.6 12.2 12. 1254 8.0 8.1 8.O 2114 11.1 11.7 12.3 12.6 1300 7.8 8.0 7.8 Aver. 11.1 11.5 12.1 2120 Average 8.0 8.2 8.1 1612 10.5 11.7 11.6 11.9 Aver. 11.0 11.6 12.2 12. 1618 10.4 11.5 11.3 11.7 1706 9.1 9.5 9.4 1624 10.1 11.3 11.1 11.3 1712 9.0 9.5 9.5 1630 11.0 11.0 10.8 11.1 1718 9.1 9.8 9.8 1724 9.2 9.9 9.6 Aver. 10.6 11.4 11.2 11.5 1730 9.3 9.8 9.8 1636 10.8 11.1 10.8 10.9 Average 9.2 9.7 9.6 1642 10.8 10.9 10.7 10.8 1648 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.9 1736 9.3 9.8 9.8 1654 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.8 1742 9.2 9.8 10.2 1748 9.1 9.5 9.9 Aver. 10.8 10.9 10.7 10.9 1754 9.0 9.6 9.7 1800 9.0 9.6 9.5 Average 9.1 9.6 9.8

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 11 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec. ) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1206 459 498 575 252 19.8 20.0 20.2 1212 475 519 581 255 19.9 20.1 20.2 1218 466 509 578 255 19.9 20.1 20.2 1224 473 519 584 262 19.9 20.1 20.2 1230 479 522 586 262 20.0 20.1 20.3 Average 470.2 513.5 580.7 19.9 20.7 20.2 14.7 11.1 1236 454 494 563 262 19.9 20.1 20.2 1242 418 457 523 263 19.9 20.1 20.3 1248 420 463 525 263 20.0 20.2 20.4 1254 391 434 499 262 20.0 20.2 20.4 1300 390 430 497 262 20.0 20.2 20.4 Average 414.6 455.7 521.4 19.9 20.2 20.3 13.4 11.3 1306 389 437 509 261 20.0 20.3 20.5 1312 372 418 490 260 20.0 20.3 20.5 1318 330 375 437 261 20.0 20.2 20.5 1324 319 362 430 262 19.9 20.2 20.4 1330 345 388 456 262 20.1 20.3 20.6 Average 350.7 396.0 464.2 20.0 20.3 20.5 13.111.3 1336 379 423 494 265 20.1 20.3 20.6 1342 375 415 477 261 20.3 20.4 20.7 1348 370 415 486 257 20.4 20.5 21.0 1354 352 402 472 257 20.4 20.7 20.9 1400 350 396 470 257 20.7 20.9 Average 365.1 410.3 479.8 20.3 20.6 20.8 12.7 11.5

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 11 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec. ) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1406 314 363 440 259 20.4 20.7 21.0 1412 304 354 427 246 20.5 20.7 21.0 1418 290 337 411 241 20.3 20.6 20.9 1424 334 384 467 248 20.1 20.4 20.9 1430 336 385 470 250 20.3 20.6 21.0 Average 315.3 364.7 443.1 20.3 20.6 20.9 12.6 11.6 * 1436 375 430 507 249 20.5 20.7 21.2 1442 462 512 585 250 20.6 20.8 21.1 1448 513 562 635 247 20.7 20.9 21.1 1454 567 618 694 253 20.8 21.0 21.2 1500 533 583 662 262 20.7 20.9 21.1 Average 490.1 561.0 616.4 20.6 20.9 21.1 12.5 0.9 1506 566 621 684 274 20.9 21.1 21.3 1512 583 630 696 288 20.7 20.9 21.0 1518 682 735 794 290 20.7 20.9 21.0 1524 643 698 755 294 20.4 20.6 20.9 1530 612 656 727 301 20.3 20.6 20.8 Average 617.2 667.8 731.2 20.6 20.8 21.0 12.1 10.4

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWVER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 11 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE OC TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1536 589 64o 696 503 20.2 20.4 20.7 1542 550 598 667 501 20.3 20.4 20.7 1548 526 575 638 297 20.0 20.3 20.6 154 574 621 679 301 20.0 20.2 20.4 1600 600 645 714 299 20.0 20.3 20.5 Average 567.7 615.7 678.8 20.1 20.5 20.6 12.110. 1606 752 803 858 297 20.0 20.5 20.7 20.8 -^ 1612 827 895 965 301 19.8 20.2 20.4 20.5 1618 796 853 909 311 19.5 19.9 20.1 20.2 1624 979 1044 1106 314 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.2 1630 313 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.1 1636 311 19.2 19.6 19.8 19.9 Average 838 899 959 19.6 20.0 20.2 20.3 11.910.3

