U OF M RADIATION LAB MILLIMETER-WAVE SNOW DATA SUMMARY OF ALL DATA AND GROUND-TRUTH FEBRUARY-MARCH 1990 by T. F. haddock July 20, 1990

1. INTRODUCTION 2. RADAR AND RADIOMETER DATA 2.1 Tabulated Form 2.2 Graphic Form 3. GROUND-TRUTH 3.1 Snowflake Sizes and Types 3.2 Temperatures 3.3 Densities and Depths 3.4 Surface Roughnesses 3.5 Liquid Water Content 3.6 Photographs page 1

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1. INTRODUCTION This report is a summary of the millimeter-wave active and passive data taken on snow at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens and on the North Campus Diag between February 26, 1990 and March 7, 1990. It includes seven angular sets on dry snow, three diurnal experiments and all associated ground-truth. The first six data sets were taken at the Matthaei Botanical Garden and the remaining four sets were taken on the west edge of the North Campus Diag Views of the experimental sites are seen in Figs. 1-1 and 1-2. For a discussion of prior work and a review of the equipment and techniques used to obtain this data see Austin, R. T., T. F. Haddock and F. T. Ulaby "An Investigation of the Diurnal Variation of Backscatter from Snow at Millimeter-wave Frequencies," Radiation Laboratory Final Report Number 022872-2-T, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 9 May 1989. page 2

target area of 900301 data set radars snow over tilled soil snow pit area truck snow over cut grass 0 target area sphere of 900226 and 900227 data sets Figure 1-1: Experimental site set-up at Matthaei Botanical Gardens. page 3

rope target area of 900306 rope and 900307 rope data sets 0 sphere snow over cut grass E snow pit area curb asphalt parking lot truck Figure 1-2: Experimental site set-up at North Campus Diag page 4

2. RADAR AND RADIOMETER DATA 2.1 Tabulated Form of Data angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 2.400 -0.360 2.300 4.700 1.300 4.400 5.800 2.500 4.800 15.0 2.400 -2.500 0.600 3.100 -0.450 3.600 5.300 2.400 5.700 30.0 -0.710 -4.900-1.100 2.800 -0.820 1.9005.500 2.700 5.200 45.0 -1.500 -4.800-2.700 1.300 -2.000 1.200 4.700 1.900 4.000 60.0 -3.500 -8.100-4.300 1.100 -5.300-0.620 Table 2.1-1: Data set 900226SM1. angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 6.600 1.000 6.000 7.700 4.200 7.000 10.600 4.60011.500 15.0 2.000 -2.000 2.600 4.760 1.100 4.900 6.300 2.100 8.300 30.0 0.920 -3.500 1.400 3.800 0.270 5.300 5.400 2.400 6.500 45.0 -1.100 -4.800-1.700 2.200 -2.200 0.660 5.500 6.700 60.0 -3.400 -8.200 -4.300-0.400-4.600-1.500 4.000 4.700 Table 2.1-2: Data set 900226SM2. angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 1.200-3.670 1.880 4.500 1.5003.300 5.600 2.900 7.400 15.0 1.500-3.700 0.600 4.200 1.3003.200 6.100 4.200 7.700 30.0 0.500-3.900 0.600 4.300 0.660 6.000 2.500 6.200 45.0 -0.630 -5.300 2.900 -0.500 2.100 4.600 2.700 5.900 60.0 -3.600 -7.800-3.700-0.180-5.400-0.600 4.000 2.400 4.900 Table 2.1-3: Data set 900226RO2. page 5

angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 6.400 1.100 6.8006.900 1.400 4.800 6.420 2.550 15.0 1.500 -2.200 1.000 3.300 0.600 4.000 7.050 2.050 3.790 30.0 0.820 -3.200 0.3503.300 -0.100 2.100 5.100 2.500 4.300 45.0 -0.730 -3.800-1.500 1.600 -1.600 1.200 4.200 1.700 3.000 60.0 -2.700 -6.800-3.200-0.900 -4.100-1.200 2.600 0.800 Table 2.1-4: Data set 900227SM. angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 1.200 -4.000 1.200 1.700 -0.750 0.230 4.460 4.300 15.0 0.670 -3.200-0.029 1.400 -1.800 1.300 3.600 2.600 3.300 30.0 0.500 -4.000-0.770 2.300 1.700 1.800 2.800 45.0 -1.100 -4.700 -1.600 1.300 -1.900 0.900 3.500 1.100 2.000 60.0 -3.200 -7.400-4.400-0.600 -4.600-1.800 2.000 0.700 Table 2.1-5: Data set 900227RO. angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 -5.600 1.300-3.200 1.800 3.700 -1.400 5.800 15.0 -3.900 -5.400-1.200 0.800-2.700 2.500 2.700 -0.570 3.500 30.0 -2.700 -7.400-2.200-0.080-2.500 1.300 0.800 -1.800 1.900 45.0 -3.700 -6.900-3.300-1.100-4.100-1.100 1.100 -2.800 1.200 60.0 -3.800 -7.800 -3.900 -3.400 -7.100-3.500-0.600 -3.300 -1.000 Table 2.1-7: Data set 900306A. page 6

