SANITARY SURVEYS OF WHITE DEER CREEK WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS UPON THE EFFECT OF BEAVER ON THE QUALITY OF THE WATER Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the HORACE H. RACKHAM SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING by ROBERT ANTHONY GARDNER August, 1938 Developed under the supervision of PROFESSOR W.C, HOAD

I~nb I ^^Tl ^^A /~ /.7 0,2

ACK NOWLEDGEMENT S Special acknowledgement is made to PROFESSOR J.W.RICE, Professor of Bacteriology, Bucknell University. He initiated these surveys in 1931, and induced the author to join him in 1934 and 1936. In addition to furnishing data and observations from the surveys, he made many valuable suggestions on the development of the subject matter. Others deserving recognition for furnishing material: MR, RAYMOND B. WINTER, DISTRICT FORESTER PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF GAME COMMISSIONERS PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WATERS WHITE DEER WATER COMPANY

TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION Pages —-l - 14 Sanitary Surveys of 1931, 1934, and 1936 White Deer Water Company White Deer Watershed II STREAMFLOW ON THE WHITE DE:ER WATERSHED Pages —15 - 28 Stream Gaging Problem Summary of Gaging Results Discussion of Stream Gaging Results IIIi INSPECTION OF CAMPS Pages —29 - 59 Camps on the Watershed Regulations by Penna. State Law Camp Inspections Summarized Results of 1936 Conclusions from the Inspections IV BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY Pages —40 - 98 Preliminary Arrangement and Supply Field WorkResult s Discussion of Bacteriological Results V SANITARY SIGNIFICANCE OF BEAVER ON WHITE DEER CREEK Pages —99 - 115 Beaver Life and Evaluation of Beaver Beaver on White Deer Creek Sanitary Survey Results Action of the State Statistics of Beaver Distribution VI ALGAE ON THE WATERSHED PageB —116 - 121

1 THE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 1931, 1934, & 1936 The sanitary surveys of White Deer Creek were carried out in June of 1931, 1934, and 1936, on the following respective dates, 11-17, 13-20, and 10-16. The surveys were sponsored and financed by the Community Water Service, Inc., through its local subsidiary, The White Deer Water Company. The surveys were executed by Dr. John W. Rice, Professor cf Bacteriology, Bucknell University, and the writer, assisted by 6 to 8 recently graduated pre-medical and engineering students. in addition, a local woodsman served as camp cook and guide. The purpose of such surveys was to gather information of a sanitary engineering nature with accompanying recommendations, for presentation to the water company, improving the quality of the water. The survey results have been extensively used by the company for publicity in building up the "good will" of the patron communities. A few camps violating sanitary regulations have been reported to the district forester after each survey. The most vigorous action taken by the White Deer Water Company followed the survey of 1931, which showed apparent pollution by beaver. The very definite indications of pollution in beaver infested areas were presented to the Board of Game Commissioners of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Commission had state trappers remove 65 beaver alive for restocking purposes elsewhere, and repealed the protective law of long standing to permit trapping beaver through out

the state in March, 1932. The trapping carried on by individuals through this open season was estimated by district foresters to have removed an additional 65 beaver, completely eliminating them from the watershed. The state men opened all beaver dams permitting the draining out of flooded areas, reducing the stagnant pools and ceasing the drowning of trees. The trapping,and opening of dams by the state, was carried out during July and August of 1931. Many dams were rebuilt that Fall by the remaining beaver. However these were opened by the water company at the end of theopen season in the Spring of 1932. The survey of 1931 covered three major projects, namely; a bacteriological survey of all tributaries of the watershed, an inspection of all camps and parks, and the examination for identification of algal growths. The surveys of 1934 and 1936 continued these three features with improved methods of procedure, and added the gaging of the main stream, tributaries, and springs for definite quantitative information on the discharge of each. The water company, the state foresters, and the camp inhabitants are definitely in favor of these surveys. The water company has borne the expense of the three previous surveys and expects to continue this practice in the future. The net effect of all concerned is a cleaner, more sanitary watershed, and a greater sense of reliability in the quality of water drawn for the Public or the private campers use.

3 THE WHITE DEER WATER COMPANY The Company has always been owned by out of town interests. Originally owned by Drexel & Co. of Phila., numerous exchanges of ownership has finally resulted in its joining the chain of water companies owned and operated by The Community Water Service, Inc., which is in turn controlled by a holding company, The American Water Works Co. The White Deer Water Company serves the towns of Milton, Lewisburg, Watsontown, White Deer, West Milton, Montanadon, Dewart, New Columbia, and also the North Eastern Federal Penitentiary, located 3 miles from Lewisburg. These towns are located in an area ten miles in length extending along the west branch of the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania. The aggregate population is 25,000. Milton with 10,000 population and Lewisburg with 4500 are the two largest towns. Two watersheds are involved in supplying the water company. The White Deer watershed (area 37*83 sq. mi.) with a small reservoir at elevation 696, and the Spruce Run watershed (area 12.05 sq. mi.) with reservoir at elevation 671. Water is distributed by a gravity system entirely through out. The topography along the river including the built up areas is gently rolling with elevations varying from 460 to 570. The demand for water is steady. The population does not fluccuate through out the year or during periods of business prosperity and depression. The population trend is a slow but steady increase as revealed by records from 1880 up to date. The single indication of a break

was caused by the establishment of the North Eastern Federal Penitentiary in this area in 1932, resulting in an influx of approximately 2000 inmates and federal employes. Since that period a slow steady growth has been restored. The industrial demand for water, usually the variable component, has never been appreciable. Many manufacturing concerns, including the steel mills at Milton and the brick works at Watsontown, have their own supply systems. Small steel fabricating plants, furniture factories, silk and woolen mills, creameries, and ice cream plants draw water from the system. The consumption averages 100 gallons per capita per day, with the White Deer watershed furnishing 1.5 million gallons per day and the Spruce Run watershed 1.0 million. Under normal conditions of stream flow, either water shed will meet the whole demand. This permits flexibility in operation to meet an impaired quality of water on either watershed. Storage is not appreciable at either the White Deer or the Spruce Run reservoirs. Storage is provided through out the system as follows, Milton ----- open reservoir --- 1.0 M. gallons Lewisburg ---- standpipe ---- 1.0 " Watsontown --- open reservoir -- 03 " t N. E. Pen. --- standpipe ------ 1.0 elevated tank --- 0*5 " J The general lay-out of the White Deer Water Company system is shown on the following print. The scale is that of the local U. S. G. S. maps, I: 62,500, or approximately 1 inch to the mile.

White Deer Reservoir Water is collected in White Deer reservoir having very little storage capacity because of the low height earthen dam. The spillway (crest elevation 696) is a solid gravity design of concrete construction with ample wingwalls. Height of spillway crest above the stream bed is only 4 feet while the maximum height of the earthen embankment is 7 feet. Storage space has been furthur reduced by silting of the reservoir until channels remain open only through the center to the spillway and hence along the dam to the sedimentation channel. Water is wasted the year around in normal years. The only exceptions to this condition were the summers of 1931 and 1932. Seepage losses are very large as can readily be observed by examining the down stream side of the earthen dam. The land in the vicinity of the reservoir on both sides of the stream is owned by the water company. Such ownership extends for 1 mile upstrem to Join with state owned land. Residences for the reservoir caretaker and the assistant superintendent of the water company are down stream from the dam on opposite sides of the stream, Sedimentation Channel The sedimentation channel is 250 feet long, 20 feet wide and 3 feet deep extending parallel with and just back of the earthen dam. The channel is cut through marshy ground, carrying water from the vicinity of the spillway to the intake house set on the extreme North end of the dam. Fish are

6 r n.... ~ if~~~~~ ~:,:::~ --, * SPTI*LLWAY OF mDAI AT THE:?ESERVOII: ( Looking South )'ote the smnll reservoir capacity L.. _T SPILLEiAY, FlrTF1 DBthi SAEDTLEm!ATION CHAI-IEJL, Am) CHLORI0NATING HOUSE ( Lookirng: orth )

7 present in this channel as it is deeper and stores more water than the reservoir. Accumulated sediment is scraped out of the channel and over the dam to add to the height and also the down stream section. Such removal of sediment occurs about twice a year. Sterilization Treatment The chloramine process of sterilization is used. Water is admitted through 1/4 inch screens from the sedimentation channel to the intake house. Ammonium sulphate solution stored in a common wooden barrel is fed by a rubber suction line to the water as it passes the screens. Turbulence of the screens effects mixing. Liquid chlorine is fed from a Wallace & Tiernan chlorinator about 15 feet down the intake flume. Thorough mixing is accomplished by turbulence as the water passes through a submerged square edged entry to the 16 inch pipe line. Operation Procedure A test station for determining residual sterilizing agent is 300 feet down the pipeline. Samples are drawn and tested every two hours through the day and every four hours at night. The ortho-tolidine test is used with the usual color standards. Chlorine is adjusted to keep the residual, and the ammonium sulphate solution is varied in strength to keep a constant ratio between ammonia and chlorine. A venturimeter near the test station is read at the same time the chlorine residual test sample is drawn. Records in an appropriate entry blank are kept of each observation by the caretaker.

WHITE DEER WATERSHED The development of a large enough working map to orient our sampling parties at all times was imperative. Such a map was originally built up from the U.S.G.S. sheet covering the territory, and a watershed boundary survey by the water company. The map was corrected after each survey by field observations made by oar speedometer measurements and pacing, The final corrected map after the 1936 survey is presented in this thesis and referred to as the WATERSHED MAP (Scale 1" equals,o000'). This map, dated February 5, 1936, was revised after the 1936 survey by correcting the tracing as of October 20, 1936. Corrections, involved after each survey, were location of newly discovered streams and springs, location of newly constructed camps, and location of newly constructed roads, trails, and bridges. This WATERSHED MAP follows and is detachable for examination. The significance of symbols is indicated in the title block.

Terrain Conditions White Deer Creek rises in Clinton County, and flows successively through sections of Center and Union Counties in central Pennsylvania, emptying into the west branch of the Susquehanna River at White Deer, Pa. In general, it follows a west to east direction. The slope of the stream bed varies from a maximum of 160 feet per mile to a minimum of 16, averaging 40 for the 19.25 miles above the water supply dam*. The area comprising this watershed above the dam is 37.83 sq. mi. The terrain is rugged, possessing sharp topographical features; unglaciated, as the glacial morraine is 30 miles to the north. Valleys are generally narrow throughout the whole watershed. In places it is difficult to get a road through as the slopes rise at a steep grade from the streams edge, while in other places the valley widens to a maximum of 1000 feet. The lowlands are predomomantly coarse grained soils; boulders, gravel, sand and silt, being present in abundance. Clay is found only in areas above old beaver or logging dams. The sides of the valley are covered with outcropping sandstone, dolomite, and boulders of dolomite. The ridge of mountains comprising the edge of the watershed are weather resisting sandstone. Vegetation The original stand of virgin timber was cut off in the decade previous to 1900. Forest fires have swept sections of the region until the effective functioning of the state foresters since 1915 reduced in number and localized such fires.

r s L LOOKING UPT THE';ATERSHED ( LookinT W.est from Buck Knob ) Sand Spring BRun to thp right. Main Creek passirT to the left but windirg back to be visible in the ba.ckLEroumr at the left. r n AN OPEN, GLADE Typical of the deer feedirng areas wvhicht'.-5..'. are plel.tiful orn the

r,OUR, AII, LAULTEL:, & These great banrks of flowers atttract nmay visitors i, late I.. A M,=IR MILE UN ( Looking North from Buck Knotb)

/*<FC At the present time, vegetation of all kinds thrives in the valley. Second growth trees of many hardwoods, hemlocks, pines, and aspen, up to 1 foot in diameter, are prevalent. Occasionally is found a lone virgin pine or oak standing as a sentry from the previous era. Rhododendron and mountain laurel thickets are very common, and in places so dense as to make passage impossible. The growth of vegetation decreases in quantity with increase in elevation up the sides of the mountains until only scrub oak remains. Wild Life Animal life is abundant in this area. More so than in many other sections of the state land, because of the location of a large game reserve about 10 miles to the southwest. The usual kinds of small animals and birds are prevalent, with many unusual varieties found only in isolated areas present in considerable numbers. Deer, bear, beaver, wildcats, porcupines, wild turkeys, and whipper-wills, are an added inducement to attract hunters and vacationists to this area. bwhite Deer and Sand Spring Run streams are natural trout habitats, having brook and brown trout as denizens of the deeper pools. In recent years these streams have been stocked by the Penna Dep't of Forests and Waters. Rattlesnakes and copperhead snakes infest many sections and demand the respect of the intruder. Recreational Development of the Area The watershed area attracts many hunting and fishing clubs with the result that sportsmans lodges are distributed throughout the accessible parts. with improved roads, as a result of civilian conservation corps activities, many of the

BLACK GAP UP THE VALLEY (( LoLcoio touWeto ) e.i s t Viev from toirc daVr ite. rr r s SC'RUBa OAgI_ The usual tree groiw rthi oi the higher gfonutd.

wealthier residents of Sunbury, Lewisburg, Milton, Viatsontovm, and williamsport, have constructed cabins for weekend and vacation period occupation. Some camps are occupied throughout the week but this is the exception rather than the rule. weekends and holidays from April to December, brings an influx of campers to tax the facilities of existing camps to the limit. New camps have been added annually and will continue to increase in number as long as the policy of the state remains to grant permits for such construction. Picnic grounds, developed by the C. C. C. camp activities for public use, are prevalent in the McCalls Dam area. These grounds are equipped with outdoor stoves, tables, running water supply, and toilet facilities. Overnight and temporary camping occurs on the area but is not common. Automobile travel has been greatly increased due to better roads, recreational facilities, and publicity of the area, all of which directly result from civilian conservation corps activities since 1933. The greatest automobile traffic occurs during the blossom season of the mountain laurel in midJune. Civilian Conservation Corps Activities Two civilian conservation corps camps are located just off the watershed area. Tea Springs camp, to the north in Center County and just over the crest of the watershed on the road to Carrol, and Rapid Run camp, in the next valley to the south over Crabapple Mountain. Camp workers, under the guidance of a camp engineer co-operating with the Penna Deptt of Forest and Waters, have been engaged on the watershed in road and reforestation work.

ST.EAMf FLOW ON THE WRHITE DEER WATERSIED Stream gaging was carried out only on the surveys of 1934 and 1936. weather conditions were predominantly fair with rain during the latter part of the survey in these two years as well as in 1931. However, the volume of flow at this time of the year was not greatly increased as the interception, transpiration, and evaporation losses were at a maximum. Measurements were made to determine the actual flow in cubic feet per second at the site, and to determine the percentage of the inflow to the reservoir contributed by each individual large tributary to the main creek. Correcting Gagings for Rainfall Effect in computing the percentage of the total inflow tc the reservoir contributed by each individual stream, allowance was made for the effect of rain on the gagings taken after such rain had increased the runoff. The flow at McCalls Dam, previous to the rain, divided by the flow at the same site, on the day gaging measurements were made upstream, was used as a factor by which upstream gaging results were multiplied. The resulting flow is entered in the summary sheets for the stream flow records of 1934 and 1936 as "Corrected l0ow". This corrected flow is then used as the flow contributed by a stream in compuuting the percentage of total inflow to the reservoir. This method I consider to give a fair degree of comparison between gaging results irrespective of interfering weather conditions.

/6 Selection of Gaging Sites Terrain conditions were far from ideal for gaging the streams. A confined channel with clay bottom could occasionally be located on the main stream, but all tributary streams had steep slopes and rarely afforded a desirable gaging site. Many streams tumbled down the hill through a rocky bed of sandstone boulders. Fills for the old tramroad and old beaver dam sites were used as the most satisfactory sites. Effect of March, 1936, _Hlood on Gaging Sites. Several sites used on the 1934 survey had to be discarded in 1936 because of the errosive action of the unprecedented flood of March, 1936. This was the condition on the main stream as well as the tributaries. Clay or fine sand sites, (rare on this watershed) were usually widened or divided into two or more small channels, or as in two instances, an entirely new stream bed had been cut through. Kettle Hole Run and Black Gap Run had worked large boulders and accompanying sand into the 1934 sites. In general, it was much more difficult to gage the tributaries in 1936 than in 1934. Mechanics and Procedure of Gaging equipment:- A Price Improved Gurley current meter was used for all measurements. It was mounted as a wading meter with parafined wire connections long enough to carry the battery in the hip pocket an allow free movement of the supporting rod while the ear phones were in place. In all measurements the rotating vanes were supported on the pivot bearing. Equipment was carried to the site by placing the dismounted

/7 GAGING T4 SIT JUST ABEOVE =SER"OI". 1LET 16 cubic feet per second flowing rw, Fuji,, ^ ^! ^.^^ ^. ~-^'J~^ I.I ^ ~' ^'^'^^^^'~AIL'^ ^ ^ ^-..^''hi " X-' ^^f'^^i^ i "''u'. lGGITG SITE AT McCALLS DAYL Coined Iflow- throt'ugh1 an old bea ver dam.