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 12 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1206 822 344 10.7 11.1 11.2 11.6 11.7 1212 737 347 10.6 11.1 11.2 11.7 11.9 1218 650 344 10.6 11.1 11.3 11.8 12.2 1224 585 342 10.4 10.8 11.2 11.7 12.0 Average 698.5 10.6 11.0 11.2 11.7 11.9 8.0.8 1230 550 334 10.1 10.6 10.9 11. 11.8, 1236 517 335 10.4 10.7 11.2 11.5 D- 1242 546 326 10 107 11.1 11.3 1248 533 326 10.1 10.6 10.8 11.2 11.3 1254 329 10.2 10.7 11.4 11.3 Average 536.5 10.5 10.8 11.2 11.4 7.7 5.6 1506 390 331 10.1 11.0 11.0 11.4 1512 499 322 11.0 11.0 11.2 1518 421 328 10.3 11.2 11.2 11.4 1524 463 333 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.2 1530 487 341 10.3 11.3 11.3 11.7 Average 431.9 10.2 10.6 11.1 11.4 7.0 5.4 1536 456 341 10.4 10.9 11.5 11.8 1542 430 339 10.5 11.0 11.5 11.8 1548 439 333 11.6 11.1 11.6 11.8 1554 464 334 10.2 11.7 11.1 11.6 11.8 1600 471 337 10.1 11.7 11.2 11.7 11.1 Average 452.1 10.6 10.1 11.6 11.9.9 4

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 15 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 0830 0836 322 380 433 165 13.2 13.5 14.0 14.6 14.7 0842 327 392 443 168 13.4 13.9 14.4 14.8 14.8 0848 310 388 435 168 13.5 13.9 14.4 14.8 14.8 0854 307 376 441 168 13.4 13.8 14.4 14.8 14.9 0900 306 370 430 165 13.4 13.9 14.5 14.9 14.9 ~r Average 314.3 379.2 436.2 13.4 13.8 14.3 14.8 14.8 10.8 10.3 0906 285 342 430 163 13.5 13.9 14.4 14.9 14.9 0912 323 377 446 165 13.5 14.0 14.5 14.8 14.9 0918 309 374 429 170 13.9 14.1 14.5 14.9 15.0 0924 260 0 33 39 168 13.6 14.0 14.6 14.9 14.9 0930 316 362 432 173 13.6 14.0 14.5 14.8 14.9 Average 298.5 357.0 426.3 13.6 14.0 14 1.9 14.9 11.1 10.7 0936 312 347 420 173 13.9 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.2 0942 223 281 168 14.0 14.3 14.6 15.0 15.2 0948 278 320 173 13.7 14.0 14.4 14.9 15.0 0954 266 309 170 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.1 15.3 1000 240 278 185 14.5 14.7 15.0 15.3 15.6 Average 263.8 307.2 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.1 15.3

TABLE VII (Continued) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 16 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1324 452 504 220 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 1330 435 487 217 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 1336 435 487 217 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.7 18.8 1342 409 452 220 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.8 1348 417 462 217 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.8 18.9 Average 429.7 478.6 18.3 18.3 18.6 18.7 18.8 16.8 16.4 1354 405 450 535 216 18.2 18.3 18.5 18.8 18.9 1400 431 482 558 213 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 1406 397 449 530 210 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.8 1412 380 425 505 212 18.3 184 18.6 18.8 18.8 1418 423 423 500 211 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.7 Average 407.0 445.8 525.3 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.8 16.7 16.4 1424 404 427 507 215 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.7 1430 405 451 542 212 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.8 18.9 1436 411 457 540 216 18.2 18.3 18.5 19.0 19.1 1442 390 437 525 207 18.4 18.5 18.8 18.9 19.0 1448 376 424 504 207 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.0 Average 397.2 439.2 523.7 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.9 18.9 16.7 16.5 1454 375 413 496 206 18.4 18.5 18.7 18.9 18.9 1500 390 433 517 208 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.8 1506 408 460 547 208 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.8 18.9 1512 427 471 553 204 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.8 1518 405 454 540 208 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 Average 401.0 446.2 530.8 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 16.7 16.5