angle 35VV 35VH 35HH 94VV 94VH 94HH 140VV 140VH 140HH 0.0 -1.800-3.900 0.330 2.500-0.900 2.500 5.600 1.500 6.900 15.0 -2.600-4.400-2.000 3.100-0.260 2.500 3.900 1.700 5.300 30.0 -2.100-4.700-0.720 2.400-0.720 2.500 2.800 0.280 3.200 45.0 -1.500-4.300-2.600 0.390-2.720 0.510 2.800-0.430 2.300 60.0 -3.500-7.300-3.500-0.920-5.500-2.100 0.830-2.400 0.110 Table 2.1-9: Data set 900307A. Time 35VV Time 35VH Time 35HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.017 -0.300 8.050 -4.200 8.067 -0.200 8.533 -0.330 8.567 -4.300 8.600 9.600 -0.400 9.633 -4.000 9.650 0.600 10.267 -2.400 10.300 -5.800 10.317 -2.300 10.883 -0.600 10.917 -5.700 10.933 -0.890 11.500 -6.500 11.533 -11.700 11.567 -6.400 12.217 -14.000 12.267 12.300 -16.300 12.850 -13.000 13.083 12.917 -18.000 13.900 -12.600 13.833 14.550 -12.100 14.550 14.617 -15.500 16.667 -9.500 16.700 16.850 -7.600 17.550 -8.400 17.600 17.767 -6.300 18.283 -8.700 18.300 18.400 -6.400 19.333 -4.500 19.367 -8.100 19.433 -3.300 20.500 -3.800 20.533 -4.900 20.667 -1.900 21.367 -2.200 21.400 -5.300 21.450 -0.300 22.117 -1.500 22.150 -4.500 22.217 -0.770 22.700 -0.670 22.717 -3.900 22.767 -0.010 Time 94VV Time 94VH Time 94HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.117 3.900 8.150 0.700 8.167 2.700 8.700 3.550 8.733 1.800 8.783 2.900 9.700 3.900 9.733 0.760 9.767 2.300 10.367 3.300 10.400 0.270 10.433 2.400 10.983 4.100 11.017 -1.500 11.033 1.600 page 7

11.600 -0.230 11.650 -4.800 11.733 -1.200 12.367 -2.700 12.400 -9.000 12.417 -5.300 13.217 -4.100 13.250 -10.100 13.283 -5.400 14.083 -3.500 14.117 -8.800 14.150 -3.600 14.850 -2.540 14.883 -7.730 14.933 -4.100 15.550 -0.860 15.600 -6.600 15.633 -2.400 16.150 -0.380 16.200 -5.750 16.250 -1.020 16.950 1.300 16.967 -2.700 16.983 -0.160 17.833 2.300 17.867 -0.270 17.900 1.300 18.517 3.000 18.633 -0.100 18.583 2.600 19.183 3.600 19.217 -0.200 19.233 3.400 19.917 3.600 19.950 0.900 19.900 2.500 20.817 3.900 20.867 0.490 20.900 3.600 21.617 3.700 21.650 0.190 21.683 2.920 22.317 4.900 22.350 -0.560 22.383 3.500 Time 140VV Time 140VH Time 140HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.383 4.300 8.417 3.600 8.450 4.700 9.450 6.900 9.483 4.200 9.517 6.100 10.133 7.300 10.150 10.183 6.700 10.733 6.900 10.750 5.010 10.783 6.500 11.350 5.400 11.400 3.500 11.433 5.300 11.767 5.000 11.800 3.300 11.833 5.000 12.883 2.800 12.750 0.780 12.783 2.200 13.500 -0.100 13.550 -2.600 13.583 -0.630 14.400 3.750 14.433 1.200 14.467 2.640 15.333 3.720 15.367 1.280 15.383 3.480 15.917 4.600 15.933 1.300 15.967 3.000 16.533 5.220 16.567 0.730 16.600 5.140 17.383 4.540 17.417 1.600 17.467 4.800 18.067 4.800 18.100 2.300 18.133 5.400 18.817 5.400 18.883 1.900 18.917 4.500 19.500 6.200 19.533 2.500 19.567 5.500 20.267 4.600 20.300 2.600 20.350 4.900 21.200 4.480 21.233 2.300 21.267 4.600 21.983 5.200 22.017 3.000 22.033 5.100 22.583 4.350 22.617 1.600 22.633 4.800 Table 2.1-6: Data set 900301. page 8