/E' r A ~ust tCci Ca., Pec _. tioi. Fl ow- 8 CfSo T APS VA:LAPLE aia tributary urchr ri u.-_de irab -e ond itions. ~t $tk -E93C Ls-C. -.t' - C _~~~~~~~;'~~~~~~ _- -r' u`ioR; E tlsw~zbPL @ a ~~~~~~~~~- a v o. y e7vel7 ~l lr YSorbis oc~~ n

vanes, with pivot bearing lowered, in a box containing a supporting cradle. Sections of the supporting rod, wire connections, battery, earphones, and other essentials were carried in a cloth satchel along with the tape and notebook. Technical Method:- The two-tenths and eight-tenths depth method was used to determine average velocities in a vertical where ever possible. Vertical measurements were taken every two feet or closer where the bottom cross-section was irregular. in shallow water, the six-tenth depth method or surface velocity method were resorted to in securing average velocities in the vertical. In all cases due allowance was made for the vanes being 0.40 feet above the zero position on the rod. Observations and Computations:- Observations were recorded and computations carried out on standard U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Branch, form sheets. Notes were appended to each set of data describing the gaging site and giving an estimate of the probable accuracy of the results. Summary of Gaging Results The venturi meter readi-n on the pipeline indicated a flow of 1,471,000 gallons per day, or 2.27 cubic feet per second, out of the reservoir in 1934. In 1936 the demand was 1,3SO,20C gallons Der day or 2.04 cubic feet per second. Considerable water was wasting over the spillway at all times. Unfortunately,the spillway crest was not level and could not be used as a weir with any approximate degree of accuragy. A gaging station just above the reservoir indicated the inflow as 16.22 c. f. s. in 1931, and 13.30 in 1936.

JUj: L.U..RY ~3 STR.,^ T; r\j RJUTl^J OU~ La ii i^ uEi CR:. vTJ rTRyj;:1UT/^1^^ r.^UAIIT- Tz. JAITlI.V1 &&:JUVY vi' iLt4. 3TH^AJ^.JA(.ni;;r jITi.DAT LU.31-{>) CORROOTO.) 02 CF rt>.O K r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r tP,,,-,?,,~~~~~~~~~-'J ZA 0, J\ ^. C. r-. 3, TO RICiV I rlpC lita Jenturl Meter 6/13/34 2.27 ~J- -140 tit:.Deer Creo^ Iniet toi Reservoir 6/13/34 16^2 100.0 ~tbie Hl Run Old. ueoa'C 6/16/3 4 2^ 3.6:.yina' ^ Jap un 1 ~/4.; ~ -i abv/16/34 ^7 4.6 -,, t','abA Li-1 du x ml abv0/13/3 I 0.1_4. -..iel U ulai Ua VC 0/13/3t"'.7. C *4 J-iztI. -rw.: -uan LriJ on Jree n ree 6/14/34 44 12.1 noacd U? nrexr Cxreo:. IUoLUe ii Bridge ^iou 6/14/34 u4,2 Ici ettu, TB.rar &i fim <c ict 6/j/3A. 3:,6 3.7 C~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~~~~~~ i'_p~~~~~~~~~~~) /jr ~~~~~~r:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~I

JUIJ-L f 2 & 57..;'C.III 01 Th124 )&R GRaK ~: 1k? 26.BVTK &3 DTJRIIT3 iliilr~~C iTiI ~~~~~~~t~~~~~ ~ <'... ~1: ~ ^ ^ 0~JL' 1 ^.L i~ i^ Th?-V- P;4a I)nJ ~'i4J z3RI OF1 iQ3~.t fE4 R 4, * J*~ IC AtaQXk2, rr; I' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Jd~~~~~-%ili~~~~~2 ~r.Zte ~ezv 2rcc.: ^ia Baver ma 6/16/34 At P~llS~ Dam 0/20U/34- )35 3~3 1 -,01it0 Jeer Ureek xXlow junction of Hall 0/20/34 2.1)3 1.32 6.1 -. Tu iunri O BranchesJ:~tu b,' ranch,Ur.tn -am 0/2.314 0,6 4.2 als ranch (y dif ernc) 064 k N

DURINTG TH 1L S TAITARY SURVEY 0:^ 1Ci''TR:aL GJ' AGIING 31 DATE LORtCTiD ) OF INTL0O: C *'.. 2. C.P.3. TO0: SR V OIR i-ipe Line Venturi Mleter 6/10/36 2.04 15.3 6/10/36;kl -te ieer Creci Inlet to Reservoir 1'.30 100.0 Ke ttle Hole iLun A. C, and.'. Camp 6/10/36 0.65 4.9 I yman' s Gap Run (Ca- Den Camp 6/10/36 0.l 5.3 Lick Run 1/6 mile above 6/11/36 0.73 5 5 outle t i ile Run C!p Goodlander 6/11/36 0.61 4.6 Sancd pring Run Creek Road Bridge /11/36 02 22.7'Jhite Deer Creek Bridge below Camp 6/11/36 7- 93 59.s Recreati n Crabapple Run 2hakespere Camp 6/13/36 J 6.9. cCall s b ranch Carp Lucky 6/13/36 0.J! 4.6 ilite:Jier Cree;.1 aid Beavor JDa:i 6/13/36 3.1i at c0a I's Bar 6/12i/36 4. I 0 3.19 24.0 Ix

~TlLJi.:.xAur.i:. i.lCR.,'T:D p OF INOLO) -2. ~. ORL F S TRV Bl ack -ap Run.eioe Low Cabin 6/15/36 0.50 033 2.5 Jh'ite Beer Creek. ielow junction of Hall 6/15/36 2.29 1.22 11.4 and Tun is Brancaies iunn is 3Br ncr h.A:t rtone Camp 6/1i/36 1.22 0 81 6.1 al1's Branch (3y difS-ferenes) 0,71 5.3 ~'.3

Onl y 45 of the flo in. he Dlee Creek was contrib uted by the main triouburies gare arest tributar ies not _ag ed were Buck Knoo T-in, Fredricks Gap Run, Cow Bell HolLowz Rur, Pi'ot.ie. Jolc-;'i:-rl Frvying: Pan In^ a, ncl t oi- treams c f-L1r the series of gaps o'le north side ne en Cw Bell o ll- e'- a d-;i C', ia ( eT'l" 9, t r +I; T, r-. t,i-.... I Ot-1''%c5,e i. 7 _..ells EJ Gz'ing of th t the q"e i Insrt'llatitotn of a weir is likew;eise imprat' ical because 2',f tEhe coarlse graiQned soil coe to and<i,. the te e -nde-" tIo pr.ea.t out: in........... o~t, rif a e,:-':~hanm:el a Ev cfi' e n.c to twv:o or more scurface or su?.teranean chels^ Ev...e.nc.e of th is t ed el -ecy i s furnios.hed t t:+hue. Thrd -'-. G -u C fit th J.1re e de f ini.te -r- c.- >,,wha-....i..s a.::Cd the Fourth Gap _un vvith _tvo clefir::te surface channels; smell __'d_ c wod te 1 5 + E i-{owe,, _ t h e flowP of e:ch o~ t. he:: u,' c:' r Pr cQ r tr "h of te f.lo as p ro-ruted by area. Thu t we conc.ile i t!at::0: of,:? the main.str-eam fl' is to c:irec. sprinr: and underagro un' west anad is the inearest as, well:. as the mot comparable'-h11 ir -t si e riif0',4...,." -...,? of the,-tates'e-lrl ore al g taio*,The t i -..o..f,th Dep.rt.Ce.t of Fo est-1s; e ea ters p:ub lished e oi 0 eLQ 0.49 C fo: June or t+h Fire Ceelt wI;ate.shed.,

Sand Spring Flow Exceeds Draft of Water Company The gaging results for both years showed Sand Spring Run contributing enough water to.eet the demands of the White Deer Water Company. This statement gives an idea of the adequateness of the supply. However, it does not mean that a reservoir constructed on Sand Spring Run would meet tne demands of the water company. Reservoir evaporation losses, seepage, and riparian rights alotments wouldreduce the available draft below the present demands. Furthermore, this was not the most critical period of low flows. Results throughout tne state in 1930-31 changed the dependable low flow criterion suggested by the Dep't of Forests and Waters from 0.10 cfs. to 0.05 cfs. Applying this criterion Sand Spring Run could be depended upon for only one-tenth as much water as determined on these surveys. Comparison of Ground Water Flow in 1934 & 1936 A comparison of the results on the 1934 and 1936 surveys gives an idea of the relative amounts of spring and surface flow. Previous Rairnall Conditions in 1934 and 1936:- The summer of 1934 was at the end of a pronounced drought cycle effective since 1930. The result was a depressed ground water level, and a drying up or diminishing flow from springs. This was true even though precipitation for the Spring of 1934 was near normal, up to and including june, the 1month of the survey. The situation in 1936 was decidedly different. The late Siammrer and Eall of 1934 produced very severe drought conditions throughou- the entire United States. Tnis was relieved duringr the Winter and following Sprirg witri exceptionally heavy precipitation. Contin,ued heavy rainfall and flood conditions in March,

Zv-1936' -tiy a;' gineL t^dteg — Jun ater- p'pa-tl0 i2owvrtl, re no orm Ai. deficiency of nleary.iche..occ ring in alonre P Thus, surfac raie draiig an4 a.-.- s prings4' procuc...i-g a dec-eased flow as wcorpaIrea vith 4193I whie deep seatee! and!ar.ger sp rings are flowirg rn:o> freely. Williams port 18 located a-+bout L- 12miles north of.cCall* Th-e r-ainfall re.or..d wfor that wea-.t er station follows, ainfall eRecord, U. S. Weather Rureau Station^''illiamsport Pa. Precipi taton DJepartutre fromf the =41einches n. L C —or;al ir i-nches A ril 3.06 -0.36 MC~~ay 3~3.06 *-0. 88 Jfuine 3~4~3.'-04 iay 209 5 Ju ne 3 80 -038 Surface Fed Streamis on the'Watershed:- The inflow to the reservoir is only 13.30 cfs. in 1936 as compare zad wit h 16.22 in 1934,. The larger sl - fce tributaries show this samre tendency as is evident frorr the cormpari son below. St reamn 1934 1936 Lick r:un * 1,04 0.7 T M'ile Run 0,7. 0 61 L3mnas Gap - r4 0,7 0. 71 Crabapple Run 1.06 0.92 Elack Gap Run 0.52 C0.33

27 VIcCa-ll; EBra-nci is a log osurface strea; drai-inS g a rpar'o V v1ileyr t-nd has many small springs. The flow is very sin il'a in the tvwo years C.61 and 060. cfs., respectively. Sprin-g, Fed Strteam con the at ersed:- On the oheihand, the streams which are very definitely spring fed, and particularly those on the head watters' show the eff-ect of a better Eground water suvppl]y in 1936. Sand Sprig Rn un i the largest tributary to'.hite IDeer Creek, draining an area of 5.00 sq. mi., but is predomni a:-+tlyi a spring fed strean;. S ampli results show 1 very sizable sprintgs aloneg the 5 1/2 miles of stream charils. In addition, the 8 other flowinrl streams sa.med undoubtedly hd one or morCe,springs at their source. The folloawing streams are predominantly sprinr fed, Stream 1934 l136 Kettle Hole un 0. 58 0 6 Sand Spring r un 2.45 3.02 Tunnis Branch 0.68 0.*81 Halls Branch 0.64 0.71 Individual Spring Gagirgs:- In furthur suppo-r of the better conditions of spring flow in 1936, gagi rgs on the two largest springs on the watershed definitelyr show them to be flowing in larger quantity. Sand Spring on Sand Spri -g u, nrd Milloront Sprirg on Tunnis Branch had confined outlets per'iittirng the measurcemernt of flow. These results follow, Spr.ng 1 ir 3346 Sunis Bpranch 0. 0.6 Z17r Tunnis Branch Spring- 0,14 0,z2

imtmedi, e.ly foslowimn is a surmmnary of the flovw, during 1.34i nd 136, with respect to area for;hite Deer Creek- SaId Splring -t, an the uotpr sec2 tio ti he main creek. On the followinTg pagesr a-r u rizd e Gsaarize t gig results on the a main ste and a tribaItutaries for the two sluveys. The flow at each of these sites 1s al so e&rressC as a perentare of thIe otal inflow to the reservoir^ Summary of iFow with respect to Area Flow r ea C.FS. De r L,noff C.' s m sqm 4n.- mile incles ner mt, Uite Deer Creek 16.22 37.83 0.43 0.48 Sand Spring Run 2.45 5. 0 0.49 0.55 Whiite Deer Creek 3,23 6. 5 0.47 0.52 (above fcCalls Dam) 1936.h-ite Deer Creek 13.30 37.R3 0*.35 0.39 Sand Sprin THan 3.02 5 00 0.60 0.67 Thite Deer Creek 3.12 6.85 0.47 0.52 (above t cCalls uam)i

29 INSP ECTION OF CA PS The Pennsylveani State Legisle.ture, by a ael of Larcl1h 7, 913, authorized the departr!:nt of forestry to lease parcels of the state forest land for periods not exceeding ten years, for healthful, educati.onai5 or reci eational purposes. Three eams on the watershed own their site and an appreci.lbl ao.fc l surroun'dir. land, havir clear tittles fr rrom indivduac cxners befcre the State becaan.e interesteo in buyirg forest land. By the privilege of the above act interested individuals or groups of individuals have constructed cas nr suGch rnuWmbers that they totled (34) inr 131, (41) in 9cS4, and (42) in I936. Indications re they will1 continue to grow in number with returning rospOerous years unless the policy of the State is altered. A lease is grantede for a term. of years, not exceeding ten, with the privelege of renewa. Ontly citizens of Pennrsylvania may hLold leases or interests in leases, A lease obtainec under false preterse by a citizen or association for the use of nonc tizens of the state is justifiable cause for cancellation of the lease. All leases provide that a bu'ildig must be C-rec te on the sitte within two years of the granting date. This perilod of time may be extended upon the recommendation of the district forester who is aFcquainrted with the circumstances. Tempo ra.r Campingr Camping overtnitght ti tents or bivcua c ndos 1 Ot require s-cu-ir-ng permi ssiton, Occupation of the site for m t han 4 hours recuires the securing of signed permlit from tihe District

30'ore te.r. These permits are graltec for a maximur period o three Tieeks. Terporary carlping of this itut is resorted to by a sm all nu rber of hunting fishing ptie Sectr.in of Carp Site Leases Application for a ca site?ease in the state forests rrust be made on a special form, 5C- t, o the istric te forester or the Harrisburg off-ice 1'orm 59-A requires the ime iends t.dresse:s of the applicants, the signature of all persons having a financial irterest in the camp, a description of the desired site, and the estimated cost of the proposed buildirn.; sketch or plat of the builCing, together v;ith the buildair specificatiorns should be placed on the reverse side of the application. If a lease is granted to an unchartered club or to a group of people, it must be executed by an individua vtho will serve as trustee for the group. The leasee is held responsible for carryirn out the provisions of the lease, and nst necessarily enforce its provisions upon the other rmembers ard geests. Clubs usually secure a charter. The lease is then executed by the officers of the club. A charter is obtained by making applicat.i.on to the County Court of Common Pleas, under the act of.April 29 1874. After the apl;ication has been duly advertised, the charter is granted by the court. Such a procedure involvxes a nominal cost. Location of Camp Sites Applicants usually have a definite site for their proposed carmp in mind. The District Forester accornpanys the applicant arnd passes judgement on the feasibility and desirability of usingr

3/ that site* Tlhe District Forester, a sate empioyee and subject to poitics, is usual y anxious to gain popular favor and oblige in every possible way. After a particular site has been chosen it is given a defirite number which signifys the particular one of the 21 state forest districts of the camp location, and also th e rnubter of the camp in that district. Thus, 7C-150 indicatee canop 150 in the 7th district. Adjacent camps have similar but not necessarily consecutive numbers. The District Forester submits a surreyi of the chosen site with his report to the H-arrisburg office. Size of Camp Sites The three privately owned camps have appreciable areas with th em. However, the leased camri sites vary from two acres down to 1/10 th acre. in the early years of the campsite prora-rE it was not uneonommon for the lald granted under an individual lease to cover fronm to 2 acres. The increasirg demand for sites has reduced the size granted, so that nowv individual sites range from 1/!' th to 1/4 th of an acre. Leases upon expirirg, and which originally included I to 2 acres, are renewed for much smaller areas but which are still large enough to include 1al. permanent buildirngs. Rental Cost of Camp Sites Camp site rentals are vary moderate and vary according to the location and size of site. Annual rentals range from $7 to $15 per individual site. The money received for the caesp leases is, according to law, paid into the state school fund for the ma intermnce of the poorer school districts of the Commonwealth.

