THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH School of Public Health Final Report CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION Covering Period May 1, 1969 - February 28, 1970 John J. Ganrion, Project Director Professor of Public Health Engineering ORA Project 33304 supported by: KEEP CRYSTAL CLEAR COMMITTEE BEULAH, MICHIGAN administered through: OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION ANN ARBOR March 1970

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SURVEY PARTICIPANTS Water Quality Program Department of Environmental and Industrial Health Faculty Project Director John J. Gannon) Professor of Public Health Engineering Chemical Analyses Chester T. Wezernak, Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Productivity Studie s Michael E. Bender, Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Bacteriological Analysis Edward Armbruster, Lecturer in Environmental Health Student Participants Full Time During Summer Field Phase Wallace Fusilier, Ypsilanti, Michigan Thomas Hartmann, Kent, Washington Tommy Justus, Spokane, Washington Wallace McLean, Waitsfield, Vermont Part Time Moon Chen, Ann Arbor, Michigan Michael Dodyk, Detroit, Michigan LeRoy Hallett, Belleville, Michigan Robert Jordan, Cleveland Heights, Ohio Melvin Nolan, Cincinnati, Ohio Peter Meier, Ann Arbor, Michigan iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3 Introduction 3 Basin Description 3 Geological Considerations 6 Surface Discharge Location and Measurement 6 Description of Streams Above Measuring Points 11 Dispersion Patterns of Discharges into Crystal Lake 35 Storm Sewer System of the Village of Beulah 38 Lake Sampling and Reference Transects 38 Lake Depths and Volume 41 A Diver's View of Crystal Lake 44 Light Penetration in Crystal Lake 44 Lake Levels of Crystal Lake 46 Climatological Information 50 Summary 53 References 54 III. WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS 55 Introduction 55 Water Quality Standards and Lake Use Designation 55 Chemical and Bacteriological Observations 58 Sampling and laboratory considerations 58 Tributary Sampling Including Drains and Ditches 60 Cold Creek Study 93 Shore Line Evaluation and Water Quality Sampling 99 Choice of sampling locations 99 Parameters of the study and methods of collection and observation 99 Special bacteriological studies 101 Lake Water Quality Evaluation 116 Organized Bathing Beach Areas 143 Well Water Quality Evaluation 147 Well water nitrate study 148 Biological Observations 148 Aquatic plant growth in Crystal Lake 148 Bottom and plankton sample analysis 152 Survey of macroscopic algal growth 158 Summary 160 References 161 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) Page IV. SPECIAL STUDIES 162 Introduction 162 Individual Waste Water Systems 162 Individual sewage disposal and water supply requirements 167 Crystal Lake Productivity 170 Introduction 170 Methods 171 Results 174 Household Information Survey 183 Pesticide Evaluation 185 Summary 186 References 188 V. HISTORICAL INFORMATION 189 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 191 VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 199 Appendix A. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INFORMATION 201 B. LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURES 209 C. SELECTIONS FROM SANITARY CODE OF MINIMUM STANDARDS —HEALTH DEPARTMENT 215 D. MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION SEPTEMBER 14, 1967 SURVEY RESULTS 221 E. MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION JULY 24, 1968 SURVEY RESULTS 229 F. EXCERPTS FROM "FISHERIES SURVEY OF CRYSTAL LAKE" INSTITUTE FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH, 1940 233 vi

I. INTRODUCTION Residents of the Crystal Lake area have expressed concern in recent years over signs of lake water quality deterioration exhibited in terms of such things as increased algal growth on docks, stones, etc,, and in reduced water calrity in several areas in the lake. In response to this concern, a group of interested citizens formed the Keep Crystal Clear Committee which has as its main objective the preservation of the excellent water quality which Crystal Lake has enjoyed over the years, This committee approached the faculty and students of the Water Quality Program of the School of Public Health for help in the very important first step of evaluating the problem. A proposal was developed by the faculty and accepted by the committee with the committee then using this proposal as a basis for soliciting funds from concerned citizens to support the field and laboratory activities of the participants during the spring, summer, and fall of 1969. The necessary funds were raised and an agreement was entered into with The University of Michigan to support travel, supplies, housing, and report preparation expenses, with the faculty and students participating in the field program as part of their normal University responsibilities. Thus, the study developed as a truly shared responsibility between The University of Michigan and the citizens of the Crystal Lake area. A number of specific study aims were agreed upon as follows: 1. To identify and measure major sources of pollution. 2. To define the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the waters of Crystal Lake under summertime conditions of maximum use. 3, To evaluate the influence of selected individual waste water disposal systems on ground water quality in the vicinity of the system, and on near shore lake water quality. 4. To evaluate the influence of selected nutrient sources on possible future lake biomass production. The major field effort was conducted during the months of May, June, July, and August 1969, involving the establishment of a temporary Crystal Lake Field Station allowing the completion of many determinations on the site, but supported by the extensive chemical, biological, and bacteriological facilities of the School of Public Health in Ann Arbor, The excellent cooperation of a number of citizens involving donation of cottage and boat use together with the availability of the chemistry laboratory of the Benzie Central High School greatly facilitated this phase of the study. 1

The field studies involved the evaluation of a number of physical factors related to the lake such as: location and gaging of all major discharges into or out of the lake, checking the storm sewer system in Beulah, verifying the soundings on the Institute for Fisheries Research depth map, determining optical properties at different depths and lake locations, evaluation of vertical lake temperature profiles at various locations and for different times, determining lake current patterns using dye tracers, and the evaluation of the climatological data at the Frankfort weather station during the 1969 survey period, and relating this to the longer term weather data already available for this station, In addition to the physical factors, a substantial number of water quality determinations, including chemical, bacteriological, and biological analyses, were made on samples of both lake water and tributaries. These included monthly samples collected at a number of stations on the lake at four regular lake transects, weekly samples on the various tributaries, monthly shore line samples collected in front of approximately 300 cottages close to the lake, a special well water testing clinic involving approximately 165 individual wells, testing at organized bathing beaches, and plankton and bottom samples at a number of lake stations. Special studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual waste water disposal systems on near shore lake water quality involving the cooperation of several cottage owners allowing the use of dye tracers through -their disposal facility. In addition, an extensive special study to evaluate the influence of selected nutrient sources on possible future lake biomass production was conducted at a test site in the lake near the Beulah end during the last two weeks in-July 1969. As the study progressed,it became apparent that information about the size, number of occupants, period of occupancy, etc,, of the cottages around the lake would be useful, and this stimulated the organization of a household information survey under the general direction of The University of Michigan survey team, but with substantial help in the survey execution from the Crystalaire Girls Camp and the Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly. A search was made for historical information on the physical, chemical, bacteriological, or biological characteristics of Crystal Lake and as a result of this effort, data was located and obtained from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Institute for Fisheries Research, the. Michigan Water Resources Commission, and the Grand Traverse-Leelanau-Benzie Counties Health Department. This information is included in the interests of a more complete evaluation of the problem. 2

IIo PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Introduction A number of important physical characteristics of Crystal Lake and the surrounding area were defined as part of the present survey. This section of the report includes: a basin description, important geological considerations of the area, the location and measurement of surface discharges, a description of each tributary stream above the point where it was measured, a presentation of dispersion patterns of discharge into Crystal Lake, a description of the storm sewer system of the Village of Beulah, a description of lake sampling and reference transects, a discussion of lake depths and volume, a diver's view of Crystal Lake, a discussion of light penetration in Crystal Lake, a consideration of the lake levels of Crystal Lake, and an evaluation of the climatological data at the Frankfort weather station during the 1969 survey period, and the relation of this to the longer term weather data already available for this station. Basin Description Crystal Lake is located in Benzie County, Michigan, in the northwestern part of the lower peninsula, west of Traverse City as shown in Figure II-1. The lake is adjacent to Lake Michigan but does not drain directly into it; rather, it discharges into the Betsie River which in turn discharges into Lake Michigan through Frankfort Harbor. Crystal Lake is long and narrow with a maximum length of 8.2 miles, a maximum width of 2.3 miles, and a surface area of approximately 9,711 acres (15.18 sq mi) as shown in Figure 11-2. Generally the lake lies in a northwestsoutheast direction and has only one important tributary-Cold Creek-entering the lake at its southeastern end through the Village of Beulaho The total drainage area at the outlet of the lake into the Betsie River as defined by the U. S. Geological Survey is approximately 32 square miles, while the Cold Creek drainage area as measured by the writer is approximately 10.35 square miles, and the surface area of Crystal Lake is approximately 15.18 square miles. Thus, the tributary drainage area is quite small and the lake surface itself makes up about 5GOo of the total outlet drainage area. 3

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Crystal Lake drainage area. Figure 11-2

Geological Considerations I. D. Scott in his book, "Inland Lakes of Michigan," describes Crystal Lake as follows: "As regards the basin, it may be stated that it is relatively old. In fact, it is certain that it was in existence before the ice made its final advance, for it was filled with a small lobe, an offshoot fromt the Michigan lobe, which pushes through the opening at the west end, now closed with sand. This lobe deposited a strong morainic loop around this basin, which is continuous except at the outlet and a depression on the north side which runs northward into the Platte Lake depression, in the vicinity of Round Lake. At present the lake shores do not reach the morainic hills but are separated from them by a rather broad zone of sandy terrace. This widens greatly at the east end and extends nearly two miles before it is interrupted by the moraine. "The striking physiographic characters are the predominating high cliffs from whose base the sandy terrace mentioned above extends to the water's edge. The first surmise is that this lake has stood at a higher level and further observations prove this to be correct." More detailed information on the geology of the Crystal Lake area is foun~ in a doctoral thesis prepared at The University of Michigan by James L. Calver on "The Glacial and Post-Glacial History of the Platte and Crystal Lake Depressions, Benzie County, Michigan," and published by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in 1946. Figure II-3 taken from the Calver study shows the geological formations in Northwestern Benzie County, Michigan; the moraine formations surrounding Crystal Lake are striking. Particular attention is given by Calver to the Round Lake Basin on the north shore and the Crystal Lake Bar region on the west end of the lake. Figure II-4 summarizes the geological formations in the Round Lake Basin while Figure II-5 shows the formation of the Crystal Lake Bar through four different geological stages. Surface Discharge Location and Measurement One of the important aims of the study: has been the identification and measurement of major sources of pollution. This involves not only an evaluation of the chemical, bacteriological, and biological constituents of a potential waste source, but also includes an evaluation of the corresponding flow. 6

NORTHWESTERN BENZIE COUNTY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- m.'.- -MICHIAINE l.'".'.I UE RIDGES /y/////~~~,~~~~~~ MORAINE DUNERIGS'..' -.rTL PLAIN A N B A LO"P:'""''D 7~. a.0....,.'.-',..:.. V ALLEY I EOSE SCALE MILES IG4 MORAINE -~~~~~~~.-26? DN..... DELT,'-~..'.L.U-F....S:~. i'.-~..'~...,~;:.'~.*~'~~. A- Alg onqui~n.....~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~. O?: —?:.N;';i'{, ia-.......;."' — " ~' -~.. -. e...Oo /~, Algoma ---—. —..............'~,........,..~....~,;.~'~. W -'.~"WFixed forested dune -.,".~. ~.'-C.- * Modern active due ~o,..'"'i ~;:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..4..., _,,_,,.,,-_!b~., CRYSTAL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.,.... ~,: /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V,~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1h,.~::;..';'"44;/~~N":'::'', 4~~ ~ J!( ~-.:,/.,, C....&...~. 4P ~ ~ ~ - ~;~ --— =-.O.~~.,'..':'.~ -' FRANKFORT~~~~~~~~~~~~'"".... " "'"':'..... ".".... 4~~....,,,....... EL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'T *: /m r. #'.-,,~,..,.~........~~~~~~~~~~~~V'",,oi.:".'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (ate C.e'~'''~,~,.'.',.. FiE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u-r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~I

ROUND LAKE BASIN CALE 0 1/2 3/4 MILIES l~~".'BEACHES MORAINE..'. BARS CUT BLUFFS jllfUWIISIUilltl D UNES o *' *''. <L_' ~"'~'.t'. ~...,..,~~~~~~.:~/,,i, ~ ~ ~ ~ (ate Cal;..v.e.r,:...: P.''~'? "Fi"u." II7-4,~

N Al.~9 l S~ -~ b4. LEGEND /. LEGEND I~*~. / ^^\^Pj ALOQI STAOE 4I885118AO ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-'',!^,/ ~~~~// / / fI 40~~/ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~I MORAINE I MORAINE DUNES I DUNES BEACHE AND LIE8 EACH OED SANSM: A~S L~ (after CUT er WAVE-CUT lIll? %WA-CT 1505 4 B~~~~~LUFFS L......... LUFFS A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SWAMP _I 1. WM ZRIMI:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tot ~~~~~POSITION OF — POSITION OF 5~~~Uh9~~I,, MODERN SHORE MODENSHOne~ 4I~~V -- - - - - ~~ONE MILE ONE MILE CR LSTAL L EGEN D LEG END DO E BARS I..........!......~~~~~~~~~~RYU I WAVE-CUT A WAVE-COT~ BLUE.....D.... u 1 MOERN SHORAEINE! OUNES MIEUNES-Agnq BEACHE CRYSTAL LAKE BAR if-" WAVE-CUT WAVE-CUT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' BLTAGE

To this end, a serious effort was made to locate and measure all surface discharges both into and out of Crystal Lake during the summer of 1969. As a first step of the field effort in May 1969, members of the survey team walked the complete shoreline of the lake looking for either existing surface discharges into the lake or for pipes that might discharge intermittently during periods of maximum use. Each surface discharge was carefully evaluated as to the best method of determining its pollution contribution, including measurement of the flow characteristics. A number of established hydraulic methods are available for measuring open channel flow as presented in traditional hydraulic references such as Addison3 and as adapted for waste surveys by the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission,4 but generally they break down into two categories; one, involving the placing of some regular obstruction in the channel called a weir, where there is a definite relationship between the elevation of water above the weir crest and the discharge over the weir; and the other, involving an indirect approach where discharge is measured at a fixed location over a range of flows, using a current meter for velocity determination, so that a rating curve relating discharge and stage can be developed at that location. In the Crystal Lake study, the survey team resorted to the weir approach most often because the discharges were generally small and involved drainage ditches where a temporary weir could be easily constructed. Once the weir was installed a discharge measurement was made merely by observing the water height above the weir crest by means of a Gurley point gage, and then calculating the discharge with the appropriate weir equation. The survey team constructed and installed thirteen temporary weir installations where discharge measurements were taken periodically throughout the summer, and especially when samples were collected for chemical and bacteriological evaluation. One weir station (W13) was developed from an existing structure. Two major flow streams, Cold Creek and the Outlet, did not lend themselves to the weir approach because of their size and it became necessary to resort to the indirect approach involving current meter measurements as followed by the Uo S. Geological Survey and as presented in detail by Corbett,5 and Grover and Harrington. Two pipes on the north short (PI and P2) did not readily lend themselves to either of these approaches because of surrounding obstructions and space limitation, and it became necessary to resort to another method involving the measurement of water depth in the pipe and then calculating the rate of flow from a knowledge of the pipe slope and characteristics using established hydraulic relationships as presented in standard reference works such as that of the Water Pollution Control Federation. 7 All discharge measurements are reported in cubic feet per second (CFS) notwithstanding the specific method used in making the determination. 10

The location of shore sampling stations and discharge measurement points involved in the 1969 survey are shown in Figure II-6. Discharge measurements are available for 18 of the 20 stations and of the weir installations only two (W6 and W7) were removed by vandals before the end of the survey period. The Crystal Avenue and Broadway sampling stations were added after the weir construction and installation phase of the program had been completed, and it was not possible to construct weirs at these stations although the observed flow through the summer was quite small at both stations. For purposes of documentation, the individual flow measurements at each station are presented including a photograph of most of the measuring stations, starting with weir 4 (W4) and proceeding clockwise around the lake to the outlet as shown in Figures II-7 to II-25. Description of Streams above Measuring Points A field reconnaissance was made by members of the survey team up each stream that has a shore sampling station or discharge measurement point to gain some idea of the development or lack of development that might exist. Selections from the field observations made during these trips are presented for the information of the reader. Most of the streams flow only a few hundred feet to one-half mile and emanate as a distinct flow from a hillside ravine. Generally there are few if any dwellings in the woods surrounding their sources. Several of the drains have or have had dams near their sources (Wl, W4, and 4141) or impoundments elsewhere along their course (W1, W10). Pipe systems along the W4 and 4141 streams leading from the existing dams are used for irrigation of lawns. Also, it appears that several of the streams, W2, W4 and especially W7 lose significant water to ground seepage before getting to the weir or point of sampling. Brief descriptions of each stream starting with broadway and proceeding clockwise around the lake to the outlet are presented as follows: Broadway - 4132 Boyd Road. -This stream emanates from a pipe coming out of a wooded hillside on the south side of M115 opposite its western intersection with Mollineaux Road. From here it runs 100 yards in a wooded ravine on the south side of M15 before passing under the road. It them flows east along the north side of M115 for about 50 yards before passing under Mollineaux where a small box then impounds the water and an irrigation hose leads from the box. The stream continues another 400 feet to the lake through woods except for passing under Boyd Road and through the lawn of 4132. 11

SUTTER RD. N CRYSTALLIA OW^= rLDIE RJ, tS CRYSTALLI^ 414 1MVE \ CRYSTAL LAKE. MICHIGAN Location of Shore Sampling Stationse (approx.) CWr l WAv,,Fl. And Discharge Measurement Points Summer 1969 Figure II-6 Figure II-6

Weir No, 4 Location: Crystal Lake 1600 South Shore Junction - Robinson Road and South Shore Road Frankfort, Michigan Weir Type: 1. V-Notch 0 = 2.50 H25 Date Installed: 5-16-69 Discharge Record Date cfs Date cfs 5-16-69 0.021 6-06-69 0.151 5-17-69 0.135 6-08-69 0.151 5-18-69 0.135 6-10-69 0.118 5-19-69 0.014 6-12-69 0.163 5-20-69 0.120 6-15-69 0.140 5-21-69 0.114 6-21-69 0.143 5-22-69 0.125 6-23-69 0.129 5-23-69 0.114 6-29-69 0.130 5-24-69 0.114 7-06-69 0.129 5-25-69 0.138 7-10-69 0.202 5-26-69 0.138 7-12-69 0.099 5-27-69 0.125 7-19-69 0.129 5-28-69 0.114 7-23-69 0.286 5-29-69 0.129 7-30-69 0.145 5-30-69 0.129 8-08-69 0.145 6-01-69 0.109 8-14-69 0.117 6-02-69 0.151 8-20-69 0.143 6-05-69 0.163 Figure II-7 13

Weir lo.. i. 7 #74 Sou4.W~t:h Shor e R4::"ad 9We "l9 r Type. N...'I} Dat e I". t a s....>v. b.....- J.:' C...,,~..................69,l", 1,;..........; q,:'': 2^ Recs-=ta'~,i..ar 5-.. 193...i69 0 3 3 ( C It. YAJt>.t )t'& a 3 / w, k 1.^.82'3 K... _. 0' ~.KKK........i }:: 203 DKi.. s oh ar g e o. rd ca tc c::; s a t R *e cf"s s.4......................4~~~' <74$ t'7$.t:.w&4<..~~~~~~~~~........:.,........:...19.6 9 0 39 6 2 6 9 0 5-.20 69 0 800., 6-..015...-6c9 0.4 )8 5-R1S-69 040.3 6-10-69 0.384 5~2; ~69 0... 4 S,.C.' 9 0 B'~\~~'")'s~, <, -T............0 e e,{T 5.2 69 6?)................ 0,3 3 5-..2-69e 03 3- 3."69.. 0. 3 6 37^".7.....''? i.S....... 042 c,,,5-218, S-69 0. S 3 f S 6 7:j23 9 0 404 5-26-<""O: 0.428 5-29-69 { 0.384 7-......30-69"' 0.401.....e }.,I.66 5-30- 6. 9 0 36.3 8-08- 369 6-01-69 8 -69........... 0.3 29 6-02-69 0 =. 42:8 8-...20.-..69 0i' 342... cJ-: t:1,ie;sS,.I..-8, 14:::::\,~~,::,:p,;;~;~"::

Weir No. 2 Loacation: Crystal Lake 390 South D Shore lJunction 1 Bel..ows Avernue arti Sout.u Shore iRoadt Fra:nkfort Mi. ian Weir Type" 1. Rec tangtula.' r Q = 3. 33 (L) (1H) Date Ins t alled 5-16-69 1... 625'..Dischar........e Re ord Date cfs Dat.e fs 5 16-69 0> 439 6-08-69 0.48 5-17 -69 0.943 6 10-69 0.314 5-18-69 0.678 6-12-69 1.073 5-19-69 0. 714 6-1a5-69 0.636 5-20-69 0e720 6-21-69 0.613 5.-..21-,69 0. 515 6-23-69 0 59 7 5-22-69 0.637 6-29-69 0 >20 5-23.-69 0.489 7-06-.69 0.435 5-24-69 0.637 7-10-69 0.636 5-25-69 0334 7- 12 -69 0676 5-26-69 0 489 7-19-69 0.578 5-27-69 0.595 7-23-63 9 0 554 6-01-69 0.558 7-30-69 0 628 6-02-69 0 558 8 08 89 0.578 6-05 —69 0. 484 8- 14-.9 05 85 6-06-69 0 521 8 20 69 0.547 Fig.lre 1 1 9...L

Weir N,. 3 Location: Crystal Lake 13 South Shore Road Frankf ort ichigan Weir Type: l1 Retctatgula r Q = 3.33 (L) (H) Date. nstaled: 5.-16 -69 L. 1..48 cD ischa'e Re co rd Date cfs Date cfs 5.16-69 01..65 6..05 69 0.345 5-17-69 0 85 60669 0. 376 5-18-69 0306 6.08.69 0.345 5- 19-69 0 3 35 6 10 -1 609 0.205 5-20-69 0.400 6 -15-699 0.345 5-21-69 0 364 6-21 -6 0.392 5-22 —69 0.370 6-23-69 0.597 5-23-69 0,338 6-29-69 0,438 5-24-69 0 218 7-06-69 0,345 5-25-69 0.468 7-10-69 0.408 5-26-69 0,376 7-12-69 0.408 5-27-69 0.309 7-19-69 0.301 5-28 —69 0 296 7 23-69 0.306 5-29-69 0,379 7-306.9 0.406 5-30-69 0 286 8-08 69 0.284 6-01,-69 0. 408 8-14-69 0 309 6-02 69 0, 441 8-20-69 0298 Figure 1:i-10..l7

Weir No. 5 Locations North Shore of Crystal Lake 2627 Crystal Drive Beulah, Michigan (Discharge from Ro ud Lake to Crystal Lake) Weir Type: 1, Rectangu.lar Q = 3 33 (L) (H) L Date Installed: 5-19-59 L = l.e00 Dis char ge Record Date Cfs Date cDfs 5-19-69 0.35'5 6-0869 0G156 5-20%69 00.270 6 -1069 0-090 5-21-69 0t206 6-12.69 0.972 5-22 —69 0 183 6.-15-69 0,416 5-23-69 0.130 6 21-69 0 9197 5-25-69 0 148 6-23-69 0.254 5-r2669 0,148 6-29-69 0,397 5-27-69 0096 7-07-69 0 441 5-28-69 0.079 7-10-69 0.254 5-29 —69 0 075 7- 12 -69 0.233 5-.30-69 0.075 7-19.69 0-233 6-01-69 0.233 7-23469 0.033 6>02-69 0 276 7-29-69 0,546 6-05=69 0.254 8-07-69 0 121 6-06-69 0. 276 8-13-69 0.019 Figure i-vs t Y7

Weir No 6 Location: North Shore of Crystal Lake 3600 Crystal Drive Beulsah Mi'chigx a Weir Type: 1 VNotch q - 2.50 (H)}25 Date Installed: 5-19-69 Discharge Record Date cfs 5-19-69 0 009 5-20%69 0 013 5-21-69 0008 5-22-69 0007 5U236 9. 0005 5-24%6t 0.005 5>25 59 0007 5-269-6 0005 5-27-69 0005 528-69 06005 5-29-69 0 005 5-30-69 0,004 Figure I -L2 18

WeirL No 7 Location: North Shore of Crystal Lake 3901 Crystal Drive Be ul ff-, Mi.ch igaWeir Type: 1. V-Notch Q = 250 (flH)2 Date Enstalled: 5-19-69 Di s chare Record 5-19-69 0.001 5-20-69 0.005 5-21-69 0.003 5-23-69 00032 5-24-69 0,002 5 -2- 69 0.002 5-25-69 0,004 5-26-69 0.004 5-27-69 0..004 5-28 69 0, 004 5-29-69 0.002 6 —01- 69 0 O05 6-02-69 0,007 6-05-69 0,005 6-06-69 0,004 6-08-69 0.004 6-1t0-69 0 004 6-1 -2-69 0,020 6-15-69 (0,005 6-21.-69 0.004 6-23-69 0.005 6-29 -69 0.010 e 9 C —

Weir No. 4141 Location; North Shore of Crystal Lake 4141 Crystal Drive Beulah, Michigan Weir Type: 1e Rectangular Q = 3.33 (L) (H) S Date Installed: 6-24.69 L = 1.00v Discharge DRecord 6-24-69 0.,21t6 6-29-69 0.213 7-07-69 0.213 7-10-69 02t13 7-.13-69 0,,193 7-19-69 06160 7-23-69 0 1_60 7-29-69 0i. 72 8-07-69 40205 8-13-69 0(203 8-20-69 0.169 Figure 1.1- 1, 20

Weir No. 8 Location: North Shore of Crystal Lake 6200 Cry stal Drinve Nichols Road and Crystal Drive B e u 1 ah, Mi chi g an Weir Type: 1. Recta.ngular Q 3.33 (L) (H) s Date Installedi 5- 19.-69 L l00W Di carg......e Record Date cfs Date Cfs 5-19-69 0.130 6-10-69 0.105 5-20-69 0186 6-12-69 1 039 5-22-69 0. 130 6-1.569 0 193 5 23-69 0&112 6-21-69 0.110 5-24 -69 0.065 6-24-69 0. 105 5-25-69 0.148 6-29-69 0.169 5-27...-69 0.065 7-07-69 0.193 5,28-69 0.096 712 -69 0.213 5-v929 609 0v075 7- 1969 0e090 5-30-69 0.075 7-23-69 0,086 6-01-69 0.213 7-29-.69 0324 6-02.649 0 213 8-07-69 0 113 6>-05.-16921 8.1213.-1369 0.065 -06...69 0 174 8>..20...69 0 039 6>08469 0 01.56 Figure I 1

Weir No. 9 Location: North Shore of Crystal Lake 6709 Crystal Drive Beulah, Michigaun, (Ditch on right hand side of road) Weir Type: 1. V-Notch Q 250 (H)25s Date Installed: 5-19-69 Dis chargle IRecord Date cfs Date cfs 5-19-69 0.078 6-08-69 0.096 5-20-69 0.078 6-10-69 0.090 5-21-69 0.082 6-12-69 0.099 5-22-69 0.087 6-15-69 0.090 5-23-69 0.087 6-21-69 0.134 5-24-69 0.087 6-24-69 0. 129 5-25-~69 0.096 6-29-69 0.134 5-26469 0.087 7-07-69 0. 129 5-27-69 0.087 7-10-69 0.129 5-28-69 0.087 7-12-69 0.129 5-29-69 0.090 7- 19-69 0 129 5-30-69 0.090 7-23-69 0.126 6-901-69 0.118 7-29-69 0.144 6-02-69 0.099 8-07-69 0.138 6-05-69 0.090 8-13-.69 0.135 6-06-69 0.047 8-20-69 0.133 Figure 1116 B',1-E'Wr~ ]bor, cc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

Weir No. 10 L ocati on North Shore of Crystal Lake 6863 Crystal Drive Beulah, M(ic-:hi.gan. (Harris.Road, on property of Wilbur Johnson) Weir Type: 1. Rectangular Q -.3 33 (L) (H): ]ate Installed: 5.9-69.L.. I50 D is ch a e.Record Date ofs Date cifs 5-19-69 0,,.122 6-08-69 0.135 5-20-69 0.1 44 6-10 69 0, 135 5-21-69 0.120 6-12-69 0 414 5-22-69 0( 144 6-15..69 0.158 5-23-69 0.144 6-21-69 0.208 5->24-69 0 1 44 6- 2..469 0 208 5-25-69 0.1444 6-29-69 0.314 5-26-69 04144.7-07-69 0. 290 5-27-69 0169 7-......10-69 0. 290 5,284=69 0.144 7-12-69 0.262 5-29-69 0 -135 7 19-69 0.146 5-304-69 0158 2369 0 198 (601-69 041 58 7-29-.69 0 229 6-02-69 0 158 8-07-69 0.177 6-05-69 0.158 8-13-69 0.135 Figure 3 11-17

(No photograph available) Pipe No. I Location: Crystal Lake 7271 Crystal Drive Beulah Michigan (200 feet west side of Marina Beulah Boat Shop) Dis chare Record Date cfs 6-01-69 0.166 6-02-69 0.166 6-05-69 0.195 6-08-69 0.222 *6-10-69 0.166 6-12-69 0.395 6-15-69 0 222 6-21-69 0.222 6-24-69 0.275 6-29-69 0.246 7-07-69 0.222 7-10-69 0.246 7-13-69 0.086 7-19-69 0.166 7-24-69 0.115 7-30-69 0.222 8-07-69 0.222 8-13-69 0.166 8-21-69 0.086 Figtre Ii-18 24

Weir No, 1/21 Locationso North S1"hore of Crystal Lake 7281 Crystal Drive B eul ah Hi Mch i ga. (East Side of Beulah Boat Shop) Weir Type: 1. I-Notch IQ 2.50 (H)'N te CInstalled2. 5-20-69 Discharge Record Date Cfs Date Cfs 5-21-69 0.0285 6-10-69 0 0360 5-22-69 0,,0285 6-12-69 0.0230 5-23-69 0 0285 6-15-69 0 20 5-24-69 0O0285 6-21-69 0.0340 5-25-69 0,0285 6-24-69 0 0360 5-26-69 0.0381 7-05-69 00820 5-27-69 0.0329 7-10-69 0.0420 5-28-69 0.03279 7-13-69 0 0420 5-29-69 0.0420 7-19-69 0.0350 5-30-69 )0.0360 7-24- 69 0.0300 6-01-69 0.0470 7-29-69 0.0420 6-02-69 0.0320 8-07-69 0.0660 6-....05-69 0,0360 040...8-13-69 010420 6-06-69 0.0360 8-20-69 0.042 6-08-69 <0. 0420 Figur e I 11-. 19 25

Weir No. 11 Location. North Shore of Crystal Lake 7468 Crystal Drive Beulah, Michigan (Large dsc harge pipe to lake) Weir Type: 1. Rectangular Q = 3 33 (L) (H)' Date Installed: 5-19-69 L = 1.11461 Dis charge ecord Date cfs Date cfs 5-20469 0.253 6-10-69 0.241 5-21-69 0.253 6-12-69 0.312 5-22-69 0.277 6-15-69 0.312 5-23-69 0.253 621-69 0. 199 5-24-69 0.253 6-24-69 0.197 5-25-69 0.253 6-29-69 0246 5-26-69 0.277 7-05-69 0.223 5-27-69 0r253 7-10-69 0.241 5-,28-69 0.277 7-13-69 0.220 5-29-69 0.253 7-19-69 0,220 5-30-69 0.253 7-24-69 0.230 6-01-69 0.310 7-29-69 0 206 6- 02-69 0 277 8-07-69 0.215 6-05-69 0,287 8-13-69 0.223 6-06-69 0 287 8-20-69 0 189 6-08-69 0.264 Figure 11-20 26

Pipe No. 2 Location: North Shore of Crystal La.ke 7546 C rystal D r ive Beul ahN Mich gan Discharge Re^ord Date CfS 6-01-69 2.18 6-024-69 2.25 6-05-69 1.62 6-08 -69 1, 5:i-91 6 -10-69 1 78 6- 12_-69 1, 78 6-15-69 1. 78 6-21-69 1. 69 6-24-69.. 69 6-29-69 197 7-05-69 1 78 7-10-69 9 7 7-13-69 2.02 7-19-69 1.91 7-24-69 1. 78 7-30-69 2- 02 8 —0 8 —-69! - 7 8 8-14-69 2. 02 8-n20-69 1. 78 Fig-ar e I11-21 27

Weir No..13 Location: North Shore of Crystal Lake Mitchell Pond 7605 Crystal Drive 752 Windemere Beulahl Michiga Weir Type: Broad Crested Rectangular Q = 3.09 (L) (H)'s L = 1.9375 Date cfs 6-01-69 0. 144 6-02 -69 0.144 6-05-.69 0.094 6-08...69 O0.117 6-10-69 0.094 6-12-69 0,117 6-15-69 0.144 6-21-69 0.117 6 24 -69 0.094 629%-69 0.117 7-05-69 0.117 7-10-69 0.117 7-13-69 0.144 7-19-69 0.117 7-24-69 0.117 7-30-69 0,144 8.08.69 0,.173 8-14-69 0.066 ~8-"20%69 0.144 Figure 11-22 28

Cold Creek Location: Benz'ie Boulevard (Westr side) Beulh Mic higan (Gaging station established on Second foot bridge) Discharge Record Date CIS Date cfs 5-14-69 7.117 6-03-69 8&503 515469 7 368 6-054-69 7 850 5,16-69 7,.046 6- 06-69 8&904 5-17-69 10.072 6-07-69 7 283 5-1869 7.921 6. 0869 7.176 5-19-697 7 15 6-10.69 6.691 520665 69 76 6-i.69 7273 5-21-69 6 332 6< 2-69 24 990 >522-649 6. 728 6-14-69 10.440 5-23-69 6 346 6 >1869 8 150 5124469 6. 74.5 6-23- 69 7.962 5-25-69'8.187 7-10-69 7@252 5-26469 7.517 7-11- 69 6760 5->27469 7.562 7-13-69 6~331 5-28....69 7.012 7-19-69 7.082 529-69 6 e937 7-24-69 7 800 5-30.69 6.990 8 03-69 6 302 6-01r69.1> +448 8094~9 6 049 6-02-s69 9 1 941 F.igure 112 29

Cold Creelk{. from L[..ake,Stree Br.:'....' e!Be -iu ah. iu'.... 6 -: F:::igurn,:~,...,, e 11-4 " ~.~ a 3QA 0 %.:':ja 4~$ 4 ~..~47A<~4&;ty A i':D~~~~~~4. r~~~~~~~V &w4s I Q~>''4.V V~' ~i~::: —'~ L v':-_-:-:'<: — ~''_~l~ili'ii~:-i j-l::: —:-r: —:-:i:::~:: llIll i~::':: I'I'::"~- l~i~~ hi:::::-1?::::::"0:

Outlet Locatison: Outlet Chainnel of Crystal Lake Right side of road at M-115 cressing Dis tchare Record. Date cfs Date cfs 5-15-69 43 002 6-03-69 55. 230 5-16-69 44 198 6-05-69 53.935 5-17-69 50,700 60-69 560983 5-18-69 47.860 6-07-69 55 050 5-19-69 50.610 6.08-69 53 900 5-20-69 59.030 6-10-69 46 930 5-21-69 42.824 6-11-69 46 540 5-22-69 51 830 6-13-69 10 AM 91 340 5-23-69 47 580 6-13-69 4 PM 92.410 5-24-69 42 481 6-14-69 80.320 5-25-69 5 2.209 6-18-69 33,200 5-26-69 47.369 6-23-69 66.510 5-.27-69 483 495 7-o10-69 96 680 5-28-69 46 760 7-11-69 89. 705 5-29-69 47.299 7-19-69 63 880 5-30-69 46.793 7 —24-69 61.330 5-31-69 46.537 8-03-69 52 987 6-01-69 49 610 8,.0969 45, 626 6-02~-69 52,063 8-12-69 36.90 Figxre 1-25 602Sa~~~~~~~g svE e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.