TABLE VII (Concluded) LAKE MICHIGAN TOWER OBSERVATIONAL DATA, 1964 16 August, 1964 WIND WATER TIME WIND SPEED (cm./sec.) DIR. AIR TEMPERATURE ~C TEMP. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1600 cm. 200 cm. 400 cm. 800 cm. 1000 cm. 1600 cm. 4 m. 13 m. 1524 430 485 564 202 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.0 1530 418 468 547 206 18.5 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.0 1536 514 458 542 208 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.0 1542 430 477 554 208 18.7 18.6 19.1 19.2 19.2 1548 408 456 541 203 18.6 18.8 19.1 19.2 19.2 Average 420.2 468.7 549.5 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.1 16. 16.5 1554 436 489 575 208 18.5 18.6 18.9 19.0 19.0 600 436 492 581 203 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.3 1606 409 458 536 214 18.8 19.0 19.2 19. 19.3 1612 412 464 550 214 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.4 1618 422 472 559 210 19.0 19.1 19.4 19.5 19.5 Average 423.1 475 559.8 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.3 16.6 16.5 1624 442 495 584 209 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.5 1630 448 507 596 205 19.O 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.6 1636 423 477 560 201 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.6 19.6 1642 422 471 562 19.1 19.3 19.6 19.7 19.8 Average 433.7 487.5 575.5 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.6 19.6 16.4 16.5

2 AUGUST,1964 3 AUGUST,1964 Wind Speed Wind Speed 1600 - W S 1600 1000 /'/ 16000, ^ 400 - / 400200- 2000 0 0 0 318 370 363 405 389 263 310 551 479 -l100 cmAC C -100 cmA^ I~ \-n Air Temp. Air Temp. 600 600 600 2 G00 O 200 2312.8 370 22.8 22.8 22.0 21.5389 2.63 310 2552.1 23.75 23.57,*{I C I D I gI. I C. 1 WateAir Temp. at 4m Depth17.8C Water Temp. at 4m Depth 20.4C Figure 8. Wind. speed and. emperaure profiles1, 2 and 3 August, 196. I400: 400 200 2002 22.8 22.6 22.8 22.0 21.5 200 22.1 23.75 23.57 -~ IDeg.C. IP A IDeg. C. K Water Temp. at 4m Depth = 17.80C Water Temp. at 4m Depth= 20.40C Figure 8. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 2 and 3 August, 9614.

5 AUGUST, 1964 7 AUGUST,1964 Wind S eed Wind Speed 1600 oC <o ^ 1600 < ( ^P C\ / CO 00 Nl b/ / -y - ^' ~ ~`i 7W i /.-i;^^ ^ 600- // /1 1/ ^ "000 // E Ei 400" 600-^631 6787T06 738 T69 809 795 4^62 398 649 65 \J^ Air Temp. Air Temp. V ~~~~~~16001 0 Q?? ~ o1600^~p ^ co P VI co t U) C.^: ^ ^ ili ^ -^ i! ^ ^ i 600- 600400- 400- M ( <?oo- c> r ) ) ()O a o o?o- o o 20.07 20.31 20.55 20.67 20-68 2052 2-0.52 200 -2026 20.03 21.62 215 I Deg. C I Deg. C. Water Temp. at 4m Depth =18.6C Water Temp. at 4m D epth 18.0 0 C 18.9 0 C Figure 9. Wind. speed, and. tfempera'ture prof iles' ^ and. 7 August, 1964.

9 AUGUST,1964 8 AUGUST, 1964 Wind Speed Wind Speed 1600 1600 o 20 018770'OO 100 9 0 600- 400 a I 1600 400- / 400 - 200 39 200 393 397 234 155 817 805 1002 1064 49 50 -I00cm/c V -100 cm/sec \J1 Air Temp. Air Temp. 1600 1600 c sO 0o0 4)00nd.0 0 0 o 0 0It 0 V I000 I 1000 I I E 0 E 0D OD 0 0 -C\- 0 0 0. 600 - 600-'400.400 - 200 200 13.34 13.72 13.62 13.12 17.4 1.33 15.52 15.52 12.92,I Dg. C. I DIg. C. c. Water Temp. at 4m. Depth: Water Temp. at 4m Depth = 9.260 C 7.28~0C 18.0~C 15.9 0C 7.200 C Figure 10. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 8 and 9 August, 1964.