32 C rm S i t e Bu i1x eu-... e S Camp Site Buildin'Requirements The following requvirements are quoted from Circular 24 of the Perma State. ep t. of Forests and W..aters, "The epartment recuires that all buildings meet with certain approved stanards, thtough it does not require that buildings erected on state forest cuzrp sites be distinctive or uniform in character. The standards set by the department vary wi'th locations and conditions, but in general the buildirngs should be presentable in appvearance. The type of buildirE to be erected should conformi in appearance to those in the immnedtiate locality. The use of galvanized sheet steel, corrugated iron, tin, boards or roofirn paper as building siding has been found by experience to be unsatisfactory, End is therefore disapproved, All exposed woodwork should be painted a color in keeping' with the forest background. it is required that all buildings shall be kept in a good condition of repair and presentable in appearance. The grounds around the building shall be clean and sanitary, and from time to time the buildinr should be painted." Sanitary Provisions Sanitary rules and regulations of the Department of Health are printed on the back of the camp site leases. They are subject to enforcement by the police powers of the state. However, the police power has to be motivated by complaints of adjacent cai-ps or the ^/hite Deer Water Company. All camps and buildings must be situated on comparatively leviel ground, at a distance of at least 50 feet from any stream or sprnlg and 2C feet from any road or trail, and so lccated that the direct drainrage will be away from rather than toward the stream or

33 spring. Latrine and gage pits must be provided. They should be r.ae at a distance of 100 feet from any stream or sprring unless a watertight pit of concrete or stone rasonry is provided, in which case the distance must be a minnmum of 50 feet. hatrines should be kept in a sanitary condition at all times. The mininnum depth of latrine pits is 5 feet below the surface of the ground. kitchen and wash water- must not be tshrow into a spring or stresm, or upon thle ground ir the immnediate neighborhood of any such watercourse. Coffee grounds and sawdust miust be kept out of all wat.ercourses as a protection to the fish life. Failure to observe sanitary regulations will be cause for ordering the vacating of the camrp and revocation of the lease or pern iit. Fuel The privilege of usirg dead or down wood can be obtained from the state district forester gratis or at a very nominrl cost. Usually no charge is made. Camp Inspection Human habitation is a threat to the cuality of water in White Deer Creek. To protect itself, the Water Compiany has had occasion to initiate police action against camps violating sanitary recquirenients. An essential part of the sanitary surveys of this watershed was the close inspection of each canmp site. Jr. Rice personally ins!pected each of the 34 cair us in 1 31 and likewise each of the 41 camps in C,34. He persornaily inspected or carefully supervised the inspection of the 4' camps and 2

,a.rk rLeas i; 13. These inspeciocns covered the:-atersuppll y provisions for and methods of disposal of human excreent and method of disposa cf garbase and rubbish. Vatersurply ins ec tion consisted in tracing down the camp source of water. Usually a spring, but in other cases a mountain surface stream was utilized. Samples were taken for bacteriological analysis and included in the report for the watershed as a whole. Camps usirng.ater showing possible pollution wiere advised of this fact with suggestions of available sources in the vicinity which tested satisfactory. Check samples were run on any camp supply sources testirg to show B. Coli. content. Toilet facilities, and use and maintenance of such facilities were carefully checked. Inspection was carried out with the idea they should be enclosed, tight, scavanger animal proof, rodent proof, and fly proof. Garbage and refuse disposal was checlkeCto see whether it was properly covered in p:its, thrown into streams, or scattered on the ground. Sanitary Survey of Camps in 1936 i am omitting the camp by camp inspections of 1931 and 19-34 because they would not add anything to the 1936 report. These canps are located and symbolized on the WVATERSHEI)D iAP by small triangles. individual camps are designated by the camp name or the state forest number. The complete summarized account of all cazn!ps on the watershed is taken from the 1936 report by Dr. John Lice to the White Deer JWater Company. This summarized report is presented on the following: pages.

ITAB"E IV U,~~~~~~~i ^U~JKPY 0>? 2ANI&ARY INSPECTIONS OF CA3LPS ON WlilT 1^.' CKSf2 June 10-16, 1936* 2A11 10B11717104j'IYL TOITAT FACILITli I,,; SL7~L~._ ~ta~ r it zresent ]I-iQne -tate Gi ani- In I-it Scattered Condition I' ornt construec- 2onditiK)in on of nes3 and CoveredlI on Surface About Ju~~ar tfion of ~it iandU.Repai Odors ~Z boil of &roun_ r~~t~7Thf36 Y4 full1 -1 4aRpJe.)riflS stone of water ilone Fair 4air COverea Some -'air 2-' r-tz's C a-brned (I Loos se.artial ly Ve ry S-ome refusI stone filled Eone p 0r i co it about Polac iair - 3- e~~~~~~~~~~~~~1artli and S6lightly zartial ^~0* ^ dGamp 70CK-17I stone filled Hione G-ood Fair covred oome &air 4- arth and Partially A OC) jId ik ~..,Z stone filled Little 9 oox. Fa.i all. arouan oor_ 5-" 2arth and ktoor pacd- Good. rre!i e3 Very O )c rin^ ] _ -1^77 stone c -:ced) -ood. io o - clean good ^ -"l)"" "'t — an —--- i —~~-J ^ ^ d partially -re inI se' G~i^.) ^o~iauqu^ ^ ^ -tooe fille.- i o ne Go. ~air Ov r"-I clean 7- {t2) deme n artiallv Very fwnaoor Ja i'15A~ii'te 70-l01 andstone filled. Lone Good.'air ^one so r t. -2rta and. martially icnib r S -tie7 -1i3 ^ C fille. ione, G ood Fair Ove ioneGood >..rth and. 1/2 full R~e fu se Fern 3_'~r hn2 70-162 stone of water INone Goood Good covered fromn car- iood bide tank ___ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ ______ __ ___._._, ____ ^_ _ __ only 10- - ~~ elie m" artiar l v'-ot t11s a' "Oulr Onrp 70-164 t-i~. stone filled 14 one Good rair Ulncove0 t ^ ove _lac I1-'' " ^' """""" "^^^arth'n:- kartially' Cver' Stle oodlat1 n>VWr 70-3 stone f illed oI one Fair.a b u d^ ^i^ cans Cair open by iar r. a n inai 3_ _ _ 1 2- ~ ns and B"faio 070-105 Concrete nilled i~one Good 0air under V PL a satt ".LO~~~~~~~~~~~t~4

QABL& IV (Cont.) __.L.e t ifi.ation ___-._..-i~:oilert acilitiej rb e and. ge eneral SJtate re resent Lime tate l ani- i n it Jcatterd " ondition For-est onstruc- Uondition on of ness and "overed on.Surface.bot r t ion of i ~it hand a -odor s:rit:L 0oiI olf rro-i 2a 13^~~~~ ~^ ^ martially.Ot' Ga,72-163 Joncrete filoled Lone Good a re oneGo TT. F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a ir:o re,1 i~ o e Go 1l —o-.............Jement -nd-artia]llyd r y Ooocn.:~ob istone filled ones Good. Good. mco~ xred <in oaniiddi 17'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f~~~~ fI L;a rt i 1 1y -il.-......._^_^^^ __.~^^^^ ^o^ ^^ - overed, i-one Good Xl~a 1Qat::1n.o z ilo701stn filled one Good Good io it into streao VeryGoor'Coo:.: trlt,.,;L' <'' "':' e....................... _.-!9...!;_::),./,....^.......... I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cm~~~~~~~k'nft r ~ art ially vli in incrt c)L t.o lnL, A^ -a' __. 72.- Ifiled. oes Good Good Ancovered.in canc,'air 17 — t-.,....! artially itet........... but~ 3Iat^^.-.. on onte ly lri ) one Gleo cood uno red one oo i1:-.................................. $o',:d ~iun~'(".nd;J anuman faces in meac~ nearr- u,,.... s....',u, — li!~i^ie toilet, et:c, at Lo.ige 0, " ~19-" Cere n:t ~. martially 1 o c i n -n clrate-' y s tone 7'?-167 st ne filled lione air Good,i1 cov- low place l'air 30'arto t i-J: artially...""..'ireplaeA ~~~~1 n~~~~~~~_ c::~.:..u- C-l f7illed tv.;one:'oor -?air ona bacrk of c.. air 20 -t ractial' Excel- very in nowp,_....... s.,...:so-: iy^ e-n^pt y zoelnt g. l r oof_ _aonie rear of c.. uood ~22d~-' " ^'~~artiai L y - -xcel - - lean a-! a v 7'O~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~,' nt'ldoo. Yesv e rnt~ 0. 0vC 1 i) lent'3-.;artn &J iC artially1 _..,ion:filled les dood'ood Jovere::;one.ood 24 - ~ -:J.-~p -~,. Y.......:,"7"7"...-...~..^.^..... -.' i i- -'- - ~ <.............. 20- o' -'s- Z' J^^th'r'"'^art ia~iy^^":Leaiyd^ junk-~~ —~ on rL, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a t: i., ___, _ o...:..:.::,,rn'. p. 79"-k +'i.!..'.i^^ Si^fl( 73, i~ L. r ~'OO F,.: o... eV'.._ ~; W _. i' _oor _ 27-'1 fully i jynl 1 nv i';,l o 70-1457'toue filiat ione rvoof. ior ~'' tin cank - ~oor ~ -..........~rth c., i a"tia',.!,y ~eaky Tirn can., ~~~~~~~~~~~ 7,. 1, e c, ",e r o 0 f'. a.,...... 31u. c a/~e 7 1.'-1-~J s'~:~,.... filec:.on,'~ rof ~'ocr u>4' tin cars 13 7C 1. ~ -I U.1...',, ~'

E iu I c on tc -^tate./i'L. ireset L~ime;tate Gi Tn rit ca oe. Jc^n&Itiol. ~"'^'^...-'ore st Jon^ true- ConcL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tion on of ne~~~~~~~~~~b und Covers..n surface ^out~~~~~~J i u L 4 C ~~cnoLLL~~~c L XjCU.j L'..rrf u~ ib'tt ^ - J~umbur ^^^- ^^ ^'^ ^ -i^- ^^-L.t L9ly -aAp 2u- ^art1 >cl(.artia iLy Llan ca ana II-,. 1',"70 ~ sto illed ie a air _ leair i.on infe in 2l1; coor 79 " t m uwite fuli se s ea -is 70 Se to 7i_ n, one -Fair ai. ^o n et' in lo ofair 3ar t - I cr v ioof ^^i^^'J^....d _. 7G^7.( ^^^ _~^J^_^ 1; e. ale.e s~: I-air ovp^-^ ilone r ood 17C_1 ZLI ~A~n~)~ ^pyker^ 2^^^ ^ase __^f~~~~~~~~~~~~~illed~( None Gooa I00 Gore 01^____ ^ Luc~y _ _70-150 stone lort T0in oiri roc filled J- Io ne Goo Fair Hon o ne^^.. ^i ^^..-_.__. _.... _...... ^^^^^ ioatially ^^ ^ " --.^irst~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ bp7-s3eat f il le d "Iloe GodQo. Hn n c2.iT nel.'L, t~~~~~~~~~~~~~ln.Loot~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ lu - — ie I u.. E^ toad nr=., a _ J__ Lo c aoi n 7i*1 9l ston filled one Good Fair wn. aan* Bon ir ~ -- 0036 artiahlly aln bcansan iTwitol zoint ne 3>-^^~~~~~~~~~~~~~J 0 e~ - vpr to EJaa I n beap near Lt.'A~~rnuii.^a~rth rear loc~~eo. Gooa?13on e of toiet J ir0 d Jc C 7OiIi~ sto filleo ilone &oodL GC, Ce Lnd cia t d b.oL 42.,. -~' — -...,-' -- - " rti.' ~~ ~- Jr~~ no23 —~- +" - -"- --' ii a r ^ b -V r j.OJn Yj)E}'-'7-lnio to frel~de L- one d dou. onor I Lone hina c U O se fart drain-tt - -' a 72-143 ro.:o fi~~~~il."e 03 &od ii r~ind.LLC t c72 144 ftre ~ille& bai~of ne c d Gcc rl i oc3cnd &trnf ace to1i n: o-na iO2 r~~~~~~~~~~~~~.L40O23~~~ ~)~LtterQ&~ 40.~LXt(I ocid God -i~oio f tolet ~ ai

o %~'.' l?, 0 %.' T i o o q UJ 0 1( Q5 ou,", ___ a z_, p0oo 0a uot, a..__::,_.. _ _.,....a3.t,.... _. ~JOO- pU,uGtQio(LW J 4^D O ITT' p IJe S aJIDTOT U^r.. -AUTJt SA ur'' M4EG}ISp~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~?t' C lE o o. E'u. n'7.T O 1rt UXeJ~.s YrSU Jcq.l'9UTXT ______ Gtiu^ p.un oW. O'T. TO-' eat,..l'eT JOgpO'T^ pU.TT' ITTT JO uOT ~: c}qUTnl Yrlfq O0^J rU TO pTOv' TOC pf ^ TT P JOT2. O1. 0. arisqe TI 0...................-r.'T7 ICO p 9Oqoc ) rt CT -T T pUW GJ Cl _U?-T.,.n 1. —T U —_7.)T";H,,-r...J.^^ TIV CT':* IT T'.':" T.TT~ 1 10J't V U.- vF, T.r'T'r T -.-' -" ~ H...ou.,ioi a:. t.J,.......,.Ub iV Lb:

Conclusions from the Inspection of Camps Enforcenment of the sanitary m easures by some vigilant policing authority is necessary to maintain sanitary conditions aboout all camnps. Tle standard of liviing as well as the sense of responsibility varies between camps. The zmajority of camps will not need periodic visits out a few of the shiftless, careless ca'ps should "be inspected at regular intervals throughout the season from April to Decemoer. The power of enforcingr.ealth regulations rests with the Distlrict Forester, the representative of the state and the custodian of the state property. he nas the power to enforce all regul.ations, even to the extent of termr-:inating the camp lease. Detected causes of pollution or threats of pollution around camp areas are listed as follows, (a) Establishment of "deer licks" by putting salt out to attract deer to the vicinity in hopes of improving the hunting. The 1931 survey disclosed a salt lick on the bank oi Sand Spring Run with a resulting barn yard condition. (b) Throwing kitchen wastes or discharging sink drainage directly into a watercourse. Sink wastes and wash water is not specifically covered in the health regulation, and many camps have taken advantage of this omission to drain the sinks directly into the streams. (c) Porcupine frequenters dragging buried garbage or contents of toilet pits to adjacent streams. Numerous instances were observed where these animals had burrowed into the ground or gnawed through wood to gain entrance. (d) Instance of poor housekeeping resulting in garbage and rubbish of all kinds being littered about the camp area. Only 6 camps were considered as a threat to the sanitary standard of the watershed in 1931. The 1934 survey showed this number reduced to 4, while the 1936 survey indicated a relapse in 12 camps being considered as definitely unsanitary.

BACTERIOLOGICAL STJULVEY The bacteriological analysis of collected samples was taken as indication of purity or contamination. Such analyses were carried out in accordance with the accepted -rocedure as prescribed in "'Standard Methods of Vater Analysis" published by the American Public Health Association. ouch ~orocedure involving "presumptive tests" and cconfirmatory tests". Presumptive tests were completed at our field camp and transportable cultures made of plates giving positive presumptive results and requiring confirmation. The cultures were transferred to the bacteriology laboratory of bucknell University and the confirmatory tests carried out in the accepted manner. Therefore, the unique features of the analysis procedure on this survey are limited to the collection of samples and execution of the presumptive tests, and this part of the survey will be covered in detail in this discussion. From personli knowledge and the perusal of the literature on sanitary surveys, this is the first instance to my knowledge where temporary facilities for incubation of collected sam?-les in the field has ever been used.

1/ Preliminary Arrangrement and Supply The prelirminary arrarngemrents for this survey was a very important part of the project. The most serious question involved was that of providing incubation for the plates in the field. This problemi was solved by using a common egg incubator, such as is used in poultry farming. Such an incubator burned kerosene and maintained a temperature within the necessary limits of 37.5 degrees Centigrade. The results were satisfactory even when loaded to capacity with plates. -or transiportirg this incubator into the field, the legs were detached and the oil lamp removed, to be packed and carried separately. The incubator was mounted on the rear carrier of a I.armon sedan and transported, after which it was quickly assembled for use. Glassware and Media:- A great amount of glassware was involved. Every sample taker requires a sterile tube, two tubes of plain agar, one tube of litmus lactose agar, and three sterile petri dishes. in addition extras were needed for correcting mistakes, checking questionable counts, transfering cultures back to the University laboratory for confirmatory tests, and allowing for contaminants. The samplirg tubes and petri dishes were all sterilized at the University laboratory and packed in tin can containers, the sampling tubes beirng plugged with sterile cotton and petri dishes beirg packed with covers in place. These tin cansiof one cuart size and largerwere closed with tin covers held in place with adhesive tape. Plain and purple agar was poured into sterile tubes, stoppered with cottonand packed as the sterile tubes after cooling. The 1936 survey involved the sampling of 134 sources. For this survey the following quota of materials was taken to our field camps, 190 sterile sampling tubes 500 petri dishes 350 tubes of plain agar

42 500 sterile pipett es 175 tubes of purple lactose agar 50 slFnts for culturipn in addition to these basic materials, the following were used in the technical work involved, Red & blue soft wax pencils Tabulatirg pads a"lcohol lamp and platinumr wires Level, for leveling tables in pouring Low power magnifying glass 2 common double boilers for liquifying agar 2 direction compasses 2- one-gallon thermos jugs The WATERSHED MAP, enclosed in this report and discussed under the section describing the white Deer watershed, was developed and very essential for assisting the sampling parties. This map follows page Considerable numbers of white pasteboard placards were cut for use in placarding points along the stream, and thus assist the sampling parties to orient themselves. Compasses and watches were necessary for each samplirg crew. Because of the rugged nature of the country, infested with snakes, medical aid kits were absolutely essential. Sampling Procedure The location and identification of such location of sampling sites was a major problem on this survey. The WATERSHED UAP (scale 2" equal 2000') is indespensible to locating in the field any sites sampled on r)revious surveys, and likewise necessary for correctly locatirn any newly discovered tributaries. All definite fixed observable features adjacent to the creek are located on the map. Placarding Crews:- These features are placarded by separate placarding crews who work in from the road, which runs parallel and follows the same valley. f'eatures placarded are trails, camps, brid

4394! e;to t s %^ T NffltvjJM I -. L+JxI x:: p^-i; Iq.O-.P I. O,.. r 7 @?.:0 ~'::3:9:..,~ "'o':'" "'i~',' ~"."' A., Z......,..^-... _.-,:,; I r 1 t

ges, main tributaries and spring:s. The placards are white pasteboard 15" X 4" lettered in pencil and posted by thumb tacks. They are moalnted facing downst eam and on trees at the very edge of the creek. Locating them -o face an open area naturally makes a mrore conspicuous symbol to the saplin crews. The placardlrg crew consists of two men, who usually use a car for traveling alorn the road. Judicious selection of objects to placard naturally reduces their work. In 1934 and 1936, each mile point along the creek was placarded and kept th-e sampling crews oriented as well as providing a definite site to lift the mile interval sarnples. These miilepoints vere also located on the WATERSHED MAP. Sampling Crews:- The sampling crews worked in groups of three, a party of three beinr on each side of the stream, and attempting to keep opposite each other on their respective- banks. Impassably dense laurel and under brush along the creek bottom lands often maJe this impossible and forced the groups up on to hiogner ground Ior short distances. Each crew carried a WATFRSHED MAP and had discussed the previous night all available information on sites samp.tled in the previous surveys along t.at stretch of the creek. Each crew carried a folding notebook to record information pertaining to the sampled site. This information covered the size of flow, apparently surface or subsurface, whether the drainage area was swampy or upland territory, apparent sources of contamination, whether a source of watersupply to camps, and information referencing the site to permianent topographical features. Features used for referencing included camps, mountain knobs, trails, rock ledges, prominent individual trees, cluminps of trees, and abrupt bends, pools, and rapids of t:he main stream.