4 - 1600 S. Shore Drive — The stream emanates from a marshy wooded hillside gully with a cherry orchard on one side of the gully about 200 yeards away. It is dammed at the base of the gully- for lawn irrigation. The streran then travels through a large -wooded ravine, crossing under Robinson Road and continuing to the outlet. A few cottages are above the east side of the ravine below Robinson Road and a cottage is at least 100 feet from the strewan at the weir. WI - 774 S. Shore Drive at Crys tal Beach Resort. -The main stream and its two tributaries emanates from the uninhabited wooded hillside 150 yards above Thomas Road. It has an approximately 250-yard course below that road. to its outlet, flowing between 10-15 cottages in two rows, each at least 100 feet on either side of the stream. It also travels through several impoundments, tnhe lower ones being used as a recreation site. W2 390 S. Shore Drivea.,-The main stream and tributaries flow out of sparsely developed hillsides on either side of Bellows Avenue The mai.n flow comes out of pasture land on hills west of Bellows Avenue, then travels through uninhabited, rather boggy woods by the road. It crosses Thomas Road 100 feet west of Bellows Avenue arnd travels to the outlet on the west edge of the Frankfort public beach. The weir is on the south side of S. Shore Drive near an unoccupied cottage. At least two significant tributaries flow from the hillsides on the east side of Bellows Avenue. (A few cottages are in this area. ) The tributaries cross the road about 100 and 300 feet, respectively, south of the intersection with Thomas Road. They join the main stream in the boggy woods but all remain fast flowing, distinct stresm throughout their courses. W3 L3 S1 Shore Drive-, -The main stream emanates from uninhabited wooded hills about 100 yards above Thomas Road. It flows west to the road. and then follows the road to the pipe where it is joined by a small drainage flowing east, After crossing the road, it flows 300 yards through the woods of the John Burrows property (the weir location) until it crosses S, Shore Drive to the outlet. W - 2627 Crystal Drive. -This stream is the surface outlet of Round Lake and after seeping out of the swampy south side of this lake it flows about 100 yards through the woods to the point of discharge into Crystal Lake. Only one house at 2627 Crystal Drive - "Cloud 9" is within 100 feet of the stream, T owar d the end of August, the stream was dry due to the lowering of the lake level of Round Lake, which is half marsh (south end) and half open water (Yn.orth end),'with the open water about 400 feet in diameter and about as clear as Crystal Lake. Generally Round Lake has a, shallow shelf which drops off to at least 20 feet in depth. 566 -3600 Crystal3 Dri:ve -The stream at the weir receives drainage frc mm a ditch which runs east tto west 250 yards (on the north side of Crystal Drive), and 70 yards west to east with no one distinct sourcea A few tirny streams flow out of the hill w1hich is 50-150 feet from the road. The st reamn weak.ly flows 52

the 100 feet from the road to the lake and seeps into the sand just short of the water's edge. Unfortunately the weir was removed by vandals late in June and was not replaced. There are at least three cottages on the hill terrace above the ditch, with none on the lakeo W7 - 3901 Crystal Drive. -The stream emanates from a wooded, uninhabited hillside ravine flowing down to a roadside ditch 200 feet east of the under road pipe, Water appears to be lost here for the above ditch stream flow is steady while in the ditch the flow lessens considerably and after crossing the road is weed-choked, mosquito infested and sometimes dry. Its total length is about 300 yards. Abandoned orchards are on the hills above the stream and at the top of one ravine there is a large water tanko Only one cottage, within 50 feet on the lake side of Crystal Drive, is near the stream. The weir was removed by vandals early in July and was not replaced. 4141 Crystal Drive - "Glen Rhodao "-The stream flows from a hillside ravine similar to that of the W7 stream. There are only abandoned orchards on the south sloping hillsides. The stream is dammed 50 yards below its origin; lawn irrigation pipes lead from here to serve seven lawns. From the dam the stream tumbles down a deep wooded ravine to the road, and then flows within 50 feet of the house at 4141 Crystal Drive to the weir and then into Crystal Lakeo W8 - 6200 Crystal Drive. -The main stream flows out of wooded hills just below an orchard, and then flows through a wooded ravine approximately 300 yards before coming out behind the cottages on the east side of Nichols Road. There is evidence of periodic damming and there are several tributary impoundments at the head of the ravine near the stream's source and 150 yards downstream. At times the survey team have observed no flow at W8 due to temporary upstream storage. The stream runs behind and at least 100 feet from the first two cottages on Nichols Road but then turns to run within 15-30 feet of the last three on the east side. It crosses the road 75 feet above the intersection with Crystal Drive, coming within 50 feet of the last cottage on the west side of Nichols. It crosses the main road and comes within 50 feet of a cottage just before it outlets to Crystal Lake. W8 is 50 feet above the outlet. The lakeside stretch of Nichols Road is used as a boat launching and public recreation area. W9 - 6709 Crystal Drive. -The stream emanates from the hillside on Crystal Drive and flows 100 feet east to the weir which is at the pipe draining under the road. It travels 150 feet on the lakeside of Crystal Drive, all but the last 10 feet underground, Cottages on either side at this point are within 50 feet of the stream. The buildings of an orchard are on the hill above the stream origin and the orchards are at least 300 yards up the hill. An ungaged stream was observed west of the W9 stream, outletting at 6681 Crystal Drive, and its water quality was observed to be similar to W9 based on sampling in June. WO10 - 6863 Crystal Drive. -The main stream originates in a wooded area bordering pasture land at least 1/2 mile from the lake. Two other tributaries 33

join the main stream as it runs parallel to Harris Road until it reaches the weir gaging station just above Crystal Drive on the private property of Wilber S. Johnston. This area has been developed for recreational purposes and has some small impoundments, P1 - 7230 Crystal Drive. -The main stream originates in the wooded hillside above mostly fallow farmland (some horses). It runs at least 200 yards through this land to an impoundment and then flows 100 feet to the road and west 200 feet to Plo From here it goes under Crystal Drive and outlets to Crystal Lake at a public boat launching area. W12 - 7281 Crystal Drive. -The main source is from hillside seepage above the marina parking lot on the north side of Crystal Drive and below the house at 7270. It flows 150 feet east to a pipe crossing the road. Here it receives some ground water seepage and flows west 50 feet before turning and flowing 100 feet to the weir and the lake. Wll - 7468 Crystal Drive. -The weir receives drainage from the north of road ditch, west to east for about 200 yards. The sources on this side of the weir seem to be all from ground water seepage directly into the ditch. P2 - 7546 Crystal Driveo -The pipe receives drainage on the north of road side from many hillside springs as far as 100 feet west and 100 yards east. Five cottages front the ditch with 50-100 foot frontage and all have at least one drain pipe actively feeding water to the ditch. The major flow comes from the east and seems to originate from seepage of ground water from a gravel pit. W13 - Mitchell Pond - 752 Windemere Road. -This pond is a trout filled impoundment on the large, well tended lawn and garden property of Don Mitchell. Its source is unknown, but if it is gravity fed then by the slope of the terrain, the water must come from the general area of the gravel pit at 7600 Crystal Drive, which is just across the road to the north of the pond. The pond itself is 30 feet south of Crystal Drive and is approximately 10 to 15 feet wide and 50 feet long. The routine discharge measurements were taken at the broad crested weir at the east end of the pond. The outlet stream below the pond winds through the property and then goes below ground into a pipe 150 feet from the lake. Cold Creek. -Details on the drainage from Cold Creek are presented elsewhere in this report. Crystal Avenue - 6875 Crystal Avenue at Benzie Street. -This stream flows from a storm sewer line coming down Benzie Street to Crystal Avenueo Benzie Street runs about 1/4 mile down a steep hill to the lake and has about 10 cottages along the street. The stream itself flows 120 feet above ground from its pipe under the road to the lake through undeveloped lake front. Outlet. -The only surface discharge from Crystal Lake is through an outlet channel which discharges into the Betsie River. The lake level is main34

tained by means of a concrete dam and discharge is over this dam into the outlet channel After careful review of the area together with a consideration of the various alternatives for measuring the Crystal Lake discharge, it was decided to establish a temporary gaging station on the outlet channel near the M115 highway bridgeo The channel is stable, uniform, and accessible at this locationo Generally the procedures for measuring discharge as used by the USGS5 were employed. Dispersion Patterns of Discharges into Crystal Lake One concern was the question of dispersion of waste sources after discharge into Crystal Lakeo In order to evaluate the problem, limited dye dispersion studies were conducted at the very beginning of the field phase in May 1969~ Generally Rhodamine WT dye was added to selected waste streams on the north shore and Cold Creek, and then monitored in the lake by boat, using a Turner Model III Fluorometer, following accepted procedures as explained in detail by Wilson8 of the Uo S. Geological Survey. Dye was first added on May 13, 1969, to two streams discharging from the north shore near the east end of the lake as shown in Figure II-26. It is seen that the dye moved east toward Beulah staying close to the shore, and generally dispersed until the concentration became so low that it was less than the lower limit of sensitivity of the fluorometero At the same time, dye was added to Cold Creek in Beulah on May 13, 1969, and May 17, 1969, showing the same clockwise pattern exhibited along the north shoreo It is seen in Figure II-26 and especially in Figure II-27 that the flow from Cold Creek moves south in front of the Beulah Bathing beach before passing out into the lake and then toward the outlet. Certainly this has definite implication in terms of the influence of the Cold Creek discharge on the bathing beach water qualityo It must be appreciated that the discharge of any of the streams entering Crystal Lake is much too small to cause a direct current in the lake from the stream discharge itself. Rather, the predominating influence on the lake circulation is the prevailing wind direction and intensity. Thus, while the pattern shown in Figures II-26 and II-27 is a common one during the summer period as observed during other times in 1969 by following sediment dispersion, especially after heavy rainfall, it is recognized that under certain wind conditions the pattern may reverse itself and follow a counterclockwise direction. Close inspection by a member of the survey team on August 13 of the area in the vicinity of the Village of Beulah dock and new boat launching ramp showed evidence of counterclockwise movement of the Cold Creek discharge, in terms of black sediment deposit in the dock and boat launching area. Unfortunately, it was beyond the scope of this study to explore more intensively Crystal Lake water circulation patternso 35

,p.,;, | LKE N / CRYSTALLR D CRYSTAL LAKE. MICHIGAN 0 1/4 1/299 \ FRD srle (oapro.) aND. Flow Pitterns May 13, 1969 Figure II-26

Flow Patterns May 13,1969 and May 17,1969 / Crystal Lake 5/13/69 Beulah 5/17/69,/ Beulah Beuloh Bathing Beach Figure II-27 37

Storm Sewer System of the Village of Beulah The Village of Beulah has separate sanitary and storm sewer systems. Sanitary sewage is collected in several lines which lead to a pumping station on Crystal Avenue, and is then pumped out of the Crystal Lake drainage basin to a treatment facility which discharges to the Betsie River. Thus, only the storm water from the village drains either to Cold Creek or directly to Crystal Lake. Existing storm sewer inlets and lines as related to the survey team by Walter Lentz, superintendent of the Village of Beulah, are located on Figure II-28, and presented as follows: Line 1 starts at the junction of Uo S. 31 and Spring Valley Street and runs north along Spring Valley Street to Prospect Avenue and then along Prospect Avenue to Crystal Lakeo Line 2 picks up surface runoff in the area of Commerical and Lake Shore Drive (near parking area) and discharges into Crystal Lakeo Line 3 picks up surface runoff in the business district between Commerical and Clark Streets and discharges to Cold Creek at the point where Benzie Boulevard crosses it. Lines 4, 5, and 6 collect surface runoff on Clark Street and discharge directly to Cold Creeko Line 7 collects surface runoff on Benzie Boulevard near Pleasant Street and discharges to Cold Creek. Line 8 collects surface runoff on Benzie Boulevard near First Street and the point of discharge is unknown. Line 9 collects surface runoff at Benzie Boulevard and U. So 31 with the point of discharge unknown. Lake Sampling and Reference Transects After careful consideration, four lake transects were established as shown in Figure II-29 for the purpose of having regular lake sampling stations and as reference positions for other lake studies. In selecting the location two things were kept in mind, one, to locate the transects so as to be representative of as much of the lake as possible, and two, to locate them between land marks which could be seen and recognized from one side of the lake to the other and also recognized for future studies. The transects are further described as follows: 38

Village of Beulah Storm Sewer Inlets C^ /, OJ~e \OPB < At~ O Storm Sewer Inlet Figure II-28 )9

SUTTER RD 4TROUND~~~~~~~RON 4fp Ln~~~~~~~~~~~LKE "~ i / ^^^^\ ~~~~^ 1 ^_CRYSTAL DRIVE I 3T CRYSTALLIA 4T3 CRYSTAL DRVE CRYSTAL LAKE. MICHIGAN 374 Ro KOI~~~~~~~~~~~~R so (approx) (( \ L^~~~~~~~~~~~~~T2 LINC0-1 01FM^^WEH 472 L~~~~~~N~~L~~~T F 4TI TI 2T mAi Fi P^^_ 7T___, li^^R^ 2T^ I; ^__/2T4FIGG RD T4^S ITE \^ —,, rW RO Pt\ /4l u,, ~~~~~~~GRAVES RD i 2t ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I T% ITS Crystal Lake Sampling Stations Summer 1969 Figure II-29

IT - Transect number one was across the east end of the lake opposite the Village of Beulah staying approximately 150 to 200 yards from the shore line. 2T - Transect number two was from the cottage on railroad point (address 5014) to the clay bluff which was visible from the lake on the north shore at 6415 Crystal Drive. 3T - Transect number three was from the boat house at the Christian Assembly across to the 200-foot hill on the north shore, which clearly stands out from the others. 4T - Transect number four runs from the cottage at 1483 South Shore Drive across to the Chimney Corners resort on the north shore. The Chimney Corners ski slope was used as the visible point from the south shore. All the stations on a given transect were numbered from 1 to 5 proceeding from south to north. Lake Depths and Volume One of the important physical considerations in a lake survey is the accurate definition of the lake bottom profile. Fortunately, in the case of Crystal Lake, a map showing the lake bottom contours (Figure II-30) is available as prepared by the Institute for Fisheries Research, Michigan Department of Natural Resources from soundings taken by R. L. McNamee. Because of the availability of this work, no extensive lake sounding program was undertaken by The University of Michigan survey team; however, it was felt that checks on the current accuracy of the map should be made. To do this, a portable recording fathometer-Raytheon Model DE 119-was mounted on the survey craft and bottom profiles were measured at the 1969 lake reference transects. Figure II-31 shows a comparison of the 1969 depths with those taken from the Fisheries Institute map where it is seen that agreement is good. As a result, no further sounding work was done and the Fisheries Institute map was used whenever needed. The volume of Crystal Lake was determined from the Fisheries Institute map by planimetering areas between bottom contour lines and assuming the average depth between adjacent contours applied to the area. Using this technique, and by summing the individual volumes, the total volume of Crystal Lake was calculated as: 619,415.-50 acre feet or 26,981,739,180 cubic feet. kl_

~ 53 BRUSH SHELTERS IN 2 GROUIbS OF 7, GROUP OF 10, I GROUP OF 14,SAND GROUP OF 15, INSTALLED IN 1958 / IN COOPERATIONIWITH THE BENZIE F IHR'. REEAC dORTSMENOS CLUB dF U R A 4",.. ~~ MUCK and S~od Rood e WU~~d~~d e Semi mood~~d ~ Temp.them- planktoURBrGuFh'LhOFo.t 4 I"N CRYSTAL LAKE B~nZ Co..0075.,R, Fi ro~Do II 50 [ — Sand BOTTOM SHORE FEATURES SATINRUTIEAN 9SONDNG FRO CRESZI F-]Muck: Gr....Il Cottage valvarsh 5 pring ~ vegetation El Botto....mple o'ZI COUTY..'a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oT;Z;....._;~.... ~~_ z ~~~~~~~x~\~~~ c~~ —— ~~~= —~~PY5AL AKEBenie o. ~ ~,?~ Figure II/.. I —— I.~*~ M a l ~n~ n eded -Dc $epsoe~~li / lnfr r —) Muck an~~~~ ~~~~~ ~dSndRod)wodd(5e-woe Tepch.,lno,9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Brs hetr CI~YSAI LAE enieCo.T.ZBZ?... SBW \~~~~tqr I I-30

Comparison of Crystal Lake Bottom Profiles at 1969 Sampling Transects ITI ____________IT5 K y August 1969 Sampling Transect IT August 1 Echo Sound Depths 2TI _T5 ---- From Institute for.By^- G~7 Fisheries Research 1940 Map Sampling Transect 2T 3TI __T5 /fl -/ Sampling Tronsect 3T 4TI,, A4T5 / Sampling Transect 4T Figure II-31 43

A Diver's View of Crystal Lake During the period July 21-27, 1969, Mr. Victor Graf, a researcher and diver from The University of Michigan, participated in the nutrient enrichment studies presented elsewhere in this report and at the same time had the opportunity to dive in several locations in Crystal Lake. His observation areas are shown in Figure 11-32, and he made the following comments: X - depths of 15 to 30 feet on slope, large clam beds, sand and silt bottom. Y - area of nutrient enrichment study, depths of 45 to 60 feet. Sparse growths of nitella in patches, also algae patches, clay bottom. A - sand bottom, thick weed growths, depths of 5 to 15 feet with drop off to 30 to 40 feet, silt bottom, much growth. Z - depths to 160 feet, layer of 400F water 3 to 4 feet off bottom at 156 feeto T - silt bottom, depths to 40 feet, sparse growths, some algae. U - same as T except sandier. Entire northeast part of Crystal Lake has various weed growth, algae growths, spirogyra in clusters, many crustaceans (crayfish) which disperse from Beulah docks. Also, several underwater springs were noted in this part of lake which supplement the several surface discharges into the lake. Light Penetration in Crystal Lake Light penetration readings were made as part of every lake transect run for dissolved oxygen and temperature profile determinations. These readings were made with a standard black and white Secchi disk on a light chain marked in feet. Readings were always made on the shaded side of the boat so the procedure was consistant, and the readings were made by the same member of the survey team. The disk was lowered in the water until its distinct outline disappeared; it was then slowly raised until its distinct image reappeared. This second depth is the reading which appears in Section III of this report. Precaution was made to see that the boat was still in the water so that the disk was suspended vertically. The biggest factor in variance of readings was the roughness of the water surface, Crystal Lake does not often have a calm surface and with the limited 44

SUTTER RD T I SObservatiL DRIVEAreas CRYSTALLIAi (cmsr - ol v CRYSTAL LAKE. MICHIGAN July1/4 21-27, 1969 Figure II- ppro T I/2 GRALVES RD Diver Observation Areas July 21-27, 1969 Figure II-32

availability of an adequate boat, equipment, personnel, etc., perfect conditions could not be chosen for each run. Comparison of the readings of July 25 and August 19 show how important lake surface roughness can be, especially when the transparency ideally permits readings over 15 feet. July 25 was a relatively calm sunny day with smooth lake surface, while August 19 was windy and partly cloudy with a rough surface in all but the 5th station of each transect. On July 25 Secchi disc readings at transects two and three ranged between 22 and 26 feet, while on August 19 at these same two transects the readings ranged between 12 and 14 feet. Thus, rough lake surface definitely lowered the efficiency of the Secchi disk procedure. Notwithstanding these problems of measuring light penetration, Crystal Lake today has greater transparency than most inland lakes of Lower Michigan. Lake Levels of Crystal Lake The level of Crystal Lake is maintained by a dam at the outlet as shown in Figure II-3), with the legal lake level established at 600.48 feet above mean sea level, by resolution of the Board of Supervisors in October 1909. 2 James Lewis Calver in his thesis, "The Glacial and Post-Glacial History of the Platte and Crystal Lake Depressions, Benzie County, Michigan," describes the history of the level of Crystal Lake as follows: "Wave and current activity during Algonquin times constructed bars across the opening of all these connecting channels and isolated Crystal Lake from the main body of water in the Michigan basin. The natural level of Crystal Lake used to be, therefore, the level of Lake Algonquin, and many shore features formed within the depression cannot be distinguished with certainty from the Algonquin features. Apparently the water stood at the Algonquin level until historic times. In the fall of 1873, the Betsie River Improvement Company, organized by Mr. Archibald Jones, supervised the digging of a channel through the Algonquin bar at the present outlet of Crystal Lake. This was part of an ambitious plan that would have permitted the passage of small sized lake steamers from Frankfort harbor to Crystal Lake, by way of the Betsie River and the outlet channel (Case9). No attempt was made to control the out rush of water when the channel was cut through the bar, and within a very short time the lake level dropped nearly 20 feet. Within a year, the Betsie River Improvement Company was declared bankrupt and the plan was never completed. Several years later a dam was constructed across the outlet and the water of Crystal Lake was raised to somewhere near its former level. However, the early dams were of wooden construction and the level of the lake fluctuated with the whim and fancy of the residents in the area. The concrete dam now in use was constructed about 1915, and since then 46

Swimming Around Outlet Daimr Crystal L ke July 1969 Figure 11i35 kJr

the water level has been controlled at an elevation of approximately 602 feet, or eight feet below its natural (Algonquin) level." In addition to the elevation of the outlet structure, a number of other factors are involved with the lake water budget and therefore influence the resulting lake level. Certainly precipitation on and evaporation from the lake surface itself assumes importance, since the lake surface constitutes approximately 50% of the total drainage area. Other important concerns, of course include inflow into the lake from both surface and underwater sources and outflow from surface and possibly underwater sources. On a given day the wind direction and intensity could influence the level especially if a level measurement is made only at one point on the lake. Attempts were made to calculate water budgets for the 1969 summer period by members of the survey team, but certain of the important elements were not adequately defined to allow meaningful calculations. Accurate information on the variation of the level of Crystal Lake has not been available since 1950 when the U. S. Geological Survey discontinued regular measurement of lake level, From June 1942 to September 1950 a staff gage was read daily, except that prior to 1946 this was done only during the summer and fall months. Results of these measurements are shown in Figure II34, where it is seen that the lake level of Crystal Lake dropped below the legal lake level almost every summer during this time. Additional information as made available by the U. S. Geological Survey is presented in Appendix A. Members of the survey team had the opportunity to determine the following elevations at the outlet structure on August 18, 1969, working from a permanent bench mark located on an abutment on the nearby Ann Arbor Railroad bridge usirng established surveying procedures. August 18, 1969 Bench Mark G-89 599.85 Top of Dam 600.38 Bottom of Notch 599.52 Water Level 600. 17 Also, on October 25, 1969, a second water level elevation of 600.06 was determined. It must be appreciated that the elevation of the top of the dam and the bottom of the notch may vary slightly from the above elevation, depending on the exact spot the elevation is taken because of deterioration of the structure in places. While no official measurement of Crystal Lake has been made in recent years, certain interested citizens have kept a record of the level for their informationo The Rev. E. W. Willcox of Benzonia has made available his observations of the Crystal Lake level made at a staff gage at the outlet dam at intervals of from two to five days, during the period August 1968-August 1969, except during the December-March period when there was no flow due to freezing conditions. 48

6.5. 6.0 IL. Z ________\ /_______________ t Legal Lake Level ___ 5.5 w5.0 4.5 4.0 ~~ _~ 9 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 Crystal Lake Level Fluctuations (After U.S.G.S.) 1942 -1950 Figure II-34

As a result of the survey work during the summer of 1969, the need for regular and reliable reports of Crystal Lake level became apparent. Logically this should be the responsibility of a governmental agency such as the U, S. Geological Survey or the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. If this is not possible, then a county office such as the Drain Commissioner should be assigned the responsibility. Because of considerable citizen interest in the level of Crystal Lake, some mechanism should be developed for the regular and public reporting of this information as it is collected, particularly during the summer period. It is beyond the scope of this report to explore further the matter of the level of Crystal Lake. However, the reader should know that an engineering lake-level control study was completed in 1946 by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Climatological Information A cooperative station for the collection of Climatological data is maintained in the Frankfort, Michigan, area under the sponsorship of the Environmental Science Services Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce by Warren Putney on his property at 1510 Lobb Roado Regular reporting is made of the maximum and minimum temperature for each day, and the precipitation that occurs each 24 hour period. Because this information has significance in terms of interpretation of water quality data presented in Section III of this report, the complete information for the period May 1-August 31, 1969, is presented in Table 11-1. An important question that might be raised is: How does the 1969 precipitation compare to other years, and particularly how does the precipitation in the months of May, June, July, and August compare to these same months of other years? Long term precipitation information was provided by the National Weather Records Center at Asheville, North Carolina and included information not only for Frankfort, but a number of other long term stations such as Traverse City and Manistee. Several years were incomplete for the Frankfort station for the period 1901-1968, and it became necessary to estimate the annual precipitation for these years by establishing a relationship using the least squares method between the Traverse City precipitation and the Frankfort precipitation (correlation coefficient = 0.882). By means of this approach, the incomplete years were estimated and a continuous record was available for analysis. 10 11 Gannon and Velz have successfully used probability paper for defining variation and this technique was employed in analyzing the Frankfort precipitation data. Figure II-35 shows a straight line fit of this information on a log 50

TABLE II-1 TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA Frankfort, Michigan May-August, 1969 May....June July August Day Temp, ~F Precip. Temp, ~F Precip. Temp, OF Precip. Temp, ~F Precip. Max Min in 24 hr Max Min in 24 hr Max Min in 24 hr Max Min in 24 hr 1 56 38 0 73 49 1.02 64 46 0 71 59 0 2 60 46.07 55 43.05 70 52.65 75 58 0 3 61 44 0 52 40.19 69 54 0 77 57 0 4 71 49 0 54 37.28 78 58.97 80 60 0 5 73 52 0 55 42 0 67 54 0 76 60 T 6 64 50.32 60 42.37 70 49 0 80 65 0 7 71 48.03 63 45 0 70 47 0 77 66.27 8 66 44.80 60 44 0 74 54 0 76 64 0 9 50 39.10 50 37 0 75 58 0 71 57 0 10 42 37 T 66 42 0 74 64 0 72 58 0 11 48 33.01 71 58 1.80 80 61 0 78 56 0 H 12 49 34.02 80 46.86 80 59 15 79 59 0 13 59 39.02 57 43.04 79 58 0 79 69 0 14 62 41 0 60 42 0 80 60 0 81 60 0 15 70 49 0 60 47.04 82 63 0 82 62 0 16 75 0 67 43 0 78 68 T 81 66 0 17 37.70 63 43 0 78 66 0 81 68 0 18 46 39.08 64 45 T 77 63 0 77 66 0 19 53 39.06 62 48.76 81 60 0 71 58 0 20 52 36.16 56 45 0 80 64 0 72 52 0 21 45 31 0 61 42.16 72 59 0 72 52 0 22 53 40 0 62 43 T 78 59 0 80 50 0 2 64 37 0 64 47.20 77 58.37 82 52 0 24 61 42 1. 17 66 47 0 75 61 0 84 64 0 25 59 35 0 78 53 0 72 60 T 83 65 0 26 58 29 0 79 62 2.17 79 56 0 79 58 0 27 73 42.04 82 62.20 73 65.37 81 60 0 28 78 58 0 66 58 T 67 60 1. 07 81 68 0 29 74 57 0 74 47.20 73 71.04 84 70 0 30 74 49 0 68 54.95 75 56 0 85 59 0 31 80 54 T 70 56.20 80 59.60

46 44 42 1969 40 - - 38 36 34 — 32 ~ 30 2 - X= 29.2 inches/year > 28 (ro 24 22 20 - - CRYSTAL LAKE at Frankfort Michigan 18 Annual Precipitation in inches/year 1901 -1969 0.01 0.10.2 0.51 2 5 10 20 30 4050 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8 99.99 %equal to or less than Figure II-35

normal probability grid, thus making it possible to determine a probability of occurrence for a given level of rainfall. The 1969 precipitation is shown on Figure II-35, where it is seen that this year was one of the highest precipitation years of record. Ninety two percent of the years were less than 1969, and only four years of the period 1901-1969 were wetter than 1969. Similar analyses were made for each of the months of May, Juje, July, and August, for the same period 1901-1969, and these months for the year 1969 related to the long term period as follows: May 1969 - 76% equal to or less than or 24% greater than June 1969 - 98.5% equal to or less than or 1.5% greater than July 1969 - 85 5% equal to or less than or 14. 5% greater than August 1969 - 11% equal to or less than or 89% greater than Thus it is apparent that May, June, and July, 1969 were extremely wet months and August was relatively dry. Wind velocity and direction is observed every four hours by personnel of the U. S. Coast Guard Station at Frankfort and this information was made available to the survey team. Because of its voluminous nature, the data is not ineluded in this report. Unfortunately, no evaporation measurements are regularly made in the vicinity of Crystal Lake and the nearest reported evaporation information is at Lake City Experimental Farm. Summary A number of important physical characteristics of Crystal Lake and the surrounding area have been presented. These included: a basin description, important geological considerations, the location and measurement of surface discharges, a description of each tributary stream above the point where it was measured, a presentation of dispersion patterns of discharge into the lake, a description of the storm sewer system of the Village of Beulah, a description of lake sampling and reference transects, a discussion of lake depths and volume, a diver's view of Crystal Lake, a discussion of light penetration, a consideration of lake level, and an evaluation of the climatological data at the Frankfort Weather Station. 53

References 1. Scott, I. D. "Inland Lakes of Michigan: Michigan Geology and Biology Survey " Pubo 30, Geolo Sero 25, 19210 2. Calver, James L. "The Glacial and Post-Glacial History of the Platte and Crystal Lake Depressions, Benzie County, Michigano" Pub. 45, Geological Series 38, Michigan Department of Conservation, 1946. 3. Addison, Herbert. "Hydraulic Measurements " John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York City, 1941. 4. Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, "Planning and Making Industrial Waste Surveys." Cincinnati, Ohio, 19520 5. Corbett, Don M. "Stream Gaging Procedure. " Water Supply Paper 888, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, Do C. (Reprinted 1962). 6o Grover, Nathan C. and Harrington, Arthur Wo "Stream Flow." John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York City, 1943. 7, Water Pollution Control Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers. "Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers." WPCF, Washington, D. C. 1969. 8. Wilson, Jr., James F. "Fluorometric Procedures for Dye Tracing0" Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Chapter A12, Book 3, Washington, D. C., 1968. 9. Case, W. C. "The Tragedy of Crustal Lake." Record Publishing Company, Beulah, Michigan, 3rd Edition (1962). 10. Gannon, John. "Statistical Basis for Interpretation of Data. " Proceedings of the Michigan Sewage and Industrial Wastes Association 1959 Annual Meeting, 34 pp (1959). 11. Velz, C. J. "Graphical Approach to Statistics " Water and Sewage Works, 99.4. R106-R-135 (April 1952). 54

III. WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS Introduction A number of important water quality characteristics of Crystal Lake and its tributaries were defined as part of the present survey. This section of the report includes: a discussion of Michigan water quality standards and Crystal Lake use designation, a discussion of chemical and bacteriological observations including sampling and laboratory considerations, results of weekly tributary sampling including the many drains and ditches, results of a special Cold Creek study, results of shore line evaluation and water quality sampling involving monthly evaluation in front of approximately 300 cottages close to the lake, results of monthly samples collected at a number of stations on the lake at four regular lake transects, results of a special sampling of organized bathing beach areas on July 31, 1969, results of special sampling of the Crystal Beach resort area on June 27 and August 1, 1969, discussion of a special well water testing clinic conducted early in July involving approximately 165 individual wells in the Crystal Lake area, results of a special well water nitrate study of north shore wells,, and a presentation of biological observations including a description of aquatic plant growth in Crystal Lake, results of lake bottom and plankton sample analysis, and results of a survey of macroscopic algal growth. Water Quality Standards and Lake Use Designation Responsibility for protection of the waters of the State of Michigan rests with the Water Resources Commission, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. One of the important elements in accomplishing this protection is through the development and adoption of water quality standards for intrastate waters for various uses, and then a designation of a specific use for the various waters of the state. The following summary of this authority as presented by the Water Resources Commission1 is included for the information of the reader: "Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended, sets forth the Michigan Water Resources Commission's authority to establish Intrastate Water Quality Standards and use designation areas. This act reads in part:'An act to create a water resources commission to protect and conserve the water resources of the state, to have control over the pollution of any waters of the state and the Great Lakes, with power to make rules and regulations governing the same...' 55

Section 5 and Section 6(a) of this act again merit repeating as they apply equally to the Commission's authority to adopt regulations to control the pollution of the inland waters of the State as they do to the interstate waters. Sec. 5.'The commission shall establish such pollution standards for lakes, rivers, streams and other waters of the state in relation to the public use to which they are or may be put, as it shall deem necessary.' Seco 6(a).'It shall be unlawful for any person directly or indirectly to discharge into the waters of the state any substance which is or may become injurious to the public health, safety or welfare; or which is or may become injurious to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational or other uses which are being or may be made of such waters; or which is or may become injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands; or which is or may become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic life or plants or the growth or propagation thereof be prevented or injuriously affected; or whereby the value of fish or game is or may be destroyed or impaired.' Michigan's Intrastate Water Quality Standards were adopted by the Water Resources Commission on January 4, 1968." Several broad water use categories were followed in the development of the intrastate water quality standards as follows: 1. Water supply a. Domestic b. Industrial 2. Recreation a, Total body contact b. Partial body contact 3. Fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life 4. Agricultural use 5. Commercial and other uses For each use, 11 water quality parameters were designated including coliform group of bacteria; dissolved oxygen; suspended, colloidal, and settleable materials; residues; toxic and deleterious substances; total dissolved solids; nutrients; taste and odor producing substances; temperature; hydrogen ion concentration; and radioactive materials. 56

It is the understanding of the writer that the waters of Crystal Lake have been designated for Recreation-Total Body Contact which has been describedl as follows: "Recreation lo Total Body Contact This is the water source which is intended for uses where the human body may come in direct contact with water to the point of complete submergence, The water may be accidentally ingested and also certain body organs, such as the eyes, ears, etc., will be exposed to the water. Although water may be accidentally ingested it is not intended that this source be used as a potable supply unless treatment is applied. Some examples of total body contact recreation are: 1) swimming, 2) water skiing, and 3) skin diving." Of the 11 water quality parameters used by the Water Resources Commission, the two having greatest relevance in Crystal Lake for total body contact include coliform group of bacteria and nutrientso In relation to the coliform group, "the geometric average of any series of 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed 1000 nor shall 20% of the samples examined exceed 5000. The fecal coliform geometric average for the same 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed 100." In relation to nutrients (phosphorus, ammonia, nitrates, and sugars), the requirements say "nutrients originating from industrial, municipal, or domestic animal sources shall be limited to the extent necessary to prevent the stimulation of growths of algae, weeds and slimes which are or may become injurious to the designated use," Also, it is understood that Crystal Lake in addition has been designated for fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life-intolerant fish, cold water species (trout, whitefish, cisco) which has the following significant requirement: "In lakes capable of sustaining high oxygen values throughout the hypolimnion during periods of stagnation: maintain dissolved oxygen values greater than 6 mg/l throughout the entire lakeo" In developing and applying water quality standards in Michigan, an important non-degradation objective was incorporated as follows1: "Waters in which the existing quality is better than the established standards on the date when such standards become effective will not be lowered in quality by action of the Water Resources Commission unless and until it has been affirmatively demonstrated to the Michigan Water Resources Commission that the change in quality will not become injurious to the public health, safety, or welfare; or become injurious to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational or other uses which are being made of such waters; or become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic 57

life or plants, or the growth or propagation thereof be prevented or injuriously affected; or whereby the value of fish and game be destroyed or impaired, and that such lowering in quality will not be unreasonable and against public interest in view of the existing conditions in any intrastate waters of Michigan. Water which does not meet the standards will be improved to meet the standards," Crystal Lake was not observed to be a source of drinking water by members of the survey team, and major reliance for this purpose is on individual, or in a few instances, communal wells. Acceptable water quality for drinking purposes has been defined by the U. S. Public Health Service in the form of Drinking Water Standards,2 which are revised periodically with the latest revision in 1962. Of greatest relevance to well water in the Crystal Lake area is the section dealing with coliform organisms which says: "When the membrane filter technique is used, the arithmetic mean coliform density of all standard samples examined per month shall not exceed one per 100 ml." One of the chemical constituents of well water that is of concern in this area is nitrate nitrogen. Serious and occasionally fatal poisonings in infants have occurred following ingestion of well waters shown to contain nitrate. Nitrate poisoning appears to be confined to infants during their first few months of life; adults drinking the same water are not affected but breast-fed infants of mothers drinking such water may be poisoned.3 The U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards2 suggests an allowable upper limit of 10 mg/l NO3 as N, or 45 mg/l as NO3. Nitrate levels of well water in the Crystal Lake area reported later in this section should be viewed in relation to this standard. Chemical and Bacteriological Observations The evaluation of the water quality of Crystal Lake involved a number of chemical and bacteriological analyses of water collected from the following locations: the tributaries including drains and ditches, Cold Creek, the lake itself at various locations and depths, the lake shore area in front of cottages, organized bathing areas, and selected specialized areas. In addition, an extensive well water study was conducted on a voluntary basis during July and August 1969. SAMPLING AND LABORATORY CONSIDERATIONS Wherever possible accepted sampling and analytical procedures as outlined in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Waste Water4 or Limnological 58

Methods5 were employed, but in some instances modifications or improved procedures were necessary, A temporary field laboratory was established in the chemistry room of the Benzie Central High School making it possible to initiate laboratory analyses within a period of one to two hours after sample collection. With the exception of the lake phosphate analysis, all other tests were performed at the temporary field laboratory including the bacteriological tests. Lake water samples for chemical analyses were collected using a Kemmerer standard water sampler which was lowered and raised by means of the Fusilier gasoline-driven hoist illustrated photographically elsewhere in this report. Bacteriological samples of the lake shore line or tributary drains and ditches were collected using sterilized glass sampling bottles either 300 ml or 8 ounces in size. The following analyses were selectively performed on the collected samples as indicated subsequently: Temperature in ~C pH Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) in mg/l Ammonia (NH4) as N in mg/l Nitrite (NO2) as N in mg/l Nitrate (NO3) as N in mg/l Ortho phosphate (P04)'in mg/l Total phosphate (P04) in mg/l Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) in mg/l Total coliform index as coliform/100 ml Fecal coliform index as fecal coliform/100 ml The specific procedures are presented and referenced in further detail in Appendix Bo Major reliance has been placed on the membrane filter procedure for both total and fecal coliform determinations and because of the limitations of equipment and sterilization facilities modifications were necessary as presented in Appendix B. Controls were run regularly throughout the summer and at no time were positive results obtained, thereby supporting the effectiveness of the procedures which were followed, Historical coliform information has generally been obtained using the fermentation tube procedure as presented on page 594 of Standard Methods.4 For comparison purposes, selected tributary samples were run in parallel employing both the membrane filter and fermentation tube procedures, with the results presented in Table III-1 as follows: 59

TABLE III-1 COMPARISON OF MEMBRANE FILTER AND FERMENTATION TUBE TECHNIQUES Membrane Filter Fermentation Station Date Coliform/100 ml MPN/100 ml W-6 7-29-69 2,500 1,609 4141 7-29-69 170 918 P-2 7-30-69 800 9,180 CA (Crystal Ave.) 7-30-69 2,300 16,090 W-6 8-07-69 3, 200 4,900 4141 8-07-69 350 5,420 Cold Creek 8-10-69 9, 000 7.900 W-8 8-10-69 2, 00 2,780 W-5 8-10-69 1,800 7,900 W-11 8-10-69 450 490 BW (Broadway) 8-10-69 1,000 1 300 W-1 8-10-69 2,100 4.900 P-2 8-08-69 2,200 330 CA (Crystal Ave.) 8-08-69 65,000 54,200 An inspection of these results shows general agreement in terms of order of magnitude, although not in terms of specific numbers, Because of the differences in the testing procedures, complete agreement is not to be expected. Tributary Sampling Including Drains and Ditches In addition to the discharge measurements of the various tributary drains and ditches presented in Section II of this report, knowledge of the chemical and bacteriological composition of these tributaries assumes considerable importance in terms of evaluating and quantifying pollution contribution to Crystal Lake. To evaluate these contributions, a weekly chemical and bacteriological sampling program was started on June 11 and extended to August 20, with the sampling stations indicated on Figure III-1 and the results presented in Tables III-2 through III-26 as follows: 60

SUTTER RD ROUND LAKE l~~~~/ ^^~W7 -" " I CRYSTALLIA A^~ * ^4141 A DRIV CRYSTAL LAKE. MICHIGAN 0 Summe/4 /2r 1969 ^ \ ^^^^^ ^yi~FigureEN~R. Ic-e 1(approx.) Wl W~ W9.s.. THOMAiS RD 0- GRAVES RD L OI. Broodwoy /^ \^ / Outlet Creek, Crystal Av,!,,~ Location of Shore Sampling Stations And Discharge Measurement Points Summer 1969 Figure III-1

TABLE III-2 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Broadway 4132 Boyd Rd. (Sampling point: 10 ft. from mouth of stream) DATE 1969 6/18 6/25 7/6 7/13 7/24 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 8:45 8:15 9:05 7:25 8:05 8:35 8:40 8:25 10:30 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS TEMlPERATURE (AIR) C - 18" 18~ 20~ 22~ 21~ 23.5~ 22~ 22.2~ cloudy/ overshowers cast sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 10.5~ 11.2~ 12.0~ 11.0~ 12.0~ 12.00 13.0~ 12.0~ H 8.40 8.32 8.30 8.10 8.20 8.32 8.40 8.35 8.20 O mg/l 11.10 13.48 10.50 10.40 10.30 10.30 10.15 10.15 10.35 H-N mg/i 00.02 0 0.02 0.14 0.19 0.09 0.11 0.26 0.30 NO -N mg/1 0.001'0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 -NO -N Tg/1 0.69 0.48 0.60 0.60 0.64 0.76 0.48 Ortho PO g/l 0.03 0 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 Ot?4 m Total PO mg/l 0.03 - - 0.06 0.03 0.03 - - HOD 1.60 - 0.90 1.83 1.90 1.85 1.28 BOD5.. Initial 9.40 - 8.60 8.60 8.60 8.60 9.04,Final 7.80 - 7.70 6.77 6.70 6.75 7.76 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform ________________ _________ _________ Vol Filtered 10 10 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 10 1 Count Vol Filtered 24 20 45 11 47 5 5 50 4 Index 1240 200 450 1100 44,700 500 500. 40 Fecal Coliform_ _ Vol Filtered 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered 0 16 3 1 21 15 1 6 2 Index 0 16 3 1 21 15 1 l 6 2 REMARKS 62