10 AUGUST,1964 10 AUGUST,1964 lOp1000 J Dew Point Wind Speed 1000 A,)04 1 600 - ^/ ^ / ^/^eo / /i /^ 7 -~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ 600 -~f 4- (~ 1i] JOl yf- / ^,/00 tN- / / ^> o} y y 4000 0 TO cVO 0~ 0 oo r4)o ^60 / / 0/ / / / a /^/ / / / (0 35.200 - I.0:58 1 o.0 200Q -.4 I Deg. C. i1 ~~ 00 cm/ SC'~ 10.0 0C 10.5 OC 10.20C Water Temp. at 4m. Depth 9 AUGUST,1964 Air Temp. 11.600 0 \- Dew Point 1000. ^^1000 / 4 94X 2 400- cJ^^6 ^6 ^^ ^ ~ ^ J ^ /^ 0 0 Nq q;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 40 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ / q o 0 0'b T/',. 40.X o"78 0.9 0191 20-0 ( C</ ( I.. n l- -, 1E 1 600 A6 E' I - C 11 I M 0 0 cm ~ 0:400 cN ~ 4 Ot i400 200 200 9 7.98 9.1 9.1 200.89 - 7.98 9. 15 9.12I15.54 15.18 15.5 3 16.36 17.59 17.83 -. 4 I D o g. c. [.. I D e g. C. 10.0C0C 10.50C 10.2 OC Water Temp. at 4m Depth Water Temp. at 4m Depth Figure 11. Dew point profiles, 9 and 10 August, and wind speed and temperature profiles, 10 August, 1964.

II AUGUST,1964 15 AUGUST,1964 1000 Wind Speed Wind Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 f0 oP ~ 1600 2400- 4 470 415 351 365 315 490 617 567 838 314 298 264 IY^mS ec 1 10-CM/sec Air Temp. Air Temp. 1000oo 40415 351 365 315 490 61 567 838 298 26 I Degloo. i-C. - aer Temp. at 4m Depth =.0~C 60060.o~,o ~O l o 14.7~C13.4~C 13.1~C 12.7~C 12.6~C 12.50C12.1C12.1OC Il.90C Water Temp. at 4m Depth Figure 12. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 11 and 15 August, 1964. 14.70C 13.4~C 13.1~C 12.7~C 12.6 "C 12.5~C 12.10C 12.1I~C 11.9"C Water Temp. at 4m Depth Figure 12. Wind speed and temperature profiles, 11 and 15 August, 1964.

16 AUGUST, 1964 Wind Speed 1600.': 600L- / 430 407 397 401 420 423 434 3000 ~ o, 00 m/sec' Air Temp. I I 600. WteAir Temp. at 4m. Depth 16.6C. Figure 1. Win spee and temperatre poie, 6 August,600 1 ^ t_^ I96).vV V -1000- I co^ ^^ 5 co 2 6001. 183 1.30 18.3 18.5 18.8 11.0 -4 I Deg. C. I Water Temp. at 4m. Depth s 16.6 C. Figure 13. Wind speed, and temperature profiles, 16 August, 1964.

0.9 2 AUGUST,1964 0.9 3 AUGUST, 1964 1900 E.S.T. 1730 E.S.T. 0.6- 0.6 LL I IL 0' 0 I,,,, I.... I I., I I I I I I I. p I I 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) Wave Period (Seconds) cO 0.9 3 AUGUST,1964 0.9 5 AUGUST,1964 1200 E.S.T. 1500 E.S.T. ( 0.6 S 0.6 - - 0' 0, I 0.3 0.3 0oI. I, I,, I, I, I 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) Wave Period (Seconds) Figure 14. Wave height spectra, 2, 3 and 5 August, 1964. (Courtesy U. S. Lake Survey)