Thhe notebooks from previous sureys were carried by these crews and afforded assistance in finding sites previously samp - led as well as helping us in 1936 to correlate the few uncorrelated sites of the previous two surveys. Correlation was accomplished by checking the descriptive notes of each site until all doubt was satisfied of a satisfactory comparison. In addition to the material mentioned previously, the time of sampling a source was also included. This had a very useful purpose in assisting to check the distance between sampling sites. To make it effective, each crew was instructed to enter in the notes at a particular site,the definite amount of time used in rest or lunch stops since the last entry. The crews averaged one-half to three-fourths of a mile per hour, and usually approximated the three-fourths. Each sample collected was labeled according to a definite system resulting in a fraction for all tributary samples. All main creek samples at mile intervals were labeled as l-mile, 2-mile, etc. The site information entry in the record book as well as the sample test tube received this designation, and were knovm thereafter by the designating fraction. The numerator was the day of the survey referenced to the first day as one. The denominator was the number of the site sampled on that particular dar and also signified which side of the stream the tributary drained. The sites sampled consecutively on the right side facing upstream were given a series of odd numbers, while the sites on the left were given even numbers. Thus, 2/3 sample was the second lifted on the right side of the stream on the second day of the survey. Sample 3/2 was the first lifted from the left side of the stream on the third day of the survey. Sites missed and picked up later were given designations as 3/2A, etc.

46 B and C being used for a second and thir- sample which should be collected between the 3/2 and 3/4 sites. This designation furnished all information necessary in locating the sample and facilitated the analysis and incubation procedure by permitting the use of this very simple label entirely throughout. Exanmples of entries in the samnpling crew note books fol1low, as taken from the 1931 survey. 3/2 8:20 a. m. Small sluggish stream from alder. and hemlock swab.mp emerges from a loose rock shelf and flows 50 yards to White Deer Creek. Quite large clearirg on other side of the creek a few yards dowvrnstrean. 3/4 8:40 a. m. Large cinna.mon fern area around spring which drains into creek by a stream about as large as your two fists. Small beaver dean visible downstream -which is only about 18 inches high. Considerable cutting of aspen in the area, the first observed since leaving Spruce Run road. 3/6 9:08 a. m. Small stream from ope-n area below a 4 foot beaver dam on the main creek. Stream flows in a confined channel. Beaver active on this small stream, which has water' black as coffee.. Tracing it up we found a small beaver dan on this stream, stagnant water with no overflow. 3/8 9:15 a. m. Oak Grove camp on op osite side of stream along the creek road. vell defined strena from low lying area enter creek about 200 yards below a big beaver dam. A small beaver dam Just dowmstream. No signs of beaver in this stream itself. 3/10 9:25 a.. iA quite large stream, appearance of a mountain stream, flowing into White Deer Creek at right angles. Several large white pine logs indicate recent logging operations by foresters. Only old beaver cuttings in this area.

Handling~ S a pi e s A gallon thermos jug, burlape coverxzed ard supported,, shoulder straps on the back of an individual, was carried successively by the three meiner s of the sampling crew, Sterile tubes arid coil.ec ted samples were kept tre in at the temperature of the stream. The jug carrier followed the other t-o and was assisted in every way to keep from falling as a spill would upset the tubes supportedc by a wire frame inside the jug. Samples wrere collected from flo:wYing tributaries by carefully reroving the cotton plug, collectitng the sample and replacing the plug without contamination to the plug or tube, and withott in any way disturbing the sampled source previous to lifting the sample. The tubes were immediately labeled by use of a colored wax pencil, and the entry completed in the notebook. Algae were collected and carried in an identiaal mranner. in all cases being taken after the sample for bacteriological analysis. The saplin crews were transported by car as nearly as possib +o the initial starting point and were usualfly on the job by 7:00 a, m.. days samplilng assigniment covered from 3 to 5 miles and would be completed between noon and 2:00 p. m. The placarding crew moved the cars to the nearest accessible roint where the sampling crews picked them up and proceeded to c.nrp. A lunch of sandwiches and fruit was supplied each member going out in the morning and a hot meal was in readiness by the camnp cook as soon as all crews were in from their s.mnpling assignb't i entb

#8' Analysis Technique All mriembers oi the party were in the field during the morning, and everyone needed a change of clothing upon returning to camep. While changing clothing and eating dinner, the sterile plain and purple agar tubes were put in double boilers and warmed over a slow fire. Thus, the agar could be liquified very quickly when needed. Petri dishes were spread on a previously leveled flat top table and the li uitfied agar poured on top of the one, c. satmple which had been placed there in by a sterile pipette tube. The petri dish was rolled ver' gently at a slight angle to effect thorough mixing, after which it was permitted to set and solidify. Plain agar plates were mxnade only of undiluted and of 9 to 1 dilution. Purple agar plates were mace only of undiluted sa-mples. Thus, each sample collectea resulted in three plates requiring incubation. The plates were transferred to the incubator as soon as the agar had solidified. Plates completing incubation having previously been rem.oved. The sa'mples collected in the morning and up until 23.m. entered the incubator between S and 4 o'clock that afternoon. In the meantime they were stored in thermos jugs at a te;mperature similar to that of their source. The capacity of the incubator limited the number of plates; and thus, the number of sampies that coul.d be collected during any two-day interval. The samples completing incubation were read within an hour xater removal from the incubator. Colonies appearing with the characteristic "blule metallic" appearance, due to fermenting the lactose in the purple lactose agar, were cultured on slants for transferring to the Bucknell University bacteriological laboratory.

An aftern oons'ework ",,.,.....:-. Tcarried out indoors at C a tr R eat n.. A

ere,':e confirmartory tests; ere carried out. Coutnts on the plain wagr were:ace by countincr both the 1 c.c. and the 0,1 c.c, indicated colonies and reportin —r the average oi the two rafter multiplying' the one by 10. The result closely apiproxinmates, but is not the "Total Count" of tihe stancLara m:ethods analysis. Due to the availability of only one incubator, these plates were incubated at 37.5 degrees rather than the 20 de rees for the standard procedure. B. Coli counts were m.ade from the sin< e plate containin 1 cc. Counts were tabulated in colored pencil by writing in large sized figures on the sample site description in the sampling crew notebooks. 40-2 would indicate a plain agar count of 40 and a confirmed B.Coli count of 2. B, Coli counts were recorded from the purple ayar counts aa crossed off if not confirmed, -ha4vingr these results tabulated in the field books made them available to the sam.l11n crews on the following years and con — sequently called their attention to polluted sources at the time they sampled them. Confirmatory Tests Cultures from positive presumptive tests were made on Russells double sugar lead acetate m-edium to serve as partial confirmation. Positive controls were set up in the form of known laboratory cultures of Escherichia Coli and Aerobacter Aerogenes in the same medium. rhen the cultures were fourn to be identical with the laboratory strain for E. Coli, it was considered to be evidene for declarin:U the org]anism E. Coli. Survey R:esults of 1931, 1934, and 1936 The results of each survey follows immediatelyv

CiJL;:^RY LIB'BACJh9aiAL GOCUJ3 0.? 3r^C.&: LIT TIIZ ~^11P T3 BS^ 3IJRWY 2uCT-i - 4, 1931 Bact. Cols E. c01 O'treami DesinWin_' per ccOer cc _ emarks I Test Station belowj Intake 26 0 Chlorinated. Intaize 45 2 Darn 65 0 1/1 90 0 1/3 35 0 1/5 73 0 1/7 70 4 grosses road 1/9 6 i6?; 1/2 22 0 -. of rmith's Clearing l/ 17i 0 ~ o* ^.mli's Clearing 1/11 120 2 Just below Gold rarbor irail 1/13 aple prin 40 lpreaca lr selow.Bert's Thac l~~~/G^~~ ~~ ~7, Across froim vert's ahacic l~~/Co~~ 4-0 0 ilat across froia.ert's aac.K! 6/o0 1 djust above;ert's Jiac.~ 1/17 -5 prli1 at fl~h wall -;,/l 75 1 Just below Aock 0a~ Trai. ^^i~ ~:.ock: Va^ ^pri^ 360 0 subsurface 1/u filelceer and e"routse) 1/ wu 32 i hilat aECroes^ flirom Rtr ock COa c p. ~~~1/23 160 2 Crosses road ~~~1/25'~ 60 0 Three Sisters Trail 1/ 27 34 0 bpring opposite Kettle iole 1/12 Kettle l.ole fun 20 0 bearer Jan- 90 1 Qinall (ia north of distributary of,.hite Der Cr. 1/2) IUarseLel C^pr.in'(Beaver Spri5ng)I0 0 streama crosspes rnoad 1/,31 165 r 1streamI crosses road 1/14- Lyman's G&p kun 22 1 Leer anad grouse 1/33 Lic\< RPun 41 1 Caip Tara.qua and 70101 Vl,'16~ ~60 (0 iearsh o pp. kReioi:'s spring8 ^

b- ac t.01.Co o iE Colelmar, s Stream Designation erer cc 1/3 H Reish's Spring 6 0 Carp 7C18 1/37 Lijie lun 40 1 &ps 70104 and 770165 1/o1b 50 3 3warp: oppcsite 7C10 1/3> lor 2/13) Keddren's Spring 80 0.Deer and Grouse SA~1D SrRITG BRAiNCH 3/9 sand 3prinp R un0 0 delow a small beaver daar 2/11 t ony hi ollov;: auun 60 0 Just above bridge over ^andy 6pring Run, /l6 LC ean' s iprinj i10 0 Aoad-side spring I/ iurtz' s Gap Junl 100 1 Lilpipe line 2/'7 Shingle iolO?}; Run 90 0 2-/14:and ri 1 4-0 10 irout Kept in spring 3/1J 10 0 Jus above Sand Spring-full of spirogyra. 32/10 "Spr i n" 10 0 L.ar. er on flarrows 0oad 45 0 2/b G~oopor s L3iill fprjiris 50 0 3~/6c~ ~140 0 <pr:i r near old limieerman Ioad 2/4 ^~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~0 2 2 2/3 90 3 cern ltrsh 2/2 140 1 2/1 0,o8o 100+ ir lick on pine sturmp over sp-ring) 2/ Tea Spring Lod-Joe Meadow 210 3 r.ttle grazing, etc, 3/16 Buck KEnob Run 25 0 Cn Running Gap Trail 3/16 Recreation Camrp Spri. 20 1 (?) 3/7 Cow Bell -iollow Run 42 0 3/14 60 0 ttream above Bog Town N

-3bact. Ccls col i otrean ie sigreti on per cc pr cc emar ks 3/ 45 0 JtreaLi fron 7th;otch 7/i12 20 0 1Oelo7w traub's a)am B~.'. 140 (?) leaver dam above otraub's D:am 3/1o i0 i 1 1 I?) 3/3 J60 1 _tream from 6th i'otch-Caznp QOai Gr ove. 3/i 20 0 3/0 110 4.maall stream used as runway to beaver dta.. 3/4 60 1 3/2 40 C 3/1 Cooper's ill I Trail Run 9 0 Xapicl mlountain stream 7/2 40 0 At oprtuce Run Trail:/4 rot'ie Holliv: Run 150 1 raveredc by opruce Run Trail 5/6 12 0 5/1 100 2 jwamT; ) land worked by beaver 7/3 60 3 5/6 40 0 1/5' i~orth Gap Trail H.un co 0.0 ountain stream from 4th,an 5/7 30 0 1/o0 32 o,/^12 ~26 2 (?) 5/' Cracker Brid.,e Trail Run 75 2 i: eaver dam just above'5/11''; " 190 0 Lateral streani from beaver dam r/14 30 0 beloow big beaver dam 5/14A 34 1 (?) ". 1 /13 ~'ryin, i'a.n ril ( oosite) 120 1 ap 7125 /16:'rying i.an iTrail Riun 14 0 mouuntain stream.,l ~'1 34 0;,,zu 15 1 i?} /20 200 1.ars h drainage )a

-4Bact Cols. 0. col i. _t'.i'ia iesignatiion per cc. oer cc. _ emar ek'/17 JGarden hoiloltr'r-rail Run 110 0 Jrains 4tn Gap /2~ Cralbapple siranch 1 C1ari ps 7C152 (Roccy Corner) 7C147 and 7C122. 5'^~/19 ~200 1 rublic toilet at Jl.cCall's 21 J1a - 3wamp area below dam. /21. cCall's Bralncl 210 0 LcJap Lucky, 70150, 7C153. 6/27 630 11 G-rass flats above ^cCal11' Jaml - beaver dam. 6/24 98 2 6/2> 180 1 6/ 23 - ~0o 3 6/21 140 2 lie loc: marsh beiow.1 ilack -rap IRcad. 6/22 B!lack Gap Run 210 0J ^ips 70147, 7C14B - doer and beavers. 6/20 130 1 ave rs 6/lb 46 0 / / 6/16 350 1 -eelov; a large beaver dar 6/1> ireel Trail Jprins 60 1 6/1:4 10 1/ mile below iredericJ s 6/17 75 2 ^ov:er end of Camp 70144gre at swanrp. i/1~2'reaeric's Gap Run 130'spreader wnIo beaver dans on this S tre.ilam ~6/1)~ 5>520 " Jcr big beaver dam 6/13 210 It i 6/ 11 6 0 3i 6/'i ~200 1>5 0 " " " 6/7 7oj 2 ^l~all mt. stream below small ue -ve r dam. 6/,! 100 6 Jeer meadow just below a -smali beeave r dam. co

~^<TUCTOO) ^U-n^9J^ TTO -m ZT2T^Tfl' 271 (4 ro -J-l>.f ~Joop;:-~,~.:>";. ~,:T':'"';.:.3:u1':p r. V0 9-'T IT.K< / /: vz:' ~ w UTt~Ji Q(T!I?' &: }I ~oB mpj %po ~: + O..OT 0^ T O.. YGW>' U:::: 2" r4or:,' T " ~.,T -*. /< 1'.;): Q J t Cs a...........o...-.

~^m^C LAO B Y4AC l IiGOU: j OF TRivS 0i TJ HE. EAU t BA,t i, C"j'"'? C I.,hi:. ". Di"ER SURV:Y Jdunie 13 - 20, 1934. bact. Cols. J. coli.:ie;si:nation and Location o.er cc. per cc e. et larK 3 Test tation 10 0 ampies at apiroxinmate.v fiile intervals mid-strem; Intrie 140 0 intaite-140 bct. coils. per cc.,..i. coliper cc. i/J 3 b3o o 0 M Iile2 1 /1 750 0 1, s 360 0 102 0 1/7-, 74 0 1/"A 200 1j i/2.' iti:u Clec..ri n. 60 0 frail to Omithk's Ci'rind.,,-i- 123 1 1,ile 42-0 i/11 vs it.l.be. o fu i r T rail 1 0 0 1Z-/6 90 6 1I"..^.e priing Deer IicJ;) 130 1, I';; below i-,ock "a;C;pr~:i( 27 0 1,/1 AXbove,:^olae ~ v 3:. 22o 0,/17 Selo Ro CaJ,prin. 6 1,/1 C elow Rock'ai Jrin O u 10!1/z!' tock Oak Sprin 3000:ock Oak apring 260-0 1/f3!/o mile above.oc (a".: 3pring 144 0 2 r:iles 1/2I, 300 yds. above hre Sisters Trail. 117 6 1/"7 sprirn a t settle ole rail 46 1/1.1 l ttle -ole Run, 0 ettle Hole A, 2. Oar ~~oo o iO~~~i`

-2Desiga-ation and Location per cc____ per cc Remarks 1/29 Icarcrel Jpring 24- 0 3 miles 100-0 1/31'wa tering T~ro gh 170 6 1/14 Spring-Camp 7C176 bvlow 1yman' s ap 54 0 1/14A Lyman's Gap iun 66 0 Lyman's Gap Trail 250-4 1/33 Lick Run 1.80 16 4 miles 1/16 i.ars'i Opposite rGoodlander's 66 0 1/35 L Reishel's 3pring 2 0 1/37 MLile Run 260 16 Lile Run 30-0 5 miles SA3ID BRIDGE RUIT 2/13A A new spring below Hedden's 18 0 Sand Bridge Run 34-0 2/13 Hedden's Spring 16 0 (4.75 miles long) 2/11A Stream under narrow gauge 43 O 2/11 Stony Gap Run 260 % 2/16 i'cKean' s 3pring 19 0 2/9 KLurtz's Gap Run 172 t1 2/7 Shingle Iollow Run 32 0 2/14A Camp Buffalo "Spring" 63 1 2/14 between Sari Spring and Run 9 0 2/12 Sand Sp ring 11 0 2/5 "Rock heap" drainage 230 4 2/1 L.ahatono CSramp pring "Springt"1931) 30 0 2/o Cooper's I.ill Spring 9 0 2/bA Buck orn Camp spring 30 30 2/6B3 Swampp drainage 5 0 2/6A opring [ iemiocks) 7 7'4 C\

-3bacto Cols. coli De s i n. _tion _andoC__tp on______.,,oce r cc Remarks 2/6 Spring 30 ft. north of stone pile 16 0 2/4 Springe 200 yds. below ripe Line Road 4 0 2/3 Spring 100 yds. "" " 66 0 2/2 Spring 1/8 mile above " 17 o 2/1 "Deer Lick" 270 1 2/1A Spring in meadow 7 0 2/2B T-Spring Lodge pond 620 2/2A Johnson's spring house 61 1 3/9 Sand Spriin Run 34 0 3/1d iuck Knob tRun 22 0 1st bridge Creak Rd. 20-0 3/16 Recreation Spring 8 0 6 miles 3/14 Opposite lagner's Camp 7 e.iest of'agner's Camp21-0 3/7A Behind Wagner's Camrp 66 7 miles 3/12A Spring.2 mile below oil pipe line at road 10 0 3/7 Cowbell Hollow Run 90 0 3/5A ew Triple Spring 67 0 1.45 mile above 2nd bridge Creek Road 20-0 3/5 Seventh Notcan run 10 1 b miles 3/3,A pring att ro.r-d-Straub's Darn tI 0 traub's Jam 3/10 Above Strauvb's Dam 29 0 9 miles 3/3 oixth aotcCi Run 29 0 73/1i 13 0 3/6 Oupposite be low trail from UaK Grove 11 0 3/6 i above " ii i"' 18 0 3/4A 5 3/4 350 yds. below new road b 0 iew Road to Sugar Valley 3/2 300 yds. " ". 25 0 ilarrows 1L-0?