TABLE III-3 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 4 1600 S. Shore (East side of Robinson Rd., south of S. Shore Drive) DATE 1969 6/16 6/23 7/6 7/12 7/23 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:00 8:22 8:50 6:50 9:00 8:25 8:25 8:10 10:45 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) --- 0.301 0.274 0.414 0.314 Q.314 0.289 0.313 CFS 0.129 0.192 0.099 0.286 0.145 0.144 0.117 0.143 TEMPERATURE (AIR) 0C 16~ 14.8~ 16~ 19.5~ 25~ 21~ 21.50 220 22~ Lovercast/ clear & interm partly cloudy sunny cloudy sunny sunny )vercast sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny sun CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) C 90 9.5~ 10.0~ 11.0~ 12~ 11.0~ 12.0~ 12.0~ 11.5~ pH 8.30 8.30 8.20 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.32 8.35 8.21 DO mg/l 11.30 11.05 10.80 10.30 10.20 10.50 10.25 9.85 10.30 H -N mg/l 0 0.04 0.01 0.11 0.23 0.10 0.09 0.25 0.40 NO -N m___1 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 O -N mg/l 1.30 1.49 1.32 1.30 1.21 1.26 1.18 1.25 Ortho PO mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 Total PO mg/l ____ 0.04 BOD5 0.40 0.00 - 0.21 0.50 0.57 0.51 Initial 9.30 9.25 - 8.90 8.20 9.10 9.14 Final 8.90 9.25 - 8.69 7.70 8.53 8.63 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform - _______ Vol Filtered 5 10 1.0 10 1.0 10 10 10 Count Vol Filtere______ 12 15 8 49 4 36 37 32 Index ____ 240 150 800 490 400 360 370 320 Fecal Coliform ____ Vol Filtered 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered __5 5 6 >100 2 8 8 13 Index 1 5 1 6 >100 20 8 8 13 REMARKS UT 63

TABLE III-4 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir a 1 Crystal Beach Resort, 774 S. Shore DATE 1969 6/16 6/23 7/6 7/12 7/23 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:15 8:32 8:40 7:00 9:00 8:20 8:20 7:55 10:55 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.286 0.288 0.379 0.278 0.269 0.246 0.259 CFS 0.428 0.435 0.428 0.640 0.401 0.382 0.329 0.342 avg. TEMPERATURE (AIR) 0C 17.00 14.8~ 16.00 19.5~ 24.00 20.50 21.5~ 21.2~ 22.80 clear/ overcast partly oversunny intermit cloudy sunny cloudy sunny sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS s cast CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.5~ 13.00 12.5~ 13.5~0 14.00 12.20 pH 8.10 8.05 8.10 8.19 8.20 8.10 8.05 8.18 8.00 DO mg/l 11.00 10.55 10.40 9.90 10.00 10.00 9.34 9.25 10.00 NH -N mg/l _ 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.24 0.23 0.17 0.31 0.40 NO -N mg/l 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0 0.002 0.003 - NO -N mg/l ___ _______ 0.42 0.73 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.50 - Ortho PO mg/l 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 Total PO mg/l - - - -- 0.06 - 0.03 BOD 0.08 0.00 - 0.72 0.70 0.68 1.18 -5........ _ Initial 9.10 9.25 - 8.70 8.10 8.80 8.80 Final 8.30 9.25 - 7.98 7.40 8.12 7.62 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform __________ _________ ______________________ Vol Filtered 5 10 1.0 1.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered __14 21 > 100 36 5 23 10 16 Index _____ 280 210 >10,000 3,600 5,000 2,300 1,000 1,600 Fecal Coliform0________ ____ Vol Filtered. ____ 100 10 100 100 10 0 Count Vol Filtere >1.000 15 10 120 22 57 28_ Index ____ >1 000 150 10 120 220 57! 28 50 REMARKS 64

TABLE 111-5 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 2 390 S. Shore Bellows Ave. and S. Shore (south side of road) DATE 1969 6/16 6/23 7/6 7/12 7/23 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20.A.M. AM 2-AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:30 8:40 8:40 7:10 9:00 8:10 8:10 7:45 11:05 DISCHARGE, HEAD (feet) _ 0.230 0.242 0.245 0.219 0.238 0.225 0.227 0.217 CFS 0.597 0.644 0.676 0.554 0.628 0.578 0.585 0.547 TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 180 14.80 160 19.0~ 24~ 20.0~ 22.0~ 21.0~ 21.5~ clear overcast partly over& ntermit partly EATHER CONDITIONS suny cloudy sunny cloudy sunny sunny cast sunny CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 9~ 10.0~ 11.0 13.0~ 13.0~ 12.5~ 14.0~ 14.5~ 12.8~ IH -88.1 8.09 8.00 8.10 8.3 8.10 8.10 8.10 7.99 O mg/i 10.9 10.55 10.1 9.60 9.7 9.70 9.44 9.15 9.75 0 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.26 0.11 0.12 0.27 0.37 _-N mg/i 2-N mg/i 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 - NO2-N mg/l............. O -N mg/i 0.44 0.66 0.48 0.56 0.55 0.52 0.55 NO,-N mg/1.... Ortho PO m g/ 0.03 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.02 0.02 - - _ Total PO mg/1 0.002 BOD5 0.5 0.0 - 0.16 0.8 0.48 0.36 Initial 9.1 9.16 - 8.70 8.40 8.70 8.84 Final 8.6 9.16 - 8.54 7.6 8.22 8.48 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform __ Vol Filtered _ 100 10 10 10 1.0 10 10 10 Count Vol Filtere _38 15 31 36 2 31 31 39 Index _38 150 310 300 200 310 310 390 Fecal Coliform _ Vol Filtered 1_00 100 100 100 100 10 00 100 1 00 00 Count Vol Filtered 1 3 1 12 31 1 T2 19 Index 1 3 1 12 31 1 2- — I9 REMARKS 65

TABLE III-6 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 3 13 S. Shore DATE 1969 6/16 6/23 7/7 7/12 7/23 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20 TIME OF COLLECTION 9145 8:48 8:30 7:20 9:30 8:00 8:05 7:40 11:10 DISCHARGE 0.205 0.193 0.157 0.189 0;149 0.158 0.154 HEAD (feet) CFS 0.474 0.408 0.306 0.406 0.284 0.309 0.298 TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 19~ 14.8~ 16~ 22.5~ 25 20.00 21.50 21.50 21.50 clear overcst/ intermit, sunny sunny cloudy sunny sunny )vercast sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny sun____ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 10~ 11.0~ 11.5~ 14.50 15~ 14.5~ 16.0~ 17.00 14.0~ H 8.20 8.15 8.20 8.11 8.25 8.20 8.30 8.30 8.21 DO mg/1 10.8 10.44 10.5 9.35 9.4 9.50 9.24 8.85 9.65 NH -N mg/l 0.06 0.12 0.04 0.16 0.27 0.11 0.16 0.26 0.39 O -N mg/l 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.001 0 - 0 2 - O -N mg/l 0.48 0.68 0.59 0.52 0.66 0.57 0.64 - Ortho PO mg/l 0.03 0 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.05 otal PO mg/l - - - 0.08 0.8 0.04 BOD_5 0.06 0.0 0.65 0.69 0.9 1-.R 0.56 Initial 9.0 9.20 9.00 8.60 8.2 8.60 8.68_____ Final 8.4 9.20 8.35 7.91 7.3 6.80 8.12___ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform ________ - |... Vol Filtered5 10 1 10 1 0 1.0 10 Count Vol Filtered _3 8 18 39 57 56, 8 31 Index ___ 60 80 180 390 570 560 800 310 Fecal Coliform__ Vol Filtered 1 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered 141 14 19 34 3 73 116 18 Index 41 14 19 34 30 23 116 18 REMARKS _ 66

TABLE III-7 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 5 2627 Crystal Drive 8/2G DATE 1969 6/11 6116 6/23 7./7 /12 7/23 7/29 i 7 8/13 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 8:10 10:00 9:05 8:50 7:45 9:30 8:45 9:45 8:20 DISCHARGE or HEAD (feet) inches 1 1/8" 0.182' 0.171' 0.046' 0.299' 0.110' 0.032' CFS 0.090 0.254 0.233 0.333 0.546 0.121 0.019 avg.day TEMIPERATURE (AIR) ~C 220 200 14.80 160 200 240 24~ 240 25.80 overcast overcast clear /inter. sunny sunny stormy sunny /strong hazy & sunny stwind WEATHER CONDITIONS sun st.win CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 170 150 140 15.50 220 21.50 19.20 23.50 22.50 pH 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.55 7.45 7.7 7.50 7.49 7.55 mg/l 1 5.4 6.6 6.46 4.90 3.40 6.0 4.10 4.18 3.55 H -N mg/l 0 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.28 0.38 0.32 0.22 0.67 -N4 NO-N mg/l 0 0.002 0.000 0.000 0 0 0 0.003 NO -N mg/l 0 0 0.38 0.23 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.16 Ortho PO m o/ o 0.01 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.03 0 0 Total PO0 mg/1 - BOD 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.90 0.54 1.3 1.34 1.11 Initial8.2 8.1 8.35 7.40 5.65 7.5 5.90 5.88 Initial [ ^Final ] 7.4 7.0 8.35 6.50 5.11 6.2 4.56 4.77 BACTERIOLOGICAL o RESULTS V Total Coliform -___________ Vol Filtered 5 10 1.0 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered ____10 66 4 48 14 23 20 index 200 660 400 480 1400 2300 2000 Fecal Coliform _______________________ Vol Filtered _______________100 100 100 100 10 100 100 Count Vol Filtered ________ 6 4 2 10 3 7 12 Index 6 4 2 10 30 7 121 REMARKS

TABLE III-8 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION stream mouth on beach STATION Weir # 6 3600 Crystal Drive (Sampling point: directly below this address) DATE 1969 6/17 6/23 7/7 7/12 7/23 7/29 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 8:45 9:13 8:55 7:52 10:00 9:10 9:50 8:45 11:25 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet)- - - CFS TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C - 14.8~ 16.50 23.8~ 240 21.2~ 240 25.5~ 22.80 overcst overcst/ intermi strong cloudy intermi sunny sunny stormy sunny strong sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS _sun wst.wind CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 15~ 14.1~ 13~ 17~ 20~ 19~ 22.50 210 190 pH 8.1 8.1 8.00 7.88 8.2 8.00 8.05 7.99 8.18 DO mg/1 10.8 12.31 10.4 7.70 12.7 8.90 8.94 8.53 12.20 NHN mg/l.05.08.06.21.36.17.19.96.53 NO -N mg/.003.b03.001.003.003 0.002 0 2 goNO -N mg/l.69 1.30 1.49 1.44 2.20 1.21 1.20 1.85 Ortho PO m /l.03 0 0 0 0 0.03 - otal PO m / - - - -.02 - BOD 1.1.61.50.47 3.7.55.71 Initial 9.1 9.11 9 8.30 7.9 8.60 8.43 Final 8.0 8.50 8.50 7.83 4.2 8.05 7.72 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform_ Vol Filtered 10 5 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered 64 75 38 46 21 25 32 11 8 Index -640,500_ 3800 4,600 2,100 2500 3,200 1000 800 Fecal Coliform Vol Filtered 50 100 1 1 00 10 00 101 1 0 100 0 Count Vol Filtered 1 6 13 62 5 17 3 Index -.4 _____ 6 13 20 62-_ 5 17 3 REMARKS 68

TABLE III-9 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 7 3901 Crystal Drive DATE 1969 6/16 6/23 7/7 7/12 7/23 7/29 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 10:15 9:25 9:05 8:00 - 9:20 10:00 8:55 11:30 DISCHARGE 1" HEAD (feet.& inc es) - 0.0833 removed. CFS 0.005 r. TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 20~ 14.8~ 16.5~ 21.0~ - 22.8~ 24.0~ 24.0~ 21.5~ clear & )vercast) )vercas t sunny intermit sunny - sunny strong sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sun wind CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 130 12.5~ 13~ 16.5~ 15.5~ 20.0~ 18.0~ 16.0~ p_______H 8.0 8.18 8.0 7.90 8.20 8.22 8.22 8.15 DO mg/l ___9.2 10.33 8.8 6.70 - 8.40 7.51 8.22 8.75 iH-N m]g/l.10 o4.08.17 -.15.13.60.53 NO -N mg/l |___.003.001.001.004 - 0.003 0 NO N mg/l.13.20.48.29 -.52.57.65 - -3.2 Ortho P mg/ 0.01.03 -.06.02.04 Total PO mg/l - - _ - - 0 - BOD 2.8 0 2.9 1.38 -.78.91 Initial 8.6 9.25 8.8 8.2 - 8.4 7.92 Final |5.8 9.25 5.9 6.82 7.62 7.01 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform ________ ____ Vol Filtered _____ 1 I a i- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered 6 14 101 49 9 13 22 Index 120. 140 1,010.. 4900 900 |j300 2200 Fecal Coliform________ ____ Vol Filtered _100 100 100 10 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtere _16 1 2 10 31 32 9 Index 16 1 2. 100 31 1 32 9 discharge REMARKS very low no heavy flow rain day previous 69

TABLE III-10 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION # 4141 "Glen Rhoda" 4141 N. Crystal DATE 1969 6/17 6/24 7/7 7/13 7/23 7/29 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 8:50 8:15 9:10 8:35 10:00 9:30 10:05 9:10 11:35 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.159 0.156 0.151 0.132 0.139 0.156 0.155 0.137 CFS 0.216 0.213 0.193 0.160 0.172 0.205 0.203 0.169 TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C _ 1616.50 16.0~ 27~ 24~ 20.2~ 23.5~ 21.5~ 22~....I overcast cloudy sunny sunny sunny stormy sunny strong sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS wst.wind CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 10.5~ 9.50 9.50 10.5~ 12~ 110 15~ 13~ 10.5~ pH 8.50 8.20 8.38 8.38 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 7.83 DO mg/1 ______11.2 11.15 11.0 10.60 10.2 10.5 9.64 10.25 10.60 NH -N mg/l 0.06.03.12.24.15.10.74.71 NO-N mg/1.001 0 0.001 0 0 0 0 NO -N mg/l 1.60 2.56 2.46 2.54 2.47 2.47 2.40 2.3 -3 Ortho PO mgl 0.01.01.01 0 0 0.02 Ortho 4 rag/.0 Total PO mg/l - - - - 0 - 5 BOD ________1.40.50.40 1.0.23.67 Initial 9.30 - 9.20 9.20 8.1 8.90 8.53 Final 7.90 - 8.70 8.80 7.10 8.67 7.86 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform ___________ Vol Filtered 50 5 0 10 10 10 10. 10.0 10 Count Vol Filtered 6 2 2 16 55 17 ~35 14 19 Index 12 40 20 160 550 170 350 140 190 Fecal Coliform _______ ___ Vol Filtered 50 " 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtere 0 33 10 16 15 39 40 16 12 Index 0 33.10 16 15 39 40 16 12 REMARKS 70

TABLE III-11 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 8 6200 Crystal (west side of Nichols Rd. below Crystal Dr.) DATE 1969 6/16 6/24 7/7 7/12 7/23 7/29_ 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 10:30 8:30 9:25 8:07 10:00 9:50 10:15 9:25 11:45 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.099 0.145 0.155 0.088 0.212 0.105 0.072 0.052 CFS 0.105 0.193 0.213 0.086 0.324 0.113 0.065 0.039 TEMIPERATURE (AIR) OC 210 16.50 170 220 240 23.50 25.00 25.20 22.2o clear vercastj & sunny sunny sunny stormy sunny strong sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny ________st.wind_________ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sap le) CC 13.50 13.50 14.50 20.00 21~ 19.00 18.00 21.00 17.80 H_ 8.30 8.40 8.38 8.25 8.40 8.38 8.38 8.40 8.30 DO mg/1 9.70 9.72 9.60 8.30 8.10 8.50 7.81 8.22 8.65 NH -N mg/l 0.16 0.12 0.14 0.21 0.32 0.22 0.16 0.71 0.74 NO-N mg/l 0.039- 0.022 0.045 0.050 0.032 0.043 0.037 0.033 0.029 O -Nmg/l 2.32 3.53 2.26 3.74 4.70 3.24 4.70 4.65 5.40 Ortho PO mg/1 0.03 0 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.14 0 0.02 0.04 Total PO m- - - -_ 0.10 0.04 0.21 0.03 0.06 0.03 BOD _5 2.80 2.20 2.67 2.10 2.10 1.89 Initial 8.80 - 9.20 8.10 8.00 8.40 7.87 Final 6.00 7.00 5.43 5.90 6.30 5.98 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total ColiformI - _...... Vol Filtered 5____10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtere 15 51 15 31 33 56 48 58 Index 300 510 1500 3100 3300 5600 4800 5800 Fecal Coliform J1 Vol Filtered 100 100 100 10 100 1100 100 Count Vol Filtere ___ 42 24 24 32 25 25 150 - Index- 42 2' 24 -4 32 250 _ 25 150 5 REMARKS_______________________________________ 71

TABLE III-12 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 9 6709 Crystal Dr. (Weir on north of road directly opposite address.) DATE 1969 6/16 6/24 7/7 7/12 7/23 7/29 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 10:45 8:43 9:32 8:12 10:00 10:00 10:20 9:45 11:50 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.297 0.303 0.299 0.297 0.313 0.308 0.306 0.304 CFS 0.129 0.129 0.129 0.126 0.144 0.138 0.135 0.133 TEMIPERATURE (AIR) ~C 220 16.5~ 17~ 23.50 250 21.80 24.50 26.50 230 clear overcst/ & sunny stormy sunny strong sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny ______ __wst.win __ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 10~ 10~ 9.5~ 10~ 11~ 11.80 14~ 25~ 12~ pH 7.7 7.89 7.70 7.68 7.8 7.95 7.75 7.82 7.63 DO mg/l | 7.2 9.00 7.90 7.30 8.7 8.40 7.05 8.42 8.00 NH-N mg/l.06 0.03.12.24.10.09.69.61 NO-N mg/l.001.002.002.002.002.002.002.002 NO -N m/1l 3.44 3.80 3.44 4.48 3.44 3.84 3.45 3.40 -3 _ Ortho PO, m/l.03.03.00.00 0.03.1.02 TotalPO mg/l -.05 -.03 H IOD_ I.8 -.25.63.8.47.76 BOD 8.7 - 8.20 8.85 8.5 8.7 8.22 Initial 7.9 - 7.95 8.22 7.7 8.23 7.46 Final BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform- __ Vol Filtered 5 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 Count Vol Filtered 16 10 16 2 43 40 20 0 21 6 Index ~. 320 1060 120 430 400 200 10 60 Fecal Coliform____ ___ ___ Vol Filteredm KTOW100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered 9 3 0 14 36 1' 6 0 Index 9 3 0 14 36 1 6 0 REMARKS heavy rain yesterday 72

TABLE II-13 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 10 6863 Crystal Drive. DATE 1969 6/16 6/24 7/7 7/12 7/23 7/29 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 11:00 8:54 9:37 8:20 10:30 10:15 10:30 9:50 11:55 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.119 0.150 0.139 0.116 0.128 0.107 0.096 0.084 CFS 0.208 0.290 0.262 0.198 0.229 0.177 0.135 0.125 TEMPERATURE (AIR) 0C 220 16.50 180 250 23~ 190 24.50 240 21. clear vercast & sunny sunny sunny stormy 3trong sunny sunny EATHER CONDITIONS sunny______ __________st.wind CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 10.50 10.5~ 11.00 15.50 14.50 150 180 15.50 13.20 pH 8.10 8.13 8.15 8.05 8.10 8.15 8.15 8.11 7.95 DO mg/1 9.70 9.54 9.40 8.60 8.50 8.40 8.02 8.37 8.65 H -N mg/l 0.11 0 0.05 0.16 0.26 0.18 0.16 0.72 0.70 O -N mg/l 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 O -N mg/l 1.44 1.96 1.96 1.80 1.92 1.64 1.68 1.70 1.85 Ortho PO mg/l 0.11 0.13 O0.11 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 Total PO mg/l - 0.14 - 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.20 0.14 0.17 BOD 1.00 0.85 0.62 0.70 0.52 ___ Initial 9.10 - 9.25 8.70 8.60 8.50 8.13 Final 8.10 - 8.40 8.08 7.90 - 7.61 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform Vol Filtered ____ 100 10 10 10 10 10 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered _____ 21 5 14 46 48 36 19 9 index _______ 21 50 140 460 480 360 1900 900 Fecal Coliform Vol Filtered 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtere ___7 10 1 21 98 43 71 >100~_ Index 7 10 1 21 98 43 71 >100 REMARKS heavy rain yesterday 73

TABLE III-14 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Pipe _ 1. 1 7230 Crystal Drive (200 feet west of marina (7271) north of road) DATE 1969 6/16 6/24 7/7 7/13 7/24 7/30 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM MM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 11:15 9:05 9:45 8:23 8:45 9:25 10:35 10:00 12:00 DISCHARGE lHEAD (feet/inches) - H..17' 1.75" 1.25" 1.375" 1.75" 1. 75" 1.50" 1.25" CFS { _ 0.275 0.222 0.086 0.115 0.222 0.222 0.166 0.086 TEMIPERATURE (AIR) ~C 230 16.50 18.50 27.50 23.50 230 24.50 27.50 22.20 Aclear clear overcast/ & sunny & sunny sunny sunny strong sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny sunny _st.wind CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 17.5~0 14.5~ 150 180 180 18.50 220 210 20.10 oH 8.0 8.13 7.95 7.98 8.00 8.00 8.02 7.98 7.79 DO mg/l 8.6 8.70 7.70 6.70 6.70 7.70 7.11 7.41 7.95 _NH4Nmg/l________.07.04.03.15.20.11.23.71.65 NO -N Tmn/1__l_____.15.007.005.009.017.007.006.005.006 NO -Nng/l 1.49 2.45 2.08 2.40 2.42 2.13 2.34 2.2 - ~ ~'_ ~'_.01 ~'~ 0~~ 0' 0~ ~ ___0_ ____ _ Ortho PO g/l.01 0 0 00 0 otalPO - - - 0 - BOD -.8 1.15 1.60 1.10.69.66 -5Initial 8.5 8.35 8.40 8.20 8.00 7.46 Final 7.7 7.20 6.80 7.10 7.31 6.80 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Col iform Vol Filtered 5 10 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered ___ 14 20 30 29 26 11 30 24 IIndx 280 200 300 2900 2600 1100 3000 2400 Fecal Coliform____ Vol Filtered _ _________10 100 LO 100 100 1 100 100 100 100 Count Voj Filtered_! 1 4 0 1 _00 3 - 3 f 28_ 1 Inde __4' 10l0 3 3 28 1 REMARKS 74

TABLE 111-15 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 12 7281 Crystal Drive (200 feet east of marina (7271) DATE 6/17 6/24 7/5 7/13 7/24 7/29 8/7 8/13 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:25 9:12 11:30 8:15 8:50 11:10 10:40 10:10 12:05 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.177 0.185 0.1667 0.1875 0.229 0.188 0.188 CFS 0.036 0.082 0.042 0.030 0.042 0.066 0.042 0.042 TEIMPERATURE (AIR) ~C - 16.50 20~ 21~ 22~ 24.5~ 24.0~ 25.5~ 22.8~ overcst/ cloudy sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny strong sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS _wst.wind__ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE ~ (Sample) ~C 13~ 12.0~ 15 13 14 1.3~8 14~ 17.2 168.0 pH 7.90 7.83 7.80 7.80 7.85 7.95 6.50 7.80 7.55 DO mg/1 7.30 6.62 8.30 5.70 5.50 7.80 7.80 6.44 6.20 NH-N mg/l 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.23 0.10 0.67 p.66 NO -N mg/1.014,.013.011.017.017.017.019.017.021 NO -N mg/l 1.48 2.08 2.60 2.14 1.96 2.14 2.08 2.10 Ortho PO mg/l.00.00.01.01 00 0.03 0 Total PO mg/l - - -.02 - - - IOD5 - 0.50 _ - | 0 0.27 0.52___ Initial 9.00 - - 8.60 8.70 8.40 7.32 Final.|8.50 - - 8.32 8.20 8.13 6.80_______ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform J ____. ________ Vol Filtered 50 100 10 100100 10 10 10 10 10 Count Vol Filtered 6 20 16 25 73 24 43 32 17 Index 12 20 16 25 730 240 430 170 Fecal Coliform Vol Filtered 50 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered 0 I 0 0 5 5 1 3 1 0 Index 0 _ 0 0 0 5 5 50 1 3 0 REMARKS heavy rain yesterday 75

TABLE 1ii-16 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 11 73-00 Crystal Drive (iust east of 7290) -. DATE 1969_ 6/13 8/9 _ ____ AM PM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:30 7:30_ _ _ DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C __ 19~ clear WEATHER CONDITIONS calm___ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE 1 H_______ -- 7.5_ _ (Sa..mple) - j 1 130 ____... _. _ _ m/ 10.7 4.7 _______ ______4.7 N-N mgl_ 1 _......... _. O-N m/ l 0.1 0.05 _____ NO2-N mg/l | 0.01 _0.023 __ NO._-N-m__ /1 __2.66 4.2_ IN..__-N -g_________ ______ _ ___ |)rtho PO, mg/__l _0.04 0.02 Total PO mg/i - 0.03 -.- -....I - -'". BOD_5-..0.0 _ - Initial 8.4 - ______ _ Final 8.4 - BACTFPTOT.OGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform.. - ____________ ____ Vol Filtered.| - --- __'...L Count Vol Filtere _. Index ______._______ Fecal Coliform _ ___ Vol Filtered ______ _ ________ Count Vol Filtere ______ __ Index ______ 1__________________ 1 REMARKS 76

TABLE III-17 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 11 7390 Crystal Drive DATE 1969 6/13 8/9_ AM PM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:35 7:35 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS___ TEMPERATURE (AIR) "C - 19~. ___ clear WEATHER CONDITIONS calm CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 11.50 12~ 7.7 H - DO mg/l 9.5 7.1 ~-N m ~/l 0.05 0.03 NHN mg/.________ NO -N,/ 0.0. 0.010 O -inamg/i. 2.50 3.16 NO3-N mg/l Ortho PO, mg/l 0.03 0 Total PO, mg/l - 0 _ BOD _________1.1 -____....,... - Initial 9.2 - Final 8.1 ______ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform - ________ Vol Filtered _____ _________ Count Vol Filtered_____ Fecal Coliform_. _______ _______ Vol Filtered ___ Count Vol Filtered_______________________________ Index _ _ __ ___ ___ ___ REMARKS 77

TABLE III-18 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 11 7468 Crystal Drive (at pipe) DATE,. 1969 6/11 6/13 6/1_ 7 ^6/24 7/5 7/13 7/24 7/29 8/ 7 6 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM I AMY, TIME OF COLLECTION 8:30 9:25 9:30 9:20 11:35 8:10 8:55 10:25 10:45 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet/inches) 2.0' -.137' 0.146' 9.156' 0144' 0,143 CFS __^0.337 0.197 0.223 0.220 0.230 0.206 0.215 avg.day TE.:PERATURE (AIR) OC 22 16. 5~ 21 22.0~ 21~ hazy - cloudy sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny trong WEATHtER CONDITIONS _su___ __ st. win.n CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERURE.... l.. SaTUple) 1C 12" 12.50 12 110 150 11 1 17 J7c p __H 7.9 - 8.3 8.13 8.4 7.92 8.10 8.40 8.38 [)u mt/1 __ _ _ 11_,0 9.2 13.0 11.81 13.5 8.20 9.90 12.40 13.10 L_ f 0.08 0.06.04.15.17.15.08 K N m/l / 005.009.011.0115.015.011.1.2.02.016 0-N g/l__ 2.4J6 2.40 1.90 2.53 2.04 2.83 2.88 3.07 3.13 Irthoomg/I___-03.01.03 0.01.03.1.01 03 0 JTota! PO 1 - - 02 BCp _, _____ __._.5_.2. 7 1.36 4.10 1 48 1.62 TInitial 8.8 8.8 9.3 }- 8.80 920 9.20 8.32 Fhinal K 3.3 _. _ 8.6 8- - 7.44 5.10 7.,2 J 70 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform- - __ ________ Vol Filtered 50 5 10 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtere — 50 7 7 34 40 25 16 Index ______ ______ 100 140 70 340 4 000 25'1600 Fecal Coliform.______________________________ Vol Filtered __________ 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtere_ __ 7 4 0 0 >100 >100 22 Index t14 e r >100 >100 22 REMARKS 78

TABLE III-19 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir #11 (Continued) 7468 Crystal Drive..-_______.... DATE 8/9 8/13 8/20_____ PM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 7:40 10:20 12:10 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - 0.142 0.186 CFS 0.223 0.189 TEMIPERATURE (AIR) ~C 190 25.50 22.50 __ clear calm sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS__ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 15~ 150 14.8~ pH 7.90 8.18 7.65 O mg/1 9.5 11.32 13.65 ____ NH-N mg/L.02.76.71________ NO-N mg/l.015.011.012 ___ ___ O -N mg/l1 |2.90 2.90 -.. Ortho POg mg/ l'.02.02 - Total PO, mg/l *.15.03 HOD -OD___________.5 -___________ __ _ _ Initial _______ Final________________ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform -..________ _ _ Vol Filtered 10 10 ____ __ __ ___ Count Vol Filtere __59 56 ____ Index _ 590 560_______ ____ Fecal Coliform ______ Vol Filtered 100 100 100 ____ __ Count Vol Filtere __ 33 33. I____ _______ Index __ 33 33 _ _.___ ____ REMARKS 79

TABLE III-20 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir / 11 E 7468 Crystal Dri.ve (Just east of vWeir # 11) DATE 1969 6/13 8/9! AM PM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:20 7:45______ DISCHARGE HEAD (inches) CFS _ TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C - 19 clear calm WEATHER CONDITIONS_______ _______________ ______ ____ _ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE -'... (Sample) 0C | 12.5 14~_____ (Sample) oC 7.95 H _.. 9.2 8.3 DO mE/l H-N mg/l 0.17 0 03_ N-N mE./l NO-N mg/l 0 0.003___ NO -N tmg/l 2.26 2.32 Ortho PO, m/1l 0.04 0 otal PO, mg/l - 0.___O___ BOD, 0.5 Initial 8.6 Final 8.1 - ___ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform _ - [ _' _L Vol Filtered ____ Count Vol Filtered__ _______ ______ Index________ _ _'_ Fecal Coliform _________ _______ Vol Filtered _ _ _ Count Vol Filtered__ Index. _ __ __ - I _ REMARKS 80

TABLE III-21 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Weir # 11 7510 Crystal Drive (east at drainipe) DATE 8/9 __ ____ PM TIME OF COLLECTION 7:50 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS_ TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~OC 19~ ___ _O_ clear calm WEATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 12~ pH 7.85_______ 1O m_ _/8.9 H — N mg/l.04 NO, N mg/l1.002._____ O3T 2-.. _.__ _____2.2 Ortho PO, m g/1 jl. OTotal PO _mg/ ____ ____0 Int_,__,__________ I _____ __ _ _. _ _ _ _ BOD.. Initial -Final____ ___ _ __ ______._., BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform _____ Vol Filtered __ __ Count Vol Filtered Ionde ____ _ _..______ _______ ____ __ Index Fecal Coliform......_... Vol Filtered____ ____. —-TCount Vol Filtered t I _I I _ Index__ _____ _ ________ _ "___ REMARKS 81

TABLE III-22 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Pipe # 2 7546 Crystal Drive DATE 1969 6/11 6/17 6/24 7/5 7/13 7/24 7/30 8/8 8/14 TIME OF COLLECTION 8:40 9:35 9:26 11:40 8:05 8:40 9:15 9:15 9:05 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet/inches) 5.5".45' 5.5" 6" 5.5" 6" 5.5" 6" CFS 1.78 " 1.69 1.78 2.02 1.78 2.02 1.78 2.02 TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 220 - 16.50 200 20.50 230 230 240 22~ hazy cloudy sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny ATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 10.5 11.50 10~ 120 10.5- 11~ 11~ 70 11~ pH 7.8 8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.95 7.9 7.92 7.9 OQ mg/i 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.6 8.22 8.35 -N mg/i 0 0.04.08.12.20.09.16.29 NO -N mg/i.001.001 0.002.001.002 -.002.002 NO2-N mg/1..... rtO-N.04.03.03.02.03.02.04.06.02 rtho PO, a/l 1 _ otal -.03 - -.04.06 Fotal PO0 mg/!.....7.5 -- 1.23.40 1.09~ 1.13 Initial _ ____ 9.3 9.2 - - 8.9 9 8.9 8.64 Final 8.6 8.7 - - 7.67 8.6 7.81 7.51 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform______________ Vol Filtered _______ 50 100 10 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 Count Vol Filtered ___39 17 300 18 105 5' 22 12 Index 78 17 3000 180 10,500 500 2200 100O Fecal Coliform. Vol Filtered.. 50 100 100 100 00 0 100 Count Vol Filtere 15 1 4 0 >100 0 24 3 Index 30 1 40 >100 0 4 REMARKS 82

TABLE- III-22 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE. WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Pipe # 2 (Continued) 7546 Crystal Drive DATE 1969 8/20 PM TIME OF COLLECTION 12:15_____ ISCHARGE HEAD (feet/inches)5.5" CFS 1.78__ __ TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 220_ WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny __ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ERATURE (Sample) oC 110 _ pH 8.25 DO mg/I 830__________8.3_ N mg/l__ _ _.63 ________ __ _ _ __63 NO-N mg/l _______..._____ N0 -N mrg/1 O -N mg/l_______ Ortho PO mg /1_______ _____.04 otal PO4 mg/l _________ BOD_____ Initial_ Final ________________ BACTERIOLOGICAL -RESULTS Vol Filtered 1.0__ ___ ___ __ Count Vol Filtered 14 ____________ Index __1400._ ____ Fecal Coliform____ Vol Filtered 100_________ Count Vol Filtered Index 2______ REMARKS 83

TABLE III-23 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION Weir / 13 STATION Mp (Mitche l Pond) 752 Windermere Road DATE 1969 6/17 6/24 7/5 7/13 7/24 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIMIE OF COLLECTION 9:50 9:30 11:45 8:00 8:35 9:10 9:10 9:00 12:20 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet/inche ) - H =.06.875" 1.0".875" 1.0" 1.125".625" 1.0" CFS 0.117 0.144 0.117 0.144 0.173 0.144 TEMPERATURE (AIR) C - 16.50 200 21.5~ 220 22~ 26~ 23~ 22.2 cloudy sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 14~ 12.50 15~ 14~ 14~ 14~ 16~ 170 15.2~ pH 7.8 7.79 7.7 7.68 7.8 7.7 7.85 7.8 8.6 DO / __ mg g/1 i6.2 5.55 6.1 5.3 5.0 4.8 5.68 4.75 5.4 NH -N mg/1i.11.04.14.18.23.14.15.33.28 O -N mg/l.006.007.008.007.008.01.009.010.007 N -N mg/1.00 1.16.62.56.58.60.56 -.55 Ortho P mg/1.01.04.01.03.01.03.03.02.03 Total PO mg/l- - -.03 - - - BOD 1.0 - 0.9 0.95 1.4 1.02 1.02 -OD____5_. Initial 8.6 8.4 8.3 8.6 6.7 7.21 Final |7.6 - 7.5 7.35 7.2 5.68 6.19 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform _______________ Vol Filtered 50 100 100 10 10 10 1 10 Count Vol Filtered 0 0 0 7 57 29 18 8 Index O O O 70 5 7 | Index __ ____0 0 0 70 570 290 180.80 40 Fecal Coliform ______ Vol Filtered 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered 2 1 11 1 65 0 32 4 Index.. 4 1 11 1 65 0 3 2 4 REMARKS 84

TABLE III-24 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Cold Creek Station at second footbridge west side of Benzie Blvd. DATE 1969 6/11 6/13 6/18 6/24 7/5 7/13 7/24 7/30 8/8 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 8:45 9:45 9:10 9:45 11:55 7:50 8:25 9:05 9:05 DISCHARGE HEAD"(gage ht.) 26.125" - 25.250" 25.375" - 23.375" 25.500" - CFS_ ___ 7.800 avg.day TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C! 220 - - 16.5~ 20~ 230 210 21.5~ 220 cloudy/ hazy - showers sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 15~ 140 120 14.5~ 17.5~ 160 16~ 17~ 180 H 8 - 8 8.09 7.8 7.99 8.05 7.98 8.1 DO mg/l 9.6 8.7 9.6 9.72 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.7 8.22 N11-N mg/l 0.23.28.07.14.22.28.21.16 NO -N mR/l.008 -.012.008.007.011.008.005.012 NO1 -N mg/l 1.13 1.84 1.32.92 1.36 1.01 1.01 1.08 1.08 Ortho PO0 mg/l.07.42.10.16.45.08.08.19.05 Total PO mg/l -.48.24.16.49.10.09.16.06 HOD 1.9 1.4 3.1 - 1.4 1.54 1.3.74 1.43 Initial 9.3 8.3 9.3 - 8.1 8.5 8.3 8.6 8.54 Final 7.4 6.9 6.2 6.7 6.96 7.0 7.86 7.11 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULT S Total Coliform_______ - _____ _ Vol Filtered 1 1.0 1.0 10 1.0 0.1 1.0 Count Vol Filtered 17 14 50 13 58 7 39 Index 1,700 1400 5_000 1_300 5 800 7)000 -900Fecal Coliform ____ ___________________ Vol Filtered _ 10 10 100 10 100 10 100 Count Vol Filtere_____ 10 4 10 2 >100 10 3 Index 100 40 10 20 >100 100 3 REMARKS

TABLE III-24 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Gold Creek Station at second footbridge west side of Benzie Blvd. (con't) DATE 1969 8/14 8/20 AM PM TIME OF COLLECTION 8:50 12:25 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS TEMPERATURE (AIR) OC 22.0~ 22.5~ sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS sunny sunny CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) oC 18.50 17. 8~ H1-~ ~8.15 8.07 O mg/l 7.60 9.85 H -N mg/l.33.37 O -N mg/1..014.010 O -N mng/l 1.25 1.30.08.06 Ortho PO 4mg/l.0 06',03.09 otal PO, mg/l.03 09 BOD.._______..________________ Initial Final BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform.._i. Vol Filtered 0.1 1.0 _______ ____ Count Vol Filtered 5 19__ __ Index 5,000 1,900 _______ ____ Fecal Coliform.- ||| Vol Filtered 100 100 ___ _ Count Vol Filtered 78 42______________ Index 7 78 42._____ REMARKS 86

TABLE III-25 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION 6875 Crystal Ave. STATION Crystal Ave. (at Benzie St.) (Sampling point: pipe outlet in north side of road) DATE 1969 6/18 6/25 7/6 7/13 7/24 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/20 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM - AM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:00 8:40 9:15 7:40 8:15 8:50 8:55 8:40 10:10 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) - - - - - - - - - CFS TEMPERATURE (A.IR)'C TEDfPERATURE (AIR) 0C - 180 18.50 310 210 210 23.50 22.5~ 220 cloudy/ overshowers cast sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny sunny WEATHER CONDITIONS_ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 11.0~ 11.5 12.0~ 14.0~ 14.5~ 15.0~ 16.2~ 16.0~ 15.5~ pH 8.40 8.29 8.20 8.10 8.20 8.20 8.30 8.22 9.30 D mg/i 10.60 12.91 10.00 9.80 9.40 9.50 9.34 9.05 10.35 -N mg/l 0.32 0.28 0.48 0.56 0.40 0.33 1.20 0.95 0.38 O -N mg/l 0.007 0.003 0.020 0.031 0.013 0.008 0.068 0.085 0.054 O -N mg/1 0.14 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.15 0.60 0.90 0.70 N O3...._ 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.'20 0.58 0.50 0.23 Ortho PO m/l1 otal PO mg/l 0.12 - 0.30 0.34 0.15 0.36 0.45 1.15 0.46 BOD 2.20 - 0.40 1.46 1.30 1.49 3.87 Initial 9.30 - 8.50 8.50 8.70 9.20 8.94 _ Final | 7.10 - 8.10 7.04 7.40 7.71 5.07 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform _ Vol Filtered 50 100 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 Count Vol Filtere 0 0 20 5 46 23 65 8 36 Index O0 0 200 500 4,600 2,300 65 000 8.000 3,600 Fecal Coliform ________________ Vol Filtered 50 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtere 1 15 3 24 > 100 0 65 82 0 Index 2 15 30 24 > 100 0 65 82 0 REMARKS 87