0.9 7 AUGUST,1964 0.9 9 AUGUST,1964 0830 E.S.T. 1230 E.S.T. 0.6- 0.6 r 0.3 - 0.3 O O 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 1715 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Wave Period (Seconds) Wave Period (Seconds) \J1 \, 0.9r 7 AUGUST,1964 0.9 8 AUGUST,1964 1800 E.S.T. 0810 E.S.T. 0.6- 0.6 0 O0, L 1 I,,,, I,,,, I,,,, l 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) Wave Period (Seconds) Figure 15. Wave height spectra, 7, 8 and 9 August, 1964. (Courtesy U. S. Lake Survey)

0.9 8 AUGUST,1964 2030 E.S.T. 110.6 I 0.310 9 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) 0.9 8 AUGUST,1964 1210 E.S.T. 0.6 - 3^0.3- _ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) Figure 16. Wave height spectra, 8 August, 1964 (Concluded). (Courtesy U. S. Lake Survey)

0.9 9 AUGUST,1964 0.9? 10 AUGUST,1964 1730 E.S.T. 1600 E.S.T. 10.6- 0.6 I CS 4-. *~. 0.3 0.30 0 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) Wave Period (Seconds) ON 0.9' 10 AUGUST, 1964 0.9 10 AUGUST,1964 1420 E.S.T. 2030 E.S.T. 0.6 0.6 U- 4Ub r 0) 0) 10.3 10.3 - I a I. I 0 I I p p I _ 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 Wave Period (Seconds) Wave Period (Seconds) Figure 17. Wave height spectra, 9 and 10 August, 1964. (Courtesy U. S. Lake Survey)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of other persons and organizations who aided in the conduct of the research reported. The contribution of the U. S. Army Engineer District, Lake Survey and of other groups within the Corps of Engineers in erection and maintenance of the tower was essential to the program. The assistance of personnel from those organizations, the U. S. Weather Bureau, and the U. S. Public Health Service is gratefully acknowledged. The effort of others within the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography is recognized. Program direction was provided by Professor Donald J. Portman. Edward Ryznar and Larry McMillin helped in collection and reduction of the data. H. K. Soo and John Casey aided in design and construction of the instrumentation. Mrs. Lenwood Paddock typed the report, and assisted in other aspects of its preparation. -62

REFERENCES Caldwell, Joseph M., and Leo C. Williams, 1961, The Beach Erosion Board's Wave Spectrum Analyzer and Its Purpose, Spectra of Ocean Waves, 259-266, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey. Clark, John R. and Richard B. Stone, 1964, Paper presented at ONR Workshop on Infrared Survey Techniques, Washington, D.C., April 27-29, 1964. Elder, FloydC., 1963, An Investigation of Atmospheric Turbulent Transfer Processes Over Water, Report Number One: Instrumentation, Contract Cwb-10591, University of Michigan Report 0597-1-F. Ewing, Gifford and E. C. McAlister, 1960, On the Thermal Boundary Layer of the Ocean, Science, 131 (3410):1374-1376. Franceschini, Guy A., 1964, Paper presented at ONR Workshop on Infrared Survey Techniques, Washington, D. C., April 27-28, 1964. -Portman, Donald J., 1957, Shielded Thermocouples, Exploring the Atmosphere's First Mile, 1, 157-167, Pergamon Press, Inc., New York. -63

APPENDIX A 1. Telemetering and Recording System The automatic telemetering and data recording system designed for recording data from the research tower facility has been described in functional form in a previous report (Elder, 1963). The schematic diagrams of the electronic components were not available for inclusion in that report. They are, therefore, included in this Appendix. The diagrams are largely self-explanatory and require only brief elaboration. Figure Al is a photograph of the recorder and telemetering system. The record logic, magnetic tape recorder, and manual readout counter are shown as the unit at the left of the photograph. The telemetering system is shown on the right. 1.1 Telemetering System Figures A2 and A2a are schematic drawings of the electronic components of the telemetering system. The power supplies, temperature bridges and data commutator system are also shown. Figure A2 is the wiring diagram of the sensor input circuits and data commutator. PC-1 through PC-18 are input plugs for binary counters and digital to analog converters, K. J. Law Engineers, Model 407. One unit is required for each anemometer. The input signal is a pulse from the anemometer. Pulses are accumulated and an analog voltage proportional to the accumulated count is provided for the telemetering system. The counter is reset upon read-out. Schematic diagrams of the Model 407 counters and digital to analog converter are not shown. The units are available commercially. P-2 through P-21 accommodate bridge circuits for measurement of up to 20 temperature values. P-7 through P-ll are designed for use with VECO-type 32A84 thermistors. Linearization of thermistor output is accomplished by the resistor network mounted on the range switch. Position 1 provides linearization for the range -10 to 10~C; position 2, for 0 to 20~C; and position 3, for 10 to 30~C. P-2 through P-6, and P-12 through P-21 are designed for use with Honeywell Model- 921A3, Nickel A resistance thermometers, or Honeywell Dew Probe, Model SSP129D. The output of these sensors is essentially linear so that no further linearization is provided. -64