-4-'Bacts Cols coli L.es ignation and Locatior n..per cc.__ rcc emars _.e.r._ _______ 3i/A Betvteen Shamokin Calmp and new road 28 0 10 miles 3/1A Spring 200 ft. east of Buffalo eath 20 0 3/1 5th iotch-Buffalo ~ath Run 28 0 5/1A 200 yds. above Shamokin Dam Camp 35 0 /2 40 0 5/l.7 mile west of Buffalo Iath 5 0 5/4 ~tot eie hollow Run 60 0 5/1 150 yds. east of 4th Gap Trail U 0 5/6 14 0 5k/b "ast of 4th Gap Aun (opp. side) 20 0 5/3 4th Gap Run (11.25' miles from Dam) 47 0 4th Gap 17-0 5/3A Spring 100 ft. vrest of Danville Camp 16 0 11 miles /l10 Spring 50 yds. west of Danville Camp'op-posite dide) 10 0 5/12 (Rhododendron) subsurface drainage within 10 ft. of creek 15 1 5/9 Broad flat between 4th and 3rd notches 57 0 5/14 West of Cracker Bridge Trail 19 0 5/14A Drains grass flat just below i'rying ran Trail 70 0 5/13 3rd Gap Run 90 0 5/16 trying Pan Hollow Run 36 0 iirying Pan Trail 19-0 5/16A lWest of Frying Pan Hollow Run (rhododendrons) 40 0 5/15 mast of New Garden }Hollow Road 30 0 5/17 2nd Gap or Garden Lollow Run 10 0 5/1l6h Crabapple Branch 9 0 5/19 barnet Camp Spri ng 15 0 5/lOA Spring at Forest Car:p west of LcCall's DLan 53 0 cCall t Dam 27-2 25/ 1st Gap or L.cCall's Branch 37 0 13 miles 3 7 l~ miles~~

-5Bact. Cols. 1 col i. De s iton and Loct ion pr cc n _e _per cc Remarks 6/24 Rhododendron thicket'i. of McCall's Dasm. 30 0 6/24A 70 1 6/27 Dry 1l. miles U.S.G.S. 6/25 400 0 6/23 164 o 6/21A 70 0 6/21 210 0 6/22 Black Gap Run 3 0 b lack Gap 20-0 6/b6 1/4 mile west of Black Gap Run 8 0 14 miles 6/16 9 0 6/11 Large grass flat vest of Black Gap Rd. 33 0 1.75' miles U.,.G.. and speedometer readings. 6/7 20 0 6/ i Large swam:py flat 20 0 6/14 Broad swampy flat 133 0 6/3 2100 yds. east of log drag from ~rederic c' s Gap 16 0 6/12 I'redericG' s Gatp Run 21 0 iredericz's Gap 16-0 6/1 300 yds. east of Tunnis Bridge 11 0 15 miles I/6/o/4 Big spring;iall's Branch 32 0 /6/2 Little spring Hall's branch 9 0 -i/6/1 Hlail' s Spring 15 0 Hall's branch -0 k2 miles long)'2/6/6 62 0 yT//4 (Center Union a -.p) 20 1 2/6/2 unni s 3pri ng 30 0 T/6/1 Righit branch of Pun1ris Run 16 0 Tunnis Branch 9-0 1.75 miles long)' - Cultures lost in subculturing U1

SUIJiARY OF BACTERIAL COUNTS ON STRE;AfS OC TIE WHITE iEER SURVEY June 10-16,1936 bact. Col s. coli Designation and Location__ per cc.e Re marks Sanmpling Station 0 Chl orinate d Intake 330 2 Sedime nted only Dam 69 0 verflow of W.D.C. 1/1 Old potato iatch (Dry 1936) 1/3 East of Trail to Smith's Clearing. (Dry 1936) 1/5 Swamp drainage, opposite Smith's Clearing. 160 7 1/2 Spring on East Boundry of Smith's Clearing. 28 7 1/4 opring on iest Boundry of Smith's Clearing. 3 0 1/7 Approx, 200 yds. west of (l/5)'ormerly swamp drainage (Dry 1936) 1/9 Approx. 300 yds. west of (1/7) f'orrmerly subsurface drainage lDry 1936) 1/6 Cold Harbor Run 35 0 5/11 Swamp drainage just east of Cold Harbor Trail. 280 6 1/13 Drains the flat east of the old Jertz camp. 490 0 1/1 5 Source in ILaple Spring. Sample collected in swamp area at se rtz Ctaap. 130 3 1/8 Stream drains lower flat opposite Ilaple Spring. 150 3 1/17 Stream 100 yds. west of trail in to old 7jertz Camp. PDry 1936) 1/19 Stream 40 yds. east of Rock Oak Trail bridge. Dry 1936) 1/21 Rock Oak "Spring". 310 Stream travels 1/8 mile sub-surface rocicy terrain.

-2Bac t. ols' Z. c ol i. Designation and Location Der cc. per cc. Remarks 1/10 IOtream drains upper flat (l/E) west of Riock Oak Spring on opp. side. 110 2 1/23 Small rapid stream 200 yds. east of Three Sisters Trail 140 1 1/25 Swramp and road drainage at Three Sisters Irail 730 2 1/25A Small rapid strean 100 yds. west of Three Sisters Trail 220 4 1/27 JSwamp drairknage, Small stream about 1/2 mile west of Three Sisters Tr. 450 0 1/12 iKe ttle Hole Run 62 1 1/27 "Sprin&" at entrance to A. C. & F. Camp. 58 0 Stream underpasses the road. 1/29 Underpasses road. Swamp area at Creek larchel 1 (Beaver) Spring 210 3 1/31 Vlatering Trough I Stream dry 1936) 1/14A "Spring" for Camp 7C178 east of Lyman's Gap. 370 0 Really swamp drainage 1/14 Lyman's Gap Run 37 0 1/33 Lick Run 60 3 1/36 Reishes Sprin. Camp Limburger 7X183 16 0 1/16 Marsh drainage opp. mouth of Mile Run 420 0 1/37 Mile Run at Camp Goodlander 145 5 1/18 MiJarsh drainage at big bend in creek opp. to and west of Camp Goodlander. 430 0 1/39A Spring and sluggish stream 1/10 mile west of Mile Run 370 0 1/39 Hedden's Spring. 2 miles west of Mile Run. 23 0 3/9 Eouti of 3and Spring Run 100 0 2/11A Rapid stream through rock embankment of old tram road 100 yds. east of bridge 50 0 C\

-3Bact. Cols V. coli Designation and Location _ _ cc. pecc. Remarks 2711 Stony Hollow Run..... ——. 150 2/16 ilcKeen' s Spring 20 0 2/14A Marshy spring across from Buffalo 67 0 Camp 7C165 2/9 iurtz's Gap Run 60 0 Oil pipe line 2/7 Shingle Hollow Run Very low 1936 2/14 Sand Sprilng at Camp John Bobb 95 0 2/12 Spring 100 ft. west of Sand Spring 0 2/5 Drainage from large area of loose rocks opposite Camp 7C169 50 4 2/10 Spring at Mahantango Camp 7C169 5 0 2/8 Spring at Cooper Mill Camp 7C160 85 0 2/bA Spring at Buckhorn Camp 13 0 Very low 2/6B o3low flowing swamp drainage on T-spring Lodge Road 530 0 2/6A Drain.ge from low rocky flat 50 yds. north of 2/6B 30 0 2/6 iHot located 1936 2/3 Spring in fern swamnp 100 yds. south pf ITew iine Flat Forest Road 54 0 2/4 Owamnp and road drainage stream 100 yds. north of junction of tine Flat Road 1150 6 with T-Sprin, Road 2/1 South of High Fence T-Spring Lodge J'ormerly designated "Deer Lick" Dry 1936 2/2 Spring underoasses road below gate to Tl-Spring Lodge. 13 5 0 2/1A Strong spring lower meadow T-Spring Lodge. 10 0 2/2B T-Spring Lodge ice and swimming pond 1480 14 2/2A Spring House - T-Spring Lodge 21 0 3/18 Buck inob Run 180 0 3/16 Recreation Camp "Spring" Fern marsh 103 3 drainage C\

-4—. ^ - -act.C'oT-. coli Designtrion and Location _a__ _er cc ec R__r_ 3/14A ffStream froi 1e^rn TFaihn~~-~ midwayR between Recreation and Wagner's Camp. 59 Ga~np^ ^9 0 3/14 Stream from Vern marsh opposite uTagner' s C amp 115 0 3/7A Small sluggish stream from spring between Cow Bell Hollow Run and,Wagner's Camp 380 o 3/7 Cow Bell Hollow Run 120 0 3/12A X lew wallod-up spring at Creek Road east of Oil.Pipe Line 10 0 3/5A Rapid stream at sharp bend in Creek Road fromi small depression east of 7th Botch,. 18 0 3/12 S3mall stream from swampy area about 1/2 mile east of Straub's Darn 100 2 3/5 7th iIotch Run 73 3 3/3A ^Sprinj" and swamp drainage north of Rreek Road- 1520 0 low flowing Old Beaver dam in creek about 1/4 mile west of otraub's Darm 220 0 3/10 Green h-ip Run 135 0 3/3 6th iotch Run just west of Clark's Trail to Sugar Valley Narrows 250 0 3/b Well defined stream 100 yds west of Green dGap Hun 145' 2 3/13 Swamp drainage west of Oak Grove Carnp trail to the creek 120 0 3/6 Small sluggish stream opp. and west of Oak Grove trail to the creek 200 0 3/4A Spring and swamp drainage 360 0

-5Bact, Colls. coli Designation and L ocation _per cc. per cc Remarks 3/7 3^o yds. east otf ufalo Path Road. ~ c p cc-m 3/2 Swamp drainage 300 yds. east of buffalo Jath Road 240 3 3/1A Small, strong spring just east of buffalo Path Road 75 ft. from creek 130 0 3/2A Sluggish stream 100 yds east of buffalo 3ath Run on opp. side of creek. 220 0 3/1 5th. otch (Buffalo rath Run) also Cooper Liill Trail Run 104 - 5/2.wamp drainage just west of old eot ie ilol ow rail 460 0 5/1lA Small rapid stream from swamp just west of Shamokin Dam Camp 1310 0 5/4 rot eie Hollow Run 280 0 5/1 Swamp drainage opp. rot eie Hiollow Run 240 0 5/6 Swamp drainage half way betweeen ot rie Hollow RIun arnd Liorth Gap Run; opp. side. 920 0 5/l. Swamp drainage just east of North Gap Run. 1180 0 5/8 Swamp drainage 25 yds. west of (5/6) 540 1 5/3A Rapid stream then thru swamp east of.l~orth Gap run. 330 0 5/3 Small rapid stream just east of camp 7C157-9anville Camp 280 0 5/10 Subsurface drainage through grassy area east of ilorth Gap Trail 1 122 0 5/5 INorth Gap Run 170 0 5/12 Small stream opposite North Gap Run 280 0 %

-6jJact~ Cois0 s coli Desigmnat'lion Iand iLocation ijer cc,____er cc.___ __ Remarks_ __ 5/7' Swamp a draiage 0 5/9 Swarap drainage 200 0 5/14,.air sized mountain stream east Frying i-an Trail 120 0 5/11l SwrImp drainage 730 0 5/14A Halfway between Frying kan Run and 5/14. 470 0 Drains grassy area 5/16 Ftrying,an Run 160 0 5/13 3rd ITotch Run 200 0 5/16A About 1/4 mile west of Frying Jean Drains rhodode ndron, Run. 470 0 fern and grass flats. 5/15 Swamrp draina.ge just east of Garden Hollo4w Road 340 0 5118 About a mile west of Frying ~an Run. 730 1 Swamp drainage 5/17 GXarden Hollow Run 115 0 5/20 Swamp drainage opposite the old CGarden Hollowv Trail 580 2 5^719 Garnet-Spring Camp 70141; 220 0 Somewhat stannant 5/19B Small rapid stream 85 yds. west of larret Spring 17 0 Underpasses creei road 5/22 Crabapple Biranch 140 0 5/19A "Spring" at LcCall's State Forest rark. 1400 0 Really swamp drainage 5/21 Lcralls Branch 107 0 6/24 mrall stream from grass flats west of cCaIl's Bamn 620 6 6/27 wamrp draina we vest of grass flats above 1cCall's Dam 760 4 6/24A imall1 stream from laurel grove 3/4 distance from ilack Gap to McCalI's 96 0 Jame*

-7Bact. Cols. cooli Designation and. Location per cc. er cc Rpeemarks 6./2 j Stonyt terrain drained by small stream i o0 0 about 2/3 distance from black Gap to aamp Luc.ky. 6/23 At the 14 mile level of the creek Too dry to sample 6/22A Owamnp drainage 1/4 mile east of Blac.k &ap Run 350 0 6/22 black Gap Run 210 0 6/21 jprinj at bend of black Gap Road 170 0 6/20 Jeep channelled stream thru fern and hemlocik grove west of Black Gap. 110 4 6/1d1 Swvampr and grass area drainage near junction of Eastville Road 200 d 6/16o Swamp drainage opposite Eastville road junction. 91 0 6/19A Riather rapid stream from swamp area just west of -astville road junction 570 1 6/16 Omall sluggish stream from pine flat half way betwJeen'rederick's and Black Gap.'00 0 6/19 Owamp drainage about 250 yds. east of i'rederick's Gap Camp 270 0 6/14 Grassy flat clearing about 100 yds. east of Frederick's Gap Camp on opposite side. 400 0 6/17 Spring at Frederick's Gap Camp 104 0 6/1:5 between Grederick's Gap Camp and Frederick's Gap Irail Dry in 1936 6/13 Ditto 6/11 Ditto 6/9 Ditto 6/7 Ditto 6/12 Frederick' s Gap Run 150 0 6/6 Spring at Lt. Vernon Camp. loo low to sample 6/3 Otreanri through grassy area just west of Lt. Vernon Camp 155 0 6/10 omall stream Past end of natural clearing about halfway betiveen Frederickits Gap anU n'iniu s IRoad 100 3

-8Bac os col Designation and Location per cc per cc Remarks 6/7 Small stream oud o'fies'ern en. oT natural clearing 16/10) 130 0 6/1 Swamp drainage short distance east of bridge at Tunnis Gap ioad 166 0 Junction Hall's branch 60 0 H6/4 b ig Spring - Hall's b~ranch 50 0 H6/2 Little Spring - Hall's Brnach 41 0 ii6/1 Hall's spring 1 b 1 T6/6 lunnis Branchi at junction 120 0 16/4 Soutah branchi of Tunnis Run at Center Union Calii 40 0'6/4A ~pring; source of 26/4 100 yds. soutn of Cent r Union Caaip 26 0 i'6/2 iunnis 3pri n 45 0 T6/1 Tunnis siorth Branch runs for 3/4 mile north of L.illmont Camp. Dense Hel;rock copses N;

g8 DISCUSSION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS In analyzing the factors contributing to pollution on this watershed, we must appreciate the area was passing through a period of transition from 1931 to 1936. Transition from a wilderness country with poor roads and inhabitants only during the hunting season to a year around occupied area with a vastly increased number of visitors. Thus, we can consider this study as representing a decreasing effect of wild life and an increasing effect of civilization. During these five years beaver were entirely removed, game and fish decreased in abundance because of the intensive hunting and fishing during the depression years, and city dwellers occupied all available camps to eliminate paying rent. Added to this is the effect of two civilian conservation corps camps directing 400 irresponsible boys in road work and forest maintenance. Correlation of Samples from Each Survey The first step in the analysis of the collected data is correlating the samples from each survey for one particular sampling site. Such correlation was accomplished by refering to the records in the sampling crew notebooks. The sampling sites are numbered consecutively upstream,and individual survey samples are assigned to the correct site. This survey correlation was carried out by painstaking comparison of the notebook descriptions, and checked in the survey of 1936. The value of any resulting conclusions is dependent upon correctly comparing the bacterial counts of the same tributary in the three different years.