TABLE III-26 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION #1 Located at dam & Crystal Lake #2 300 yards south of railroad bridge STATION Outlet#3 Outlet Gaging Station DATE 1969 6/25 8/8 8/8 8/8 #1- #2 #3 TIME OF COLLECTION 8:25 6:10 6:20 6:25 DISCHARGE g.h. g.h. HEffi (inches) 15.5" 18.75" CFS 45.626 TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 18~ 14~ 14~ 14.5~ overcast hazy hazy hazy WEATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) OC 16.1~ 22~ 22~ 220_ pH 8.31 8.45 8.48 8.42 DO mg/l _ 12.37 8.47 8.17 8.12 100% 93% 96% 92% NH -N mg/l 0 O.08.04.09 99% 99% 99% 98% NO-N mg/l 0 0 0 0.001__ 99% 96% 100% 98% NO-N mg/l 0 0'.16 0 0.06 _ __ 100% 100% 100% 100% Ortho PO mg/l 0 0 0 0 100% 100% 100% Total PO mg/l - 0 0 BOD__....- - - -...... Initial- - - Final.. BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform.___ ___.________ ___ ______ __ Vol Filtered I...___ ____. Count Vol Filtere _______ Index __ Fecal Coliform ____________ I Vol Filtered i... __.__ Count Vol Filtere _______ ___ Index 0 ______________________________________________ REMARKS8 88

In addition to the preceding data tabulations, the following observations and comments are presented for the information of the reader: Broadway - Moderate but significant growth of Cladophera algae was observed on the rocks and logs around the mouth of the stream as it discharges into the lake. Best overall water quality of the several drains. W4 - Quite moderate algal growth scattered on rocks and logs at outlet was observed. W1 - Special bacteriological observations on 6/27/69 and 8/1/69 will be presented later as a special study. Heavy algal growth observed at mouth and along adjoining pier which was cleaned after August 12. High coliform counts noted in July during period of maximum occupancy. W2 - Very little algal growth observed near mouth of stream at the sandy beach outlet. W3 - Very little algal growth observed above mouth of stream or on sandy beach outlet or on nearby dock. W5 -This stream is the surface outlet of Round Lake. On August 7, conditions of the north shore of Round Lake at one foot depth and at the weir were observed as follows: North Shore of Round Lake W-5 Weir Air Tempo 23~C 24~C Water Temp. 22~C 23.5~C pH 8.6 7.5 D. 0. in mg/l 8.5 4.2 From these comparisons and the tan tinged color of the water at the weir, organic materials, some with low pH (tannic acid) must be leached out of the vegetation in the marshy south side of Round Lake. The low nitrogen and phosphorus content of the weir water reflect the good Round Lake water quality. There is luxurient algal growth (mostly Spirogyra) below the weir in the stream, about the mouth, and on the adjacent concrete bulkhead (mostly Cladophera on the bulkhead). Owners clean this periodically. W-6 - There is a heavy Chara growth dominating the rich algal growth in the stream on the lake side of the road, but there is no algal growth on the sandy beach or on the few rocks in the shallow water near the mouthy 89

W-7 - On August 6 and 7, conditions 100 feet above the road and at the weir sampling point were observed as follows: 100 Feet Above Road W-7 Sampling Point August 6 at 1PM August 7 at 10 AM Air Temp. OC 25.5 24G0~ Water Temp. ~C 14.5~ 20.0~ pH 8.4 8.2 D. 0. mg/l 9.9 7.5 NH4-N mg/l 0.09 0.13 NO2-N mg/l 0 0.003 NO3-N mg/l 0.7 0.57 No lawns were observed in the area and very little algae were observed on the lake side of the stream, just weeds. Also, no algae were observed on the sandy beach and very little on the few rocks in the shallow water. 4141 Crystal Drive - "Glen Rhoda" - Moderate algal growth was observed around the outlet, while almost none was observed along the lake shore east of the mouth. W-8 - Modest algal growth was observed in the stream near the outlet and moderate growth was observed on the surrounding rocks at the mouths This stream has the highest nitrate (NO3) content of all the tributaries, On August 6 and 7, conditions upstream from the weir and at the weir sampling point were observed as follows: August 6 - 1:00 PM August 7-10 AM Just Above Above Lower/ At W-8 All Houses; Pond Source Sampling Point Air Temp, ~C 27~ 6 26~ 26~ Water Temp. ~C 23~ 13 5~ 9o50 18~ pH 8.4 8.35 -- 8.4 D. 0. mg/l 7.5 9.7 -- 7.8 NH4-N mg/l 0.15 0.09 -- 0.16 NO2-N mg/l 0.045 0.003 -- 0.037 NO3-N mg/l 4.8 >10.0 >10.0 4.7 Ortho P04 mg/l 0.07 0.07 -- 0 W-9 - There is very little algal growth in the stream and quite moderate growth on the beach at the outlet even though several cottages are close to the lake. 90

W-10 - Heavy algal growth was observed on the rocks, logs, and pier surrounding the outlet. The pier was cleaned on August 20. On August 6 and 7, conditions upstream from the weir and at the weir sampling point were observed as follows: August 6 - 1:00 PM August 7 - 10:30 AM Lowest Tributary Major Stream Above W-10 at Outlet Pipe Both Tributaries Sampling Point Air Temp. ~C 27~ 27~ 24.5~ Water Temp. ~C 20~ 15.5~ 18~ pH 8.35 8.2 8.15 D. 0. mg/l 8.0 8.8 8.0 NH4-N mg/l 0.09 0.08 0.16 NO2-N mg/l. 013 0.004 0.003 NO3-N mg/l 3.05 1.92 o.68 Ortho P04 mg/l 0.09 0.10 0.16 Total P04 mg/l - -- 0.20 P-l - There are many weeds but almost no algal growth in the stream including the pebbly beach at its outlet which is a public boat launching area. There are no houses within 100 feet of its course and no fertilized area except the small pond lawn and the west end of an orchard 100 yards up the east hillside. On August 11 at 10 AM, conditions at the pipe P-l and upstream were observed as follows: P-l Sampling Above Farmland 150 Station Yards from Source Air Temp. C 240 23~ Water Temp. ~C 20~ 12~ pH 8.1 8005 D. 0. mg/l 9.8 < 80. NH4-N mg/l 0.1 0.04 NO2-N mg/l 0 0.005 NOs-N mg/l 3.4 2.25 Total P04 mg/l 0 0 W-12 - There is almost no algal growth on the beach at the outlet either in the sand or on the rock pier projections surrounding it (undeveloped beach area). There is moderate growth in the grassy stream above the mouth. W-11l - There is no algal growth in the sandy area on the beach just at the outlet pipe and quite modest growth on rocks and logs nearby. 91

P-2 - In the few feet the ditch water flows east of the entrance road of the gravel pit there is heavy algal growth. West of (below) the entrance road there is almost no algal growth though the stream bed, etc., appear the same. A sampling run was made to compare the water quality near the eastern origin (just below the entrance to the gravel pit) and at the drain pipe (P-2) with the following results: P-2 Sampling Station 200 Feet East August 11 - 11 AM August 14 - 9 AM Air Temp. "C 22~ 25~ Water Temp. ~C 11~ 16~ pH 7.9 8.0 D. 0. mg/l 8.35 8.2 NH4-N mg/l 0.29 0.03 NO2-N mg/l 0.002 0 NO3-N mg/l 1.40 0.7 Total P04 mg/l 0.06 0.06 There is no apparent algal growth on the sandy beach where the drain P-2 empties into the lake, but-there is significant algal growth on the rocks and pier nearby. W-13 - The Mitchell Pond is free from floating algae and most of the growth in the bottom appears to be Chara. Also, the stream itself is free from algae as a result of regular cleanings Of the several water quality measurements taken, the dissolved oxygen levels were most influenced through the summer. Cold Creek - Details on the water quality of Cold Creek are presented elsewhere in this report. Crystal Ave. - 6875 Crystal Ave. at Benzie Street - There is modest algal growth on the rocks, logs, or docks around the mouth of the stream. The water quality of this stream has high nutrient content, high BOD5, and high coliform concentrations. These high concentrations occur during July and early August corresponding to the time of peak human occupancy. Outlet - Evaluation of the water quality of the outlet stream in June indicated excellent water quality involving high dissolved oxygen, no coliform organisms, and extremely low nutrient levels below the limits of detection of the instrumentation available at the field laboratory. As a result, no routine sampling of the outlet water was done through the summer with the exception of some special evaluations on August 8, 1969, when again the nutrient levels were extremely low. These results confirm the assumption that Crystal Lake is act92

ing as a nutrient trap, allowing the build-up in Crystal Lake of nutrient contributions from the several waste sources. Cold Creek Study Special consideration was given to Cold Creek draining an area of approximately 10o35 square miles east of Beulah, and discharging into Crystal Lake at Beulaho The main stream (south branch) is about two miles long originating in the boggy woods above the Atlantic Lumber mill, There is a large impoundment for logs at the mill below which the stream crosses Homestead Road near its intersection with Case Road (an extension of Commercial Road in Beulah). It then winds down a small valley with several houses and gardens along its course beginning about 100 yards below Homestead Roado Eventually it crosses U. S. 31 to enter a marshy area just east of the business district of Beulah, where it is joined by a tributary from the north draining part of the hill plain on the east end of Crystal Lake. The mainstream of this tributary flows about one mile along Narrow Gauge Road. Figure III-2 shows the various branches of Cold Creek in and around the Village of Beulah together with the 1969 water quality sampling stations. The only two sampling stations not indicated are station 6 below the dam of the Atlantic Lumber Company on the main or south branch, and station 7 at the end of the Atlantic Lumber Company swamp above the impoundment on this same branch. Results of special sampling runs along Cold Creek on June 28, July 16, July 31, and August 4 are presented in Table III-27 through Table 111-30, while the results of the routine weekly sampling program are presented in Table III-24. It is apparent that significant contributions of nutrients and coliform organisms are made by Cold Creek discharges to Crystal Lake. Also, it is apparent that phosphates are being contributed by several business establishments and houses along the north branch in the vicinity of sampling stations 3, 8, 9, and 10, An artificial settling basin was observed in the main stream of Cold Creek above sampling station 2 and below the junction of the north and south branches. Apparently it is necessary to remove the sediment from this basin by external manual or mechanical means on a regular basis. 93

~/ 5/ Cold Creek Study ~/ <^ / Sampling Stations /7/ // Beulah Narrow Gouge Rd.,Low Wooden Bridge 0 Sampling Station Figure III-2 94

TABLE 111-27 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Cold Creek Survey DATE 6/28/69 1 2 3 3a 4 5 6 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM TIME OF COLLECTION 9:10 9:00 9:30 9:40 9:50 10:15 10:10 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS TEMPERATURE (AIR) C _20~ EATHER CONDITIONS __ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) 0C 16.00 15.7~ 15.20 15.00 16.80 17.0~ 18.90 |H |7.8 7.9 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 0 mg/i 9.65 9.6 9.35 10.55 9.65 9.25 8.85 O mg/.... H -N' mg/i 0.18 0.15 0.28 0.00 0.09 0.04 0.10 NO -N mg/ 0.004 0.004 0.1001 001 0.013 0.018 0.036 NO2-N mg/1..... __.................. -N mg/1.25 1.30 1.84 0.98 1.08 1.12 0.85 NO,-N mg/1... Ortho PO mg/l 0.32 0.33 0.85 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.02 Ortho PO_ mg/!...... Total PO0 mg/l BOD _ Initial- - - - - _______ Final -. -.BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform _____ _ ___ Vol Filtered. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Count Vol Filtered 9 74 53 17 53 11 23 Index 900 7400 5300 1700 5300 1100 2300 Fecal Coliform 70 3 3 4 __ ___ Vol Filtered 10 10 10 10 10 - 10 __ Count Vol Filtered 20 7 31 3 4 6 _ Index _ 200 70 310 30 40 60 REMARKS 95

TABLE III-28 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Cold Creek Survey ATE 7/16/69 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TIME OF COLLECTION 11:35 11:25 11:15 11:05 10:55 10:45. 10:30___ DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 25~ 25~ 250 25~ 25~ 25~ 25~ cloudy/ WEATHER CONDITIONS humid_________ CHEMICAL. ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C 20~ 20~ 18.50 200 200 22~ 190 pH 18.2 81I.2 7.9 DO mg/l 8.18 8.18 8.68 7.68 7.30 7.58 3.80 |IH4-N mg/l | 0.36 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.27 0.27 O -N mg/1 0.012 0.012 0.005 0.014 0.017 0.05 0.02 NO-N mg/l 0.84 0.78 0.64 0.80 0.84 0.60 0.84 -3 Ortho PO mg/l 0.09 0.055 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 Total POl mg/l BOD _____ Initial_____________ Final _____________ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform..________________' Vol Filtered 1.0 1.0 1.0 10. 1.0 10 10 Count Vol Filtered 35 40 60 30 8 35 17____ Index 3,500 4,000 6,000 300 800. 350 170 11 Fecal Coliform Vol Filtered 100 100 10 100 100 10 100 Count Vol Filtered 50 35 3 40 35 1 9 ___ Index 50 35 30 40 35 10 9 ___ REMARKS 96

TABLE 111-29 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Cold Creek Survey Stations same as survey of 7/16 except * DATE 7/31/69 1 2* 3* 4 5 6 7 TIME OF COLLECTION 9:25 9:10 8:50 8:40 8:30 8:25 8:10 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS_ TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C 21.5~ 24.0~ 21.0~ 20.5~ 22.0~ 20.5~ 21.0~ overcas and hu id. Storm broke at appro imately 10:00 WEATHER CONDITIONS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) "C 17.0~ 17.0~ 17.0~ 17.5~ 18.0~ 19.5~ 14.5~ pH 7.80 7.80 7.75 7.80 7.90 7.80 7.85 DO mg/l 5.70 8.00 7.80 8.10 8.70 8.70 8.85 NH -N mg/l 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.15 102-N mg/l |0.012 0.012 0.004 0.013 0.015 0.021 0.015 O -N mg/l 1.04 0.99 0.73 1.04 1.12 1.01 1.26 rtho PO mg/1 0.16 0.13 0.47 0.13 0.02 0 0.05 Total PO0 mg/l | 0.24 0.22 0.43 0.21 0.03 0.13 0 BOD --- _ Initial Final ______________ ___ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform _ Vol Filtered 0.1 1' 1 1 1 10 10 __ _ Count Vol Filtered 11 91 >100 TNC 19 8 52 27 Index 11,000 9100 TNC 1900 800 520 270 _ Fecal Coliform _________ Vol Filtered 010 100 0 100 100 100 Count Vol Filtered 1 1 3 10 25 35 9 Index _100 100 300 10 25 35 9 1 __ REMARKS * Station 2 - Sample taken 100 ft. upstream from usual point. Station 3 - Sample taken 100 ft. downstream from usual point. 97

TABLE III-30 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION STATION Cold Creek urvey DATE 8/4/69 3 8 9 10 11 12 TIME OF COLLECTION 10:20 1:10:40 DISCHARGE HEAD (feet) CFS TEMPERATURE (AIR) ~C__________ Sunny and warm WEATHER CONDITIONS Sunny and warn CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE (Sample) ~C _H - 8.18 8.12 8.10 8.12 8.20 8.20 pH DO mg/1 NH-N mg/l...._______ ____ NO -N mg/i NO -N mg/l Ortho PO4 mg/1 |0.25 0.40 0.42 0.33 0.00 0.00 Total PO mg/1 0.475 0.580 0.685 0.565 0.170 0.135 BOD ________ ______ Initial Final____________________ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS Total Coliform ____________:....... Vol Filtered _______________ Count Vol Filtered_______ Index Fecal Coliform Vol Filtered _______ Count Vol Filtered Index _______ _____ REMARKS 98

Shore Line Evaluation and Water Quality Sampling One important aim of this study has been the evaluation of the influence of shore line development on near shore lake water quality, including bacteriological levels and the extent of algal growth in these areas. The lake shore line was sampled and evaluated three separate times during the summer period, once in June, once in July, and once in Augusts The factors which were evaluated included: discharge pipes, total and fecal coliform concentrations, algae growth, lawn presence, and the number and kinds of pets. CHOICE OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS Since man and his activities were a major concern, only the dwellings which would most directly affect water quality were sampled. The choice involved the proximity of the house to the lake, i.e., within 100 feet of the lake and on the lake side of the road. The sample itself was taken from the lake directly off the left corner of the house as it faced the lake at a depth of 8 to 12 inches. If an algal growth was present, the sample would be taken from the center of growth again in 8 to 12 inches of water, By using houses, the following design criteria could be met: 1, The sampling point was relatively permanent and easily available, 2. The sampling point would directly relate to man's influence on water quality, 3. The house number gave a definite location to the sampling point. The house numbers were located by: (1) driving or walking and noting consecutive house numbers, (2) using a power company map where numbers were not available, and (3) asking occupants or owners of individual houses if methods 1 and 2 were inadequate, Since the lake was relatively large, transportation became a problem. Travel by automobile was used when the lake was close to the road, and a pontoon boat was used when it was not feasible to drive to the sampling point because of the distance involved or road uncertainty. In any case, the actual sample was collected by wading. PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY AND METHODS OF COLLECTION AND OBSERVATION Discharge Pipes - Discharge pipes were located by visual inspection during a walking pipe search and during sampling periods. Only four inches or larger pipes of clay, cement, iron, plastic, or fiber were noted as possible discharge pipes. Sprinkler intake lines were ignored. 99

Coliform Index - The bacteriological study was started during the low occupancy period of June to establish a base line for comparison with the higher occupancy periods of July and August. Coliform contributions are made mostly by man through individual waste water system discharges; and other warm blooded animals, Bacteriological samples were taken by inverting a 300 ml glass-stoppered bottle under the surface, top down, in 8 to 12 inches of water out from the left-hand corner of the house as it faced the lake, and then allowed to fill as previously stated. If an algal growth was present, the sample was collected from the center of the growth. A single member of the survey team collected 24 samples per day throughout the summer, and then processed the samples in the laboratory within three hours of collection. The membrane filter method was used in the laboratory as explained in detail in Appendix B. The following notation was used in the subsequent tabulations: 1. Coliform index - coliform organisms/100 ml. 2. >100 = greater than 100 coliform organisms/100 ml. A greater dilution should have been used. 3. TNC = too numerous to count, This notation was used where bacteria other than coliform organisms have overgrown the test plate. Algae - Algae was chosen as a parameter because it is of concern to the residents of Crystal Lake, it is obvious, non-motile, can be easily observed requiring no elaborate laboratory procedure, and is sensitive to increased nutrient levels from human sewage, lawn fertilizers, natural runoff, or other sources, The algae grows more luxuriantly where the nutrient concentration is high, while it starves and diminishes where nutrient concentrations are low, A single member of the survey team visually rated the algal growth on a 0 to 4 scale as follows: 0 - no algae visible 1 - rocks or dock have green tinge but no visible growth 2 - growth visible but still scanty; generally up to 1/8 inch thick 3 - growth heavy but not in excess; generally up to about one inch thick as it floats in water 4 - any growth thicker than one inch as it floats in water The concentration rating was based on the algal growth thickness in the heaviest part of the bloom. The area covered by algae was not taken into consideration because at some points dock ledges were the only attachment site where the growth could be observed, 100

Lawns and Fertilizer - The number of lawns and fertilizer application sites are potential nutrient input points. A lawn was considered to be any part of the landscape which had been mowed. The use of fertilizers was determined by the condition of the lawn, the observance of fertilizers being applied, or by talking to the occupant during the household information survey. Pets - The number and kinds of pets at each sampling point can indicate potential nutrient contributions, particularly if of a bacteriological nature. It may also indicate potential dog-bite locations to future investigators. Number and kinds of pets were determined by visual inspection of the premises for dog houses, chains, dishes, kennels, rooms, etc. Dogs barking in the house, cats sleeping in the windows, foot prints in the sand, or observation of the animal itself all were used to evaluate the number and kinds of pets. In addition, the household information survey provided further data. SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES Two special bacteriological studies were conducted as part of the shore line sampling, one involved replication of a sample collected in front of 5709 North Crystal Drive on July 30, and the other involved samples collected along both the south and north shores of Crystal Lake in areas somewhat removed from cottages to serve as background information. Results of the special bacteriological replication and correlation study are presented in Table 111-31, where it is seen that the total coliform levels using the membrane filter technique ranged from 26 to 42 with a mean of 34, while the fecal coliform levels of this same sample ranged from 0 to 6 with a mean of 20. Results of the special background study are presented in Table 111-32, where it is apparent that coliform organisms existed in Crystal Lake water on both August 6 and August 10 in areas somewhat removed from nearby cottages. This suggests that water circulation patterns in Crystal Lake do move water masses within the lake, and the fact that a high coliform level was observed in front of a given cottage does not necessarily mean that it was contributed by that cottage. However, where substantially higher coliform organisms were observed in the lake, it is reasonable to conclude that significant contributions are coming from some nearby area. The results of the shore line evaluation and water quality sampling program are presented in Table III-33, involving some 288 individual sampling points. 101

TABLE III-31 SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL REPLICATION AND CORRELATION STUDY (Date of Sample Collection-7-30-69; Address-5709 North Crystal Drive) Sample Coliform Index Number Total Fecal 1 38 1 2 33 4 3 31 0 4 34 5 5 26 1 6 36 2 7 36 3 8 40 2 9 42 0 10 37 3 11 36 0 12 35 6 13 35 o 14 33 3 15 34 0 16 28 2 17 27 0 18 34 1 19 39 0 20 29 6 21 31 1 22 36 3 23 40 0 TABLE III-32 SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND STUDY Date of Sample Collection 8-6-69 1 8-10-69 Address Coliform Index/100 ml Total F ecal Fecal South Shore 1/4 mile west of Hill and Dale Beach 31 0 >100 0 1000 feet west of 5014, A.A.R.R. right of way 27 0 16 0 800 feet east of 4720, A.A.R.R. fight of way 5 0 12 1 300 feet east of outlet 38 8 6 0 West -of —Crystal Beach 17 3 >100 11 North Shore 300 feet east of 1817 11 0 4 1 200 feet west of 2185 13 0 2 0 1/4 mile west of Cr. Drive 10 0 1 0 800 feet west of Cr. Drive 10 0 5 0 800 feet east of M-22 8 0 6 0 1/2 mile east of 4141 22 0 9 1 Boat launch Dr. Drive 11 0 1 0 300 feet east of boat launch 41 0 21 0 Boat shop TNC 0 TNC 0 102

TABLE 111-33 COLIFORM INDX AG, DISCHARGE ~ ALIFOR INDEX A LAWN FERTI- PETS ADDRESS PIPS Total Fecal PRSENT IJune July Aug June July Aug PJune July.Aug Sep________ N __________________________? ___-_____ _____ ____ _.__ ____ ____ ____ ~___ -_________: _____ 2235 M 22 ______ 2 >100 20 0 0 0 __1j_____ __ -_ 2817________________________I___901<10 0 1- 0 I______0 Yes________I II Dog 2817 "I1 7 0<10 0 1 0 __ 0__ Yes _____ 1 ____ 3143 "I 17 41<10 0 1 0 0 _________ _______ 3435 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a_ _ _ "___________I ______5 2 0 1 0 j___ _ _. U.._ 0_ _____ I _.4__ j __ I ____ 3333" 13 10 0 0 I_0 ___I______ 3401 "__________ 96___0 04501________Q_________ ______ ____________ 3419" 200 40____ 200+2 3014 1 1t 0 _0_ 3435 "12I'___ __152100 0 __\ o________ 3455 "1_____ 31Sj 13f 0 0 3 0 __ __ 379 ______________ - _ __045____1________1 7__ 10_ 0___0_0 IIII o 3471 0 96I 0 0 45_ 0 Ye _ Yes I ID g 257______________ _____ I_________^_Q 02 30 I_ ___ I________ 53473 "50 3232_____ 11 0 10 ____1___ 1 Dog 565______ _________1_____ ____2 __ 200 0 ______0 j______I __ __ ___g 34913 I 0_ 0 0 I0I 3701 16 20 0 Oj I I 3789 __ 14~ 7 10 0 0, op0 _ o 394 4 4 0 O f 0 o j0 Yes Yes 1Do 257 6____1 61 41 5o0 0 0 0___ -______ j ____5 __________________________1 3I__ ____ __ __ _______IYsIYs o 1~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ 107 _____________1 _______ 3____5 10 —-- 0____ 0____ 0____ 1___ ___ l_1__ 19 1047""""11 1007 010 0 1 I I 1 Dog 565 _____ 2jo2o1_0 ____lo_~_________ 613 "3' oj __ __ 0 _ 0~ o 781___________61 121 __ 015 __ __ 96____________ _01 3145 0 0 __ ___ __ 1035 3 9 39 0 0 __ — 0 [0Yes Yes 1 o 1037-" 0 0 1 __ 1047 ____ 0~ 30j 27 01 __~'I____

TABLE III-33 (Continued)' ADESDISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAEFER- ETS LAWN FERTIADDES PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER ________________________ __ June- JuTy Aug June -July Aug June July.Aug Sep _____ Nmr 1071 M-22 3 5 12 _ 0 f' 0. O...... 1091 "____________________ _ 5 6 53 0 0 0 j _ 1Do 1137 1 5 3 38 O | 0 0 0 Yes ___ 1153 7 4 73 4 0 1 _ 0I | 1197 8 18 25 01 1 O. Yes Yes f _ _ _ 1211 "__ 9 1 27 2 j0 0 _ O e0 j Yes 1 Do 1273 "___ __ 3 0 33 _ 0 11 0 ___ ___zi _ ____ _ _ ____ 1273 3 0 33' 1 0 1299 "___ 1 15 o0 o ___ 132597 __ 1 15 0 0 1359 1____' 0_5 i 6 53 0 0 0 _ I 1 Yes. 1 1369 19 TNC O O 0 1 Yes I 1413 " ~ 18 2501 0O _ 1 Yes __ 1423 ___ 2 121 18 0 _0 ___0 1 __ __1 1433 ____2 3 30 0 0 1. O Yes 1455 ]: J 1 TNC 87 0 0 0 1 Y _____ 1471 "_______ 7 _3 18 0 0 0 2__ 1535 " 32 41 0 __ ___ 1545 "___ 4 4_ 28 4 0 0 _ __e I Ye s 1563 " _ 16 22 37 21 0 o0 o 1575 6 18 62 3 0O O 0 Yes Yesiag 1 1669 1 __ 59 _ O >100 0 o 8 0 1679 " 4 >100 366 1 0 O _,___,, o_....i~..i___ ________

TABLE III-33 (Continued) COLIFORTM INDEX ______ALGAE LAWN ADDRESIHRGEFERTI- PETS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER June'3uTy Aug June July Aug June July.Aug Sep 1705 M-22 __ 4 3 26.2 001 o o ____ __ 1817 "________ 4 3'>1005 0 _____ Dog 1937 " _3 9 >100 5 0 4 4 4 Yes 1 Dog 1957 " 2 10 63 2 ~0 0 4 4 _ _ 1 Dog 1987 " 1-12ca, 3 3 >1 00 1 0 0 4 1 Yes Yes ______ 2019 " 1 21 37 0 0 2 4 4 2029" 3 1. 100 2 3 3 2061" 1 0 0 p100 - 0 0 23 3 Yes Yes__ __ 2185 " 0 9 300 0 2 0 Yes____ kd 2251 " 5 1 29 0 0 1 0 2469 " 56 28 - 0 3 0 1 Dog 2627 N. Crystal Drive 3 17 >100 9 0 0 1 Yes Yes 3169 " 1 _____ __2 69 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes I ___I__ 3171 " 1 1 53 0 0 0 1 1 Yes Yes 3179 _ _ 0 11 63 0 0 0 3 Yes Dog 3187 "_ 0_.54 0 0 3 Yes Yes 3187__________ ________________________ 1 0540 0_ 0____________3 Yes Ys __ o__ 3203 " ___ ______[ 1 62 0 0 0 1 2 2 Yes Yes 1 Dog 3293 " 100 >100 53 5 0 0 2 4 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 3297 " _4 4 100 65 5 2 0 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 3673 t___________ 0 0 250 0 0 0 Yes ____ 3709 _____ 2 22 9 5 0 1 1 Yes Yes, Do 3767 " _____ 1 30 11 7 0 2 __0 Yes Yes 1 Dog 3831 " __12 6 6.7 0 0 0 j 2 o&Cat

TABLE III-33 (Continued) DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE L- FFERTI- PETS ^ADDRESS jPIPES Total Fecal PRESTNT LIZER rIn i ___________________________ une JuTy Aug June J uly Aug June Jul Au Sep 3871 N. Crystal Dr. 11 32 1 0 0 0 0 1 Dog 3895 __ 10 35 17 0- 0 0___ 3901 __ 3 19 0 18 0 1_0 YesI 3905 _ 4 10 4 4 0 0 0 Yes 39017 ______ 2 19 0 1 0 1 - Y ___ ___s _ _ 3917 ___ 2 12 4 5 1 0 0 ____ 1 I Dog 3925,2 25 4 9 8 0 Yeog 3951 " 1 30 8 0 3 1 0o Yes 3961 " 9 18 8 6 2 1 -- Yes Yes 40539____87 __ _____ _ 41 17 11 2 0 0 0 _ Y _Yes 1 ______ g _ 4009 3 4 18 2 0 1 i Do 4025'" 1i 1 13 5 0 0 __ I_ 4065 _ 0 1 0 0. 0__' 4073___ __ 10 _ _ __ 4077 7 4 13 5 0 0 3 3 Yes Yes 4081 1 j2 4 10 23 0 1 3 Yes e 4141 17 7 4 6 0 1 3 3 Yes _ 4271 _ 1 8 0 0 1j1 5035 2 2 >10 23 0 1 1 2 Yes 1 5089 _ 4 34 100 3 i 4 _ Ds 5107, 6 2 81.2 0 o; 2

TABLE III-33 (Continued) DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWN FERTI- p "ADDRESD PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER PP June JuTy Aug June JMuly Aug June July.Aug Sep ____ _____ 5125 N. Crystal Dr. 3 10 73 7 0 0____ ___3 1 Cat 5147 " ________0 12 22 0 0- 0 0 5233 " 1 TNC 20 0 2 0 2 5313 1 0________ >IOQ 30 04 0_ 2 2 Yes_________ 3 Dog 5391 _ 15 66 30 0 2 0 1 Yes _______ Dog 5481 " 4 11 9 2 0 0 3 Yes Yes _ 5485 6 7 0 0 0 4 Yes Yes g 5575____ _______2 9 4 1 0 ____3 Yes Do H 5585 12 > 100 20 2 0 0 3 3 Yes 12 Dog -5627__'_________0 >100 50 0 8 3 3 Yes Yes 5651" ___ 0 2610 00 5 5 2 2 Yes. Yes _ 5671 1____j_ 36 19 0 4 2 2 2 Yes Yes 5691 " ___ 0 30 110 4 3 2 2 Yes Yes 5709 Vt 1 0 31 1 0 2 11 1 Yes Yes 1 Cat 5731 5 TNC 10 2 5 8 1 1 Yes Yes 2 jat&Dog 5751 >100__ 0 220 1 12 0 3 3 Yes __________ 5795____ __ 0 TNC 60 2 13 4 3 3iI______ 5867 _____ 0 >100 20 1 1 3 -_3 Yes Yes _______ 5893 ____ 59260 2 011 Dog 57959_____________ 2_ TN_ _ 20 ______ It4~i_____ ______ ___ _________I_ 5929 21 _ TNC 0 2 0 0 4 4 __ 5941 _ 35_ >100 10 1 7 0 4 4 Yes_ 5975 15 71 10 1 2 6 2 Yes____________ 5977 ______ 0 100 30 0 0 0_ 4 Yes________

TABLE 111-33 (Continued) DISCHARGECOLIFORM INDEX ALGAE pS DISCHARGE LAWN FERTIADDRESS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER June-July Aug June July Aug June July -Aug SepNumb 5997 N. Crystal Dr.____ 679 10 3 0 0 3 3 Yes ______ 6015 " _ _ 18 >100 190 4 0- 04 4 Yes 11 _pgo 6023 _____9>100 30 0 0 01 3 Yes____ 1 o 6037 1 >100 >100 50 >100 I0 1 4 4 4 Yes j 6045_ ___ 10 104 405 0 1 4 4 Yes ______ 6051 _ _ 9 47 20 22 0 1 4 4 Yes__ _______ 6055__ ___________ ____ _____ I 2927_ 0 _____44____ -L__ j__ H 07____________________ _______1 461_1 - 1__ 3___________________ ____j______ 6053 24 27 35 0 0 0 3 Yes 6055 11 29 27 0 0 2 4 4 1 ^ 663___________________ ______ I____144 10 e 6057 13 46 23 1 1 { 3 _ _ ___ 6063 __ 114 401>100 0 1 0 3 Yes 6075 " 11 22 10 0 1 0 4 Yes } ____ 6081_ 22 24 0 0 0 0 4 Yes 6087 i 1___14 36 310 0 0 _ Yes 6091_________________2 ______ 9__5_____ _ 1 — 0_________ Yes Ye I I__ Dog 6091 2 4ain 9 5 7 0 1 0 2 Yes Yes 1 6137 _____7 23 9 2 1 02 2 Yes ___ 1 Dog 6149 ______ 12" tile 0 TNC 80 0 3 0 4 44 Yes I I Dog 6167 " 12" tile 19 15 32 1 0 0 2 Yes ____ ____ 6177 _ 19 82 4 0 0 0 2 Yes ies__ 6197 ______ 14 41 5 0 2 0 2 Yes _____ Dog 6225 " ____>100 TNC 50 15 0 3 4 4 6231 _____ 13 116 140 0 11 3 4 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 6243 _ 3 67 1000 0 0 4 1 1 Yes Yes 1 I Dog 6263 1____6 >100i 60 0 2 0o 2 2 Yes Yes____

TABLE III-33 (Continued) COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWN FERTI- PETS ~ADDRESS jDPIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER ________________ June J _uly Aug June July Aug June July.Aug SepNu 6273 N. Crystal Dr. 0 >100 150 0 1 0 3 Yes Yes 6283,, 5 80 1150 0 0 0 1 Yes 6301 "....... 1 99 220 0 0 0 4 4 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 6319 __3 82 480 0 0 2 4 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 6343 " ___ 7 61 410 1 0 0 3 3 1 Dog 6363_ 0 95 160 0 1 0 4 4 Yes___ 6381 _____ 0 93 380 0 4 1 _4 4 Yes_ _ __ 6393 " 0 79 150 0 3 0 4 4 Yes ___ 1 Dog 1-' 6413 " 12 drains 3 48 200 2 0 0 4 4 Yes Yes \ 6415 " 112" drain 0 80 300 1 1 1 3 3 Yes Yes ____________ 6453 " 3 1 48 280 0 5 0 3 Yes 1 f Dog 6463 " 0 57 580 0 0 11 4 4 Yes 6465 ", 3 50 580 0 0 10 4 4 Yes 6473 " 5 71 >1000 6 0 6 4 4 Yes 1 Dog 6493 __ 4 TNC 840 2 0 2 2 2 2 Yes. 6503 4 TNC 15.0 0 3 3 4 4 Yes________ Dog 6523 " 0 TNC 300 2 7 4 4 4 Yes 6537 " 4 >100 >1000) 1 1 >100 4 4 Yes 6585 " 8 TNC 460 0 0 0 2 Yes 6597 " 5 94 300 0 0 1 2 Yes 1 Dog 6617 __3 53 40 1 0 4 4 4 4 6631 " ___ 23 >100 510 0 0 5 3 Yes_______ 6649 " 12 4911040.0 0 5 4 Yes 1 Dog

TABLE III-33 (Continued) A SDISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE FERTI- PETS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER _______ June July Aug- June July Aug June July Aug Sep 6681 N. Crystal Dr. ____ 17 >100 >100 1 0 4 4 4 4 Yes 1 Do 6701 ___ >100 >100 310 1 1 1 4 4 Yes 6709 " _ 21 >100 210 1 0 0 __2 Yes ______ 6713'____ 35 106 390 0 -1 9 __ 4 4 Yes___ 6727 1_ 16 TNC 520 2 0 4 2 Yes 6767. 9 42 2500 0 1 2 Yes____ 6781 ". 19 90 270 2 0 24 3 4 4 Yes_____ 6783 ____11 44 320 1 0 5 2 6809 __ 17 38 800 0 0 4 Yes Yes 6855 "_____ 19 54 220 0 0 4 2 Yes IYes 0 6863 " 10 43 270 0 0 6 4 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 6893 7' 1 >100 TNC 80 0 1 7 3 3 Yes Yes 6909 "___________ >100 45 40 1 0 4 4 Yes Yes I 6925 " 12 TNC 20 3 1 3 3 4 4 Yes Yes 6939 " I >100 61 130 2 2 1 4 4 Yes Yes 1 Dog 6987 4 14 39 30 0 1 0 4 Yes Yes og 7019 "' 1 2 93 240 1 0 3 0 Dog 7155 2 20 90 0 1 0 1i Dog 7161 "I 4 56 30 2 0 0 1 Yes 7189 " 7 >100 TNC 0 3 2 1 Yes 7195 " 7 TNC 90 0 1 0 2 2 Yes 7205 " 1 9 >100 >100 0 0 7 2 2 Yes 1 j Dog 7217' " 4 TNC 170 3 0 1 2 I _, Dog

TABLE 111-33 (Continued) DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWN FERTI- PETS ADDRESS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER _~ ~_~ ~_________________________________ I ______ _____ ____________ JuneTJhTy Aug June July Aug June JulP AuT SeI 7227 N. Crystal Dr. __ _3 TNC 20 1 0 0 2 Yesjj 7271 it 4 >100 70 0 0- 011 _______ 7591 " 6" drain 100 TNC 100 9 0 0 4 4 Yes Yes 752 Windemere _ 12" 1 3 30130 0 0 0 _ _ 4 4 Yes Yes_ r1 ~~~10 -rain 684 6" drain 2 19 20 0 4 9 4 Yes Yes___ ___ 666 ________ ______ 7 TNC <10 0 1 0_4 Yes Yes ____ r658__ ___ ___ TNC 40 0 0 0_ 4 Yes Yes__ 644 _____6 TNC 10 1 4I ____4 Yes_______ Do H 614 " I_ TNC 50 0 1'0 Yes H _ _ _~_~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _ H 600 I ______ 1 TNC 180 0 6 2 Yes____ __ __ 0 IC Yes 586 _ 2 TNC 900 1 00 Yes__ __ 576 " 6 38 20 0 3 1 0 Yes 570 "___ 7 TNC 10 0 5 1 3____ ____ Dog 544 " 12 >100 <10 2 3 0 3 Yes 526 " 2 TNC 10 0 4 0 0 514 2 TNC <10 0 7 0 0 1 Dog 508 7 TNC <10 0 7 0 I Dog7 Elmrwood - Beulah 7 21 10 1 0 0 4 Birchwood 1 TNC 10 4 2 0 0 Fourth 4 TNC 20 0 1 0 0 Third 27 TNC 10 2 15 0 0 Second 3 TNC 30 0 11 0 0 First 11 >100 50 0 21 0