APPENDIX A A typical plug-in bridge circuit is shown. Provision is made for adjustment of bridge balance from about -10 to 100C, and for adjustment of range to 20~C. The values of components shown will match approximately the sensor elements specified above. Minor adjustments may be required to match individual element calibration. Switches S-2 through S-21 provide means to adjust bridge calibration. When in the calibrate position, the sensor element is replaced by the calibrate resistor. If the temperature-resistance relationship of the sensor is known, the appropriate value can be set on the calibrate resistor and the bridge adjusted for range or balance. The outputs of the digital to analog converters and bridges are adjusted to a full scale value of 20 Mv. These output voltages plus the direct output of the wind vane potentiometer are applied to successive channels of the commutator switch S-24. The commutator consists of 36 gold-plated, magnetically-operated, reed switches. Three channels are required for logic control functions, leaving 33 channels for data inputs. Figure A2a is the schematic wiring diagram of the commutator logic and telemetering system. Logic components are shown in conventional symbols and commercially available modules are identified. The commutator drive logic may operate in one of two modes. In the manual -mode, the commutator steps one channel at each actuation of the manual advance switch. This function is controlled -either at the tower or at shore. The automatic mode is controlled by the timing motor. Every two minutes the logic is actuated and causes the commutator to advance through an entire cycle at the rate of 15 steps per second. The commutator switches the analog voltages successively into the voltage-controlled oscillator, Vidar Model 260A, which functions as a telemetering transmitter. A signal varying from 0 to 30 Kcs in proportion to the applied voltage is transmitted to shore through the cable driver and submarine coaxial cable. 1.2 Digital Recording System Figure A3 and Figure A3a are logic diagrams of the automatic digital recording system. Conventional logic symbols have been used. Schematic circuit drawings are not included because the logic components are standard, and may be obtained from commercial sources. -65

APPENDIX A The series of incoming pulse trains from the tower telemetering system is received by the shore recording system. After amplification and squaring, the pulses are applied simultaneously to a) an integrator-discriminator and switching control logic, b) a twelve-bit binary counter, and c) a decimal display counter. The first 66 millisecond pulse train of the incoming series is the control signal which the discriminator senses. The discriminator output signal actuates the counter and recorder logic circuits. Thereafter, successive 33 millisecond portions of the 66 millisecond pulse trains are counted, converted to twelve-bit binary words and recorded on magnetic tape. The 35th pulse train contains a second control signal that turns off the binary counter and record logic. Synchronization between the telemetering and recording systems is based on the 60-cycle line power with some phase shift adjustment provided in the recording system. As stated above, the telemetering system commutation rate is 15 points per second, or 66 milliseconds per point. Thus, the signal from each sensor is of 66 millisecond duration. The binary counter is allowed to count between the 15th and 48th millisecond of each incoming pulse train. The counter output is a twelve-bit binary work which is recorded in the IBM format during the remaining 18 milliseconds of the data point period. The counter is then reset and is ready to count the pulse train from the following data point. Because of the direct proportionality of the voltage-tofrequency conversion in the telemetering system, the pulse count is a direct measure of the value of the input variable. Manual inspection of the data for calibration and system performance checks is made possible by the use of the decimal counter having a visual display. Switch S1 selects the data channel for display as identified by the indicator lights. Data from the channel selected is gated to the counter where frequency of the signal is displayed in cycles per second. This frequency is directly convertible into magnitude of the variable measured. Display of this value continues until the next commutator scan at which time a new measure of the same variable will be displayed or that of another channel, if selected. The visual display may be employed as a data monitor while recording continues, or may be used as a display for system calibration with the manual commutator advance. Both the telemetering and data recording systems were designed and constructed by K. J. Law Engineers, Detroit, Michigan. More complete details of component specifications may be requested from them. -66

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