'9 Classification of Sampling Sites The analysis is carried out by classifying the sampling sites according to the following described groups. Allotment to a group is based upon apparent surrounding physical conditions as recorded in the sampling crews notebook. This classification and correlation is made on the same set of tabulated form sheets. The classification symbol is recorded in the classification column of the composite summary to indicate the factors affecting the site and thus its grouping. it will be noted that some sites are classified into two or more groups. However, this is not common. The groups and their description is as follows, BEAVER - Definite presence in the sampled source in 1931. (b) Many samples taken from flow below the dams. Po effect of these animals in the last two surveys as they were all removed in 1931 and 1932. DEER - Definite presence in the watercourse due to salt licks, (d) runways, and deer droppings. ROADS - Roads adjacent to the sampling site or on the area a (r) short distance upstream. Increased in number greatly due to C. C. C. activities as old as well as new roads were being worked. CAMPS - Camps near the spring or close to flowing stream. small (c) number so classified because of definite restrictions imposed upon the location of camps. (See camp inspection)

70 MARSHY STREAMS AND SPRINGS - Terrain features swampy and marshy. (M.S.) Springs in marshy areas included. CLEAR STREAMS -------------— Free flowirg, clear, and free from vegetation. Most sources fell into this classification or that of the marshy terrain. Standar-ds were interpreted very rigidly tor this classification. Many st+reams falling on the border between C.S. and M.S. were put in the M.S. classification. SPRINGS —------------------— Definite clear springs, usually with (S.) sandy bottoms and free from vegetation except algal growths. Many springs showing marshy surroundings were shifted to the M.S. classitication. CORRELATION AND CLASSIFICATION SUGdARY The sampling sites are classified and bacterial counts correlated on the following classification summary sheets. To aid in analyzing the data, sampling sites are located on the WATERSHED MAP. Each site is numbered and carries a key indicating in which years samples were collected. To further aid the analysis, the "Total" and B.Coli counts are graphically plotted and hereafter referred to as the SURVEY RESULTS PLOTTING. Additional information on this plotting is the stream bed gradient and the estimated distribution of beaver in the 1931 survey. The MAP and the PLOTTING are both detachable and can be removed for studying together.

BACTERlAOLOGICAL RES3ULT OF TS SANITARY SURVEYS OF 1.931, 1934, and 1936. 1931 1934 I 194__ ampling Loc-ltion and Description Classsite 0of ifica Sample Total ~ ample Total E Sample Total number aml Site ion ____ ount _coli count Ccol_ I lrest Station after chlorination 26 0 10 0 "2 Intaike to chlorination house 45 2 140 0 330 2 3 Lam - overflow 65 0 80 69 0 4 Old potatoe patch trail L.S. 1/1 90 0 7 0ry ii l Spring, &ast of rSmiths clearing 3 1/2 22 0 1/2 60 0 1/2 6ast of Smiths trail i 380 Dry r 7 Spring, West boundary of Smiths S 1/4 75 0 1/4 123 1 1/4 3 clearing 8 S6wamp drainage, opoosite Smiths.S. 1/5 1/5 73 0 1 160 1/5 160 7 clearing r 9 Z)lSmall stream, crosses road C.S. 1/7 70 4 1/7 74 0 ry r 10 ",oi ii.harbor Run C.3. 1/6 7 0 1/6 0 1/6 0 35 0 11 owaLmp c.r.tislae, ast of Soloa.S. 1/11 120 2 1/11 10 0 1/11 2b0 6 harbcr trail,~_. - i...._'_ =.......~..I,',,,',':

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RESo-LT OF THE SANITIRY SURVEYS OF 1.931 19349 and 1936. 1931 19-4 - 1_6 Sampling Loct,.tion.ind Description lass-. site of ifica amnple Total E Sample Total | ample total E | number Sa~nmi S ite ion ount 01 i count coli ou cOl 12 |oubsurface drainage, 300 yds. L.S. 1/9 60 1 1/9 2u 6 Dry,'e t of 1/7 r 13 O wap;ip drainagee, opposite L.o 1/6 40 0 1/ 27 0 1/o 15'0 3 aple Spring Canp i 14 L:ale -rlin,, J3eer lic 1/13 40? 1/13 IjO 15 1 /15 130 3 iin 1934. 15 3waj iaip, drainage,.east o.. I 1/9A 200 1) 1/13 40 iJertz s Camp r-c 16 Surface drainage aLve /olf MS$ 1 1/15' 80 1 1 1/15 22 O Dry amp r ~ ICarnp! r I I | 17 f.pring at high wall I 1/17 45 0 7 Destro ed by road I Io 18 jowainp drainage, below R-ock Oak iM.S. / 1/19 7 1 1 19 230 10 Dry trail. 19 Rock Oak Spring 1/21 360 0 1/21 300 0 121310 d 20 il,'arsh drainage, opposite Rock 11. S. 1/10 32 1 Oak Spring. 21 remall rapid stream, 200 ydcs. |.d. 1/23 160 2 1/23 1- 0 1/23 10 1.ast of three sisters ic _

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RET S -ULJo OF TiE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 19313 19349 and 1936. 1931 19346 ampling Loc-ttion and Description Class- 1 site o ifica ampile Total E ample Total ample otal i number nI [i oL Si te _ __ nt o __ count col i L_ ou c oi i 22 Owarp and road drairname at li.. 1/25 60 0 1/25 730 2 Three sister's trail r 23 small rapid stream above C.. 1/25 117 6 1/25A 220 4 Three sister's trail 24 wamrip drainage, 1/2 mile above 1/27A 450 Three sister's trail r 25 jpring-, entrance to A. C. & F. 1/27 34 0 1/27 4 0 1/27 5 0 Lamp. 26:,ettle Hole Run C.. 1/12 2 0 1/12 98 0 1/12 12 1 27 Small beaver damr on branch of C.3 BD. 90 1 of creek. b 28 i:larchel Spring - Swamp | 1/29 50 0 1/29 24 1/2 210 3 area at the creek. 6-d 29 Jatering trough overflow C.. 1/31 185 1 1/31 170 6 1/31 1 8 1 crosses the road r 30 Spring at camp 7C 178 including,.S. 1/14 54 1/14 370 0 swamp drainage I 31 Lymans Gap Run C.S. 1/14 22 1 1/14A 86 1/14 37 0 - - - f -F- — + 1 fi t t 1 1 1

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RE 3OULo OF THE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 1.931 19342 and 1936. _ ____1931 __194 ____19 Sampling Loc' tion and Description lass- | site of fifica anmple total I ample Total E Sample Total numbe r ian, mli 3, ite _ ion o.t coil ount i c o i. 32 LiCek Run C.. 1/33 41 1 1/33 100o 16 1/33 |0 3 33 Reishs Spring S 1/35 6 0 1/35 2 0 1/35 16 0 34 i.larsh drainage, opposite mouth.S. 1/116 420 of mile ra n. I5 3' Lile Run C.S. 1/37 1 40 1 1/37 260 16 1/37 145 5 j! r 1 1/ 1 7 36.larsh opposite Goodlander.S. 1/18 50 3 1/16 66 0 I/1I 1430 0 37 Spring, West of mile run S 2/13 18 0 1/39A 370 0 38 lecddins Spring S 1/39 80 0 2/13 16 O 1/39 23 0 SAd SPRIN RUIm 39 Sand Spring Run C. 3/9 30 3/9 34 3/9 100 r-c 40 Rapid stream under old tram C.S. 2/llA 43 0 2/llA 50 0 road. 41 Stony Hollow Run 0.s. 2/11 60 0 2/11 260 5 2/11 110 0...." i,.:.... ".". -'-''.."''..';'-"''. —-'...:'

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RESoJULo COEF TIE SANITAARY SURVEYS OF 1.9313. 1934 and 1936. _ __ 7111931 5111 1 _ ampli ng Lo- tion and Description Class- site of lifica Bample I otal | E ampie Total | S ample otal number _L__ ari al i rn Site _on ouit i countcol 42 |LcKeens Spring S 2/16 1 0 2/16 19 0 2/16 20 O 43 liarshy spring, Camp 7C165 3 2/14A 63 1 2/14A 67 44 Kurtz Gap Run C.. 2/9 100 1 2/9 172 11 2/9 60 O 45 - Shingle Hollow Run C.S. 2/7 932 0 2/7 10 0 46 tSand Spring - Trout present 2/14 0 1 2/12 11 2/14 95 0 46 Land S ro,2/14 40 102 47 Spring, just above Jand Spring S 2/12 10 0 2/14 9 0 2/12 | O 46 Roch heap drainage.2. 0 2/ 4 230 4 2/5 4 49 Spring, Camp 7C169 1S 2/10 10 O 2/10 30 0 12/10 0 50 3Sp-ring, Camp 7C160 0 2/0 0 2/0 5 0 51 Spring, Camp Buckhorn 3 2/8A 083 0 2/3A 13 52 S3waamp drainage on Tea Spring MI.S.i 2/6B 25 0 2/6B j530 0 road. r 53 Rocky 3pring, 80 yds. North of S 2/6A 7 0 2/6 30 0 of 2/6B 54 Spring, near stone pile 3 /6 140 0 2/6 16 0 12/6 N l l l l l l l lI

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RESULTo COF TE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 1.9313 19349 and 1936. 1____. 193 r_ —__ 1 amplm ing Lo L'tion and Description Class- site of!ifica ample tai amplc Total i Sample lotal number |.on -S io out- Ion count col ocoil 55 Ipring, 100 yds..outh of ew 2/3 90 3 2/13 66 0 2/3 54 rine F7lat Road | | 56.Spring and road drainage, 100 11.S. 2/4 60 0 2/4 4 0 2/4 1150 6 iorth of new road I r 57 3pring, Deer Lick in 1931 12/1 5080 r00+ 2/1 270 0 Dry 58 i Spring, near gate to Tea iS 2/2 140 1 12/2 17 10 2/2 135 0 Spring Lodge. 59 jpring, lower meadow S 2/1A 7 0 2/1A 10 O 60 Tea Spprings lodge pond, cattle S. 2/1A 210 3 2/2 620 2/2 14 etc.! d 61 jpring house 2/2 61 1 2/2A 21 I I i I i I l IfIH I I [EE ER I OVEI S. I" 6| Bucki Knob WHITE |DEFR (R:SK OVE S 3RI(] IJIJ. 62 Buck Knob Run C.S. 3/18 25 0 3/18 22 0 3/18 1lO 0 63 -Recreation 3pring S 3/16 20 1 3/10 3/16 103 3 64 e rn marsh drainage above 14. 13/14A 59 0 Recreation Ca np. 4s~~~~~

BACTERlAOLOGICAl RE&31TLi; OF THE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 1.931; 1934. and 1936. 131 ____ ______ ampling Locattion and Description lasssite of jifica paeitple o talal ample otal E number aril ni in S ie tion out ol.i ____ ount coli ____ ou coi i 65' 1ern llarsh drai<nage opposite M. 34 60 0 3/14 7 0 3/14 115 0 Jagners Caramp 66 Spring, above Wiagners Ganap I 3/7A 66 0 3/7A 380 0 67 1 Cow Bell Hiollow Run 0.3. 3/7 42 0 3/7 90 0 3/7 120 0 68 WHalled up spring, 3ast of 3 3/12A 10 0 3/12A 10 pipe line 69 3mall stream, 3 branches C.3. 3/57 87 0 A 18 0 iast of 7th 1otch'3 AI 70 Seventh Notch Run.. 3/5 45 0 3 3/5 1 73 3 71 Cwamp drainage belowv Straubs Mf*So 3/12 20 0 312 100 2 Dam* 72 warnp drain.age,:traubs Dam M.Si 3/3A 3/3A 1520 0 73 -Beaver Dam above jtraubs Dam LL.3. 13,B). 140?.. 220 0 b 74 1 Ireen Gap'un c. 3/10 8 1 3/10 0 3/10 135 0 75 J i:tht iTotcn Run.. 3/3 6o 1 3/3 0 3/3 250 0 76 J1ell defiinel stream, 100 yds s.. 3/8 26 0 3/8 11 0 3/8 145 2 above Green Gau Lun, u

BACTE RIAOLOGICAL REWS- o T? ThE SANIITARY SURVEYS OF 1.931 1 9334 and 1936. am_ ng1931 1913 4 6 -196 ampling Loc tion and Description lasssite of ifica ample Total IE Saple Total Iample Tl otal i E nu~mbe r. eci.9m- i n Stt_____ tion ount coil count ___. ut coil 77 |Swamp drainage, -Vest of Oak. a. 3/1B 13 0 3/1 120 0 Grove Camp. 76 omall definite stream, beaver C.S. 3/6 110 4 3/6 1 0 3/6 200 0 in 1931. b 79' opring and 3wamp drainage L.S. 3/4A 5 0 3/4A 360 0 oO S pring, ast of Buffalo i ath o 3/4 60 13/4 6 0 3/4 45 0 81 Owamrp draiinage, 300 yds. East.. 3/2 25 0 3/2 240 of.uffalo Path I 02 | luggisa stream,.last of i-ath.. 3/2 40 0 3/2A I 2u 0 3/2A 220 0 03 prin, Jast of Buffalo ath 3/1/A 20 0 3/1A 130 0 b4 Cooper Li 1 Trail Run C.. 3/1 9 0 3/1 2 0 3/1 104;5 Sw:p drai nge, iest of trail.. 5/2 40 0 5/2 40 0 5/2 460 66 wamnp drainage,:West of Jlhao- L,.. 15/1 35 0 /1A 1310 0 kin 3arnp. r 67 ~ ot -ie Hollow Run C.S. 5/4 1 10 5/4 60 0 5/4 260 0 853 owaGIp drainage opposite U. S. 5/1 100 2 i5/l 0 / 240 Run - Beaver i)91 1 b Ol

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RESU L OF s THE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 19313 19349 and 1936. 1931 1934- ____16 Sampling | Loc-tion and Description lass-. 1 site |of |ifica Panple otal E aSiaple Tota pl talpe number I.. riilSli Sj ion ounit,oii c__ount coli _ount co li,,, orJaL drainage, betrvren gaps i.3. 5/6 12 0 5/6 14 0 O /6 920'i90 wamp drainage, r2 yds. iest it3. 5/8 40 0 5/ 20 0 5/8 540 1 of o/6 91 wani. drainage,:-st of Iortn 5/13 0 110 T ap Run 92 Jpring, oast of Danville Camp 3 /3 2 93 | art of Run, Wlest of 2amp'.S. | 5/03 5/3^ 16 0 /3A 33 r 94 Jubsurface drainage, across -.S. 5/10 32 0 5/10 10 0 5/10 122 0 fromn tke Run 95 1 ilortil Gap Run C.S. 5/5 80 0 5/3 47 0 5/ 170 96'Jmall streamr opposite L.ortni C.S. 5/12 26 2 5/12 18 1 /12 ap Rur n 97 jwamp draina;e, above trail i,.. 5/7 30 0 5/7 | 1 0 0 99 bwaiip drai;.e above trail, |e S 9 75 2 /'7 / 200 0 beaver. b —: -- -. t -" i —: t t. - 1: - - ~': l' [ ~ ~ ~

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RE 0LJL OF TE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 19313 1934. and 1936. [ 131 191 ____-_ 19 __DJ__ Sampling Lcc-tion and Description blass - site 0of ifica ample TotcaI E ample Total ampale lotal L number wil_~..Si te ___.__ ou1it lCi 1 count col coun coli 100 Jwaip drainage betweon Gaps M~J 5/ll 190 0 5/1l 730 0 r 101 Jrassy plot, "ast of trying j:K W/14A 3 / 70 0 /4/14 470 04 ~-an Run b f-I I~~~I I 103 Third ITotch Run c.3. 5/13 120 1 0 0 13 200 0 5/13~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5/13 irij 0 104 Swamnp drainage,'Jest of:F?;ryin 1 15/36A 0 /6 471 0 ~'an Run 105 owamnp drainage, East of garden S 34 0 "l 30 0 5/1 340 0 Hiiollow Road 31 trying Pan Riun b-d 107 j econd Inotcr -Run C. 5717 110 10 0 5/17 115 0 l j 3wamprl drailnaogl.e across ro /20 200 20 0 2 trails -0^ garnet -oring Gaiiup 70-141 j 1l 0 7/19 2 0 lI ~jnmaill rapid streat-, ieJt of C.1. /1 /i: 17 1 70G-141 ll -rabapiun o 722 9AU' 1 /76 / 2 140 0 ~~~~~~~~~~r-c~~~~~C

BACTERIA0LOGICAL RE3JULIo CF TIE SANITAIRY SURV5YS OF 1931. 19349 and 1936. 1931 __ 19-6 4_ - _ - ampling Loc-t1tion and Description lass- ~ site of ifica Sarmple rota E arample Total | Sample lotal S number _ 1Jring Site i__on Iou nt cl _ _ count coli _ _ count coli 112 9 pring, -State orest ark /19| 53 0 /19A 1400 113 I cCaills Brancl C.. 5/21 210 0 7/21 37 0 /2l 107 0 r-c.'114 j.irsp (drainae, /et or - I. 6/24 I 0 1 J 6/4 irJ 0 6/74 760 ^cwall's J:aI-1 b-d ii, a V1! rajin-e_, 1/2. mile above. 6/27 63. cJ.:-,t I' sb Jam | — d 1'1.:a&ii Str a: f'rom laur:l rove.o.L 6/24/ 7 70 6/24 9 117., tony (rain:i iy.o. 6/2S C 1 6 6/2g 400 6/25 10 0 I isiall'a t re tan. | 11I | T)p. drainge, be.ver in 1)31. 6/3.. 6/23 1640 6/rv b. | 11)9 wamp lraina,, 1/4 i3.i1e;ast L.|..6/22A of 1Black Gaap ~120 xlacc nap un.3l o. 6/ 22 210 O /0 6/ 2 O 0 6/10 0 r-c C 121 ispring, beni of Blaci:'-ap l oadi | 6/21 140 2'/21 10 0 6,/i 170 0 122 prins_,:lun above bri e J. 6/1/ 70 0 -r __-~~ __| 1 X r r t