TABLE III-33 (Continued)........:T........... iii~i u I " DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWNFERTI ETS ADDRESS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER ~. _____ June-Tu-Ty Aug June July Aug June July Aug Sep _Num ______ Pleasant - Beulah __20 >100 330 0 82 10 0 Clark___________________ _______. TNC 10 1 0 _________________________ Clark _ j47 TNC 1000 1 >100 >100 2 Commercial ____23 TNC <10 0 31 0 __ __ s~torm Prospect 24 i 12 23- 70 0 I 1 f2 1 __ 350 Crystal Ave. _ 114 TNC 20 2 >100 2 0 I__ __ _ Steinhauer Log Cabin ____ >100 TNC 11 0 > 100 4 1 6740 Crystal Ave. ___ 47 TNC 60 0 18 2 0__ _ 1 Dog 5014 AA RR Right of Way ___3 27 100 0 6 3 1 __ U 1 4634 Mollineaux 11 4 3 0 0 0I I 1 0 4624 " __ fo0 17 8 0 4 3 4612 "___ 1 3 11 0 2 6 0 Yes __ 4296 " 3 10 9 0 0 0 1 0 4292 " _0 13 2 0 0 0 Yes 1 Dog 4190 Linden 12 3 - 1 0_ 0i _ 1 Dog 4190_Linden____________ ________70___12 3__ -1 0 0 _ 1 I Dog 4112 Broadway ___ 8 84 700 4 2 2 Yes 4098 Broadway__ 4 37 50 1 3 0O ~ | 2 2 Yes _ _ 1 4088 Boyd ___ 7 5 >100 0 0 2 2 Yes 1 Dog 4076 "7 43 10 3 4 0 2 Yes Dog 4064 " ______ 0_ 26 60 4 0 0 2 Yes 4034 12 28 460 0 0 3 2 2 2 Yes 4030 " 13 3 65 0 0 0 2 Yes 4022 " 1 25 14 65 0 0 0 3 3 Yes 1 ~

TABLE 111-33 (Continued) DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWN FERT- PETS DISCHARGELAN FRI ADDRESS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER ______________________JuneJuly Aug June JulTT y Aug June uJuly Aug Sep____NumbeK 4000 Boyd 17 TNC 70 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Yes_____ ____I____ 3986 " ____ 19 21 26 1 0 1 0Ys_______ 3970 __ 5 0 ______ 0250 0 0-0 Yes 1___ 39587 1 __7 56 30 1 0 3 1 __ Yes__ __ 3948 __ 8 70 <10 101 1__ __ __ 3938 rr ~ 4 64 140 0 0 131I 0 3938 " ______ ____________ 4 641400__0 13_____________________ I I4o 3884 " __1J 913 0 0 0_ _ _____1__ 3880 ____19 33 560 0 0 1 _______ ___1___ H 3874 Jones ___________ 13 >100 470 0 0 0 0 1 3868 " 1 _ __ 4 10 7 0 0 0 0 _ _ 1 Do 3830 "_ 4 TNC 250 1 0 3 4 4 Ye8 Yes _______ 3824 " _____ 18 59 0 0 8___ I 1 Yes Yes __ __ 3816 " _ _______ 1 14 104 0 0 2 33_________ I Dog 3749 " 2 _____ 15 12 0 0 00 _________ ___ ___ 3607 1 2 533000 0 __ 1 __ 3592 152700___________ 0 >100 700 0 10 _____ ________ 3574 " ___ 2 15 27 0 0 3 0 __________ ~3558 0 15 1 7.. 3- 1 o 3518 "_____ 17 >100 10 1 0 1_ ___ Dog 3558 " ____________________ 1 >150 <172 0 0 ___ 1-_____ ________ 11 ~Dog 391 Onkeonwe______________59 38 250 0 0 1 0 Yes Dog 405 " I_____ 18 29 <10 1 0 Yes ____________ ______ _________ TNC 00 __ 3_______e ______ 2 ___o 461 7 _TNC 60 0 1 3 f Yes ___ 2 _Do 477 3 _ 2 76.0 0 3 _ 0

TABLE 111-33 (Continued) I DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWN FERTI- PETS ADDRESS DITSCHARGE ADDRESS.PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER June July Aug June July Aug June July.Aug Sep r 593 S. Shore1_ _ _ 4 6 62 0 0 17 0 637 " 2 9 TNC 0 0 3 l Yes 1 Dog 659 " 1 3 19 0 0 0 1 Yes1 Do 707 0 >100 250 0.0 1 2 Yes Yes Dog 727 _ 19 78 280 0 0 0 2 2 Yes Yes 1 Dog 747 1 >100 20 0 9 3 3 ____ __ 3 Dog 767 " 1 48 240 0 1 1 3 Yes Yes 791 it 5 9 11 0 0 2 2 Yes ~:~_~ 791______________________ ___ __________ 5 9__ II_02__ es1\_____ j 961 18 4 39 0 0 2 I Dog 973 " 1 _10 0 14 0 0 0~ ____l I I_ _ I Dog 995 10 1 17 0 0 01 0 ~ I I 1015 j 13 19 0 0 0 3 1033 15 3 16 0 0 01 3 Yes 1 Dog 1053 _ 10 20 70 0 0 0 1105 11 13 35 0 0 I - 1135 " 2 3 9 0 0 0 3 nYes 1235 1 22 20 <10 0 0 0 4 I 1255 " 82 24 <10 0 0 0 1 1 1325 1 16 13 19 5 0 44 ogs/Cas 2744 " 2 >100 20 0 0 1 Yes _ 2732 15 49 70 0 10 0 Yes _1 Dog 2714 13 31 80 0 0 0 3 Yes 1 2678 -'i I __ _ 17 18 TNC 0 0 1 Yes _

TABLE 111-33 (Concluded) DISCHARGE COLIFORM INDEX ALGAE LAWN FERTI- PETS ADDRE^SS PIPES Total Fecal PRESENT LIZER _________ June July Aug June July Aug June July.Aug Sep ______ mber Kin 2658 S. Shore 7 32 190 0 2 1 1 Yes____ 1 Do 2648 " 2 47'100 0 0 0_ 1___ _____ 2636 " 17 4 3 0 0 0 0 Yes_____ 2628 " 4 TNC 20 0 1 0 0 Yes__________________ 2608 " 6 34 30 0 0 0 ____1 Yes_____ 1 Do 1765 _ 5 TNC 30 0 32 0 ____4 Yes Yes_____ _____ 774 _ 200 >100 290 0 30 3 3 3 Yes__________________ 774 - 11 " 200 TNC 100 0 45 4 ___2 Yes_________________ H 724_ " _ g_____ 200 >100 40 0 70 0 ____ i1 Yes________ vJ i____ 584 " _ 4 >100 50 0 17 ___I 0 1 Yes ____ 1 Do 570 "_ 9 >100 60 0 11 1 3 3 Yet__ 1 Do 552 " 12" drain 12 >100 330 0 21 0 3 3 Yes____ ____ ____

Lake Water Quality Evaluation Lake water samples were collected at the four lake transects at various depths and stations a number of times during the summer high-use period starting on June 26, 1969, and ending on August 19, 1969. During the June 26 - July 2 period, samples were collected at five stations at both transects lT and 2T and evaluated for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (Do 0.), ammonia (NH4 as N), nitrite (NO2 as N), nitrate (N03 as N), ortho phosphate (OP04), total phosphate (TP04), total coliform, and fecal coliform, It became apparent from inspection of the results of this sampling run that the levels of NH4, NO02 N03, ortho P04, total P04, total coliform, and fecal coliform in Crystal Lake itself, away from the shore line, was below the levels of detection of the instrumentation available at the field station. As a result, these analyses were dropped in subsequent runs from the lake sampling program and reliance was placed on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Secchi disk measurements for light penetration. Detailed results of the several lake runs are presented in Tables III-34 through III-38 as follows. Sample dissolved oxygen and temperature variations with depth for three separate summer sampling runs are presented in Figure III-3 for station 2T3 and in Figure III-4 for station 3T30 Station 3T3 represents the deeper section of Crystal Lake and it is apparent that thermal stratification has taken place by August 19, where the surface water temperature is 24.1~C and the deeper water temperature is 8,8~C, with most rapid temperature change with depth occurring around 50 to 60 feet below the surface. Notwithstanding this thermal stratification, the dissolved oxygen levels in the lower part of the lake did not drop below 7T2 mg/l lending further support to the classification of Crystal Lake as an oligotrophic rather than a eutrophic lake. In a eutrophic lake, the dissolved oxygen level is generally very low or nonexistent in the hypolimnion or lower part of the lake during the period of thermal stratificationr A special lake survey was conducted on August 14, 1969, for evaluation of the phosphate level in the lake water away from the shore line. These samples were transported to Ann Arbor immediately after collection for analysis using more sensitive analytical procedures than available at the field station, The samples were all clear in appearance, therefore, no filtering was necessary before analysis. The phosphate samples were analyzed by the "Modified Single Solution Method for the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters" by J, Murphy and J. P. Rileyo6 This method is similar to the method presented in "Standard Methods of Analysis for Water and Waste Water"4 except ascorbic acid instead of stannous chloride is used for reducing the phosphomolybdic complex. The spectrophotometric measurements were determined at 882 mp wavelength instead of 690 mp and 10 cm cylindrical cells were used, The results of this special survey are presented in Table III-39o 116

TABLE III-34 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET iTI 1T2 1T3 1T4 1T5 Time 12:30 12:20 12:00 11:25 11:00 Depth (a) 0 (a) 0 (a) 0 (a) 0 (a) 0 ft. (b) 8 (b) 16 (b) 18 (b) 18 (b) 4 Temp (a) 14.8~ (a) 14.70 (a) 14.8~ (a) 14.2~ (a) 16.5~ ~C (b) 13.9~ (b) 13.9~ (b) 13.0~ (b) 12.8~ (b) 15.50 pH (a) 8.49 (a) 8.43 (a) 8.38 (a) 8.41 (a) 8.45 (b) 8.30 (b) 8.25 (b) 8.38 (b) 8.40 (b) 8.41 DO (a) 12.81 (a) 12.88 (a) 12.80 (a) 12.89 (a) 12.11 mg/i (b) - (b) 13.38 (b) 13.34 (b) 13.01 (b) 12.02 NH -N (a) 0.10 (a) 0.06 (a) 0.06 (a) 0.02 (a) 0.00 g/ (b) 0.02 (b) 0.05 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.05 (b) 0.00 mg/l NO -N (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 m/ (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 mg/l NO -N (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.07 (a) 0.45 (a) 0.28 mg/ (b) 0.05 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.05 (b) 0.36 (b) 0.85 ORTHO (a) 0.02 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.02 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 PO (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 mgl________________ TOTAL (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 PO (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 mgl____________ _________________________ BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS (Surface Only) IORM 3 O 65 2 0 O COLI FORM FECAL 1 0 52 0 0 COLIFORM 117

TABLE IIi-34 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 7/2/69 AIR TEMPERATURE: 200C WEATIER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy to Sunny. SAMPLING STATIONS 2T1 2T2 2T3 2T4 2T5 Time 10:30 10:40 11:50 12:20 12:35 Depth (a) 0 (a) 0 (a) 0 (c) 50 (a) 0 (c) 53 (a) o t. (b) 12 (b) 21 (b) 2 (d) 68 (b) 26 (b) 28 Temp (a) 17.0~ (a) 17.0~ (a)17.0~(c)13.0~ (~a)17.0O(c)14.0o (a) 17.5~ ~C (b) 16.5~ (b) 16.5~ (b)16.5(d)10. 0o b)16.501 (b) 16.5~ pH (a) 8.40 (a) 8.45 (a) 8.45(c) 8.40 (a): 8.45(c)8.40 (a) 8.50 (b) 8.45 (b) 8.45 (b) 8.45(d) 8.40 (b) 8.50 (b) 8.40.-DO (a) 11.6 (a) 11.7 (a)11.8 (c) 12.6 (a)l.7 (c)12.5 (a) 11.7 mg/l (b) 11.6 (b) 11.9 (b)11.8 (d) 13.5 (b)11.8 (b) 11.8 NH4-N (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00(c) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (c)0.O0 (a) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.OO(d) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 mg/l. NO2-N (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 NO3-N (a) 0.00 (a) 0.07 (a) 0.07(c) 0.14 (a) 0.14 (c)0.14 (a) - / (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.07(d) 0.14 (b) 0.14 (b) - mg/1 ORTHO (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (a) 0.00(c) 0.00 (a) 0.00 (c)O.OC (a) 0.00 PO (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 (b).00 O(d) 0.01 (b) 0.00 (b) 0.00 BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS (Surface Only) TOTAL COLIFOPOM 0 FECAL O o o o FECAL 0I 1 0 0 COLIFORMI 118

TABLE III-35 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET DATE: 7/3/69 TIME: 11:45 - 12:30 EATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny to partly cloudy with light wind. AIR TEMPERATURE: 19.5~ to 21.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS lTl 1T2 1T3 1T4 1T5 emp (a) 18.0~(d) (a)18.2~(d) (a)18.30(d) (a)19.0~ (d) (a)18.0 (d) ~C (b) 18. (e) (b)17.3~(e) (b)17.0~(e) (b)16.80 (e) (b)17.5~(e) (c f)) (f) () (f) c) (f) (c)16.00 (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 5 (e) (b)18 (e) (b)23 (e) (b) 27 (e) (b) 15 (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) () (f) (c) (f) (c) 30 (f) DO (a)9.3 (d) (a)9.3 (d) (a)9.2 (d) (a)9.3 (d) (a) 9.2 (d) mg/l (b) (e) (b)9.2 (e) (b)9.4 (e) (b)9.5 (e) (b) 9.3 (e) (c). (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) 8.9 (f) Secchi: Shallow 14 feet 14 feet 18 feet 16 feet Transect (T1) taken approximately 200 yards from shore. 119

TABLE III-55 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 7/3/69 TIME: 12:45- 2:00 EATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny to partly cloudy with light wind. AIR TEMPERATURE: 19.5~ to 21.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 2T1 2T2 2T3 2T4 2 T5 Temp (a)18.0~(d) (a)19.0~(d) (a)19.5~ (d)10.0~ (a)19.5~ (d) (a)20.0~ (d) ~C (b)17.0~(e) (b)16.0~(e) (b)17.0~ (e) (b)17.5~ (e) (b)l7.0~ (e) (c) (f) c (f ) (c)15.(f ) (c)13.2 (f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 70 (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 10 (e) (b) 22 (e) (b) 25 (e) (b) 25 (e) (b) 28 (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) 50 (f) (c) 58 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) 9.7 (d) (a) 9.4 (d) (a) 9.3 (d)9.4 (a) 9.3 (d) (a) 9.3 (d) mg/l (b) 9.6 (e) (b) 9.7 (e) (b) 9.5 (e) (b) 9.4 (e) (b) 9.4 (e) (c ) ) (f(c) ) ( c) 9.3 (f) (c) 9.5 (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 17 feet 20 feet 18 feet 16 feet 120

TABLE III-35 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUiL4ARY SHEET DAE: 7/3/69 TIME: 2-:15 - 3:30 WEATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny to partly cloudy with light wind. AIR TEMIPEPATURE: 19.5~ to 21.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 3T1 3T2 3T3 3T4 3 T5 Temp (a)17.50(d) (a)17.0~(d) 6.5~ (a)17.0~(d) 620~ (a)17.9 ~() 8.7~ (a) 19.00(d) ~C (b)17.3~(e) (b)15.2~(e) (b)15.2~(e) 5.8~ (b)16.2~ (e) 7.0~ (b) 18.7~(e) (c) (f) (c) 9.6~(f) (c) 8.5~(f) (c)14.7~ (f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 118 (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) 80 (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 7 (e) (b) 40 (e) (b) 40 (e) 165 (b) 40 (e) 115 l(b) 8 (e) (c) (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 50 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) 9.8 (d) (a) 9.6 (d)11.0 (a) 9.5 (d)12.7 (a) 9.5 (d)11.3 (a) 9.4 (d) img/l (b) (e) (b) 9.6 (e) (b) 9.7 (e) 9.7 (b) 9.6 (e)10.3 (b) 9.5 (e) (c) (f) j(c)11.O (f) (c)11.5 (f) (c) - ) (f(c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 19 feet 20 feet 20 feet Shallow 121

TABLE III-35 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 7/3/69 TIME: 4:00 - 5:30 EATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny to partly cloudy with light wind. AIR TEMPERATURE: 19.5~ to 21.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 4T1 4T2 4T3 4 T4 4 T5 emp (a)18.3~(d) (a)17.0~(d) (a)17.2~(d) 6.9~ (a)17.0~(d) 6.3~ (a) 16.3~(d) ~C (b)18.3~(e) (b)16.0~(e) (b)15.8~ (e) 5.5~ (b)15.6~(e) 5.2~ (b) 15.8~(e) (c) (f) (c)15.5~(f) (c)18.90 (f) (c) 9 5~ (f) ( (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 5 (e) (b) 25 (e) (b) 40 (e) 168 (b) 40 (e) 160 (b) 25 (e) (c) (f) (c) 52. (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) 9.8 (d) (a) 9.5 (d) (a) 9.6 (d) 9.8 (a) 9.5 (d) 11.6 (a) 9.6 (d) mg/l (b) (e) (b) 9.7 (e) (b) 9.7 (e) 9.1 (b) 9.8 (e) 10.2 (b) 9.7 (e) (c) (f) (c) 9.9 (f) (c) 11.6 (f) (c) 11.5 (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 24 feet 23 feet 22 feet 17 feet 122

TABLE III-36 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 7/25/69 TIME: 9:05 - 9:40 EATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny and mild with light wind in morning/strong in afternoon AIR TEMPERATURE: 22.00 - 22.5~ SAMPLING STATIONS Tl 1T2 1T3 1T4 1T5 emp (a)22.3~(d) (a) 22.3~(d) (a)22.2~(d) (a)22.5~(d) (a)22.50 (d) ~C (b) (e) (b)22.2~(e) (b)21.5"(e) (b)22.1~(e) (b)22.0" (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) ( (f) (c) (f)(c) (f) Depth (a) 7 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) (e) (b) 18 (e) (b) 22 (e) (b) 24 (e) (b) 23 (e) (c) () (f)) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) DO (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a).(d) mg/l (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (c) () (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 18 feet 21 feet 20 feet 16 feet (7 ft.) 123

TABLE III-36 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET DATE: 7/25/69 TIME: 10:00 - 11:20 WEATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny and mild with light wind in morning/strong in afternoon AIR TEMPERATURE: 20.5~ -22.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 2T1 2T2 2T3 2T4 2T5 emp (a) 22.2~(d) (a)22.1~(d) (a)22. 0~(d) (a)22.0o (d) (a) 22.1 d) ~C (b) (e) (b)20.0~(e) (b)20.2~(e) (b)19.9~(e) (b) 19.9%e) (c) (f) (c)013.2(f) (c)9.9~ (f) (c)14.9~(f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 9 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) (e) (b) 30 (e) (b) 30 (e) (b) 30 (e) (b) 33 (e) (c) (f) (c) 62 (f) (c) 68 (f) (c) 54 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) mg/l (b) (e) (e(b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 26 feet 25 feet 23 feet 22 feet (9 ft.)___________ 124

TABLE III-36 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET Supplementary Temperature Information at Selected Stations DATE: 7/25/69 TIME: 10:00 - 11:20 AIR TEMPERATURE: 20.5~ - 22.00 SAMPLING STATIONS 2T2 2T3 2T4 Depth Temp Depth Temp Depth Temp ft. 0C ft. C t. ~C 0' 21.10 0' 22.0~ 0' 22.0~ 20' 21.8~ 20' 21.70 20' 21.7~ 30' 20.0~ 30' 20.2~ 30' 19.9~ 40' 17.8~ 40' 18.0~ 40' 18.3~ 50' 15.5~ 50' 15.7~ 50' 17.1~ 62' 13.2~ 60' 11.8~ 54' 14.9~ __68' 9.90 125

TABLE III-36 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMAPRY SHEET ATE: 7/25/69 TIME: 11:35 - 12:30 EATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny and mild with light wind in morning/strong in afternoon AIR TEMPERATURE: 21.1~ - 23.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 3T1 3T2 3T3 3T4 3T5 Temp (a) (d) (a) 22.2~(d)7.50 (a)21.7~(d) 6.2~0 (a)21.9~(d) 9.0~ (a)22.3~ (d) ~C (b)21.9~(e) (b)17.6~(e)6.1~ l(b)17.0~(e) 5.2~ (b)17.5~(e) (b) (e) (c) ( 0clo.l1(f) I(c) 10.2(f) c)19.2~(f) (c) 9.3~(f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d)120 (a) 0 (d) 95 (a) 5 (d) ft. (b) 26 (e) (b) 40 (e) 150 (b) 40 (e)164!(b) 40 (e) (b) (e) (c) 8 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) mg/l (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) c(c () () f)c) (c) (f) Secchi: 23 feet 26 feet 24 feet 26 feet shallow (5 ft. 126

TABLE III-37 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUiMARY SHEET ATE: 8/1/69 TIME: 3:50 - 4:20 EATHER CONDITIONS: Sunny to partly cloudy with strong wind from the west. AIR TEMPEP1ATURE: Probe broken SAMPLING STATIONS IT1 1T2 1T3 1T4 1T5 Probe emp (a) DTemp (a) (d)'a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d),roke oC (b). (b) 6 (Ce)~ (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (c) (f)'(c) (f ) (c) (f ) (c) (f) Depth (a) - (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) ( (d0 (d) (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 6 (e) (b) 16 (e) (b) 20 (e) (b) 21 (e) (b) 15 (e) (c) (f) (c) (C (f) (c) (f) (c) (f)(c) () DO (a) - (d) (a) 8.48 (d) (a) 8.22 (d) (a) 8.22 (d) (a) 8.32 (d) mg/l (b) 8.48(e) (b) 8.32 (e) (b) 8.43 (e) (b) 8.42 (e) (b) 8.64 (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 16 feet 16 feet 13 feet Shallow (6 ft.) _ (15 feet) 127

TABLE III-37 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 8/1/69 TIME: 2:40 - 3:35 EATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy to sunny. AIR TEMPERATURE: 20.3~ SAMPLING STATIONS 2T1 2T2 2T3 2T4 2T5 Probe Temp (a)21.70(d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) Broker C (b)21.5~(e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) (d) ft. (b) 9 (e) (b) 22 (e) (b) 40 (e) (b) 25 (e) (b) 3 (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) 65 (f) (c) 35 () (c) (f) DO (a) - (d) (a)8.22 (d) (a)8.28 (d) (a) 8.44 (d) (a) - (d) mg/l (b) 8.44(e) b)8.33 (e) (b)8.64 (e) (b) 8.33 (e) (b) 8.42 (e) (c) (f) c) (f) (c)10. 26 (f) (c) 8.52 (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 20 feet 19 feet 19 feet Shallow (9 ft.) ___ (3 feet) 128

TABLE III-37 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 8/1/69 TIME: 12:20 - 2:25 EATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy AIR TEMPERATURE: 18.7~ - 20.1~ SAMPLING STATIONS 3T1 3T2 3T3 3 T4 3 T5 emp (a) 21.3~(d) (a)21.0~(d) 6.0~ (a)20.7~(d) 6.0~ (a)20.9~(d) 7.7~ (a) - (d) ~C (b) 21.0~(e) (b)19.8~(e) 5.1' (b)19.9~(e) 5.3~ (b)19.8~(e) (b)21.4~ (e) (c) (f) (c) 9.5~(f) (c) 9.0~(f) (c) 8.3~(f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d)100 (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 19 (e) (b) 40 (e) 159 (b) 40 (e) 165 (b) 40 (e) (b) 3 (e) (c) (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) (f) DO (a)8.68 (d) (a)8.43 (d)10.25 (a) 8.53(d)10.45 (a) 8.53(d)10.36 (a) - (d) mg/l (b)8.64 (e) (b)8.47 (e)11.18 (b) 8.74(e)10.76 (b) 8.74(e) (b) 8.80 (e) (c) (f) (c)11.17(f) (c)10.96(f) (c)10.86(f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 22 feet 23 feet 23 feet Shallow (19 ft.) ____ _ (3 feet) 129

TABLE III-37 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET Supplementary Temperature Information at Selected Stations DATE: 8/1/69 TIME: 12:20 - 2:25 AIR TEMPERATURE: 19.70 20.2~ 18.7~, ______________________ SAMPLING STATIONS___ 3T2 3T3 3T4 Depth Temp Depth Temp Depth Temp ft. 0C ft. 0C ft. 0C 0' 21.00 0' 20.7~ 0' 20.90 20' 20.80 20' 20.7~ 20' 20.80 30' 20.60 30' 20.50 30' 20.60 40' 19.80 40'' 19.90 40' 19.80 50' 14.30 50' 13.90 50' 16.20 60' 11.8~ 60' 12.80 60' 12.10 70' 10.2~ 70' 10.9~ 70' 10.1~ 80' 9.5~ 80' 9.0~ 80' 8.3~ 90' 7.9~ 90' 7.9~ 90' 7.9~ 100' 6.9~ 100' 6.9~ 100' 7.7~ 120' 6.0~ 120' 6.00 159' 5.10 165' 5.30____ Air Temp: 3T1 - 20.1~ 3T5 - 19.3~ 130

TABLE III-37 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 8/1/69 TIME: 9:25 - 11:55 EATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy to sunny - strong wind from west. AIR TEMPERATURE: 17.7~ - 20.2~ SAMPLING STATIONS 4T1 4T2 4T3 4T4 4 T5 emp (a)20.4~(d) (a)20.6~(d) 9.6~ (a)20.3~(d) 6.0~ (a)20.2~ (d) 6.0~ (a)20.4~ (d) 0C (b)20.1~(e) (b) (e) (b)17.9~(e) 5.0~ (b)18.3~ (e) 5.1~ (b)20.3~ (e) (c) (f) (c)14.1~(f) (c) 9.0~(f) (c) 8.2~0 (f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 92 (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d> 120 (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) 4 (e) (b) 25 (e) (b) 40 (e) 163 (b) 40 (e) 155 (b) 14 (e) (c) (f) (c) 50 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) - (d) (a)8.83 (d)10.76 (a) 8.48(d)10.58 (a) 8.54 (d)10.38 (a) 8.13 (d) mg/l (b)8.83 (e) (b)8.83 (e) (b) 9.75(e)11.17 (b) 8.64 (e)10.35 (b) 8.73 (e) (c) (f )088f) c. f) c)1 8f) (c)10.88(f) (c)11.06(f) (c)11.08(f) (c) (f Secchi: Shallow 24 feet 24 feet 23 feet Shallow (4 ft.) (14 ft.) 131

TABLE III-37 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET Supplementary Temperature Information at Selected Stations DATE: 8/1/69 TIME: 9:25 - 11:55 AIR TEMPERATURE: 19.0~ 19.0~ 17.7~. ________ SAMPLING STATIONS 4T2 4T3 4T4 Depth Temp Depth Temp Depth Temp ft. ~C ft ~Ct. C 0' 20.6~ 0' 20.3~ 0' 20.2~ 20' 20.5~ 20' 20.2~ 20' 20.10 30' 20.1~ 30' 20.10 30' 19.9~ 40' 16.2~ 40' 17.9~ 40' 18.3~ 50' 14.1~ 50' 14.2~ 50' 15.8~ 60' 11.6~ 60' 12.4~ 60' 12.4~ 70' 10.9~ 70' 10.7~ 70' 9.80 80' 10.1~ 80' 9.0~ 80' 8.2~ 92' 9.6~ 90' 8.0~ 90' 7.20 100' 7.0~ 100' 6.9~ 120' 6.0~ 120' 6.0~ 163' 5.0~ 155' 5.10 Air Temp: 4T1 - 20.2~ 4T5 - 18.0~ 132

TABLE III-38 CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 3:15 - 3:55 EATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy, strong wind from N.E., lake rough, secchi readings difficult ton makp IR TEMPERATURE: 21.00 21.20 21.30 21.40 21.2~ SAMPLING STATIONS lTl 1T2 1T3 1T4 1T5 emp (a)21.0~ (d) (a)25.0~(d) (a)24.5~(d) (a)24.5~(d) (a)24.7~(d) ~C (b) (e) (b)24.90 (e) (b)24.7~ (e) (b)24.7 (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 4 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 3 (d) ft. (b) (e) (b) 15 (e) (b) 19 (e) (b) 21 (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) DO (a) 8.65 (d) a) 8.55 (d) (a)8.30 (d) (a) 8.25(d) (a) 8.25(d) mg/l (b) (e) (b) 8.35(e) (b)8.55 (e) (b) 8.30(e) (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 10 feet 13 feet 12 feet Shallow 133

TABLE III-38 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 2:15 - 2:55 EATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy, strong wind from N.E., lake rough, secchi readings di ffil.il t to make. AIR TEMPERATURE: T0.50 20.50 20.00 20.3~ 20.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 2T1 2T2 2T3 2T4 2T5 emp (a)24.8~(d) (a)24.8~(d) (a)24.3 (d) (a)24.2~ (d) (a)24.7~ (d) ~C (b) (e) (b)24.7~(e) (b)22.8~(e) (b)23.1~(e) (b) (e) (c) (f ) (c ) (f) (c)13.0~(f) (c) (f ) ( (f) Depth (a) 10 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 3 (d) ft. (b) (e) b) 22 (e) (b) 40 (e) (b) 38 (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) 67 (f) (c) (f) (c) (f) DO (a) 8.35(d) (a)8.25 (d) (a) 8.15(d) (a)8.15 (d) (a)8.25 (d) mg/l (b) (e) b)8.15 (e) (b) 8.40(e) (b)8.65 (e) (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) (f) (c) 9.50(f) (c) (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 12 feet 14 feet 13 feet Shallow 134

TABLE III-38 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET Supplementary Temperature Information at Selected Stations DATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 2:15 - 2:55 AIR TEMPERATURE: 20.0O SAMPLING STATION 2T3 Depth Temp ft. ~C 0' 24.3~ 20' 24.3~ 30' 23.9~ 40' 22.8~ 50' 19.2~ 55' 17.1~ 60' 15.4~ 67' 13.0~ 135

TABLE III-38 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET DATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 12:15 - 2:00 EATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy, strong wind from N.E., lake rough, secchi readings....... __difficult to make.... R TEMPERATURE: 21.2~ 19.90 21.8~ 20.3~ 20.7~ SAMPLING STATIONS 3T1 3T2 3T3 3T4 3T5 emp (a) 24.2(d) (a)24.0(d) 9.30 (a)24.1~(d) 9.3 (a)24.3 (d)10.1o (a)23.90 (d) ~C (b) (e) (b)23.40(e) 9.00 (b)23.50(e) 8.80 (b)23.40(e) 9.2~ (b) (e) (c) (f) (c)12.30(f) (c)12.0~(f) (c)12.80(f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 7 (d) (a o d) 110 (a) o (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) 100 (a) 5 (d) ft. (b) (e) (b) 40 (e) 139 (b) 40 (e) 159 (b) 40 (e) 135 (b) (e) (c) (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) (f) DO (a) 8.40 (d) (a) 8.15(d)10.00 (a)8.25 (d)10.15 (a)8.15 (d)10.25 (a) 8.40(d) mg/l (b) (e) (b) 8.15(e) 9.35 (b)8.35 (e) 7.15 (b)8.40 (e) 8.65 (b) (e) (c) (f) (c)10.55(f) (c)10.65(f) (c)10.45 (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 14 feet 13 feet 13 feet Shallow 136

TABLE III-38 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET Supplementary Temperature Information at Selected Stations DATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 12:15 - 2:00 AIR TEMPERATURE: 19.9~ 21.80 20.3~ SAMPLING STATIONS 3T2 3T3 3T4 Depth Temp Depth Temp Depth Temp ft. ~C ft. ~C ft. ~C 0' 24.0~ 0' 24.1~ 0' 24.3~ 20' 24.0~ 20' 24.0~ 20' 24.1~ 30' 23.5~ 30' 23.9~ 30' 23.9~ 40' 23.4~ 40' 23.5~ 40' 23.4~ 50' 19.50 50' 20.3~ 50' 19.9~ 55' 16.4~ 55' 16.9~ 60' 15.2~ 60' 15.2~ 60' 15.3~ 70' 13.8~ 70' 13.5~ 70' 13.7~ 80' 12.8~ 80' 12.3~ 80' 12.0~ 90' 11.0~ 90' 11.2~ 90' 10.9~ 100' 10.1~ 110' 9.3~ 100' 10.3~ 135' 9.2~ 139' 9.0~ 120' 9.3~ 140' 8.9~ 159' 8.8~ 137

TABLE III-38 (Continued) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET ATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 10:20 - 12:00 WEATHER CONDITIONS: Partly cloudy, strong wind from N.E., lake rough, secchi readings difficult to make. AIR TEMPERAT21E.o 21.30 21.8~ 21.0 23.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 4T1 4T2 4T3 4T4 4 T5 emp (a)23.6~(d) (a)24.3~(d) (a)24.3~(d) 9.1~ (a) 23.9(d) 9.0~ (a)22.7~ (d) ~C (b) (e) (b)24.1~(e) (b)24.1~(e) 8.1~ (b) 23.8(e) 8.0~ (b)22.8~ (e) (c) (f) (c)16.5~(f) (c)12.2~(f) (c) ll.9(f) (c) (f) Depth (a) 4 (d) (a) 0 (d) (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) 120 (a) 0 (d) ft. (b) (e) (b) 30 (e) (b) 40 (e) 164 (b) 40 (e) 160 (b) 24 (e) (c) (f) (c) 63 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) 80 (f) (c) (f) DO (a)8.25 (d) (a) 8.25(d) (a) 8.25(d) 9.25 (a) 8.25(d)10.05 (a) 8.25 (d) mg/l (b) (e) (b) 8.40(e) (b) 8.25(e) 6.10 (b) 8.30(e)10.35 (b) 8.65 (e) (c) (f) c)l.15(f) (c)01.55(f) (c) - (f) (c) (f) Secchi: Shallow 15 feet 15 feet 17 feet 16 feet 138

TABLE III-38 (Concluded) CRYSTAL LAKE WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY SHEET Supplementary Temperature Information at Selected Stations DATE: 8/19/69 TIME: 10:20 - 12:00 AIR TEMPERATURE: 21.30 21.8~ 21.0~ SAMPLING STATIONS 4T2 4T3 4T4 Depth Temp Depth Temp Depth Temp ft. ~C ft. ~C ft. 0C 0' 24.3~ 0' 24.3~ 0' 23.9~ 20' 24 20 24.3~ 20' 243.9 30' 24.10 30 24.30 30' 243.9 40' 23.5~ 40' 24.1~ 40' 23.80 50' 20.1~ 50' 21.6~ 50' 21.9~ 63' 16.5~ 55' 17.8~ 55' 18.1~ 60' 16.10 60' 15.3~ 70' 13.7~ 70' 13.5~ 80' 12.2~ 80' 11.9~ 90' 11.2~ 90' 10.80 100' 10.3~ 100' 9.90 120' 9.1~ 120' 9.0~ 140' 8.5~ 140' 8.2~ 164' 8.1 160 8.0 139

TEMPERATURE 2T3 TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE 2T3 5 10 15 20 25 7-3-69 5 10 IS 20 25 2T3 5 0 15 20 8-19-69 0.,. ~.... 25 7-369 7-25-69-Temp. 8-1-69-DiS.02 10- I - 2030 30- / 3 40 4O DEPTH 5 DEPTH / o 50 X 5 O / ~ 70/ 70- 70 00 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12.i 4 O 6g 10 I DISSOLVED OXYGEN mg/ED OXYGEN DISSOLVED OXYGEN g/ DISSOLVED OXYGEN mg/ VERTICAL TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES AT STATION 2T3 CRYSTAL LAKE, MICHIGAN Figure III-3

TEMPERATURE 3T3 TEMPERATURE 3T3 TEMPERATURE 3T3 5 10 15 25 7-3-69 5 10 15 20 25 8-1-69 5 10 IS 20 25 8-19-69 2.0-,, 20 240- 400 4060- 60\ ^ - 60 \ ^ - ^ 12c s2o io 80 80 80 DEPTH S DEPTH DEPTH ~~~100- ^ ^ ~~100-,~i100-u0 tOO 120- 120 12014 140. 140160/ 160 \ 160180 180. 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 DISSOLVED OXYGEN mg/l DISSOLVED OXYGEN mg/I DISSOLVED OXYGEN mg/I VERTICAL TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES AT STATION 3T3 CRYSTAL LAKE, MICHIGAN Figure III-4

TABLE III-39 AUGUST 14, 1969 LAKE SAMPLING SUMMARY Phosphate Sampling Time of Water Temp Air Temp (Unfiltered) Station Collection 0C ~C lg/l of P as PO - Ortho Total Dissolved IT2 9:32 AM 24.5 27 8.8 15.0 1T3 9:35 AM 24.5 8.3 11.3 1T4 9:40 AM 24.5 5.3 17.5 2T2 10:10 AM 24.0 5.0 11.3 2T4 10:03 AM 24.0 5.3 16.3 3T2 10:38 AM 23.2 25.2 9.5 11.3 3T4 10:25 AM 23.2 7.5 11.3 4T3 (Shallow) 10:50 AM 23.0 6.7 12.5 4T3 (Deep) 10:55 AM 16.8 7.5 11.3 Cold Creek 11:50 AM 33.8 60.0 142

Organized Bathing Beach Areas A special water quality sampling effort was directed toward the organized bathing beach areas of Crystal Lake on July 31, 1969. Generally four samples were collected at each location, from left to right along the beach facing the lake, at a depth of 8 inches to 10 inches below the water surface. The results of this survey are presented in Table III-40. While elevated coliform levels were observed at some locations, none were above the upper allowable coliform level for total body contact, Interest existed as to the water quality along the stream passing through the Crystal Beach Resort area on the south shore of Crystal Lake, and designated as W-l in the routine weekly sampling of all the tributary streams. Figure III-5 shows the location of the seven sampling stations occupied first on June 27, 1969, and then on August 1, 1969. The total and fecal coliform levels observed at these stations at these times are presented in Table III-41. It is apparent that high total coliform levels were observed on August 1 at stations 1 and 2. 143

TABLE III-40 SAMPLING OF CRYSTAL LAKE WATER IN ORGANIZED BATHING BEACH AREAS (July 31, 1969) Four samples were collected from left to right along the beach area facing the lake at a depth of 8 inches to 10 inches below water surface. Sample Location Total Coliform/100 ml Fecal Coliform/100 ml Beulah Beach #1 80 0 #2 33 0 #3 200 0 #4 63 0 Girl's Camp #1 67 0 #2 40 0 #3 28 0 #4 17 0 Christian Assembly #1 22 0 #2 11 0 #3 0 0 #4 3 0 Crystal Beach Resort #1 690 0 #2 620 0 #3 150 0 #4 710 0 7th Street #1 8 0 #2 11 0 #3 22 0 #4 6 O Congregational Assembly #1 6 0 #2 3 0 #3 0 0 #4 3 0 Chimney Corners #1 61 0 #2 44 1 #3 30 2 #4 40 1 144

TABLE III-41 CRYSTAL BEACH RESORT AREA SPECIAL STUDY Sampling June 27, 1969 August 1, 1969 Station Total Fecal Total Fecal Number Coliform/100 ml Coliform/100 ml Coliform/100 ml Coliform/100 ml 1 TNC 86 >1000 10 2 TNC 80 890 16 3 TNC 12 580 35 H 4 TNC 8 450 89 5 TNC 18 350 0 6 150 7 7 350 0

S. Shore Drive i' Crystal Beach Resort N Dam Pond Tennis Courts._/ Thomas Rd.. Figure III-5 1^6

Well Water Quality Evaluation A special effort was made during the week of July 13 to conduct a voluntary well water testing clinic by members of the survey team. Residents of the area were given the opportunity to pick up sterile containers on July 14 at stations located at both the east and west end of the lake, collect their own well water sample on the morning of July 15, and return these samples to the same collection stations for immediate processing at the field station laboratory. The laboratory tests included total and fecal coliform evaluation and determination of the nitrate level. The response was enthusiastic with 165 separate well water samples tested in a two-day period. Of these samples, approximately 10% showed positive total coliform results during this first analysis. Members of the survey team personally visited each home having a positive result and collected a second sample, rather than relying on the homeowner to do the sampling. As a result of this followup and resampling, all of the samples previously positive showed negative, suggesting that contamination may have been introduced during the initial sample collection by the individual homeowner. In addition to the examination of the well water for the presence of coliform bacteria, the same samples were tested for nitrogen in the form of nitrate compounds. A simple spot test was used to screen all samples for the presence of nitrates as referenced in Appendix B. The test is based on the fact that a few drops of nitrate bearing water will give a distinct blue color after addition of several drops of a sulfuric acid solution, Generally, the test is detectable to 0.5 mg/l NO3 as N; the intensity and rate of color development is related to the concentration of nitrate in the sample. Samples found with high concentrations of nitrates were further tested by the chromotropic acid technique as described in Appendix B, Of 165 well water samples tested, 43 were positive with the spot test, Twenty-two of the positive samples had concentrations greater than 2 mg/l and six samples had concentrations greater than 4 mg/l. One sample exceeded the U. S. Public Health Service drinking water standard of 10 mg/l, Nitrates were found in equal proportions in water samples taken from all sides of Crystal Lake, but a significantly higher percentage of the north shore samples had nitrate concentrations greater than 2 mg/l, All samples found with nitrate concentrations exceeding 4r mg/l were taken from wells on the north shore of Crystal Lake, Generally, the positive results were distributed between the north and south shore as follows: 26 positive out of 80 samples - south shore 18 positive out of 44 samples - north shore 11 greater than 2 mg/l out of 80 samples - south shore 11 greater than 2 mg/l out of 43 samples - north shore 147

WELL WATER NITRATE STUDY Following the major well water survey of the week of July 13, one member of the survey team did additional evaluation of the nitrate content of well water through August 11o The north shore of Crystal Lake was selected for this followup since it did show a much higher percentage of significant nitrate content in well waters than did other areas. Generally, sampling was started at those addresses which had high (>1 mg/l) NO3 content indicated by the spot test during the main well water survey, with sampling then proceeding in both directions from this starting point until the nitrate content decreased below 1 mg/l. In addition, wells were selected which were regularly spaced along the north shore and around streams showing a high nitrate content. The results of this effort are presented in Table III-42. Those areas having high well water nitrate levels are apparent from the tabulation. Biological Observations A series of biological observations were made as a complement to the numerous physical, chemical, and bacteriological observations presented elsewhere in this report. Generally, these observations consisted of a description of the aquatic plant growth observed along the shore line and in the outlet channel and Cold Creek; results of two separate bottom sampling efforts, one on August 15, 1969, and the other on September 1, 1969; results of a single plankton sampling effort on August 16, 1969; and results of the collection and identification of macroscopic algae at 11 near-shore sites on August 27, 1969. AQUATIC PLANT GROWTH IN CRYSTAL LAKE Crystal Lake is a typical oligotrophic lake in terms of aquatic plant growth with the lake observed to be very infertile with respect to aquatic plants, Bulrish (Scirpus) was found to be the dominant erect and emergent aquatic plant. Growths of this genus were found to exist along the southeast shore line and to a large extent between Railroad Point and the village of Beulaho Smaller growths of this genera were also observed along the southwestern and western shore lines, Occasionally, species belonging to the order Equisitales were observed among the bulrush, but not to any great abundance. Among the plants submerged beneath the water surface, Chara, Water Star Grass (Heteranthera dubia), and curly-leafed pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) were the three most common, Chara and Water Star Grass were observed at different locations along the shore lineo Large beds of Chara and some Potamogeton were found in the area where Cold Creek discharges into Crystal Lake at the village of Beulaha 148

TABLE 111-42 WELL WATER NITRATE SURVEY DATA, NORTH SHORE (All addresses are on North Crystal Drive unless otherwise indicated) Address mg/l N03-N 1602 M-22 < 1* Weir5 (2627 North Crystal Drive) 0 -.67 mg/l NH4, 0 -.38 mg/l NO3 2684 0 2906 0 2940 < 1 2992 4.20** 3018 1 3020 1.4 3050 6.75 3076 2.0 3118 4.75 3128 2.35 3138 3.45 3148 2.80 3169 0 3171 03187 0 3203 2.60 3244 < 1 3280 2,15 3293 4.70 3297 0 3300 0 3360 0 3598 0 Weir 6 (3600 North Crystal Drive).05 -.96 NH4,.69 - 2.2 NO3 3709 0 3895 0 Weir 7 (3901 North Crystal Drive).04 -.60 NH4,.13 -.65 NO3 3901 < 1 3905 0 *All values O, <1, 1 determined by negative spot test, no color until after one minute, some light color before 1 minute, respectively. **All such values rounded to nearest.05 mg/i and determined by chromotropic acid test. 149

TABLE III-42 (Continued) Address mg/l N03-N 3917 < 1 3925 0 4035 1.85 4053 2.40 4060 1 4077 4.10 4081 3.65 4141 4.75 Glen Rhoda (4141 North Crystal Drive) 0 -.74 NH4, 1.6 - 2.56 N03 4174 2.25 4248 < 1 4271 1 4398 0 4482 0 5089 0 5100 0 5230 < 1 5348 < L 5485 < 1 5575 < 1 5709 < 1 2061 Warren Road 0 5867 1.2 6037 1 6084 0 6087 0 6088 0 6091 2.4 6112 < 1 Weir 8 (6200 at Nichols Road).12 -.74 NH4, 2.3 - 5.4 NO3 1719 Nichols Road 3.0 1722 Nichols Road 0 1732 Nichols Road 0 1742 Nichols Road 0 1761 Nichols Road 3.85 1801 Nichols Road 2.90 1825 Nichols Road 1.70 6231 1.80 6243 4.10 6263 < 1 6681 2,0 150

TABLE III-42 (Concluded) Address mg/l N03-N Weir 9 (6709 North Crystal Drive) 0 -.69 NH4, 3.40 - 4.48 N03 Weir 10 (6863 North Crystal Drive) at Harris Road 0 -.72 NH4, 1.44 - 1.96 NO3 6863 1.65 6893 0 7219 0 Pipe 1 (7230 North Crystal Drive).03 -.71 NH4, 1.49 - 2.45 NO3 7270 4.20 7271 2.60 Weir 12 (7281 North Crystal Drive) 0 -.67 NH4, 1.48 - 2.6 N03 7290 6.0 7390 < 1 7402 2.55 7430 6.25 7448 3545 7454 3 80 Weir 11 (7468 North Crystal Drive) 0 -.76 NH4, 1.9 - 3.2 N03 7468 14.5 7482 10.0 7512 3.40 7510 0 7538 3.10 7542 2.60 7546 1.75 Pipe 2 (7546 North Crystal Drive) 0 -.63 NH4,.7 - 1.4 N03 7272 0 151

Cold Creek itself was observed to be quite abundant in aquatic growth with Potamogeton being the most common type of growth. Duck Weed (lemna) was found to be floating on the water surface near the shore at the point where Cold Creek discharges into the lake, It was noted that the outlet from Crystal Lake was relatively free from all types of growth in early May but had an abundant growth of Water Star Grass and the nuisance algae Cladophora by the first of August. Cladophora was also found to be growing attached to rocks along the shore line in front of cottages very near the lake. This was not always the case for it was also found in areas in which no cottages were located, but for the most part, the majority of the growth was located near cottages. During an early sanitary survey in May, these growths were relatively absent but began to appear at different locations with differing degrees of intensity as the summer progressed, BOTTOM AND PLANKTON SAMPLE ANALYSIS Bottom and plankton samples were secured at nine sampling stations along three transects on August 15 and 16, 1969, to determine if a difference existed in the make-up of the bottom fauna and flora between the transects, and also to see if a noticeable change in the aquatic community structure occurred since earlier lake surveys. A qualitative analysis of single Ponar dredge hauls at each station showed no significant difference in the number and types of organisms between each of the three transects (see Table III-43). The absence of mayflies, Hexaginia, in this survey was due to seasonal variations, in that emergence of adults occurred prior to the sampling period, A large number of cast nymphal skins were still visible in the water near the shore during the sampling period, Animals found by turning over stones along the shore were caddis fly larvae (Hydropsyche), very yound mayfly nymphs belonging to the family, Heptageniidae. Additional bottom samples were collected on September 1, 1969, to determine the density and diversity of organisms utilizing the benthic substrate. Stations were sampled in accordance with previously established transect lines and sampling points along these lines. Sampling was done using a Ponar dredge attached to the Fusilier gasolinedriven hoist as shown in Figures III-6 and III-7. The biotic bottom substrate separator screen as shown in Figure III-6 was used to remove most of the bottom sediment by washing, Results of the September 1 sampling are presented in Table 111-44, 152

TABLE III-43 BOTTOM SAMPLES (August 15, 1969) 1T-1 12-Foot Depth 2T-1 6-Foot Depth 3T-3 90-Foot Depth 10 - AMPHIPODA 3 - DIPTERA 12 - AMPHIPODA HAUSTORIIDAE TENDIPEDIDAE HAUSTORIIDAE PONTOPOREIA PENTANEURA PONTOPOREIA DIPTERA DIDTERA TENDIPEDIDAE TENDIPEDIDAE 3 - TENDIPES PLUMOSA 8 - PENTANEURA 9 - PENTANEURA 15 - TENDIPEDIDAE 1 - PELECYPODA UNIONIDAE 1T-3 25-Foot Depth 2T-3 62-Foot Depth 3T-4 20-Foot Depth 8 - DIPTERA 1 - AMPHIPODA 5 - DIPTERA TENDIPEDIDAE HAUSTORIIDAE TENDIPEDIDAE PONTOPOREIA 1 - AMPHIPODA 1 - PELECYPODA HAUSTORIIDAE 6 - DIPTERA SPHAERIIDAE PONTOPOREIA TENDIPEDIDAE PISIDIUM 4 - PELECYPODA 1 - LYMNAEIDAE SPHAERIIDAE LYMNEA PISIDIUM IT-5 5-Foot Depth 2T-5 5-Foot Depth 3T-5 5-Foot Depth 2 - PELECYPODA 2 - PULMONATA 6 - DIPTERA SPHAERIIDAE LYMNAEIDAE TENDIPEDIDAE PISIDIUM LYMNAE 3 - DIPTERA TENDIPED IDAE PENTANEURA 153