BACTERIAOLOGICAL REiL'EL CF THE SANITT RY SURVEYS OF 1931; 1934. and 1936. [ _31. _ 1__9_ *_ __ ampling L|ocition -nd Description C ass-r site 02 ifica armple iotal E ample Total E ample otal F number:ji&onIi _ -Site ount i i count col ount coi 123 * trea:. from leinloc-;rove /.. 6/20 130 1 6/ 6/20 110 4 d 124 wamp drainae ner road L.. 6/19 200 bI cor ne3s. * 7i I d48I 12) armp drainage opposite 6/18i 48 0 6/1 91 0 12| wamp drzai naarge, /est of I I 127 luiish streaim f rom:::I line lat l.. /1 6/16 030 0 6/l 9 o 6/16 600 0 b 12 t; 6/14 i /0 2 1l8 3v >minp drainate,.ast of 7C-144 6/1 0 1 1 270 j0 12)9:1 rassy Flat, a,.st of 70-144 -.5. 6/14 15|0 0 6/14 133 0 6/14 400 0 130 1 Sring at 7C-144 - 6/17 75 26/17 10 0 131 i eaver - ond J.r. j 6/195 520? 132 | b f I f i I i | 132 1. i:. 1 6/113 210 1 b 133 - " -J.T. 6/11 60 3 0.I -

BACTERIAOLOGICAL RE3-ULTIE U7 THE SAITITARY SURVEYS OF 1.931; 19349 and 1936. Lm *ig1931 1_34 ____1936 __4_ Sam7pling L'ocition Ftnd Description Class- J si of7 ifica Manple TotJU E ample Total E ample otal numer _ i ite _ on ont 1 oli I count col _ counL coLi -I c 13~~~~~~~~~~~ 13) ~rcderics &ap iun 0.3. 6/12 130? 6/1 21 0 16/12 10 0 ^^ ^inall mountain stiJLL- beaver 6/7 76 /7 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 in 1931 b i 1 I 4 S i I 1 137flJf pt. It Vernon Gariip ^ 6/5 100 6 6/2 0 Ory 137 100.L a 6 6/ 13 C b-d I 13 Stream, West of Ga C.S. 6/3 26 0 6/3 1 0 6/ 10 139 allstreamn at end. of natural. c/IC L260 14 1 6 139 s~ 3 a?ir 3I~ C ~ v/.c 26G C G + C clearing 140 13ial strearm, oter 6 of 3 6 3 6/ 130 0 clearing b 141 1amp a.raina-ge a of r 11 17,0 4 6/1 11 142- -A.allIs Branch aEt juncio 03 fB 0 6 0. i - J ~ ^ i ^ ^ p r i n ^, i l a l i s B r a n c i i ^. K 6 / 4 3 2 01 6 4^ 14,LL~ j / 1- 0 ii6/l 10 I i ik J J- ci A..I UIt= ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ or*'^ 1,~~~~~~~~~

BACTERIAOLOGICAL REJoULf OF TiIE SANITARY SURVEYS OF 1.931; 19349 and 1936. sipt 0 ~ ~ -131,1934!o 6. 3a-mpl i ng Loc -Iition and Description Class- ~ T ~~-~~ -~Lno S1 e i fia arnle|ple Total sample Total - number m Si f te _io__0nt!_ t count coi i-___ cotL cli 146, Tunnis Branch rnear junction.. T 6/6 1)0 0 6/6 $2 0 | 6/6 10 0 u14 1ni Irn U S^ T 6/2 160 0 r 1~^ 30 0 | O6 6/2 46/ 10c 6 I f I n I I i 1 rtj I i!2r, I I I t I I 1^ ^esBanchti albuoive =ca== =~ T 6/1 23 -i-j q3

Effect of Temperature and Rainfall Daily temperature varied from 55 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit through out the periods of these surveys. Such temperatures are typical of June weather conditions in this area, The steep stream bed gradient makes an estimated rate of flow of 3/4 mile per hour very conservative. Using this rate, the"time of concentration" for the area above the water dam is 24 hours. As sampling was carried out during the forenoon of a day, rainfall for a 24 hour period previous to 8:00 a. m. of that day is correlated with that days sampling results. This is clearly shown on the SURVEY R7ESULTS PLOTTIlrG. Rainfall for a period of 24 hours terminating at 8 a. m. is plotted in red ink over the bacterial counts for samples collected from 7 a. m. through the forenoon of a day. Heavy rainfall had a very definite effect resulting in high counts. No effort has been made to compare the effect on counts of rainfall terminating a dry spell as compared with rainfall in the middle of a rainy period. The Weather Bureau Station at Williamsport, Pa. within 20 miles of all parts of the watershed furnished the following records for the periods of the three surveys.

WEATHER BUREAU STATION, WILLIAMSPORT, Pa. Year Month Date Temperature Rainfall... _ _ _ _Max Min _ inches. 1931 June 9 65 47 0 10 70 57 0.02 11 77 54 0 1 st day 12 85 58 0 2nd day 13 84 55 0 3rd " 14 81 62 0 4th t 15 75 66 0 5th 16 75 61 0.43 6th " 17 82 52 0.54 7th " 1934 June 11 85 60 0.29 12 78 53 0 13 70 54 0.14 1st " 14 84 54 0 2nd 15 87 50 0 3rd 16 89 56 0 4th 17 88 55 0 5th 18 81 63 0 6th 19 82 60 2.02 7th 20 85 55 0.02 8th 1936 June 8 76 64 0.20 9 85 63 0.01 10 80 62.00 1st " 11 84 64 0.02 2nd " 12 78 63 0.39 3rd " 13 75 59 0 4th "

67 WEATHER BUREAU STATION, WILL4. SPORT, Pa. Year Month uate Temerature Rainfall _-____...............iilax Min.... 1936 June 14 75 60 0.44 5th day 15 83 55 0.00 6th t 16 77 57 0.00 7th t Temperatures - Max and Min for 24 hours ending 5:30 P. M. Rainfall - For 24 hours ending 8:00 A. M.

Bacterial Results from Classified Sites The bacterial counts for the classified sites are analyzed to determine any definite indications of a relative degree of purity of the source. We must note the average counts for the watershed vary with the different surveys. 1936 had the highest total count average, 256 for the 131 samples collected. This high count is due to heavier rainfall previous and during the survey period. 256 compares very high with 120 for 1931,and 84 for 1934. The average B. Coli count is 0.95 in 1936, 1.30 in 1934, and 2.07 in 1931. With beaver in the area in 1931, we have definite reasons why the B. Coli count should be appreciable. In 1934 the C. C. C. camp boys were more actively engaged in greater numbers on grubbing and new road work. The conclusion of the highest total count and lowest B. Coli count in 1936 seems to be that rainfall does increase the total counts, and thus makes a very disturbing factor in comparing the classified site results. Another conclusion from the low B. Coli count in 1936, is that the higher percentage of spring and grounwater flow of that year produced a purer water. (See discussion of stream gaging results). A compensating fact exists to improve the reliability of comparing classified site results in spite of the disturbing factor of rainfall. Each survey, by chance, had a quite similar cycle of weather conditions. The fore part of the survey up to McCalls Dam had small rainfall interference, while the area above was subject to heavy rains.

urmnmary olt acterial Results for Classified zites on the 4White ueer watershed. 1931 1934 1936 T T.C B.C. T.C.. C..0o. B.C WElite Deer watershed 111 120 2.07 122 84.0 1.30 131 256 0.95 prinTgs 23 76.4 2.95 38 75.0 1.42 35 95.0 050 Clear trean___ms 4 b4.6 o086 43 71.8 1.63 43 133 0.75 arshy Streams 41 _ _____ 1.00 4 40 1.20 GaiPp_ 13_ 0*2 7 60.0 2.10 7 403 0 Road 22 U0.o 0.54 25 140 2.76 22 440 1.75 Deer 6___ ___ 1f..7 5 2.. 0 0__ 6 400 2.50 Be ave r 22 2Y7 7.6 11 39.6 0 14 j 322 1.00 1- - iTumber of Samples T.C. - Total Count ( Average) B.C. - B U0oli (Average)

Spring Waters 23, 35, and 38 sites were classified thus in the three surveys. Only included definite clear cut springs without marsh drainage. Most of the sources of watersupply for camps are in this classification. Total counts were lowest in this grouping with values of 76.4, 75.0, and 95.0. The B. Coli counts were 2.95, 1.42, and 0.50. The 0.50 average B. Coli count establishes this classification as upholding the general opinion that "spring waters are the purest" for the survey of 1936. The average is rather high for 1931 and 1936 because 9 out of 23 samples and 6 out of 38 in the respective years,showing positive results, were of individually high count. Thus, we see that while a spring is most probably the safest source, it may very definitely not be so. Clear Streams 43 tributaries were thus classified in each survey, including all the larger and freely flowing streams. Total counts were 84.6, 71.8, and 133. B. Coli counts were 0.86, 1.63, and 0.75. The conclusion is justified that these streams compared with the springs in the purity of the water. Marshy Springs and Streams Springs draining marshy ground or subjected to surface drainage were included in this classification along with sluggish streams draining swamps. The total counts were 150, 102, and 440. B. Coli counts were 3.31, 1.00, and 1.20. it is evident the total count is relatively much higher

9/ than the B. Coli count. Suchr results would be expected of waters retarded on the surface of thei grou.nd, in contact with saprophytic bacteria, and exposed to high temperatures favoring biological action. The conclusion is inevitable, that such waters are impure -when compared to springs or the freely flowing streams. However, the 3. Coli counts are not exceptionally high except in 1931, which was probably due to beaver. 41, 35, and 48 samples were taken from these sites on the respective surveys, representing 40 ra of the samples lifted on the watershed. Effect of Camps The small number of samples thus classified were 4, 7, and 7. This is too small a number to justify generalizing from the results. Such generalization from these results would lead to the conclusion that camps are beneficial for the sanitary quality of the watershed, and be contrary to knovm facts. The fact renains that a camp is a continual threat to develope sporadically into a serious source of contamination. (See camp inspection) Effect of Roads 22, 25, and 22 sites were in this classification. Total counts were 90, 140, and 440, with B. Coli counts of 0.54, 2.76, and 1.75. The results indicate a definite correlation between roads and high bacterial counts. This is emphatically appreciated when we understand that 1931 was a period of limited road facilities; 1934, a period of extensive road construction by the C. C. C.; and 1936, a period of maintaining these roads and accomodating a greatly increased number of visitors. The conclusion is justified that roads decrease the purity of water from a water

9Z shed. Such a conclusion is probably most evident on this vi terlsed, wiiere a boulder strewn, snake infested, scomR; oak covered, rougL- terrain Vwas very effective in keeping out all1 but the most.crdet of sportsmen. Effect of Deer This clssifictioo is based upIon. selectir g sites where deer are known to frequent. The number of such sites, 8,5, and C is too srmaB.I 6. a unber- for confidence in th ut, These restrults do tend to prove that deer increase total and B. Coli A better idea of their effect can be obtained from the results of the 1931 samp.le col ected at sanmling site I7o. 57, anld designated 2/1 of that survey. Such site was a spring with an over hanging sturrp servir as a salt lick. The ground around the spring reipresernted a "barny.rd conditi on". Bacterial cou.ts vwere 5,G60, andr( I0C plus. The deer lick was remioved bI't t! he guiltyr persons upon conplain t. Another cause of objection to the presence of deer vias apjpaurent in the survey of 1936. The deep snow and e:cetiona1lly low temperatures durin tthe 1935-36 winter was kno',w-n to have reduced the deer herds. The nhite Deer Wa'er Company removed zr ded dedeer from the tributary areas i.r the early Sprirn of I'6c, Durinr the survey Lerioc, the scalinr crews detected 8 putrefyin carcasses close to the streanis Such dead dee- r:r. a def ite co:ontami nating influencc. a.,nd certai.nly offend the senses of the u.er of the water even though possible dicsease can not be traced directly to them.

93 BACTEILm Yi;ESULT`S OF rI1D-$STAEzI SAlI LL'S Examination of the results- of the t1931 srvey ggsted coiliect ingc one mile samp n-;les; lifted frorm the frreey flowing vater -at ii:e center of Thite Deer Creek. If such sa ples brad been.takei-ci ij. 1931, poll.ut'-io eff1ec ts of beaver at the ujper eci could have been traced downstreemi. Such samples were collected on the sutveys of 1C34 and 1936. (See samcpling procedure) Results of these e one rile semples are presented in tabuar and grapThical form. Conclusions from the 19,34 results, are that C. C. C. wo:rkers rin the area around Mile Run did increase the count of ssmples dowmstreaIm. Such increased count was undoubtedly due to loosening the biologically active humus layer in road and forest grllbbiEng work, as well as direct contaurination from the large body of wor-kmen. The 1936 results emphasize the effect of rain previous to s.aplirg. in gereral, the effect was to multiply the total cou:t by 10, Counts were still' to 3 times normal after,4 hours had elai.sed followirg the end of the rain. The 1936 total count average at mine mid-stream sam-ples?as 3311 as against 60 for 1934. The concentration of bacteria beirn in the ratio of 5 to 1. This is in spite of the fact that the spriLng sources were contributingr more water of low bacterial count. Rain producing surfa.ce wash is thle largest single f:ctolr affectirng bacterial results. The B. Coii count was not greatly affected.

BACTERIA1 RBS3UIJTL3 CF WIdITr DEI53-R CR^K-11 ri&CI R: AT MTII> INTRVAIS SJ..PLIITG LCOCATIOCN,2VD iDECRIPTICIN 19 196 SITE O F SAlf:PLIuTG SITSi| TCTA).., coli TOTAL |i~. coli CXIJ;U CCUNT....................., _________ COUNT _________ Damn Crest of Spill'Vay co 0 9 o 1 iSile mIith' s Clearing 42 0 220 0 2 Lile;.ast of Rock OaK Spring 260 0 190 0 3 -ile iest of Kettle i.ole'rail 100 0 260 1 4 iLile W.,est of Lyman' s Gap iiun 4 0 4 100 0 5 lil.e | ast of Mile Run Outlet 30 0 165 1 6 i;ile Below First Creek Bridge 20 0 92 0 7 Mile West of Cow Bell Hollow Run 21 0 140 2 u i:.ile zast of Straub's Dam 20 0 75 3 9 L ile Clark's Trail.29 0 10 0 10 i;ile jhamokin Dan Camp 15 0 110 0 11 i ile Cracker Bridge Trail 17 0 1300X 0 12 L ile Opposite Niew Garden hollow Road 19 0 6001 0 13 Mile LcCall's 9am 27 2 a o 20

3BAG^Cm.I R3lm.iTbii2 0) UhIT LiR PRWBR AT I..I..lXRVJLS COAIT'T D. 3.,LiLrLTJ G, LOCAT IO1 ANTFD DE:3CRIPTION l934 1-'36 S3ITS OSALIG SI| TCTA; li. coIili| TTOTAL 0 cli CCU'g-T C CTU ___._.....^...... *S _. t_.q.,, 1 _ S. s bC._U.L. __________.___...._____ 14 Mile &ast of Black Gap 20 0 420xX 0 15 Mile Opposite Eastville Road I ot sampled 450XX 0 16 iile Firederick's Gap 16 0 240x 0 17 M ile iBelow Hall & Tunnis Junction Lot sampled 100 ) 0 x reavy si overs fo r previous 24 hours and rain still falling xx 24 houfr or more after rain had ceased:ote: in toie 1 34 survey, mile sarples were not collected in any case within a period of 40 hiours after heavy rain.'t

97 To aid in studying the self-puri- fication of the strean arcd,the effect of treatment, the following sururiary from the surveys of 1c34 and 1936 was deveoed. Such sunlmiary shows only total count results as B. Coli couns were too small to study reduction effects. TOTAL COUNT SLTmiYTI-IV 19934 1936 Aver=age of tributaries 122 256 Average of mile scamples 60 311 Spillway of dam 80 89 Intake to chlorination house 140 330 at end of sedimentation channel. Test station - chlorinated 10 8 Purification of the Main Stream The tributary average was 122 in 1934+ with a main streamn average of 60. Such a relation indicating the ability of the streEam to purify itself by mechanical agitation effects, aeration, and sunlight germicidal action, under clear weather conditions. In the more rainy 1936 survey, the tributary average vwas 256 and the main streaml average 311. An increas due to the decreased sunlight effect and increased surface wash. Effect of Sedimentration Treatment The sedimentation channel was effective in providing a settliig period for the water. However, bacterial counts at the intake to the chlorination house showed much higher counts in

38 1934 and 1936 than the wat'er flowsing over the spillway. The sedimentation channel contained about one-sixth of a days demand. As we collected a samp)le about 7:00 a. m., we probably secured water which had been stored throughout the night period of low draft. The channel is shallow with a maximumx depth of 3 feet and built through marshy ground. Surroundirg conditions justify the suspicion aroused by the bacterial results, that the channel actually increases the bacterial count. The 1931 results showed the channel as functioning to reduce the bacterial results* Effect of Chlorination All bacterial samples collected at the test station showed greatly reduced counts. B. Coli were absent and the total courts were 26, 10, and 8. These would be ftrthur reduced by the "chlorine residual" maintained in the operation procedure.