BIOTIC BOTTOM SUBSTCATE SEPAILXTOR SCREEN PONAR GRAB S&PITLER i gr e gr I iT - ( ~:lff- ~ ~ ~ 5

~~~~~~~~~~~~.2............. Q~kttFN 1..5~ ~ ~ ~.::~ ~ ~t~it< BIP ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'tQ<K A.7.. f~'A"~~~~~~~ ""' KVK.~~U<<~~~* )L~. ~~gY~NA ~'2~7'& ~~~~ ~:N. I~ez i~~~A"'.''~~.;-~;:-:::'<2-~D:~.+:>4aQ'7>.'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' bW~~~~~wB >~~~~~~~<~~~~~~~4'<~~~~~~~~~~~ii 4K'."' 7. ~sv'K' FI6JSLLEP (24<201 It" DBI%'K"'7 V Figure III" 7 11T55

TABLE II-44 RESULTS OF ORGANISMS FOU1D1 BY BOTTOM SAMPLING METHODS (September 1, 1969) G 01_ G~ ~Transect - Station - Numbers Collected Organism (Genus Only Given) (_-Tl 1- T2 1-T3 1 _ T4- 1- T5 2T-2 2T-4 4T-2 4T-4 I. Nematoda (Roundworms) l 2 6 7 II. Gastropoda (Snails) Pulmonata (Physa Lymnaea, Helisoina) universally abundant 0 0 Ctenobranchiata (Pleurocera and Boniobasis) universally aundant 0 0!II, Pelecypoda (Clams) Sphaeridae (Sphaerium and Psidium) universally abundant (fe) Unionidae abundant in shallow water (few) IV. Decapoda (Crayfish) I V. Amphipoda (Scuds) Gammaridae (Gammarus) 2 6 Haustoriidae (Pontoporeia) 1i 31 24 VI. M lsidacea (Oppbssum Shrimp) VIIL Insecta (Aquatic larvae) A. Collembola (Springtail-Podura) I B, Diptera (flies) (1) Tepulidae-Tepula (Cranefly) 1 (2) Tendipedidae-Tendipes (Midge) 2 12 1 6 8 13 5 C. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) (1) Ehemera 15 1 3 (2) Hexa enia 2 D. Tricoptera (Caddisflies) (Numerous cases found but no larvae) 156

As indicated in Table 111-44, there is a restricted number of species present (diversity) while some species (Amphipods and aquat:ic insects) seem to be present in fairly high num.bers (density). A relationship of high density and low diversity has been utilized in the past to indicate a trend toward "pollution " Crystal Lake can hardly be placed in this category, however, based on other data collected during this survey': It therefore appears that exceptions to this density/diversity relationship do exist, especially in quite deep, cold. and fairly clear "oligotrophic-like" bodies of water. Such conditions could very well place restrictions upon the flora and fauna present and create adaptabilityy b some species while an extinction potential would exist for others' Amphipods and insect larvae seem to be the primary food source available to larger organisms in the food web. The occurrence of these organisms even at the extreme depths (up to 160 feet) would indicate a fairly deep euphotic zone at least partially contributing dissolved oxygen from photosynthesis for these organisms to exists The universal abundance of gastropods (snails) and Pelecypods (clams) in addition to a few leeches noted along portions of the shore line, tend to indicate an eutrophication process occurring in the shallower area's, Such a process, requiring an abundance of nutrients' will result in a gradual floral and faunal. change within the aquatic environment in the not too distant future. Thirteen water samples were taken with a Kemmerer sampler for plankton analysis, Although the concentration of the plankton is higher than that reported in an earlier survey, it is still below that found in Lake Michigan, It is also interesting to note the difference in the concentration of the plankton between transects 1 and the other transects (Table IT1-45). The samples were taken at 3 feet and, if the depth permitted^ at 12 feet, There was no significant difference between the plankto:n concentrati;on at 3 and 12 feet a-t each station.r The Palmer cell was utiL.lized to count the plankton under 430 X magnitfication. The most numerous plankton belonged to the genera Ditoma, F agileria Cymbella. and Anabaena0 A visual survey along the shore showed mats of mostly Cladophora mixed with Spirogyra. 15 7

TABLE III-45 PLANKTON SAMPLES Crystal Lake Collected on August 16, 1969 Hazy Weather Conditions Station Depth Number/ml 1T-l 3 feet 337 1T-3 3 feet 552 12 feet 584 1T-5 3 feet 368 2T-1 3 feet 368 2T-3 3 feet 184 12 feet 215 2T-5 3 feet 245 3T-1 3 feet 154 12 feet 184 3T-3 3 feet 245 12 feet 215 3T-5 3 feet 215 SURVEY OF MACROSCOPIC ALGAL GROWTH (Prepared by Charles Cubbage, Eastern Michigan University) A small sample of obvious algal growth was taken from 11 sites located directly on the lake on August 27, 1969. The sampling was largely for the purpose of identifying the algal forms which residents have made note of, and subsequently prompted the study of Crystal Lake. While a detailed study of the flora of the lake would add much to the total survey, only the most common genera were identified. The following is the tabulation of the genera located at each site. Location Genera H. P. beachy-protected dock Oscillatoria 327 (M-22) Mougotia Spirogyra Meri smopedia Scenedesmus Spirulina Pediastrum 158

Location Genera 1817 (M-22) Cladophora Stigeoclonium 3187 North Crystal Drive Cladophora Haplosyphon 4077 North Crystal Drive Cladophora Tabellaria 5709 North Crystal Drive Cladophora 6187 North Crystal Drive Cladophora Oedogonium Spirogyra Tabellaria Stigeoclonium 6863 North Crystal Drive Cladophora Spirogyra Merismopedia Ulothrix Vaucheria 752 Windemere Cladophora Tabellaria Stigeoclonium 1325 South Shore (Crystalaire) Spirogyra Oscillatoria 1765 South Shore Drive Cladophora Spirogyra Tabellaria 552 South Shore Drive Spirogyra Cladophora Lyngbya Tabellaria Cocconeus In all selected sites, the major component of the macroscopic algal growth was Cladophora, The genus Tabellaria was found in frequent association with Cladophora (not great in biomass though)o The next most abundant was Spirogyra, followed in greatly reduced quantity by the other genera0 159

Cladophora may be found the year around; producing a number of generations each year. The cell wall of Cladophora consists mainly of cellulose (up to as much as 41%), and thus is very likely to be subjected to epiphytism, providing a sanctuary for numerous other species. Food storage in Cladophora is largely fructose. The Great Lakes have supported substantial growths of Cladophora glomerata, and since 1960 this has become a major problem on beaches and in boating areas. Identification of the species just mentioned, as well as others of this genus, is very difficult since there are innumerable morphological variations, These variations are evidently in response to different factors in the environment Since the shore of Crystal Lake provides abundant anchoring sites for Cladophora, which is an epilithic form, and since it is quite unlikely that the population of the area will diminish, the prognosis is for continued appearance of macroscopic algal forms. The rate at which this occurs will in part depend on the amount of nutrients which the residents of the area contribute to the waters of the lake. The sampling was done by Charles Cubbage, Director of Audio-Tutorial Biology, Eastern Michigan University. He wishes to acknowledge the assistance received of Mr. Dennis Jackson also of Eastern Michigan University (recipient of the G. W. Prescott Collection) in checking some of the identified forms. The information on the genus Cladophora was substantiated by The Algae: A Review by G. W. Prescott. Summary A number of important water quality characteristics of Crystal Lake and its tributaries have been presented. These included: a discussion of Michigan water quality standards and Crystal Lake use designation, a discussion of chemical and bacteriological.. observations including sampling and laboratory considerations, results of weekly tributary sampling including the many drains and ditches, results of a special Cold Creek study, results of shore line evaluation and water quality sampling involving monthly evaluation in front of approximately 300 cottages close to the lake, results of monthly samples collected at a number of stations on the lake at four regular lake transects, results of a special sampling of organized bathing beach areas on July 31, 1969, results of special sampling of the Crystal Beach resort area on June 27 and August 1, 1969, discussion of a special well water testing clinic conducted early in July involving approximately 165 individual wells in the Crystal Lake area, results of a special well water nitrate study of north shore wells, and a presentation of biological observations including a description of aquatic plant growth in Crystal Lake, results of lake bottom and plankton sample analysis, and results of a survey of macroscopic algal growth. 160

References 1. "Use Designation Areas for Michigan's Intrastate Water Quality Standards," Water Resources Commission, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan (March 1969)o 2, "Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards," U. So Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication No, 956, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (1962). 3o Donahue, W. E., "Cyanosis in Infants with Nitrates in Drinking Water as Cause," Pediatrics 3, pp 308-311 (1949) 4. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 12th Ed., American Public Health Association, New York, New York, 1965. 5, Welch, Paul S., Limnological Methods, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, 1948, 6. Murphy, T. and Riley, J. P., "A Modified Single Solution Methol for the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters," Analytical Chimica Acta 27,,, pp 31-36 (1962). -7 Penak, Robert W., Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States, The Ronald Press Company, New York, New York, 1953o 8. Prescott, G. W,, Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area, William C.'Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 1962, 161

IV. SPECIAL STUDIES Introduction Studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual waste water disposal systems on near shore lake water quality involving the use of dye tracers through the disposal facilities of several cooperating cottage owners. In addition, an extensive special study to evaluate the influence of selected nutrient sources on possible future lake biomass production was conducted at a test site in the lake near the Beulah end during the last two weeks in July 1969. As the study progressed, it became apparent that information about the size, number of occupants, period of occupancy, etc., of the cottages around the lake would be useful, and this stimulated the organization of a. household information survey under the general direction of The University of Michigan survey team, but with substantial help in the survey execution from the Crystalaire Girls Camp and the Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly. Limited efforts were directed to evaluate the extent of pesticide used in the Crystal Lake drainage area, and also the existing level of selected pesticides in Crystal Lake itself. Individual Waste Water Systems One phase of the study involved an effort to evaluate the influence of individual waste water disposal systems on near shore lake water quality, since this is the area generally used by the cottage occupant for swimming purposes. In addition to the extensive shore line sampling information reported in Section III of this report, four cottages were selected for dye tracer studies with the hope that it would be possible to add dye to a household drain and eventually observe the dye in the lake after passing through the household waste water system. The cottages selected were 1035 M-22, 3203 North Crystal Drive, 4141 North Crystal Drive, and 6037 North Crystal Drive with the important features schematically presented in Figures IV-1, IV-2, IV-3, and IV-4. Generally, the cottages were selected on the basis of the cooperation of the occupant and because they were typical of the cottages in their respective areas of the lake; selection in no way implies waste water systems significantly different or inferior to other systems in the area. Obviously one of the difficulties in selecting and evaluating an individual system is the fact that it is buried and therefore not visible to the observer, and in many cases, the details of the installation are not known to either the occupant or the owner, It was beyond the scope of this study to physically uncover selected systems, or to investigate more than the four systems reported hereo 162

1035 M-22 (Dahman's cottage) M -22 Dry Well aI House 30'- 40' ~~-~~~__._~~oShore line Septic tank 4ith Dry well is located approximately 30 to 40 feet from lake and approximately 10 to 15 feet above the water level. Figure IV-1 165

3203 Crystal Drive (Flegenheimer) Crystal Drive House Septic Tank Septic Tank System System Sytem 60' 35' Shore line l This house has two disposal systems, system A being the main system for the bathroom and system B being for the washing machine with a toilet also connected. Figure IV-2 164

4141 (Hutchinson),Crystal Drive. Dry Well I - House 30' _ Shore line Well Septic tank with Dry well is approximately 30 feet from the shore line and approximately 8 feet above the water surface. Figure IV-3 165

6037 Crystal Drive (Stevenson) Crystal Drive 6037 House House House m Well _D- 25 -1 5 Probably Dry Well Shore line Newlv Dug What appeared to be a newly constructed Dry Well was located approximately 5 feet from the shoreline of the lake and approximately 3 feet above the water level. Figure IV-4 166

The test procedure involved the addition of a strong charge of Rhodamine WT dye to the household drain by a, University of Michigan survey team member followed by an extensive flushing of the affected fixture. This was repeated daily for a period of three or four days and the occupant was asked to watch for the appearance of color in the lake. In no case was color observed during the test period, and the experiment was discontinued because of the pressure of other survey responsibilities It is possible that the dye was absorbed by the solids in the septic tank or by the soil or that the occupant was not available when the dye appeared in the lakeo Notwithstanding the results of this experiment, it is the feeling of the writer that the physical conditions are such in the selected test areas on the north shore of Crystal Lake that it should be possible to detect a dye tracer in the lake if dye is added to the system over a long enough period of time, and if a sensitive fluorometer is used to continuously monitor the lake watero Experiments of this nature should be continued in any future studies. INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS Since January 1, 1964, the Grand Traverse and Benzie Counties Health Department has had in effect a Sanitary Code of Minimum Standards Regulating Sewage Disposal, Water Supplies and Sanitation of Habitable Buildings, which applies to the Crystal Lake area. Selections from this code are presented as Appendix C for the benefit bf the reader who may not have ready access to the information o The usual method of disposal of waste water for individual dwellings where a publicly operated sewage system is not available is a septic tank and tile field. The septic tank is a watertight tank through which sewage flows very slowly allowing the solids to separate from the liquid and then decompose by bacterial action, while the tile field allows the liquid discharge from the septic tank to percolate into the ground. A typical plan of a sewage disposal system for small. installations as prepared by the Division of Engineering, Michigan Department of Health, and included in a pamphlet on Questions and Answers about Home Sewage Disposal is presented as Figure IV-5. Additional background information on sewage systems is contained in the Manual of Septic Tank practice and on water systems in the Manual of Individual Water Supply Systems. During May 1969, an opportunity presented itself to photograph the septic tank effluent liquid dispersal facility of a cottage under construction on the north shore of Crystal Lake before the unit was covered by earth. Two photographs of the facility are presented as Figure IV-6 where it is seen the unit consists of a concrete box with a series of slits around the sides to allow the liquid fraction to percolate into the surrounding soil, with the septic tank itself shown in the rear of the lower photographo Apparently this unit replaced the tile field suggested in the minimum standards of the Grand Traverse and Benzie Counties Health Department. 167

SEPTIC TANK TILE DISPOSAL FIELD ~ __ B __II _II -II l~II~ II 11 II HANDLES'.~~ —------------------------- lTILE LINES SHOULD NOT EXCEED 100' IN LENGTH OF INSF. I COVER I -4 I 3; r Co E ~^: r-l1 ^ 4" DRAIN TILE LAID WITH OPEN JOINTS l; ^ II -; ^ ~i1i ii ii i~ II ii 1 — 1 ii' nI ii i~ -IiPLAN VIEW OF TIL EI_ U={=U ~ANK ~ SHOWY~~ INGC uTILE FIELD REQUIREMENTS VARY WITH SOIL CONDITIONS. A MINIMUM OF 150 SQUARE FEET TANK SHOWING OF ABSORPTION AREA SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN SANDY OR GRAVELLY SOIL. TILE LINES SLAB TOP SHOULD HAV.EAPPROXIMATELY 1 INCH FALL IN 50 FEET INSIDE DIMENSIONS FOR SEPTIC TANKS ___ SIZE AND SPACING FOR DISPOSAL TRENCHES OF VARYING CAPACITIES*0 _ D E TANK A B C AS WIDTH OF TRENCH DEPTH OF EFFECTIVE ABSORPTION SPACING OF TILE GALLONS WATER DEPTH LENGTH WIDTH AIR SPACE BOTTOM TRENCH AREA PER 100'OF TILE LINES 500 4'-.0" 5 10" 2'-1O" 9.6" 18" 20".36" 150 sq. ft. 6.0' 600 4'-6" 5'-10" 3'. 1 10.8" 24" 20"-36" 200 sq. ft. 6.5 - 750 4'-6" 6'-8" 3'-. 4" 10.8" 30" 20"-36" 250 sq. ft. 7.0' ON 1000 5'.0" 9'. 0 3'- 0 12.0 36 _ 20"-36" 300 sq. ft. _7.5' 0:3 *Many local codes specify tank capacities be sure to check local requirements INSPECTION COVER 4"OUTLET TEE OR ELBOW ___ _77________ __.,",^^._ "____________X__BUILDING PAPER OVER JOINTS ___'AS _JN 1/ A CP AR T JOINT I/(~i//1PR INLET'^ C U'GRAVEL SIZE 10A STONE WITH 100% PASSING A lA INCH SIEVE SEWER PIl 21 ci~~~~l~ l c __,.~^. ~ 2-3/8" REIN. RO'DS' ~K \\ IN EACH SLAB I A -^ SA RT I PLAN OF A SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.uA m M 1, I QO I " FOR SMALL INSTALLATIONS:^~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L~ DIVISION OF ENGINEERING CROSS SECTION OF SEPTIC TANK MICHIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH CROSS SECTION OF TRENCH D13.1-1 5-58 Figure IV-5

SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT LIQUID DISPERSAL FACILITY Figure IV-6 169

Review of the distances between cottage, water system, sewage system, and Crystal Lake for many existing dwellings around the lake will show these distances less than the minimum distances required of new homes by the Grand Traverse and Benzie Counties Health Department. It is recognized that many existing cottages were constructed before the January 1, 1964 sanitary code became effective, nonetheless it should be appreciated that a number of the cottage sanitary facilities are inadequate and pose a potential health hazard to cottage users both in terms of contaminated well water and lake water. This has been particularly reflected during the summer of 1969 in terms of elevated coliform counts and increased algal growths along certain sections of the lake shore line. Crystal Lake Productivity by Michael E. Bender and Robert A, Jordan INTRODUCTION Several methods are available to assess the productive potential of lake waters. All involve the measurement of a substance or activity related to the quantity of plant material in the water. The basic aim of the measurements is to provide an estimate of the quantity of organic matter which is produced from inorganic substances within the lake. This organic material is produced by floating and attached aquatic plants from carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other minor nutrients, using sunlight to power the reaction. The process is called photosynthesis, and the rate at which C02 is converted to organic matter is defined as gross primary productivity. Within limits, the amount of plant material which can be supported in a given lake is dependent upon the nutrient materials in the water. However, this is true only as long as light does not limit the growth of the algae. Moreover, given the same condentration of nutrients in a cubic meter of water, as the depth increases, the amount of light available for plant growth decreases. In nutrient rich waters, the algae themselves will grow abundantly in the upper waters, consequently limiting the penetration of light and shortening the column of water in which photosynthesis may occur. In clear and relatively nutrient poor lakes, photo synthesis will occur to great depths, making it possible for the production of organic matter per unit area of lake surface in these lakes to equal that of nutrient rich lakes. In this study, estimates of carbon fixation or productivity were made using C14 (radioactive carbon) as a tracer for normal C12 uptake. Profiles of production (measurements of carbon assimilation at various depths) were made on July 25th and 29th at two stations, one located 300 yards off Cold Creek, the other off railroad point in the center of the lake. The profiles were conducted to establish the present levels of primary production in the lake for background information and for comparisons with other lakes~ These locations 170

were selected to detect possible differences in production due to the influence of Cold Creek on the chemical composition of the water at the near shore stationo As mentioned earlier, the magnitude of production within a given water column is determined by the available light and the nutrient levels within the column. Down to a, certain depth, before light becomes limiting, the nutrient environment controls the quantity of productiono In order to ascertain which nutrient or nutrients could be responsible for increasing the primary production in the lake, a bioassay of three growth substances was conducted. METHODS Productivity Profile Samples were collected at the two stations with a Van Dorn sampler. The samples were placed in 300-ml BOD bottles, 2 light and 2 dark, for each depth. Following the removal of 1 ml of lake water from each sample, 1 ml of a solution containing O.9gC/ml of C-14 as sodium bicarbonate was added. The samples were then incubated at their respective depths for 8 hours. After incubation, the samples were filtered through 0.45i membrane filters, air dried, glued to planchets, and their beta, activity counted for 10 minutes in a gas flow proportioned counter (Beckman-Sharpe Laboratories Low Beta II). These counts were then converted to carbon uptake following the method of Saunders, et al., 1964. Nutrient Bioasssays Experiments to determine the effect of algal growth stimulating substances in lakes have been conducted using: (1) whole lake fertilization (Ball and Tanner5), (2) addition of nutrients to glass bottles or polyethylene tubes suspended in the lake (Wetzel6 and Goldman7; and (3) batch and con tinuous laboratory bioassays of the lake water of interest (Oswald8 and Pearson, et al., 9) In all of these methods, the goal is to extrapolate from the experimental results to what would occur in the lake if the same conditions were mainta.ined. Hoswever, there is little agreement among workers in the field as to the best method of study. Goldman,7 showed that in Castle Lake, algal production was limited by molydenum, and reently has verified his results by actua dding molybdenum to the lake system and following the response of the algaeo The magnitude of response is, however, the most difficult factor to extrapolate to the whole lake. It must be remembered, therefore, that projections from nutrient addition experiments are only estimates of what could occur in the whole lake. In this study, the response of the present algal population of Crystal Lake to addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, and a. chelating agent was determined by 171

measuring increases in production after addition of these substances to 5gallon jugs of lake water. These substances were added to the lake water in all of their possible combinations according to the following format, in which the low level is the present or ambient level of the substance in the lake water. Crystal Lake Ambient or Addition Level High Level Low Level NO -N 30 ig/l 50 ig/l 80 4g/l po4-P 3.6 g/i 5 ug/l 8.6 4g/l EDTA -00 5 tg/l 500 ig/l Concentration in Treatment in gg/1 Treatment NO -N PO -P EDTA npc 30 3.6 Npc 80 3.6 nPc 30 8.6 npC 30 3.6 500 NpC 80 3.6 500 NPc 80 8.6 nPC 30 8.6 500 NPC 80 8.6 500 Two 5-gallon jugs received each treatment. The jugs were filled in a random order from a 150-gallon reservoir tank which had been filled by pumping lake water from a depth of 1 meter at a station located off railroad point in the center of the lake. During the filling process, the reservoir tank was mixed continually with a large plunger. After the jugs had been filled, the nutrients were added and mixed. The jugs were then stoppered and suspended in the lake at a depth of 1 meter, from a specially constructed incubation rack as shown photographically in Figure IV-7. Samples were removed from each of the jugs on July 24th, 27th, and 30th for productivity measurement. The samples were collected in 125-ml glass stoppered bottles, 2 light and 1 dark for each jug. After collection, a l-ml portion of each sample was removed and 1 ml of a solution containing 0.9[C/ml of C-14 as bicarbonate was added. The samples were then placed in an exposure rack and returned to the lake for an incubation period of 8 hours. At the end of the incubation period, the samples were filtered and their activities determined as described previously. 172

Fig ure V- 7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION EXPERI<TEMA7 APP-ABATUS 4444'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c~: <74<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;

RESULTS Productivity Profiles The profiles of carbon fixation obtained on July 25th and 29th in the lake are tabulated in Table IV-1 and shown in Figure IV-8. On both dates the inshore station exhibited somewhat less productivity than the offshore. The difference on the 29th was very slight while on the 25th it was quite pronounced. A possible explanation is that light penetration was much greater on this date at the offshore station. There is some evidence for this in that the photosynthetic maximum was higher in the inshore station. Estimates of productivity on an area basis were made by extending the present profiles to the vertical axis, which was necessary because the profiles were not conducted to great enough depths. Table IV-2 compares the primary productivity levels determined in various lakes with those found in Crystal Lake. TABLE IV-1 CRYSTAL LAKE PRODUCTIVITY PROFILE (Estimate of Photosynthesis in mgC/m3/day) 7-25-69 7-29-69 Inshore Offshore Inshore Offshore Surface 10.0 14.5 12.3 16.5 1 meter 18.5 20.0 19.5 19.8 2 meters 15.7 23.5 23.5 22.5 3 meters 10.5 19.3 18.5 21.0 4 meters 14.0 193 5 meters 13.0 16.5 20.3 21.0 6 meters 14.0 18.0 19.5 23.0 9 meters ---- ---- ---- 19.0 TABLE IV-2 Lake Production in g.-c/m /year Tahoe 36.65 Lunzer Untersee 30.00 Crystal 73.00 Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan 166.63 Douglas Lake 48.10 174

Photosynthesis in mgC/m3/day 0 5 10 15 20 25 S 2 - / )> 3.J < o3 4 4'w / / Inshore, 5- < ^5 C) \ Doa\ hOffshore 6 ^ 7-25-69 (0 0 5 10 15 20 25 7 I I.9 7\26/9 / 8 - 7-29-69 3 - / Figure IV-8 175

Nutrient Enrichment Studies The nutrient bioassay study was based on a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial statistical design and consisted therefore of eight separate treatment combinations, with two replicate experimental vessels assigned to each treatment. The three variables used in the experiment were nitrate, orthophosphate, and EDTA. Table IV-3 shows the rates of carbon assimilation resulting from the various treatment combinations. The treatments are indicated by upper and lower case letters, lower case indicating that the nutrient was at the ambient lake level, while upper case indicates that the nutrient was added to the experimental vessel at the level indicated in the design. Figure IV-9 graphically depicts the changes in production in each experimental vessel. In the experiment, the greatest increase in production was realized when all three factors were at the high level. The nitrogen-phosphorus combination produced the next most noticeable effect followed by a phosphorus effect. TABLE IV-3 Response in mg.C/m3 Date Treatment Treatment 7-24 7-27 7-30 npc 11.5 8.0 9.5 npC 15.75 7.75 16.00 nPc 13.25 14.75 21.50 Npc 8.00 6.25 14.25 nPC 15.75 10.00 17.50 NpC 13.25 9.25 11.50 NPc 23-25 24.00 27.25 NPC 33-75 31.00 65.00 Figures IV-10, IV-11, and IV-12 show graphically the possible two-way interactions between the various algal growth stimulating substances tested, An interaction between two factors means that the increased or decreased production caused by the addition of two nutrients is not equal to the summation of the production increases or decreases observed when the two factors are added singly. In this case, significantly greater amounts of carbon were fixed when nitrogen was added together with phosphorus than could be accounted for by summing the individual effects. The algae responded to this treatment by producing three times as much organic matter, in the experimental period, as 176

130.0 0O NPC NPc 70 0/, 60 c - X0, nPC 40 npC 0 / 0. 0001.*, NpC 130 EI'C~~~~~~~~) /npc E Npc E- C /20 IC^ G XnPC a. / A ^X*.NpC I 30 /, t I - I 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1969 Figure IV-9 177

7-24-69 40 E o p -E / O^High E 3.c_^^~~~ /^~~ /^o EDTA /E | /o/ P; |,O EDTA High O High 20 H 0) / I 0= E ALOW ED DTA, 2 Low 0 0 Lo o'' I I IL I.I' NLow NHigh NLow NHigh Low High Summed over EDTA Summed over P Summed over N Figure IV-10

7-27-69 >, 40 E u 30E~ | o PHigh E / i' 20 / / ETA EDTA c EDTA Low 0 ____ 0.' PLow a13.. 0 I I I.... NLo NHigh Low Hih Low HHigh Summed over EDTA Summed over P Summed over N Figure IV-11

7-30-69 High >- 40 / 0 / ^ EDTAHigh o EDTA r'/ / / High ^ ~~/ / 30- E / / C / / / rEDTA H ^/ / / / Low 20 / LDTaLow oLo / CL LLow oHigh wLow High Low High o 1 0 0 00~~0 NLow N High NLow NHigh PLow Hg Summed over EDTA Summed over P Summed over N Figure IV-12

did the controls. Figure IV-13 shows a microscopic comparison of plankton density before and after treatment (NPC). In addition, the response of major algal species to nutrient treatments is presented in Table IV-4. In order to estimate how soon the lake could reach the nutrient levels used in this treatment, the calculations shown in Table IV-5 were made, based on the following assumptions: (1) Cold Creek is the major measurable source of nutrients. (2) The lake is effectively acting as a nutrient trap. (3) Once the nutrients are trapped in the lake, they are available for algal growth. It is apparent from this analysis that the algal mass in Crystal Lake will increase three times in a period of 7 to 10 years on the basis of these assumptions. TABLE IV-4 RESPONSE OF MAJOR ALGAL SPECIES TO NUTRIENT TREATMENTS EXPRESSED IN tg/300 ml SAMPLE Species Initial npc NPC Synedra radians 7.86 40.5 262.6 Fragilaria crotonensis 1.77 2.46 17.9 Cyclotella sp (5t diameter) 7.66 4.28 3 51 Anabaena spiroides 39.01 50 Anabaena circinalis.08.01.54 Microcystis aeruginosa 172.0.92 Glenodinium borgei 2.63 1.70 2.79 Cryptomonas ovata 8.82 9.22 13)41 Pediastrum boryanum.14.22 o16 181

(a) Before Treatment (400X) (b) After Treatment (400X) COMPARISON OF PLANKTON DENSITY BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT (NPC) CRYSTAL LAKE JULY 1969 Figure IV-13 182

TABLE IV-5 Flow of Cold Creek = 7 cubic feet second = 16.34 x 10 liters/day Lake Volume = 8.4 x 101 liters Phosphate as P in Cold Creek = 70 tg/l 8 P-input = 11.44 x 10 jlg/day 25 pounds/day P-necessary to raise whole lake to 8.6 pg/l = 9200 pounds Time necessary = 10 years Nitrate as N in Cold Creek = 1000.g/l N-input = 16.34 x 109 jg/day 36 pounds/day N-necessary to raise whole lake to 80 jig/l = 92000 pounds Time necessary = 7 years Household Information Survey As the study progressed, it became apparent that information about the size, number of occupants, period of occupancy, etc., of the cottages around the lake would be useful, and this stimulated the organization of a household information survey under the general direction of The University of Michigan survey team, but with substantial help in the survey execution from the Crystalaire Girls Camp and the Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly. A single page questionnaire was developed as illustrated in Table IV-6 to serve as a basis for uniform question asking and response recording. Questions were kept short and direct so that relatively untrained interviewers could effectively participate in the survey. No major problems of interpretation of questions were brought to the attention of the survey team. 183

TABLE IV-6 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN - SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION SURVEY Crystal Lake Water Quality Investigation ADDRESS: Number and Street Name of Owner or Occupant When do you normally live in this cottage? From to How many adults normally live in this cottage? How many children normally live in this cottage?_ How many bedrooms does this cottage have? Does the cottage have a clothes washing machine? Does the cottage have a dishwashing machine? Does the cottage have a garbage disposal? Is there a lawn? (If yes) how often is it fertilized? Do you use the lake for: Swimming How often? Boating How often? Fishing How often? Do you have any pets? (If yes) what kind? How many? Do you feel that Crystal Lake is polluted? (If yes) what do you think can be done about this pollution? 184

The first group of questions was aimed at obtaining information about occupancy, size, water using appliances, lawn existence and fertilization, etc. The last group related to lake use and frequency, existence of pets and kind, and an expression of whether or not the respondent felt Crystal Lake is polluted, and what might be done about it. A total of 687 individual cottages were visited by either girls from the Crystalaire Camp, members of the Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly, or members of The University of Michigan survey team. Cooperation of the cottage residents was enthusiastic and generally people were eager to supply information or give opinions. Some cottages were not occupied at the time of the first contact on August 11 and 12, 1969, and a second visit was made to these places by members of the survey team the following week. Notwithstanding these two visits, some cottages were not included because occupants were not at home. Addresses were obtained either from the house number on the cottage, asking the occupant, or from a Consumers Power Company map. Generally this approach proved satisfactory. Information on such things as lawn existence, frequency of fertilization, existence of pets including numbers and kinds have been presented in previous tabulations such as Figure III-33. No attempt will be made to present all the information collected, particularly the questions on opinions, because of the difficulty in summarizing this data. Also, it is appreciated the other information is not complete in every respect. The detailed survey sheets are available for further use in the offices of the Water Quality Program, Department of Environmental and Industrial Health. Pesticide Evaluation Limited efforts were directed to evaluate the extent of pesticide use in the Crystal Lake drainage area, and also the existing level of selected pesticides in Crystal Lake itself. A member of the survey team contacted the Benzie Co-operative Company in Beulah in terms of pesticide sales, and he also contacted the major orchard operators in the area in terms of pesticide use. Major interest centered around DDT, Dieldrin, and Aldrin, with very little if any of these compounds currently in use in the Crystal Lake area. Two samples were collected on May 29, 1969, one at lake sampling station 4T5, and the other at the Nichols Road drain on the north shore designated W-8. 185

The samples were immediately transported to Ann Arbor for laboratory analysis using gas chromatography by Professor Rolf Hartung of the Toxicology Section, Department of Environmental and Industrial Health. The results of these analyses are as follows: TABLE IV-7 PESTICIDE EVALUATION (Sample Collected May 29, 1969) Station 4T3 W-8 North Shore Time of collection 8:50 A.M. 8:13 A.M. DDT 2.44 ppt 1.81 ppt Dieldrin 0.35 ppt 1.29 ppt Aldrin ---- 0.82 ppt In terms of DDT, it is apparent that higher levels existed in the lake than in the discharge from the W-8 drain which includes drainage from an orchard area, no doubt reflecting past use practices where DDT was more widely applied. The level of DDT in Crystal Lake on May 29, 1969, is below that of nearby bodies of water. Because of limitations of time, no further effort was directed along these lines. Summary Studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual waste water disposal systems on near shore lake water quality involving the use of dye tracers through the disposal facilities of four cooperating cottage owners. The test procedure involved the addition of a strong charge of Rhodamine WT dye to the household drain by a University of Michigan survey team member followed by an extensive flushing of the affected fixture. This was repeated daily for a period of three or four days and the occupant was asked to watch for the appearance of color in the lake. In no case was color observed during the test period, and the experiment was discontinued because of the pressure of other survey responsibilities Review of distances between cottage, water system, sewage system, and Crystal Lake for many existing dwellings around the lake will hsow these distances less than the minimum distances required of new homes by the Grand 186

Traverse and Benzie Counties Health Department. It is recognized that many existing cottages were constructed before the January 1, 1964, sanitary code became effective; nonetheless, it should be appreciated that a number of the cottage sanitary facilities are inadequate and pose a potential health hazard to cottage users both in terms of contaminated well water and lake water. This has been particularly reflected during the summer of 1969 in terms of elevated coliform counts and increased algal growths along certain sections of the lake shore line. An extensive special study to evaluate the influence of selected nutrient sources on possible future lake biomass production was conducted at a test site in the lake near the Beulah end during the last two weeks in July 1969. Results of the experiment have been presented in this section of the report. In the experiment, the greatest increase in production was realized when all three factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, and a chelating agent) were at the high level. The nitrogen-phosphorus combination produced the next most noticeable effect followed by a phosphorus effect. From an analysis that was made based on several assumptions of nutrient input, etc., it is estimated that the algal mass in Crystal Lake will increase three times in a period of 7 to 10 years. As the study progressed, it became apparent that information about the size, number of occupants, period of occupancy, etc., of the cottages around the lake would be useful, and this stimulated the organization of a household information survey under the general direction of The University of Michigan survey team, but with substantial help in the survey execution from the Crystalaire Girls Camp and the Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly. Discussion of this survey has been presented. Results of limited efforts directed to the evaluation of the extent of pesticide use in the Crystal Lake drainage area, and also the existing level of selected pesticides in Crystal Lake itself have been presented. 187

REFERENCES 1. "Sanitary Code of Minimum Standards Regulating Sewage Disposal, Water Supplies and Sanitation of Habitable Buildings in Grand Traverse and Benzie Counties, Michigan," Grand Traverse-Leelanau-Benzie Counties Health Department, Traverse City, Michigan. 2. Vogt, John E. and Boyd, James S., "Questions and Answers About Home Sewage Disposal," Joint Publication Extension Bulletin 577, Farm Science Series, MDH Engineering Bulletin No. 2, Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan Department of Health, Revised, May 1967. 3. "Manual of Septic Tank Practice," Public Health Service Publication No. 526, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1957. 4. "Manual of Individual Water Supply Systems," Public Health Service Publication No. 24, U. S. Government Printing Office, Revised, 1962. 5. Ball, R. C. and Tanner, H., "The Biological Effects of Fertilizer on a Warm Water Lake," Michigan State University Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin 223, pp. 1-32 (1951). 6. Wetzel, Ro C., "Productivity and Nutrient Relationships in Marl Lakes of Northern Indiana," Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 16, pp. 321-332, (1966), 7. Goldman, C. R., "A Method of Studying Nutrient Limiting Factors In Situ in Water Columns Isolated by Polyethylene Film, " Limnol. and Ocean. 7, pp. 99-101 (1962). 8. Oswald, W. V., "Metropolitan Wastes and Algal Nutrition," Algae and Metropolitan Wastes. Transactions of the 1960 Seminar U.S.P.H.S., Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 88-95 (1960). 9. Pearson, E, A,, Middlebrooks, E. J., Tunzi, M., Adinarayana, A., McGauhey, P. H., and Rohlich, G. A., "Kinetic Assessment of Algal Growth," Presented at American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana, 37 pages (March 1969). 188

V. HISTORICAL INFORMATION A search was made for historical information on the physical, chemical, bacteriological, or biological characteristics of Crystal Lake; and as a result of this effort, data was located and obtained from a number of sources. Bacteriological information in terms of total coliform concentration at bathing areas on Crystal Lake and also at locations in and around Cold Creek was obtained from the files of the Grand Traverse-Leelanau-Benzie Counties Health Department in Traverse City, through the courtesy of Ralph Wolf and Irv Menzel. This data is presented in Table V-l covering the period from the summer of 1965 through the summer of 1969. It is apparent that in several instances the reported levels in Crystal Lake exceeded that of 1000 set by the Michigan Water Resources Commission as the average upper limit for total body contact water use. Also, it is apparent that significant contributions of coliform organisms are made to Crystal Lake by the discharge from Cold Creek, Information on a sanitary and biological reconnaissance survey of Crystal Lake made by the Michigan Water Resources Commission on September 14, 1967, is presented in detail in Appendix D. They found that even though the lake was thermally stratified no indication of decomposition was found in the uncirculating lower stratum (hypolimnion). The dissolved oxygen content in the hypolimnion of Crystal Lake (10.0 mg/l) was higher than it was in the upper circulating water strata (epilimnion) at the end of the summer stagnation period. This agrees with the observations of the present survey. Generally, the Michigan Water Resources Commission Survey indicated there have been no major changes in the trophic nature of Crystal Lake in recent years. Results of analyses of samples of Crystal Lake collected by the Michigan Water Resources Commission on July 24, 1968, are presented in detail in Appendix E. Three sampling stations were occupied, one at the east end of the lake, one at the center of the lake, and one at the west end of the lake. Generally, results agree with the 1969 survey and include a number of additional chemical analyses not run in 1969. Excerpts from "Fisheries Survey of Crystal Lake" conducted in 1940 by C.V.D. Brown and John Funk of the Institute of Fisheries Research, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, are presented in Appendix F. Information on temperature and dissolved oxygen distribution agree remarkably well with the 1969 survey data, especially in August in the deep section of the lake. Additional information is presented on aquatic plants and bottom samples collected at a number of locations around the lake. 189

TABLE V-1 TRI-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT COLIFORM DATA Coliform Index 7/9/69 Swimming Area at Beulah 6,600 7/9/69 7th St. Public Swimming Area 400 7/9/69 Swimming Area at Crystalaire 26,000 3/12/69 Cold Creek - Timber Products 1,000 Cold Creek - Below Narrow Gauge Rd. 15,000 Cold Creek - Back of Cases Restaurant 2,000 Cold Creek - Back of Mrs. Styles 5,000 Cold Creek at Crystal Lake 13,000 Cold Creek at Settling Basin 11,000 7/9/68 Swimming Area <100 Swimming Area at Camp Crystalaire 600 8/4/66 Mouth of Cold Creek 21,000 8/4/66 South of Beach Rd. - Cold Creek 24,000 7/11/66 Camp Crystalaire for Girls <30 7/20/66 Christian Assembly Swimming Area <30 8/4/66 Chimney Corners Swimming Area <30 8/12/66 Chimney Corners <30 8/4/66 Swimming Area - Beulah <30 8/4/66 Frankfort South Side Swimming Area <30 8/10/66 Cold Creek - 300 ft. up the Creek 3,900 8/4/66 Public Beach North Side Swimming Area, Beulah 230 8/10/66 Congregational Assembly Swimming Area 36 8/10/66 Mouth of Cold Creek 4,300 8/10/66 Beulah Swimming Area <30 8/10/66 North Shore Swimming Area, Beulah 91 8/20/66 Pilgrim Sta. - C.A. Beach 230 8/4/65 Mouth of Cold Creek 24,000 8/4/65 East Side of Trailer Park-End of Dock, Beulah 430 8/4/65 Cold Creek South of Beach Road, Beulah 24,000 East of Creek - End of Dock 150 7/26/65 Congregational Assembly Beach at 3' deep in Lake 91 8/4/65 West Side of Cold Creek - End of Dock 930 8/11/65 Cold Creek South of Beach Rd., Beulah 24,000 8/11/65 West Side of Cold Creek - End of Dock 390 8/11/65 East Side of Trailer Park - End of Dock - Swimming Area 91 8/11/65 East of Creek - End of Dock 4,300 8/11/65 Mouth of Cold Creek 46,000 190

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summaries and conclusions are presented by report section for the convenience of the reader. Also, future study areas are suggested, SECTION I - INTRODUCTION A number of specific study aims were agreed upon with the Keep Crystal Clear Committee as follows: 1. To identify and measure major sources of pollution. 2, To define the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the waters of Crystal Lake under summertime conditions of maximum use, 3. To evaluate the influence of selected individual waste water disposal systems on ground water quality in the vicinity of the system, and on near shore lake water quality. 4. To evaluate the influence of selected nutrient sources on possible future lake biomass production, The major field effort was conducted during the months of May, June, July, and August 1969, involving the establishment of a temporary Crystal Lake Field Station allowing the completion of many determinations on the site, but supported by the extensive chemical, biological, and bacteriological facilities of the School of Public Health in Ann Arbor. The excellent cooperation of a number of citizens involving donation of cottage and boat use, together with the availability of the chemistry laboratory of the Benzie Central High School greatly facilitated this phase of the study. SECTION II - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS A number of important physical characteristics of Crystal Lake and the surrounding area were defined as part of the present survey. Crystal Lake is long and narrow with a maximum length of 8.2 miles, and a maximum width of 2,3 miles. The total drainage area at the outlet of the lake into the Betsie River as defined by the U. S. Geological Survey is approximately 32 square miles, while the Cold Creek drainage area is approximately 10.35 square miles, and the surface area of Crystal Lake is approximately 15018 square miles, Thus, the tributary drainage area is quite small and the lake surface itself makes up about 50% of the total outlet drainage area, 191

I. D, Scott, in his book "Inland Lakes of Michigan," described the geology of Crystal Lake, and further detailed geological information is presented by James C. Culver in his thesis, "The Glacial and Post-Glacial History of the Platte and Crystal Lake Depressions, Benzie County, Michigan." Excerpts from both references have been presented. As a first step in the field effort in May 1969, members of the survey team walked the complete shore line of the lake looking for either existing surface discharges into the lake or for pipes that might discharge intermittently during periods of maximum use. Each surface discharge was carefully evaluated as to the best method of determining its pollution contribution, including measurement of the flow characteristics. Discharge measurements were made at 18 of 20 sampling stations, involving the construction of weir measuring devices at a number of these stations, and the establishment of gaging stations on Cold Creek and the outlet channel. For purposes of documentation, the individual flow measurements at each station have been presented including a photograph of most of the measuring stations. A field reconnaissance was made by members of the survey team up each stream that has a shore sampling station or discharge measurement point located on it to gain some idea of the development or lack of development that might exist, Selections from the field observations made during these trips have been presented, One concern has been the question of dispersion of waste sources after discharge into Crystal Lake, In order to evaluate the problem, limited dye dispersion studies were conducted at the very beginning of the field phase in May 1969. Generally, Rhodamine WT dye was added to selected streams on the north shore and Cold Creek, and then monitored in the lake by boat, using a Turner Fluorometer, Dye added to two streams on the north shore on May 13, 1969, moved east toward Beulah staying close to the shore, while dye added to Cold Creek in Beulah on May 13, 1969, and May 17, 1969, moved south in front of the Beulah Bathing Beach before passing out into the lake and then toward the outlet, It must be appreciated that the discharge of any of the streams entering Crystal Lake is much too small to cause a direct current in the lake from the stream discharge itself, rather, the predominating influence on the lake circulation is the prevailing wind direction and intensity, Thus, while the pattern during May was a clockwise one, it is recognized that under certain wind conditions the pattern may reverse itself and follow a counterclockwise direction, The Village of Beulah has separate sanitary and storm sewer systems. Sanitary sewage is collected in several lines which lead to a pumping station on Crystal Avenue, and then is pumped out of the Crystal Lake drainage basin to a treatment facility which discharges to the Betsie River, Thus, only the storm water from the village drains either to Cold Creek or directly to Crystal Lake, The location of existing storm sewer inlets and lines as related to the survey team by Walter Lentz, Superintendent of the Village of Beulah, have been indicated, 192

After careful consideration, four lake transects were established for the purpose of having regular lake sampling stations and as reference positions for other lake studies. The location of these transects has been described, One of the important physical considerations in a lake survey is the accurate definition of the lake bottom profile. Fortunately, in the case of Crystal Lake, a map showing the lake bottom contours is available as prepared by the Institute for Fisheries Research, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Members of the survey team verified the accuracy of this map at the sampling transects, During the period July 21-27, 1969, Mr. Victor Graf, a researcher and diver from The University of Michigan, had the opportunity to dive in several locations in Crystal Lake. His observations have been presented. Light penetration readings in the lake using a Secchi disk have been observed as high as 22 to 26 feet in July. The level of Crystal Lake is maintained by a dam at the outlet, with the legal lake level established at 600.48 feet above mean sea level, by resolution of the Board of Supervisors in October 1909. Attempts were made to calculate water budgets for the 1969 summer period by members of the survey team, but certain of the important elements were not adequately defined to allow meaningful calculations. As a result of the survey work during the summer of 1969, the need for regular and reliable reports of Crystal Lake level became apparent. Logically this should be the responsibility of a governmental agency such as the U. So Geological Survey or the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. If this is not possible, then a county office such as the Drain Commissioner should be assigned the responsibility. Because of considerable citizen interest in the level of Crystal Lake, some mechanism should be developed for the regular and public reporting of this information as it is collected, particularly during the summer period. A cooperative station for the collection of climatological data is maintained in the Frankfort, Michigan, area under the sponsorship of the Environmental Science Services Administration, U, S. Department of Commerce. Analysis of the long term precipitation information for this station showed that 1969 was one of the highest precipitation years on record, Ninety-two percent of the years were less than 1969, and only four years of the period 1901-1969 were wetter than 1969. In addition, the months of May and June were especially wet, SECTION III - WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS A number of important water quality characteristics of Crystal Lake and its tributaries were defined as part of the present survey, It is the understanding of the writer that the waters of Crystal Lake 193

have been designated by the Michigan Water Resources Commission for RecreationTotal Body Contact, Of the 11 water quality parameters used by the Water Resources Commission, the two having greatest relevance in Crystal Lake for total body contact include coliform group of bacteria and nutrients, In relation to the coliform group "The geometric average of any series of 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed 1000 nor shall 20% of the samples examined exceed 5000. The fecal coliform geometric average for the same 10 consecutive samples shall not exceed 100." In-relation to nutrients (phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate, and sugars), the requirements say "nutrients originating from industrial, municipal, or domestic animal sources shall be limited to the extent necessary to prevent the stimulation of growths of algae, weeds, and slimes which are or may become injurious to the designated use, Also, it is understood that Crystal Lake in addition has been designated for fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life-intolerant fish, cold water species (trout, whitefish, cisco) which has the following significant requirement: "In lakes capable of sustaining high oxygen values throughout the hypolimnion during periods of stagnation: maintain dissolved oxygen values greater than 6 mg/l throughout the entire lake." Wherever possible, accepted sampling and analytical procedures as outlined in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Waste Water or Limnological Methods were employed, but in some instances modifications or improved procedures were necessary, With the exception of the lake phosphate and pesticide analyses, all other tests were performed at the temporary field laboratory in the Benzie Central High School including bacteriological tests, The analyses included temperature in ~C, pH, dissolved oxygen in mg/l, ammonia in mg/l, nitrite in mg/l, nitrate in mg/l, ortho phosphate in mg/l, total phosphate in mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand in mg/l, total coliform in coliform organisms/ 100 ml, and fecal coliform in fecal coliform organisms/100 ml. To evaluate the contributions from the many drains and ditches, a weekly chemical and bacteriological sampling program was started on June 11, 1969, and extended to August 20, 1969, Results of this extensive sampling program have been presented in the body of the report and will serve as a basis for planning any lake water quality management program. On occasion, high coliform levels were observed at the P-2 drain, the Crystal Avenue drain, W-1 drain, and Cold Creek, In addition, observations and comments on each drain have been presented, Special consideration was given to Cold Creek draining an area of approximately 10.35 square miles east of Beulah, and discharging into Crystal Lake at Beulaho Results of special sampling runs along Cold Creek on June 28, July 16, July 31, and August 4 have been presented. It is apparent that significant contributions of nutrients and coliform organisms are made by Cold Creek discharges to Crystal Lake Also, it is apparent that phosphates are being contributed by several business establishments and houses along the north branch, To evaluate the influence of shore line development on near shore lake 194

water quality, the lake shore line was sampled and evaluated in front of 288 cottages close to the lake three separate times during the summer period, once in June, once in July, and once in August. The factors which were considered included: discharge pipes, total and fecal coliform concentrations, algae growth, lawn presence, and the number and kinds of pets, Results of this extensive evaluation have been presented in the report. It is apparent from the review of this information that the highest coliform levels and algal concentrations existed in the waters adjacent to the north shore toward the east end of the lake. Lake water samples were collected at the four lake transects at various depths and stations a number of times during the summer high-use period, starting on June 26, 1969, and ending on August 19, 1969. Detailed results of the several lake runs have been presented in the report. Station 3T3 represents the deeper section of Crystal Lake and it is apparent that thermal stratification has taken place by August 19, where the surface water temperature is 24.1~C and the deeper water temperature is 8,8~C, with the most rapid temperature change with depth occurring around 50 to 60 feet below the surface. Notwithstanding this thermal stratification, the dissolved oxygen levels in the lower part of the lake did not drop below 7.2 mg/l lending further support to the classification of Crystal Lake as an oligotrophic rather than a eutrophic lake. A special water quality sampling effort was directed to the organized bathing beach areas of Crystal Lake on July 31, 1969. While elevated coliform levels were observed at some locations, none were above the upper allowable coliform level for total body contact. Interest existed as to the water quality along the stream passing through the Crystal Beach Resort area on the south shore of Crystal Lake, and designated as W-l in the routine weekly sampling of all the tributary streams, Seven sampling stations were occupied first on June 27, 1969, and then on August 1, 1969. It is apparent from the coliform data, that high coliform levels were observed on August 1 at stations 1 and 2 near the mouth of the drain, A special effort was made during the week of July 13 to conduct a voluntary well water testing clinic by members of the survey team. Residents of the area were given the opportunity to pick up sterile containers on July 14 at stations at both the east and west end of the lake, collect their own well water sample on the morning of July 15 and return these samples to the same collection stations for immediate processing at the field station laboratory, The laboratory tests included total and fecal coliform evaluation and determination of the nitrate level. The response was enthusiastic with 165 separate well water samples tested in a two-day period. Of these samples, approximately 10% showed positive total coliform results during this first analysis. Members of the survey team personally visited each home having a positive result and collected a second sample, rather than relying on the homeowner to do the sam195

pling. As a result of this followup and resampling, all of the samples previously positive showed negative, suggesting that contamination may have been introduced during the initial sample collection by the individual homeowner. In addition to the examination of the well water for the presence of coliform bacteria, the same samples were tested for nitrogen in the form of nitrate compounds. Of 165 well water samples tested, 43 were positive. Twenty-two of the positive samples had concentrations greater than 2 mg/l and six samples had concentrations greater than 4 mg/lo One sample exceeded the U. S. Public Health Service drinking water standard of 10 mg/l. Nitrates were found in water samples taken from all sides of Crystal Lake, but a significantly higher percentage of the north shore samples had nitrate concentrations greater than 2 mg/1. All samples found with nitrate concentrations exceeding 4 mg/l were taken from wells on the north shore of Crystal Lake, Following the major well water survey of the week of July 13, one member of the survey team did additional evaluation of the nitrate content of well water. The north shore of Crystal Lake was selected for this followup since it did show a much higher percentage of significant nitrate content in well waters than did the other areas. Generally, sampling was started at those addresses which had high (>1 mg/l) NO3 content indicated during the main well water survey, with sampling then proceeding in both directions from the starting point until the nitrate content decreased below 1 mg/lo Detailed results of this effort have been presented in the report, A high concentration of 14,5 mg/l was observed in one sample. A series of biological observations were made as a complement to the numerous physical, chemical, and bacteriological observations presented elsewhere in the report, Generally, these observations consisted of a description of the aquatic plant growth observed along the shore line and in the outlet channel and Cold Creek, results of two separate bottom sampling efforts, one on August 15, 1969, and the other on September 1, 1969, results of a single plankton sampling effort on August 16, 1969, and results of the collection and identification of macroscopic algae at 11 near shore sites on August 27, 19690 SECTION IV - SPECIAL STUDIES Studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual waste water disposal systems on near shore lake water quality involving the use of dye tracers through the disposal facilities of four cooperating cottage owners, The test procedure involved the addition of a strong charge of Rhodamine WT dye to the household drain by a University of Michigan survey team member followed by an extensive flushing of the affected fixture, This was repeated daily for a period of three or four days and the occupant was asked to watch for the appearance of color in the lakeo In no case was color observed during the test period, and the experiment was discontinued because of the pressure of other survey responsibilities' Notwithstanding the results of this experiment, it is 196

the feeling of the writer that the physical conditions are such in the selected test areas on the north shore of Crystal Lake that it should be possible to detect a dye tracer in the lake if dye is added to the system over a long enough period of time, and if a sensitive fluorometer is used to continuously monitor the lake water. Experiments of this nature should be continued in any future studies. Review of distances between cottage, water system, sewage system, and Crystal Lake for many existing dwellings around the lake will show these distances less than the minimum distances required of new homes by the Grand Traverse and Benzie Counties Health Departments. It is recognized that many cottages were constructed before the January 1, 1964, sanitary code became effective; nonetheless, it should be appreciated that a number of the cottage sanitary facilities are inadequate and pose a potential health hazard to cottage users both in terms of contaminated well water and lake water, This has been particularly reflected during the summer of 1969 in terms of elevated coliform counts and increased algal growths along certain sections of the lake shore line, An extensive special study to evaluate the influence of selected nutrient sources on possible future lake biomass production was conducted at a test site in the lake near the Beulah end during the last two weeks in July 1969, In the experiment the greatest increase in production was realized when all these factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, and a chelating agent) were at the high level. The nitrogen-phosphorus combination produced the next most noticeable effect followed by a phosphorus effect, From an analysis that was made based on several assumptions of nutrient input, etc., it is estimated that the algal mass in Crystal Lake will increase three times in a period of 7 to 10 years, As the study progressed, it became apparent that information about the size, number of occupants, period of occupancy, etco, of the cottages around the lake would be useful, and this stimulated the organization of a household information survey under the general direction of The University of Michigan survey team, but with substantial help in the survey execution from the Crystalaire Girls Camp and the Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly. Discussion of this survey has been presented. Results of limited efforts directed to the evaluation of the extent of pesticide use in the Crystal Lake drainage area, and also the existing level of selected pesticides in Crystal Lake itself have been presented. SECTION V - HISTORICAL INFORMATION A search was made for historical information on the physical, chemical, bacteriological, or biological characteristics of Crystal Lake, and as a result of this effort, data was located and obtained from the Grand TraverseLeelanau-Benzie Counties Health Department, the Michigan Water Resources Com197

mission, and the Institute for Fisheries Research, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. This information is included in the interests of a more complete evaluation of the problem. FUTURE STUDIES As a result of the 1969 survey and data analysis, the following future studies are indicated: 1. Additional dye tracer studies through selected cottage wastewater systems over a longer period of time than was possible in 1969. 2. Monitoring of chemical and bacteriological discharges from the several drains and ditches during July and August, including Cold Creek and the outlet channel. 3. Monitoring of coliform levels and algal growth along the shorelines during the month of August. 4. Evaluation of thermal stratification and dissolved oxygen levels at the four lake transects during July and August. 5. Repeat of the biological production experiment during late July or early August. 198

VI Io ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support was provided by the Keep Crystal Clear Committee to The University of Michigan to support the field and laboratory activities of the participants during the spring, summer, and fall of 1969, and also for the preparation and duplication of the final report. Three of the full time student participants were supported under a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Training Grant, and one student under a United States Public Health Service Training Grant, both to The University of Michigano Special thanks are due to the School Board for the use of the facilities of the Benzie Central High School and to Barry Burdo for his assistance, first as the Principal of the High School, and then later in the summer as the Superintendent of Schools. Members of the Keep Crystal Clear Committee were helpful in many ways especially Norm Curtis, Harold Bruning, George Pattison, and William Soule. Mrs. Bene Fusilier, wife of Wallace Fusiler, one of the student participants, was helpful particularly in data organization and processing. Mr. Charles Cubbage and Dennis Jackson of Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, assisted in the survey of macroscopic algal growth. William He Dahman donated the use of his cottage at 1483 S. Shore Drive for the survey team from May 12 through June 30 at no cost to the project. Boats were made available to the survey team by the following individuals at no cost to the project: John Burroughs, Norm Curtis, John Hilton, Fred Ison, F. Mo Morenci, and Emerson Pugh. Assistance was rendered by the following individuals or groups: Bud Ballard, Beulah Benzie TV Repair Shop, Buelah BReulah Boat Shop, Beulah Brewer Engineering Coo, Owosso, Michigan Consumers Power Company, Manistee, Michigan Walter Lenz, Village of Beulah Paula and Gus Leinbach and Crystalaire Camp for Girls Warfside Restaurant, Frankfort, Fnk, Michigan Francis Wilson, Beulah Woman's Association of the Congregational Summer Assembly 199

Finally, thanks are due to all the residents of the Crystal Lake area for their excellent cooperation and support.. 200

APPENDIX A 201

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Division Benzie County Crystal Lake at Beulah, Michigan Location: Lat 44~ 38' 11", long 86~ 8' 50", in many sections, Tps.26 and 27 N., Rs. 15 and 16 W., 2.7 miles west of Beulah. Surface Area: 9,710 acres. Maximum Depth: 162 ft. Drainage Area at Outlet: 32 sq.mi., approximately. Records Available: June 1942 to September 1950. Prior to 1946, records obtained only during summer and fall months. Gage: Staff gage read daily. Datum of gage is 595.18 ft. above mean sea level (levels by Michigan Department of Natural Resources). Established legal level: 600.48 ft. above mean sea level, by resolution of Board of Supervisors in October, 1909. Extremes: 1942-50: Maximum stage observed, 6.12 ft. June 24-28, July 1-4, 1949; minimum observed, 4.12 ft., Dec. 20-31, 1949. Regulation or control: Lake level is maintained by dam at outlet. Remarks: Cold Creek enters Crystal Lake at Beulah at the southeastern end of the lake. Crystal Lake ou'tlet flows southward into Betsie River about 2-1/2 miles west of Beulah. An engineering lake-level control study was completed in 1946 by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. No discharge measurements are available on the inlet. The following discharge measurements have been made at the outlet of the lake. DATE DISCHARGE WATER DISCHARGE WATER (cfs) TEMP. F (cfs) TEMP.~F Oct 7, 1942 4.36 Oct 9, 1947 5.81 May 10, 1944 36.8 Jan 15, 1948.50 Sep 19, 1944 6.05 Apr 2, 1948 18.9 Nov 21, 1944 7.10 Aug 12, 1948 11.2 70 Aug 9, 1945 23.3 Oct 8, 1948 2.44 Nov 5, 1945 23.3 Jan 4, 1949 1.45 Jan 31, 1946 30.3 Apr 14, 1949 15.3 Apr 23, 1946 31.7 Aug 11, 1949 15.4 Jul 10, 1946 27.0 70 Oct 17, 1949.06 59 Sep 27, 1946 4.91 Dec 22, 1949 0 Jan 23, 1947 0 Mar 29, 1950 15.0 May 16, 1947 35.6 49 Jul 25, 1950 19.6 71 Jul 28, 1947 28.0 75 Oct 2, 1950 7.20 202

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Division Betsie River near Karlin Sec.5, T.25 N., R.12 W., at highway bridge, 1 mi. NW of Karlin, Michigan DISCHARGE WATER DISCHARGE WATER DATE DATE DATE (cfs) TEMP. F (cfs) TEMP.o Nov 21, 1944 43.4 Jan 7, 1957 55.8 34 Oct 17, 1945 84.8 Apr 30, 1957 63.6 47 Jan 30, 1946 109 Jul 25, 1957 40.3 75 Apr 23, 1946 83.4 Oct 15, 1957 27.9 55 Jul 10, 1946 45.6 75 Jan 29, 1958 62.3 34 Oct 28, 1946 33.7 55 Apr 4, 1958 55.4 38 Dec 30, 1946 43.4 32 Jul 29, 1958 29.2 73 ay 16, 1947 133 46 Oct 23, 1958 39.4 55 Jul 28, 1947 44.3 72 Jan 20, 1959 51.6 33 Oct 7, 1947 44.8 60 Apr 15, 1959 102 42 Jan 15, 1948 47.7 Jul 8, 1959 32.9 72 ay 17, 1948 76.8 48 Oct 27, 1959 50.9 49 Aug 12, 1948 30.4 70 Jan 25, 1960 75.2 33 Oct 8, 1948 25.5 59 Jan 30, 1961 64.8 33 Jan 4, 1949 50.8 34 Apr 18, 1961 89.2 39 Apr 14, 1949 75:0 Jul 14, 1961 34.4 72 Aug 11, 1949 25.0 Oct 11, 1961 80.1 61 Oct 17, 1949 24.9 58 Apr 17, 1962 97.7 38 Dec 22, 1949 46.5 35 Jul 12, 1962 31.2 75 ar 29, 1950 67.3 Oct 10, 1962 42.2 58 Jul 25, 1950 38.4 71 Jan 10, 1963 53.4 33 Oct 18, 1950 39.1 Apr 16, 1963 101 39 Jan 31, 1951 54.5 Jul 10, 1963 27.8 69 Apr 23, 1951 128 39 Oct 9, 1963 24.3 58 Jul 26, 1951 47.4 74 Jan 21, 1964 53.8 34 Oct 8, 1951 46.3 56 Apr 14, 1964 83.7 38 Jan 21, 1952 95.0 33 Jul 14, 1964 29.7 71 Apr 23, 1952 149 42 Oct 8, 1964 34.6 52 Jul 29, 1952 66.2 70 Jan 14, 1965 62.9 32 Oct 14, 1952 23.4 47 Apr 8, 1965 62.5 37 Jan 9, 1953 60.5 33 Jul 9, 1965 27.6 68 Apr 23, 1953 84.2 43 Oct 11, 1965 79.2 54 Jul 27, 1953 50.4 78 Jan 5, 1966 85.8 36 Oct 20, 1953 31.1 58 Apr 6, 1966 105 37 Jan 28, 1954 51.0 34 Jul 14, 1966 25.1 77 Apr 19, 1954 80.0 41.5 Oct 20, 1966 39.0 53 Jul 14, 1954 110 73 Jan 12, 1967 94.3 34 Oct 5, 1954 60.0 60.5 Apr 5, 1967 105 38 Jan 20, 1955 57.5 34 Jul 18, 1967 57.1 69 Apr 6, 1955 78.0 37 Oct 3, 1967 37.5 60 Jul 26, 1955 29.8 76 Jan 3, 1968 71.0 34 Oct 20, 1955 23.1 51 Apr 12, 1968 85.4 45 Jan 13, 1956 47.1 34 Jul 22, 1968 43.4 73 Apr 12, 1956 80.9 37 Oct 8, 1968 48.2 58 Jul 30, 1956 48.1 67 Jan 21, 1969 81.7 32.5 Oct 2, 1956 39.6 58 Apr 14, 1969 86.6 39 205

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Division Betsie River near Benzonia NW 1/4 sec.19, T.25 N., R.14 W., D 50 ft. upstream from bridge on 158 State Highway 115, and 4-3/4 mi. sq.mi. SE of Benzonia, Michigan. DISCHARGE WATER DISCHARGE WATER DATE (cfs) TEMP. F (cfs) TEMP. ct 15, 1957 101 46 Apr 10, 1964 301 42 ct 28, 1959 209 42 Jul 7, 1964 115 65 an 13, 1960 265 36 Oct 7, 1964 146 42 pr 16, 1960 348 50 Jan 13, 1965 166 32 ct 12, 1960 135 44 Apr 7, 1965 264 41 an 13, 1961 199 36 Jul 8, 1965 120 66 pr 12, 1961 231 45 Oct 6, 1965 228 47 ul 14, 1961 128 63 Jan 5, 1966 227 34 ct 11, 1961 207 59 Apr 6, 1966 311 40 an 22, 1962 214 32 Jul 8, 1966 106 63 pr 12, 1962 312 41 Oct 5, 1966 119 49 ul 11, 1962 129 68 Jan 12, 1967 216 32 ct 11, 1962 135 52 Apr 4, 1967 455 41 an 10, 1963 169 34 Jul 18, 1967 187 62 pr 12, 1963 273 42 Oct 5, 1967 138 57 ul 10, 1963 113 52 Jan 16, 1967 151 32 ct 9, 1963 109 49 Apr 8, 1968 249 45 an 8, 1964 157 35 Jul 8, 1968 162 63 Oct 1, 1968 159 50 Jan 21, 1969 230 33.....____.____. ______.____ Apr 14, 1969 270 50 204

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Division LOW-FLOW INVESTIGATIONS Betsie River basin near Thompsonville, Mich. An investigation in the Betsie River basin was made on Oct. 15, 1957, for the purpose of determining the base-flow yields of various parts of the basin. The Michigan Department of Conservation, which sponsored the investigation, intends to use the data collected in planning watershed and channel improvement work in the basin, one of the main objectives being the improvement of habitat for trout. Results of base-flow investigations such as this are used to determine which portions of the basin are adapted to successful improvement work and to appraise the results of such work later on. Weather records at Thompsonville, which is located within the basin, show that there was no significant precipitation for two weeks preceding Oct. 15; the measurements therefore represent base flow. The measurements on each stream are listed in order proceeding downstream and each tributary is inserted in the order in which it enters the main stream. Drainage areas shown were determined from U. S. Geological Survey topographic maps (contour interval, 20 ft.), dated 1956. Discharge measurements of Betsie River and tributaries near Thompsonville, Mich.10/15/57 Stream Location Drainage Cfs Water Stream Location;. I Area Discharge per Temp. I (sq mi) (cfs) sq.mi. ~F llis Lake Outlet..... NV 1/4 sec.15, T.26 N.,R.12 1 1.79 1.04 0.581 52 W.,75 ft downstream from U.S.I Hwy 31, 1/2 mi.downstream from Ellis Lake.l mi NW of Interlochen & 2-1/2 mi.W of Grawn. Cedar-Hedge Lake Outlet SE 1/4 sec.8,T.26 N.,R.12 W. 4.02 2.85.709 51 30 ft upstream from U.S.Hwy 31, 1/3 mi.downstream from Cedar-Hedge Lake, & 1 mi.NW of Interlochen. etsie River.......... NW 1/4 sec.5,T.25 N.,R.12 W. 59.6 27.9.468 55 600 ft downstream from Green Lake, 1-3/4 mi.NW of Karlin, 4-1/4 mi.SW of Interlochen. Do............... SW 1/4 sec.2,T.25 N.,R.13 W. 80.9 45.0.556 51 250 ft.downstream from Mich. Conservation Dept.dam,3/4 mi. downstream from Grass Lake Creek, & 4-1/2 mi.NW of Karlin. Do............... SW 1/4 sec.lO,T.25 N.,R.13 W. 83.0 43.0.518 51 100 ft. upstream from Worlds Bridge, 3/4 mi.east of Wallin & 5 mi.NE of Thompsonville. 205

Drainage Cfs Water Stream Location Area Discharge per Temp. (sq mi) (cfs) sq.mi ~F Do............... On Line between secs.16 & 17 86.9 44.1.507 51 T.25 N., R.13 W., 1/2 mi.SW of Wallin & 4 mi.NE of Thompsonville. Do............... NW 1/4 sec.20, T.25 N.,R.13 W. 89.6 47.4.529 50 1-3/4 mi.SW of Wallin, 2-1/2 mi.upstream from Little Betsi River, & 3 mi.NE of Thompsonville. Do............... SW 1/4 sec.19,T.25 N.,R.13 W. 95.4 47.4.497 50 on County Road 669, 1-1/4 mi. upstream from Little Betsie River & 1-3/4 mi.N of Thompsonville. ittle Betsie River... SW 1/4 sec.27,T.25 N.,R.13 W. 4.90 6.86 1.40 49 1 mi.N of Nessen City & 3-1/2 mi.NE of Thompsonville. Do................ SW 1/4 sec.29,T.25 N.,R.13 W. 5.94 8.39 1.41 50 2 miNE of Thompsonville,2 mi. NW of Nessen City, & 2-1/2 mi. upstream from Betsie River Do................ SW 1/4 sec.30, T.25 N.,R.13 W. 9.30 9.21.990 50 on County Road 669, 1/2 mi. ups.tream from mouth & 1 mi. north of Thompsonville. Betsie River SW 1/4 sec.25,T.25 N.,R.14 W. 106 65.9.622 48 200 ft downstream from Thompsonville Dam. Do................ SE 1/4 sec.35,T.25 N.,R.14 W. 110 67.9.617 48 10 ft downstream from Red Bridge & 3/4 mi.W of Thompsonville. nnamed tributary..... SW 1/4 sec.36,T.25 N.,R.14 W. 1.83 0 0 500 ft upstream from Betsie River & 3/4 mi. SW of Thompsonville etsie River.......... SW 1/4 sec.2, T.24 N.,R.14 W. 115 80.9.703 48 2 mi. SW of Thompsonville & 3-1/4 mi. NW of Copemish. Do................ NW 1/4 sec.8, T.24 N.,R.14 W. 121 82.1.679 48 4-1/2 mi. SW of Thompsonville & 5-1/2 mi. NW of Copemish. Do................ NE 1/4 sec.6, T.24 N.,R.14 W. 128 89.4.698 48 50 ft upstream from ManisteeBenzie County line, 5 mi.W of Thompsonville & 6-1/2 mi.NW of Copemish. Do............... NE 1/4 sec.36,T.25 N.,R.15 W. 134 90.0.672 46 5-3/4 mi. W of Thompsonville! & about 8 mi.upstream from Homestead Dam. 206

Drainage Cfs Wate Stream Location Area Discharge per Temp. (sq mi) (cfs) 3q.mi. ~F eer Creek......... NW1/4 sec.15,T.25 N.,R.14 W. 10.2 3.04.298 47 10 ft upstream from County Road 671, 4-1/4 mi.NW of Thompsonville & 6 mi.SE of Benzonia Do.............. SW 1/4 sec.16, T.25 M.,R.14 W. 14.4 4.26.296 47 4-1/2 mi.NW of Thompsonville & 6 mi.SE of Benzonia. nnamed tributary.. NW 1/4 sec. 22, T.25 N.,R.14W 1.30.30.231 48 on County Road 671, 1 mi.upstream from mouth & 3-1/2 mi. NW of Thompsonville Deer Creek.... NE 1/4 sec.19,T.25 N.,R.14 W. 17.6 7.38.419 44 -| 25 ft. upstream from State Hwy 115, 5-1/4 mi.NW of Thompsonville, and 5-1/2 mi.SE of Benzonia. Betsie River....... NW 1/4 sec.19, T.25 N.,R.14 W. 158 101.639 46 50 ft.upstream from State Hwy 115, 4-3/4 mi. SE of Benzonia and about 5 mi.upstream from Homestead Dam. From WSP 1557, 1958

APPENDIX B 209

TEST AND TEST PROCEDURES Total Coliform - Membrane Filter Procedure 1. Use m-Endo Broth MF - 4.8 g/lO1 ml of distilled water 2. Add 2 ml of ethyl alcohol/100 ml 3. Heat to the first sign of bubbling - rotating flask while heating - allow to cool to room temperature 4. Place membrane filter pads in dishes using sterilized tongs 5. Pipette 2.5 ml of broth on each pad - allow time for the pads to become saturated and pour off excess 6. Place membrane filter grid on filtering dish using sterilized tongs 7. Clamp on top half of filter 8. Pour filter about 20 ml of phosphate buffer through filter 9. Filter desired sample size - remembering to shake sample about 25 times first 10. Wash with phosphate buffer twice 11o Remove grid from filter and roll onto pad 12. Incubate in an inverted position at 35~0.5~C for 24 hr It was necessary to sterilize the filter funnels between each sample run. The method of sterilization used was to burn alcohol in the funnels between samples. This method was used since it would be impossible to have enough filter equipment to sterilize any other way. Controls were run throughout the summer to keep a check on this procedure of sterilizing and none of the controls were positive. 210

Fecal Coliform - Membrane Filter Procedure 1. Use m-FC Broth - 3-7 g/100 ml of distilled water 2. Add 1 ml of rosolic acid/100 ml of broth 3. Heat as in total coliform 4. Filter as in total coliform 5. Incubate in watertight plastic bags in water bath at 45+0.5~C for 24 hr Notes 1. Same sterilization procedure used between samples on fecal coliform test as total coliform 2. Low dilution always run first on each sample run 3. Collection bottles sterilized by heating in autoclave for 30 min at 230~F (with caps on) 4. Pipettes sterilized in oven at 320~F for 30-45 min without container cover and then 1 hr with cover 5. P04 buffer prepared by adding 1.25 ml/l of distilled water then heating to first sign of bubbling 6. Rosolic acid prepared - standard methods (1 g of acid/100 ml of 0.20 NaOH Chemical Analysis Water samples were analyzed for nitrogen in the form of nitrates, nitrites and ammonia; phosphorus in the form of dissolved ortho phosphate and total phosphates. The dissolved oxygen concentration and pH of each sample was also determined. A. Nitrates: The analysis for nitrate content of all water samples was performed using a modification of the "chromotropic acid" method as described by West and Ramachandran in Analytica Chimica Acta, 35 (1966) 317-324. Modifications included an increase in the volume of sample 211

analyzed (6.5 ml instead of 2.5 ml), and a reduction in the amount of antimony sulfate solution used. All other reagent volumes were increased proportionally to provide for the increased volume of sample. Reagents and Appartus: NO Test 3 1. Chromotropic acid reagent. Dissolved 80 mg reagent grade chromotropic acid in 50 ml cone H SO. Reagent was prepared fresh at least once every two wees.4 2. Sulfite urea solution. Dissolved 5 g urea and 4 g reagent grade anhydrous sodium sulfite in 100 ml distilled water. 3. Antimony solution. Solution was prepared by heating 0.2 g antimony metal in 80 ml cone H SO4 until all of the metal was dissolved. 24 The solution was cooled and added to 20 ml of distilled water. 4. Reagent grade cone sulfuric acid. 5. Appartus. Per cent transmittance was measured at 410 m[i using a Bausch and Lomb "Spectronic 20" with 1" colorimeter tubes. Measurements were made against a distilled water blank with reagents added. B. Nitrites: Samples were analyzed for NO content following the method described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 12th edition pp. 205-208 (Sulfanilic acid, napthylamine hydrochloride method). Transmittance measurements were made at 520 mi using the "Spectronic 20" with 1" colorimeter tubes. C. Ammonia Nitrogen: The Direct Nesslerization Method was used following the procedure described in Standard Methods, 12th edition, pp. 193-194. Transmittance measurements were made at 412.5 m.t using 1" colorimeter tubes (Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20). D. Dissolved Oxygen: The dissolved oxygen content of all samples was determined by the Azide Modification of Iodometric Method ("Winkler test") as described in Standard Methods, 12th edition, pp. 406-410. E. Phosphate: Analysis for orthophosphate was performed using the Stannous Chloride Method as described in Standard Methods, 12th edition, pp. 234-236. Measurements were made at 690 mu using 1" colorimeter tubes (Spectronic 20). Total phosphate was determined by autoclaving the sample, as recommended in Standard Methods, followed by the determination of orthophosphate content. 212

F. Nitrate Screening Test: A quick spot test was used in the well water survey to screen samples for concentrations of nitrate above 1 mg/l NO -N. The method used was adopted from "Qualitative Analysis by Spot Tests" by Fritz Feigl, Elsevier Pub. Co., 1956. 213

APPENDIX C 215

SELECTIONS FROM SANITARY CODE OF MINIMUM STANDARDS REGULATING SEWAGE DISPOSAL - WATER SUPPLIES AND SANITATION OF HABITABLE BUILDINGS IN GRAND TRAVERSE AND BENZIE COUNTIES, MICHIGAN Article IV DISPOSAL OF WATER CARRIED SEWAGE ON PREMISES WHERE A PUBLICLY OPERATED SEWERAGE SYSTEM IS NOT AVAILABLE: 4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS All flush toilets, lavatories, bathtubs, showers, laundry drains, sinks, and any other similar fixtures or devices hereafter constructed to be used to conduct or receive water carried sewage shall be connected to a septic tank or some other device in.compliance with these minimum standards and the Michigan Department of Health regulations, and finally disposed of in a manner in compliance with these minimum standards and the Michigan Department of Health regulations and any other applicable law, ordinance, or regulations. Provided that such facilities existing at the time these standards are adopted which may become a nuisance or menace to the public health in the opinion of the health officer shall be connected to a septic tank or other approved device and finally disposed of in a manner in compliance with these standards and the Michigan Department of Health requirements. Footing drains, roof water, and any other similar waste water not defined as sewage shall not be connected to or discharged into the sewage disposal system. 4.2 SEWAGE DISCHARGED INTO A BODY OF WATER No sewage or sewage disposal system shall discharge into any body of water or into or onto the ground surface closer than twenty-five feet (25) feet from a body of water, or its highest known level, or into a public drain. 4.21 TYPE AND LOCATION No unexposed sewers or pipe used to conduct untreated sewage from a dwelling or habitable building shall be located closer than 10 feet from the nearest unprotected water suction line, well casing, spring structure or other potable water source. When such unexposed pipe or sewer is closer than 50 feet from any unprotected water suction line, well casing, spring structure, or other potable water source, such sewer line shall be constructed of extra heavy cast iron pipe with leaded and caulked joints, tested for water tightness or cast iron pipe with water-tight joints, or other pipe of equal quality approved by the health officer. Where any such pipe or sewer is located inside or beneath a habitable building or dwelling or within 5 feet outside the inner face of such building foundation wall such sewer pipe shall be constructed of such material as described above. 216

4.22 SIZE Such pipes or sewers shall be four inches in diameter or larger. 4.23 GRADE Sewers shall be laid at such a grade as to maintain a sewage flow velocity of not less than two feet per second when flowing full. Sewers four to six inches in diameter shall have a grade of not less than 12 inches per 100 feet or one inch per eight feet of sewer pipe. 4.3 SEPTIC TANKS 4.3.1 LOCATION Septic tanks shall be located at least 50 feet from any potable water supply, well, spring, or unprotected water suction line, except in the case of schools, resorts, trailer parks, restaurants, taverns or other dwellings or habitable buildings which serve the public such distance shall be 75 feet, except where the Michigan Department of Health regulations require a greater distance, or upon the written approval of the health officer an exception is granted. No septic tank shall be located closer than 5 feet to any footing or foundation wall. No septic tank shall be placed within 10 feet of any lot lines, or within 25 feet of the highest known water mark of any lake, creek, river, pond or other body of water. No septic tank shall be located where it is inaccessible for cleaning or inspection, nor shall any structure be placed over any septic tank rendering it inaccessible for cleaning or inspection. 4.32 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION Septic tanks shall be of watertight construction and of a material not subject to decay or corrision when installed. Concrete blocks or bricks at least eight inches in thickness may be used in septic tank construction. Septic tanks shall be provided with one or more suitable openings with watertight covers to permit cleaning and inspection. The outlet from such tank shall be constructed so as to permit flow of liquid from the tank and to prevent the escape of floating or settled solids. The inlet shall be designed to permit gasses collected above the liquid level to pass through the inlet and out the vent pipe serving the sewers leading into the septic tank. Cinder blocks shall not be approved for septic tank construction. 4.33 CAPACITY Every septic tank hereafter installed shall have a liquid capacity of at least the average volume of sewage flowing into it during any 24-hour period. However, in no case shall the liquid capacity of any septic tank be less than 500 gallons. If a compartment tank is installed, the first compartment shall have not less than one-half nor more than two-thirds the total capacity. The following capacity for septic tanks shall be required except in the opinion of the health officer where increased capacities may be required. Two-bedroom dwelling 500 gallons (with garbage grinder 750) Three-bedroom 750 gallons (with garbage grinder 1000 gallon) Four bedroom dwelling 1000 gallons (with garbage grinder 1250 gallon) 217

4.4 DOSING TANK The health officer may require that dosing tanks be provided with automatic siphons or pumps of a type approved by the Michigan Department of Health be used on installations where the liquid capacity of the septic tank is 2,000 gallons or more. 4.51 LOCATION Sub-surface disposal systems shall be located at least 50 feet from any potable water supply, well casing, spring structure, or unprotected water suction lines, except where the Michigan Department of Health requires a greater distance. Such drain fields shall be located at least 10 feet from a lot line, and 25 feet from any lake, pond, creek, or other surface water flooding, or its highest known level and at least 10 feet from any habitable building or dwelling. 4.52 SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT Under no condition may the overflow from any septic tank or any other sewage wastes from any existing or hereinafter constructed premise be discharged upon the surface of the ground within two hundred (200) yards of any habitable building other than the building from which it originates. No sewage shall be discharged into any roadside ditch. 4.53 SIZE AND QUALITY OF DRAIN LINES 4.53 SIZE Sub-surface disposal system lines shall have a diameter of not less than four inches. 4.53.2 QUALITY Sub-surface disposal system lines shall be constructed from extra quality drain tile, or such other materials as approved by the Michigan Department of Health and the health officer. 4.54 DEPTH AND POSITION OF TILE OR OTHER APPROVED DEVICE FOR DISTRIBUTION LINES 4.541 DEPTH, SLOPE, AND LENGTH OF LINES The top of the sub-surface distribution lines shall be not less than 12 inches nor more than 30 inches below the finished grade. Slope of the distribution lines shall be not more than 4 inches per 100 feet. Length of any one lateral line shall not exceed 100 feet. 4.542 HEADERS Watertight headers, or a distribution box or other method or device approved by the health officer shall be set true and level so as to afford an even distribution of all septic tank effluent throughout the sub-surface disposal area. 4.55 FILTER MATERIAL Sub-surface disposal system lines for distributing septic tank effluent for direct soil absorption shall be laid over at least six inches of washed stone from one-half to one inch in size, or an equivalent aggregate approved by the health officer. 218

4.56 TRENCH CONSTRUCTION Trenches shall be not less than 18 inches wide at the bottom. The same washed stone or such other aggregate as may be necessary to prevent the filtering of backfill material around the lateral distribution lines shall be spread over the distribution line to a depth of at least two inches. 4.57 FIELD AREA Sub-surface disposal field area shall comply with the following minimum trench or stone bed areas, depending upon the average daily volume of septic tank effluent and the type soil in the drain area. Minimum absorption area Perc. test time per single family resifor one inch drop dence 3 bedrooms or less SOIL Coarse sand or gravel Less than 5 min. 300 sq. feet Sand 5 - 10 min. 450 sq. feet Loam 11 - 20 min. 600 sq. feet Sandy clay or clay loam 21- 30 min. 750 sq. feet Clay 31 - 45 min. 900 sq. feet Heavy Clay over 45 min. not suitable Minimum filter bed (Area: 400 sq.ft.) In heavy soils (clay) where the drop in water level is over 45 minutes per inch by standard percolation test or where ground water or an impervious hard pan is found less than 4 feet from the ground surface, an alternate drainage device may be approved at the discretion of the health officer or the permit denied. Drainage for systems to serve other than single family residences of 3 bedrooms or less shall be prescribed by the health officer. Sub-surface disposal systems shall contain at least one (1) lineal foot of tile for every three (3) feet of trench width. Trench excavations exceeding 36 inches in width at the bottom shall be considered tile beds and shall require 50% more trench bottom absorption area than required for single line trench. Article V. PERMIT On and after January 1, 1964, no person shall begin construction of any sewage disposal facility as defined in these minimum standards until such person or his duly authorized representative has made written application to the health officer and has received a duly signed construction permit from the health officer, provided, however, no such application or construction permit shall be required in those cases where a permit from the State Department of Health is a statutory prerequisite and has been obtained. Such construction permit shall be issued only when plans and specifications for the proposed installation of the average system are not less than the requirements set forth in these minimum standards. Said permit shall be in duplicate and shall contain a sketch showing all pertinent plans and specifications of the proposed sewerage disposal installation. Said permit shall be signed by the applicant and the health officer. One copy of the permit shall be given to the applicant to be posted at the construction site. One copy of the application permit shall be retained by the health officer and remain on file in the health department. 219

The health officer shall make such inspection at the -construction site as he deems necessary. Failure to construct according to the approved plans and specifications shall be deemed a violation of these minimum standards for which the person installing the system shall be held liable. Article III. PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES 3.1 Private water supplies hereafter installed shall comply with the following: 3.11 LOCATION All well casing, spring structures, water suction lines, or other drinking water or potable water structure shall be located 50 feet or more from all sources of possible contamination such as seepage pits, cesspools, privies, barnyards, septic tanks, sub-surface disposal systems, surface water drains, waste water or other sources of possible contamination. Buried or unexposed sewers or pipes through which sewage may back up shall not be located closer than ten (10) feet from any potable water well casing or suction pipe. When such sewers or pipes are located within the ten to fifty (10 to 50 foot area),the sewer pipes shall be constructed of extra heavy cast iron with leaded and caulked joints tested for water tightness. All wells shall be located so that possibilities of flooding are reduced to a minimum. The area immediately adjacent to the well shall be such that the surface water is diverted away from the well casing. 3.13 MINIMUM DEPTH No wells less than 25' in depth shall hereafter be installed or constructed without written approval of the health officer. 220

APPENDIX D 221

MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION Report of Sanitary and Biological Reconnaissance Survey Village of Beulah (Crystal Lake) - Benzie County September 14, 1967 A sanitary survey of the Village of Beulah was conducted on the above date to determine if sewage was entering Cold Creek. Cold Creek, a tributary to Crystal Lake, was carefully observed and the banks were inspected from the Lake, upstream through the Village of Beulah. The outlet to Crystal Lake was also observed and bacteriological and chemical samples were collected from both locations. In addition, Secchi Disc readings, a temperature profile, plankton samples and bottom samples of single Ponar dredge hauls were obtained at a few locations in Crystal Lake. See Figure 1 showing locations of sampling stations or observations. Table 1. Results of water quality measurements of Crystal Lake and Cold Creek, September 14, 1967. Sampling Station Parameter Results Station 1 - Cold Creek at Total Coliforms 2100 counts/100 ml point where it empties into Fecal Coliforms 300 counts/100 ml Crystal Lake pH 8.2 To,-al PO.05 mg/l N\O 1.3 mg/l Station 2: Crystal Lake, 300''Total Coliform 100 counts/100 ml west of Cold Creek outlet Fecal Coliform 10 counts/100 ml Secchi Disc transparency 11 feet Bottom samples 321 animals/sq.ft. Station 3: Crystal Lake* Phytoplankton 240 ml Secchi Disc transparency 11 feet Bottom Samples 25 animals/sq.ft. Station 4: Crystal Lake Secchi Disc transparency 11 feet Bottom Samples 100 animals/sq.ft. Station 5: Crystal Lake 10' Deep BOD 1.8 mg/l DO 9.4 mg/l pH 8.6 Total PO -PO4 0.00 mg/l NO3 0.00 mg/l 75' Deep BOD 1.4 mg/l DO 9.4 mg/l pH 8.6 mg/l Total PO4-PO4 0.00 mg/l NO3 0.00 mg/l 222

Table 1 Continued: Sampling Station Parameter Results (Station 5 Con't) 95' Deep BOD 2.4 mg/l DO 10.0 mg/l pH 8.2 mg/l Total PO4-PO4 0.00 mg/l NO 0.00 mg/l Phytoplankton 80 organisms/ml Bottom sample 64 animals/sq.ft. Temperatures: 20' Deep 66~F 30' Deep 65 40' Deep 64 50' Deep 61 60' Deep 54 70' Deep 52 80' Deep 50 90' Deep 49 95' Deep 49 Station 6: (Crystal Lake) Phytoplankton 120 organisms/ml Station 7: Total Coliforms 500 counts/100 ml outlet Fecal Coliforms 10 counts/100 ml pH 8.6 Total PO4-PO 0.00 mg/l NO3 0.00 mg/l *See Figure 1 for location of sampling stations. 225

SANITARY SURVEY It% BEULAH VILLAGE SEPT. 14, 1967 BENZIE CO. FIGURE I ro8 o ro o~~0 -p7- CRYSTAL LAKE J \^ ^^^^^~^^ y ^^>^^ (D. SAMPLING STATION 0^- ^^^^" ^^BY MICHIGAN WATER to^^^^ RESOURCES COMMISS'IO

The iwat.r qulli-ty dai;ta obtained from this investigation (Table 1) indicates that Crystal Lake is very infertile (oligotrophic). Even though the lake was thermally stratified no indication of decomposition was found in the uncirculating lower stratum (hypolimnion). In fertile lakes decomposition in these lower waters causes depression of dissolved oxygen after a long period of stagnation. Interestingly, the dissolved oxygen content in the hypolimnion of Crystal Lake (10.0 mg/l) was higher than it was in the upper circulating water strata (epilimnion) at the end of the summer stagnation period. Decomrosition also causes an increase in nutrient concentrations in the hypolimnion. Neither phosphorous nor nitrates were detected in the epilmnion or the hypolimnion of Crystal Lake in September. A sample taken on April 12, 1967 at the time of the spring overturn, which probably represents the annual peak in fertility contained only small concentrations of nutrients (0.00 mg/l soluble orthophosphate, 0.02 mg/l total phosphate, 0.10 mg/l nitrates as N). Four samples of bottom-dwelling macroinvertebrates were obtained with a ponar dredge at the locations shown on Figure 1. Samples were taken at 20, 32, 70, and 95 foot depths. A complete listing of the animals found at these locations is shown on Table 1. The sample taken 20 foot deep in the littoral zone, i.e. area inhabited by rooted aquatic plants, contained 14 different types of bottom animals. The upper sediments consisted of natural silt mostly of plant origin. The amphipod Hyalella azteca was the dominant animal found. Other occupants of this area were mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia limbata), and caddisfly larvae, (Neuroclipsis). A sample was taken at Station 3 from a depth of 32 feet where the bottom sediments consisted of clean marl. Tolerant midges were numerically dominant here but the larger mayflies (Hexagenia limbata) made up the bulk of the biomass. The number and variety of animals living on this marl substrate were the lowest found of the four locations sampled. The benthic community found at 70 and 90 feet depths was dominated by a common inhabitant of Lake Michigan, the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis. A very interesting member of this profundal community was the crustacean Mysis oculata var. relicta. This shrimp-like animal is found only in cold, deep, oligotrophic lakes where it serves as an important food source for lake trout. A comparison of communities found at the 20 and 70 foot depths in this survey with those found in a survey conducted in 19401 is shown in Table 2. The decrease in mayflies observed at the 20 foot depth between 1940 and 1967 is probably due to seasonal variation. The 1940 sample was taken in June prior to emergence of adult mayflies from the lake whereas the l0o7 sample was taken in late summer long after this emergence period. Table 2 Comparison of the benthic communities in Crystal Lake in 1940 and 1967 at 20 and 70 feet depths. Numbers indicate animals per square foot of substrate. Total number Depth Date of organisms Mayflies Midges Amphipods Clams Oliqochaete 21 1940 346 58 156 112 2 20 1967 321 4 44 174 4 70 1940 55 2 18 20 2 14 70 1967 100 1 33 58 6 1 Brown, C.V.D., and John Funk. 1940. Fisheries survey of Crystal Lake, Benzie County. Institute of Fisheries Research Report No. 629 Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 225

The general impression from this rough comparison is that the components of the benthic community were essentially the same in 1967 as they were in 1940. The average plankton count was 146 organisms per ml in the three samples obtained from Crystal Lake. This is very low compared to average counts from Lake Michigan which range from 800 to 1000. Average phytoplankton counts from Lake Superior range between 70 to 120. Water transparency as measured by a Secchi disc was 11 feet at three stations during our September 1967 survey. Brown and Funk cited Secchi transparency as 19 feet in their June 1940 survey. Unfortunately these figures are not directly comparable since the observations were made at different times of the year. Transparency varies seasonally with changes in the density of planktonic communities. Dictyosphaerium, a green alga, was the dominant phytoplankter and copepods were the dominant zooplankter. Copepods made up the bulk of the material trapped in our tow net. Some algae were of the nuisance blue-green type (Anabaena and Aphanothece). All of these species were present in only small numbers. The desmid Staurastrum and Dinobryon, both common inhabitants of oligotrophic lakes, were abundant. The analyses of these samples substantiate the chemical and benthic analyses which indicate that this lake is oligotrophic. Summary and Remarks The findings of our limnological reconnaissance survey indicate that there have been no major changes in the trophic nature of Crystal Lake in recent years. The sanitary reconnaissance survey of Cold Creek did not reveal the presence of any discharges to the watercourse. Attached excerpts from the 1940 survey of Crystal Lake contain an excellent description of the oligotrophic nature of this lake. 1Ibid. pp 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 Field work by: John Robinson, Aquatic Biologist Blanchard Mills Water Pollution Investigator Report by: John Robinson John Cosens, Sanitary Engineer Water Quality Appraisal Unit WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION Department of Natural Resources 226

Table 1 Quantitative survey of bottom dwelling macroinvertebrates, Crystal Lake September 14, 1967 6 10 21 29 Station 2 3 4 5 Depth 20 32 70 95 Scientific name Number of animals Hexagenia limbata 4 6 1 Hyalella azteca 174 Orconectes rusticus rusticus 1 Anatopynia Sp. R 1 Glyptotendipeds senilis 1 Tendipes riparius 22 Tanytarsus jucundus 17 Hydra carina 1 Tubificidae 4 1 10 Anatopynia Sp. X 1 Pentaneura sp. 1 Procladius riparius 92 Neureclipsis sp. 1 Procladius adumbratus 1 36 1 Tendipes plumosus 12 Tendipes tuxis 1 Cryptochironomus digitatus 3 Mysis oculata var. relicta 1 1 Pontoporeia affinis 58 43 Pisidium 6 Harnischia tenuicaudata 3 Tendipes modestus 10 Cryptochironomus sp. R 1 Calopsectra dives 1 Calopectra deflecta 9 Harnischia (near) nais 3 Cricotopus sp. 1 Calopsectra sp. E. 7 Number of animals/sq. ft. 321 25 100 63 Total number of species 14 5 12 6 227

APPENDIX E 229

Analyses of Samples of Crystal Lake, Benzie County Collected July 24, 1968 trD> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ c a) c) c) *rl O H,. - - t Ho 0 - r,- z z.0. 4 U t 4-r- 4 DOH rO H ") 4J C4 Q u-H I 0 0 00 -rH 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 t End o TO 2 9 0 1. O O O H O2 5 O2 O 1O O O 00 ur ffn E O e Q Ei PQ E cn uH uz U] Z wi U E-l Cp4 East end of Lake T 21.5 9.0 1.0 215 204 11 0 0 0 0.01 30 21.0 9.2 - --- --- -- -- -- ---- 40 19.5 9.6 0.7 -- -- ---- -- ---- 45-B 19.0 --- --- 205 198 7 0 0 0 0.01 Center of Lake T 21.0 9.3 --- --- -- -- -- 15 21.0 9.1 0.5 208 198 10 0 0 0 0.01 30-B 21.0 9.4 0.8 202 198 4 0 0 0 0.01 West end of Lake T 21.0 9.0 - - -- -- - - -- 45 19.5 9.2 - - - - -- -- ---- 50 17.5 10.2 0.8 202 198 4 0 0 0 0.01 60 16.0 10.2 - - - - -- -- -- - 150-B 10.0 9.4 0.8 208 204 4 0 0 0 0.01 Note: All constituents except ph are expressed as mg/l unless otherwise noted. 230

Analyses of Samples of Crystal Lake, Benzie County Collected July 24, 1968 (continued) 4o 4o H -H 0 -H O.-4'H ~ VH H10 wH O>^~ V(n)F~~ *~1^ 0 4 O ~- 0 0 o v P" 4.. c c o o o o East end of Lake 3 40 40 15 4.9 0.6 0 8.1 160 120 0 600 <10 3 40 -- -- 5.0 0.6 0 8.1 155 120 0 --- Center of Lake -- - - -- --- --- -- --- --- --- <100 <10 2 40 40 13 5.0 0.7 0 8.1 155 120 0 -- 2 41 40 13 4.9 0.7 0 8.1 155 120 0 --- West end of Lake -- -- -- -- --- --- -- --- -- --- 800 <10 3 40 40 13 5.0 0.7 0 8.2 155 120 0 --- - 2 38 40 15 5.0 0.7 0 8.0 160 120 0 -- Note: All constituents except ph are expressed as mg/l unless otherwise noted. 231

APPENDIX F 233

Excerpts from "Fisheries survey of Crystal Lake,"Benzie County, Institute of Fisheries Research, Report No. 629 by CVD Brown and John Funk, 1940 (pages 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10) Crystal Lake, formerly known as Cap Lake, is long and narrow with a maximum length of 8.2 miles, a maximum width of 2.3 miles, and a surface area of 9,711 acres. Its long axis approaches a northwest-southeast direction. The shoals are broad and sandy with an extremely abrupt drop-off. The basin is somewhat irregular in detail, although there is only one major depression. The center of this occurs 1 1/4 miles directly north of the Christian Assembly camp. The origin and age of the lake basin is described by I.D. Scott in his book, "Inland Lakes of Michigan," as follows: "As regards the basin, it may be stated that it is relatively old. In fact, it is certain that it was in existence before the ice made its final advance, for it was filled with a small lobe, an offshoot from the Michigan lobe, which.pushed through the opening at the west end, now closed with sand. This lobe deposited a strong morainic loop around this basin, which is continuous except at the outlet and a depression on the north side which runs northward into the Platte Lake depression, in the vicinity of Round Lake. At present the lake shores do not reach the morainic hills but are separated from them by a rather broad zone of sandy terrace. This widens greatly at the east end and extends nearly two miles before it is interrupted by the moraine. "The striking physiographic characters are the predominating high cliffs from whose base the sandy terrace mentioned above extends to the water's edge. The first surmise is that this lake has stood at a higher level and further observations prove this to be correct." The steep morainic slopes around the lake are covered with a mixed growth of conifers and hardwoods, and the surrounding country is of a similar nature. Some fine orchards exist on the slopes of these moraines. Crystal Lake is reported to have a maximum depth of 175-200 feet. Such depths may occur, but only as very limited pockets. The survey party in its operations found no depth greater than 162 feet. More systematic soundings will probably settle this point. The shoal (0-20 ft. depths) makes up about 25 per cent of the surface area of the lake. The bottom here is barren sand dispersed with gravel and rubble. The 234

bottom beyond the 20-foot contour is sand and marl on the slopes and muck in the bottom of the depression. The water is colorless and very clear. On a dull cloudy day a secchi disc could be seen at a depth of 19 feet. This indicates a clearness considerably greater than the average for southern Michigan lakes. Crystal Lake drainage is limited to the immediate surroundings and the small valley of Cold Creek at the east end. The immediate borders of the lake are quite sandy, having been part of the shoal at higher lake levels. In the flats east of Beulah the soil is predominantly muck, with celery and other vegetables being the principal crops. The only important inlet to Crystal Lake, Cold Creek, is a stream 12 feet wide. At the time of the survey it was approximately 12 inches in depth and had a moderately swift rate of flow. According to local inhabitants, it has moderate fluctuations in level, but does not flood its banks. All other sources are small brooks (a yard or so in width and a few inches deep) draining springs. Springs are also reported in the lake proper. The level of the lake was set by court act a number of years ago after real estate title difficulties.arose. During.the logging days, the outlet of the stream was dredged to make it suitable for-floating logs and the lake level was greatly lowered for a time. The present dam was later built and the present level has been maintained since that time. This is several feet lower than the original level, however, causing the extensive area of low ground which now surrounds the lake. A summary of the temperature and chemical conditions in Crystal Lake is given in the following table. 235

Summary of Temperature and Chemical Conditions Found in Crystal Lake Location of Station Station I Station II Station III near outlet near inlet over deepest point Date 6/8/40 6/8/40 6/10/40 8/11/40 Air temperature 66~ F. 58~ F. 64~ F. 77~ F. Water temperature Surface 60~ F. 61~ F. 58~ F. 74~ F. Bottom.... 43~ F.* 43~ F.* Thermocline, middle of none none none 51~ F. (63 ft.) Oxygen, p.p.m. Surface 10.3 9.4 10.2 8.1 Bottom...... 10.7* 7.2* C02, p.p.m. range 0.0 0.0 0.0-3.0 0.0-6.0 Methyl orange alkalinity, p.p.m. range 112.0 117.0 106-120 106-119 pH range 8.0 8.0 7.9-8.0 7.6-8.2 The low surface temperatures existing in Crystal Lake are very probably the main cause for the delayed spawning of perch and bass living there, although the season of 1940 is not representative or average as to temperature conditions. Delayed spawning was noted in many other places in the state this year. Surface temperatures taken during August were near 74~F. This is probably the maximum for the year. Bottom temperatures remained almost constant throughout the season, at 43~F. No thermocline (zone of rapid change in temperature) was present during the June survey, but in August a very definite zone was established which included the layer of water between 42 and 120 feet. From the top to the bottom of this layers the temperature declined 24~F. * Depth = 162 ft. 256

There was very little chemical stratification, however. Abundant oxygen was found from top to bottom at the time both analyses were made. Free carbon dioxide was so scarce that it has little significance to fish production. The water in Crystal Lake is only moderately hard (methyl orange alkalinity, 106-120 p.p.m.). Some sparse Chara beds have been developed and there is a thin layer of marl over a small area of the bottom. The water is distinctly alkaline with a pH range of 7.6-8.0. The temperature conditions found in Crystal Lake are definitely more suited to cold water species of fish than to the warm water ones. There is no reason, from the point of view of the temperature and chemical conditions, why Crystal Lake cannot be utilized by trout, almost from top to bottom throughout the year. There is adequate oxygen from the surface to the bottom even in late summer and the other chemical conditions are favorable for trout. As has already been pointed out, the physical conditions existing in Crystal Lake are very unfavorable for the growth of aquatic plants. There are only a few species represented here and these are nowhere abundant. A list of the plants present is given below. Muskgrass, Chara fragilis Horsetail, Equisetum sp.? Pondweed, Potamogeton natans i" " graminifolius var. myriophyllus "' " filiformis It I* pectinatus Spike rush, Eleocharis compressa Bulrush, Scirpus americanus Sedge, Carex substricta Rush, Juncus balticus var. littoralis Bladderwort, Utricularia Muskgrass and pondweeds were found sparsely scattered over the rubble beds on the shoals near shore. Muskgrass was rather infrequently found in the deeper water. The other species listed above were confined almost entirely to one small beach pool on the north shore. 237

Fish food studies included a general sampling of the lake in order to determine what kinds of fish food organisms were present and how abundant they were. Plankton samples indicated that the population of these free-floating organisms was comparatively low during the period of the survey. Zooplankton (animal forms) was predominant, although a definite phytoplankton (plant organisms) was present. Considering the great fluctuations in plankton which exist from week to week, and place to place, it is not possible to accurately estimate the significance off-a few samples. Continuous studies over a two or three year period would be necessary to determine the abundance.and significance.of plankton as food for fish in Crystal Lake. Bottom samples taken on the shoal and in the deep water with a clamshell (Ekman) dredge are summarized.in the following table. Shoal Samples o C) 44 m ~ Hrl H -H.r ( ) -H O,1 O.E r- rl r- 44 4J m Q.M - 4J 2. 44 14"- 41/ 4-1 4. Sd & to 0. 3 o W I) 0-'H rl UC U)'H U) En H P oH 3 0 1- 6 Z r-a 00 ) 2.. X. H Ur M 4J 4-0 4- 4-) 4J u i ta bO O O e 4 4 t H CdO 2Q) W 4 4-?d o ) 4J H C, Q 0 () En) Q) l E 0 J P ( ) b 0 P CC J 4H 4) 4J C P C C ) H $0 r_ ~^ s O (U 0 U S ~rl u 4J J J ( D rl ) 0" 7. 0< __________ m 6 " > O n U 14l 1. U U. <. 1. 18-20" Qualitative Sand None... 13 5 1. 6 1 2. 14" 1/2 sq.ft. Sand & None 0.3 3. 1.... gravel 3. 21' 1/2 sq.ft. Sand & Chara 1.0 173 29..78...56 3 6 1 detritus 5. 6" Qualitative Rubble Algae... 44 29. 2 3.... 8. 7. 6-12" Quaiitative Rubble None... 24 14 1.... 9..... 8. 6-12" Qualitative Rubble None... 52 35. 1 2. 1 5 2. 5.. 1 9. 14" Qualitative Rubble None... 21 13.. 4 1.2. 1.. 10. 12" 1 sq.ft. Rubble Chara 0.5 38 15.. 6.. 1 15 1... 11. 2' 1 sq.ft. Rubble Chara 0.8 19 12.. 1.. 4. 1 1... Potamogeton 12. 2' 1 sq.ft. Rubble None... 6 2.. 3. 1... 13. 16" 1 sq.ft. Rubble None 0.4 31 20..10....... 238

Bottom (70 to 160 ft.) Samples Volume Aquatic Fresh- MayStation Depth Area Bottom Vegetation c.c. No. worms water flies Clams Midges shrimp 4. 160' 1/2 sq.ft. Muck None 0.7 37 10 26 1 6. 160' 1/2 sq.ft. Muck None 0.5 20 4 16. 14. 70' 1/2 sq.ft. Muck None 0.3 27 7 4 1 2 13 1&1/2 sq.ft. 1.15 84 21 46 2 2 13 Mayflies were found to be the most abundant food organism on the rubble shoals, with midge larvae, freshwater shrimp, caddis flies and snails following in that order. The rubble patches compensate, at least in part, for the sparse vegetation and offer cover for most of the organisms mentioned. Small crayfish were fairly abundant on the rubble shoals and large ones were taken in nets in 30 or more feet of water. Stomach examinations of perch and rock bass show the crayfish to be an important food item, at least for the time of the year when the survey was made. Amphipods ("shrimps"), oligochaetes (aquatic earthworms) and midge larvae dominated the bottom mud in deep water. On the whole, the fish food supply seems fairly good, considering the dearth of vegetation. A study of the kinds and abundance of fish present in Crystal Lake was made during the survey. Fish were collected by means of gill nets, seines, and fyke nets. 239

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 II9011111111111126 6912 3 9015 03126 6912