/00 Sanitary Significance of Beaver in White Deer Creek Beaver life always appeals to the average person. In the field of commerce it has made a lasting impression upon the history of America. Beaver skins provided the basis of bargaining tor the purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians by the original Dutch settlers. This, the most valuable present day property in the world was evaluated in terms of the skin of this humble animal. The romantic tales of trappers pushing back the frontier throughout the United States and Canada, as far north as the Hudson Bay, have provided basic plots for novels and moving pictures. Coupled with this actual part in history are the myths or legends of the unusual characteristics of beaver. Its industrious application to the pursuance of its normal life has earned for it a standard of measurement of industriousness as manifested by the popular term "working like a beaver." The idea of clan or family life in a mutually constructed house and living on a mutually gathered food supply appeals to the public's fancy. The popular conception of beaver mating is as a monagamist for life. The beaver is supposed to warn associates of approaching danger by slapping its paddle like tail. Additional conceptions of the use of its tail are for troweling clay in the dams and even to serve as a barge for transporting such clay over water to the dam site. The noted success of the beaver as a dam builder has been played up to the public by the designation of "dam engineer.." Not only

/[0 is the beaver an engineer in dam building but also in falling trees. We hear of its ability to fall a tree in the exact direction of its choice. The following suwnary of beaver life attempts to set forth the facts of value to our appraisal of the effect of beaver life on the sanitary quality of a water supply. Life Characteristics Beaver are commonly brown, and rarely black, furred animals of the family of rodents, or gnawers. Being the larger brother of the common muskrat. Definite characteristics are the flat scaley tail, large webbed hind feet, and large chisel shaped front teeth or incisors. The usual size of adults is 30 to 45 inches long, including a 12 to 15 inch tail, and weighing from O0 to 70 pounds. The young are born in litters of 2 to 5 during May and June, being fully furred, and develop very fast, attaining independence of existence in 3 to 6 weeks. Yearling beavers are practically full size and probably breed. The life span is logically dependent upon natural enemies and whether protected from trapping by law. Observations in pro-v tected areas indicate 10 to 15 years as the life cycle. The most important factor of beaver life affecting streams is the building of stick and mud dams. Such dams vary in height from one to eight feet, usually being from two to four. The length may be several hundred feet. Usually the dam is constructed at a wide shallow crossing rather than a confined and free flowing site. The area flooded upstream varies from a fraction to several acres. Usually it includes a considerable

BEAVER DAM AND POND Note the dan on the leit, and the drowned trees fringing the pond. Photograph taken near McCall's Dam and is representative of beaver ponds in the area as occuring in 1931.

/ow w, ~ b ~X',t'_ griCR i'BZ -; =i

/ad number of standing trees which are drowned, causing a serious objection to the presence of beaver. The dams are constructed adjacent to one another, backing water up to the upstream one or even flooding it out entirely. The construction is of green boughs, seasoned sticks, or water soaked sticks from the stream bottom, and varying up to six. inches in diameter and five feet in length. These are laid in random directions and packed with mud, roots and plant stalks. The dam zigzags up or down the stream to include growing trees and bushes. As the water backs up behind it larger diameter poles may be cut and floated into position. The cross-section is widened as it rises higher. The job of buildirg is never ended, and really merges into a continuous maintenance job. Every night additions are made to reduce seepage and close developing streamlets. These dams are very resistant to erosion.. In flood times they are topped by a rising torrent, but erode very slightly. The matted mass of sticks and consolidated mud offers great resistance to the efforts of man or nature. The experience of the Penna. Dep't of Forests and Waters was that opening such dams was a laborious and expensive prooedure. Being accomplished by doggedly digging and cutting out the mat of sticks. Explosives could not be used as White Deer Creek was a stocked trout stream. The usual beaver lodge is constructed similarly to the common muskrat house. It is up of dome shaped construction from a deep section of the flooded area. It has a diameter of 10 to 20 feet, and is constructed of sticks and mud, and carried well above the usual water level to provide living

/of' B -''-' —' Kemairns oi beaver iams near Straub' Damn (134)'1'i~4 k Old beaver dam in foreg.round with the formerly flooded area. extending up stream. Fryi n;rg Pan Run (1934) ~ ~~~IIF ~ 0 w -

/06 IWS ~ermairns Aoi ol. beaver doa near Tunni s Branch (1934) 01. Beaver Flow Santd Spring:'run (1934)

/07 quarters above this water level. Entrance is below the water surface to provide protection from preying animals. Observation indicates there are usually m-ore than one entrance. When sound stream banks are available, bank lodges are very common. Entrance is through a sub-surface opening to a passage running above the water level for 30 or 40 feet to the lodge proper. These living quarters, being a honey combed area, often cave during a wet spring and thus are detected from the stream bank above. A single beaver lodge accooodates from two to fifteen beaver. While it seems usual for the young beaver to move out upon mating, several observations have reported three generations living in a single house, Beaver cut down select types of trees by a characteristic radial gnawing. Large chips are removed until the tree remains joined by the two cones, one of the trunk and the other of the stump, merging at a small section. The cut is made within two feet of the ground. Trees up to one foot in diazeter have been felled. The preferred tree is aspen or poplar. Warren (p.18) shows the distribution of beaver and aspen trees in the U.S., attempting to show that beaver life depends upon aspen. It seems questionable tha.t such a dependent relation exists. Certain it is, that beaver cut birch, hemlock, ash, buttonwood and poplar. Reports of cuttirg spruce and pine are rare. The main trunk and limbs are cut in lengths up to five feet. These are rolled, dragged, and floated into place at the damz or lodge. The chips, twigs, and leaves may be used in the building process. Either left in place or used in the structure, they add to the decaying

/0o vegetable matter of the area. Summary of Opinion as to the Value of Beaver In sumrarizirg the investigation of beaver in the Adirondacks, Mr. Charles E. Johnson weighs the advantages of wild life conservation and financial returns from beaver pelts against the loss of timber by flooding. His conclusions are expressed as follows, "Taking a broad view ot the question, therefore, based in net returns that have been derived both in our own state and elsewhere, and on the inherent possibilities of beaver culture, it would seem that only the careless or prejudiced thinker is likely to contend that the introduction of beaver into the Adirondacks was an economic mistake. " Mr. Ivan E. houk describing the Colorado practice in the Scientific American writes, "A plan has already been developed and put into practice in Colorado, whereby beavers are taken from one section ol the state where they are plentiful, and transplanted as it were, to the other sections where their services are more essential. The animals are trapped in huge wire nets placed on the dam. The plan followed is to save the beaver storage until late in the summer, when water is scarce and crops are badly in need of moisture, then to cut the dams and allow the water to drain into the irrigation ditches. With 24 hours the beavers have the dam repaired so that they are agtain storing water for another emergency. Thus

s09 the beaver storage can be utilized several times in one season if necessary." Mr. Ernest D. Leet in presenting an argument against protecting beaver in New York State writes, "For a quarter of a century beavers had not been seen along the St. Lawrence until their presence was revealed last Spring (1922) by a number of fallen trees that had been gnawed through at the base. Whereas they are still protected by gamie laws on the New York side of the river, the owners cf property on the Canadian side have engaged an experienced trapper for the season, with headquarters on Dillingham's Island, near Brockville, Ontario. Owners of islands in Canadian and United States waters have been given permission by the Dominion government to exterminate them on the Canadian side of the boundary." Mr. J.C.Sayler reports as follows on the beaver-trout investigation in Michigan, "The beaver should not be permitted to continue occupying our trout streams without control. Unless a sound beaver-trout management program is adopted and carried out, a choice will need to be made between beaver and trout. Finally it may be pointed out that the urgency of the need for beaver trout management is evident from our estimate that 25% of the mileage of Michigan trout streams becomes the bottom ot a beaver pond every ten years."

//0 To attempt a summary of opinions in beaver culture is difficult. It seems there are advantages and disadvantages. The answer to the problem apparently is a control of the beaver numbers to attain a maximum advantage and a minimum or the undesirable effeots. Beaver will develop into a serious nuisance in a watershed in about ten years of the time ol original stocking. We may deduce that an open season would be required at least once every ten years. The effect of beaver on the sanitary qu alit y cf ta~er h;as; not been discussed in any previous known investigation. Propogation Period of Beaver in White Deer Creek Beaver were native to Pennsylvania and undoubtedly were trapped by thfe Indians who frequented the Susquehanna Valley before the white man. The Indians living a migratory existenoe were not as destructive to beaver culture as the white man who followed a more settled life and concentrated his activities in a more restricted area. Trappers preceded the lumber camps and tanneries up the tributaries of the Susquehanna River. The few beaver escaping these outpost trappers in the early part of the 19th century fell prey to the trapping activities of the lumber canp inhabitants who swept over this area from the close of the Civil War until the close of the century. The destroyinc of natures beaver supply was even more complete than the wanton destruction of virgin timber.

/// By 1900 it is doubtful if any beaver life existed on the White Deer watershed. Individual mountain woodsmen argue they were always present but kept to small numbers by continual trapping. If present at all they were certainly scattered and in small numbers until 1915. With the active organization of the forestry department and the resulting "conservation consciousness," emphasis was laid on protecting and culturing wild life. Such protection was necessitated by the automobile making possible more concentrated forestry hunting and fishing by greater numbers of urban dwellers. Beaver were stocked on the area by the state between 1915 and 1922. The exact date is not known. In 1922, fishermen reported beaver dans along the creek. Certain it seems, is the fact that protection by the law permitted the beaver to develop. Such protection covering beaver and beaver dams and houses was provided by the legislature in 1912, providing $100 fine and/or 60 days in jail for killing a beaver of damaging a beaver lodge or dam.

//2 Distribution of Beaver Beaver were concentrated on the upper head waters of the creek, from the oil pipe line crossing to Hall's Branch. The greatest concentration was in the vicinity of Frederick's Gap. Another concentration over a wider area was in the vicinity of Frying Pan Run. Two beaver dams and cutting were evident at Kettle Hole Run on the lower part of the main stream. Three dams with considerable cutting were found on Sand Spring Run. These facts are set forth by the beaver distribution graph on the SURVEY RESULTS PLOTTING. Sanitary Survey Results of 1931 The average for the 111 samples lifted in 1931 gave a total count of 120 as compared with 89 and 256 in the other two years. The Coli average count was 2.07 as compared with 1.30 and 0.95. He:e we have definite indication of greater pollution for the entire watershed while the beaver were present in 1931. The 22 samples definitely classified as coming from beaver frequented sampling sites gave a total count average of 297, a Coli count average of 7.60. These are in the ratio of 2~ and 3g to the average for the whole watershed. The conclusion is justified that beaver greatly increase the counts with the greatest effect on the Coli count. This fact is most readily emphasized by examination of the SURVEY RESULTS

PLOTTING, following in the vertical to compare individual site results for the three years, and projecting up to the beaver graph to determine whether beaver were in the vicinity. An additional observed undesirable effect was that of increasing the organic matter content of water stored by the dams. Many stagnant pools appeared as "coffee" colored due to the tannic acid content, PH measurements showed acidity as great as 6.6. The water does not freely overflow the dam but seeps through near the bottom. Thus, scum and floating debris collect in considerable quantity and decomposing adds to the putrifying load of the stream. Unfortunately, lack ot equipment prevented the running of dissolved oxygen or B.O.D. tests. Action ot the State in Removing Beaver Acting on the complaint of the White Deer Water Company following the survey of 1931, the State Game Commission suggested the removal of some beaver to protected game reserved and the declaring of an open season on the beaver tor controlling their numbers. The Penna. Dep't of Forests and Waters removed 65 beaver alive by trapping in the Summer of 1931. These 65 beaver were trapped without serious injury to a single one and transported to game reserves. Many dams were opened and the flooded areas drained.

/ i f:^j6 /i v Traps employed in trapping bheaver alive. Steel anrd aluminum frra es with i r e.e sh. "Sets" were made on the idns.

//5 Open season was declared on beaver in Februarv and March of 1932. Trappin c teirng permitted throug'hout the st.t e except orn rane reserves. The iistrict oresters estimated an additional 65 beaver were removed from the White Deer Watershed, completirn their extZermination from the area. Trappers realized' 15 to 30 dollars per beaver pelt. Statistics of Beaver Distribution Our samplirg crews estirmated there were 125 beaver dams in the watersled. This estimate was made from a daily summarization of dam remains observed. On this area it wouldc appear the ratio ci beaver to dams was 1 to I. The beaver intensity for the whole area averaged about three per square mile. In the area above the oil pipe line crossing thre average was about 10 per square mile, while considering the area rorth of Black Gap the intensity was 20 per square mile. The SURVFY RESULTS PLOTTING shows the distribution of beaver per mile alonr the creek. The marximum intensity was 40 per mile in the vicinity of Frying Pan Run. Estimating the intensity of beaver per unit of discharge gives 6 for thie whole area. However, considering the concentrated beaver population west of iMVcCal's Dam gives a ratio of 20 beaver per unit of discharge.

Mf// The apparent effect of beaver on the bacterial counts was a 250 p r cent increase in total count, and a 350 per cent increase in Coli count. The price o o beaver pelts averag:ed between 15 and 30 dollars, with an average of 20 cdollars. Thus, the private trappers realized an aggregate total of $1300 for the beaver trapped from White Deer Creek in 1932.

/16 kT X-1A CT THT1 WMTTE DEPER WATER SHED. The Spring fed cool waters of White Deer Creek offer an optimum habitat for many kinds of algal growths, The kinds and varieties are unlimited and the examination of a collected sample offers a real thrill because of the customary presence of an entirely new and picturesque genus or modification. r. Millmn. Spin i.- ~'~ "I 1 lXillmont Spring June, 1936.

//7 CONTROL OF ALGAE IN THE RESERVOIR Algae have never caused any odor or taste conditions for the water company. However, algae growths are often very much in evidence in the reservoir. At such times, an application of copper sulphate by the caretaker has always proved effective in checking and eliminating such growths. EXAMINkTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF COLLECTED SAMPLES Samples were collected from all springs and flowing streams, showing an appreciable growth of algae, along with the samples for bacteriological analysis. Samples were taken in 1 inch tubes, corked and labeled with the same designating label as the bacteriological sample to identify the source. Collected samples were carried to camp in a thermos jug and identification made as soon as practical. Identification was made under 50 to 100 magnification by use of a microscope set up at our camp. Identification was made by comparison with colored plates in Fresh Water Algae of the United States by Wolle, and Fresh Water Biology by Ward and Whipple. RESULTS OF ALGAE IDENTIFICATION In the 1931 survey, samples were taken and not identified as to source. The following algae, identified as to genus only, were detected throughout the water shed,

//8 Algae samples from 1931: Ulothr ix Spirogyra Chain Desmids Drap ernrldia Zy nemia Palmella Chara Cylornrocarpa The result of the 1934 and 1936 surveys follow, identified as to genus only, correlated with the sampling station number at the correct site on the water shed map. ALGAE FROM WHITE DEER WATER SHED IN 1934 AIMD 1936. Sampling site 1934 1936 number Sample Algae Sample Algae 6 1/3 Chroolepus Main Creek (I mile point) 1 mile Conferva Chain Desmids Spirogyra 34 1/16 Spirogyra 35 1/37 Conferva Spirogyra 41 2/11 Palmella 42 2/16 Spirogyra 2/16 Conferva Conferva Chain Desmids Ulothrix 46 2/12 lpirogyra 2/14 Conferva Spirogyra

/19 ALGAE FROM; WHITE DEER ATER SHIED IN 1934 AND 1936 CONTIUJED Sampling site 1934 1936 number Sample Algae Samp-le Algae 47 2/14 Spirogyra Chain DesmLds Ulothrix 52. 2/6 B Diatoms Zygnema Palmella 53 2/6 A Ulothrix 54 2/6 Ulothrix Conferva 60 2/1 A Spirogyra Drapernaldia 62 2/2 A Chain Desmids Conferva 81 3/4 A Palmella 83 3/2 Palmella Chain Desmids 103 5/14 A Drapernaldia 110 5/20 Spirogyra Chain Desmids 111 5/19 Spirogyra 113 5/22 Stigleoclonium Conferva Zygnemia 130 6/19 Spirogyra 132 6/17 Closterium Giant Desmids 146 H 6/2 Chaetophora 149 T 6/4 Chain Desmids Conferva

/20 ALGAE FROM VIITE DEER WATER SHED IDT 1934 AimD 1936 COINxTIED Sampling site 1934 1936 number Sample Algae Sample Algae 151 T 6/2 Palmella T 6/2 Spirogyra Conferva Conferva 152 T 6/2 Spirogyra T 6/4 Chain Desmids Conferva Conferva DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Spirogyra and Conferva, both in many different forms, were widely distributed throughout the water shed. Palmella, Ulothrix and Chain Desmids were likewise very common. These are common algae and occur very frequently in the waters of Pennsylvania. Fortunately, none of the algae detected cause serious odor and taste in water supplies. The only possible danger is a too luxurious growth resulting in a choking action to water works appurtenances. This danger is of no conserqence on the water shed. Unfortunately the luxuriant growths did not occur at the same sites on the two different surveys. We note that only 4 sites were saepled on both surveys. These results suggest but are too lim ited to estblish the fact, that the same predominating growths of algae remain from one year to the next at any one site. Likewise, do the results suggest that adjacent springs are likely to have the same predominating algal growths,

/2/ The springs in open glades, exposed to direct sunlight produced the most prolific growths. In conclusion T might state that this feature of the survey provided the writer with more enjoyment, than facts to establish any definite laws.

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