Time 35VV Time 35VH Time 35HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.3170 -1.10 8.3170 -4.50 9.0660 -0.56 9.0660 -1.8'0 9.2330 -4.40 10.7000 -2.40 9.2330 -0.98 10.7000 -5.20 11.5500 -2.30 10.7000 -1.90 11.5500 -7.10 12.6330 -5.70 11.5500 -3.10 12.6330 -10.30 13.2330 -7.60 12.6330 -6.00 13.2330 -13.00 13.8330 -10.40 13.2330 -8.80 13.8330 -13.40 14.5330 -10.50 13.8330 -10.80 14.5330 -15.00 15.5670 -9.10 14.5330 -12.00 15.5670 -14.00 16.1500 -9.00 15.5670 -11.70 16.1500 -13.90 17.0170 -8.10 16.1500 -10.80 17.0170 -13.00 17.7670 -6.60 17.0170 -10.40 17.7670 -11.20 18.4500 -2.70 17.7670 -7.90 18.4500 -8.40 19.1500 -2.70 18.4500 -4.90 19.1500 -7.80 19.7000 -2.30 19.1500 -3.50 19.7000 -6.90 20.5170 -2.70 19.7000 -3.10 20.5170 -6.70 21.1670 -1.80 20.5170 -2.90 21.1670 -6.00 21.7500 -2.00 21.1670 -2.80 21.7500 -6.14 21.7500 -3.90 21.9170 -5.80 21.9170 -3.35 Time 94VV Time 94VH Time 94HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.3170 0.3 8.3170 -3.70 8.3170 0.1 9.3670 0.8. 9.3670 -2.60 10.4330 0.0 10.9000 -0.5 11.8670 -4.80 10.9000 0.2 11.8670 -2.3 12.8170 -10.50 11.8670 -1.9 12.8170 -4.5 13.4170 -11.60 12.8170 -4.1 13.4170 -6.2 14.2300 -13.20 13.4170 -6.0 14.2300 -8.2 14.7170 -13.20 14.2300 -7.2 14.7170 -6.5 15.7500 -13.30 14.7170 -6.7 15.7500 -6.5 16.4170 -9.60 15.7500 -6.2 16.4170 -5.2 17.0170 -9.30 16.4170 -6.1 17.0170 -4.8 17.7670 -5.50 17.0170 -3.6 17.7670 -3.0 18.4500 -4.70 17.7670 -1.2 18.4500 -0.7 19.1500 -4.40 18.4500 -1.4 19.1500 -0.9 19.7000 -3.80 19.1500 -0.5 19.7000 -0.2 20.5170 -2.60 19.7000 -0.6 page 9

20.5170 -0.3 21.1670 -4.20 20.5170 -1.0 21.1670 -0.5 21.1670 -1.7 Time 140VV Time 140VH Time 94HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.3170 5.4 8.3170 2.5 8.3170 6.4 11.2000 3.2 11.2000 0.7 11.2000 4.5 12.3000 1.8 12.3000 -2.2 12.3000 1.9 13.0330 1.4 13.0330 -3.5 13.0330 2.0 13.5670 -0.5 13.5670 -4.7 13.5670 0.2 14.2300 1.2 14.2300 -1.7 14.2300 2.4 14.9330 2.5 14.9330 -0.3 14.9330 4.0 15.9000 2.5 15.9000 0.1 15.9000 3.5 17.0170 2.8 17.0170 0.1 16.8500 3.3 17.7670 3.1 17.7670 -0.3 17.0170 3.0 18.4500 2.6 18.4500 0.1 17.7670 3.5 19.1500 2.7 19.1500 0.3 18.4500 2.5 20.5170 2.0 21.1670 -0.4 19.1500 3.9 21.1670 1.7 20.5170 2.1 21.1670 2.8 Table 2.1-8: Data set 900306D. Time 35VV Time 35VH Time 35HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 8.9000 -0.58 8.9000 -1.80 8.9000 -0.47 10.1000 -0.59 10.1000 -4.40 10.1000 -1.30 11.1830 -2.10 11.9670 -9.50 11.1830 -2.80 11.9670 -5.80 12.7830 -13.20 11.9670 -5.80 12.7830 -9.70 13.6670 -15.30 12.7830 -9.90 13.6670 -13.00 14.7000 -18.00 13.6670 -12.50 14.7000 -15.30 15.7170 -15.00 14.7000 -13.80 15.7170 -14.00 18.5500 -7.80 15.7170 -11.50 17.0670 -11.40 19.2830 -6.40 17.0670 -9.10 18.5500 -5.60 19.8330 -5.80 18.5500 -4.90 19.2830 -4.90 20.4330 -4.10 19.2830 -2.60 19.8330 -2.10 19.8330 -1.50 20.4330 -1.30 20.4330 -2.30 page 10

Time 94VV Time 94VH Time 94HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 9.1670 0.4 9.8830 -2.60 9.1670 1.3 9.8830 0.6 10.6000 -3.40 10.6000 0.2 10.6000 1.0 11.5000 -5.20 11.5000 -1.4 11.5000 0.3 12.2000 -5.10 12.2000 -2.5 12.2000 -2.4 13.1670 -10.20 13.1670 -6.2 13.1670 -6.7 13.9000 -12.00 13.9000 -6.3 13.9000 -5.9 15.0000 -12.00 15.0000 -5.1 15.0000 -5.8 15.5330 -12.00 15.5330 -4.8 15.5330 -5.4 16.5000 -9.60 16.5000 -4.5 16.5000 -3.9 16.8330 -7.60 16.8330 -3.6 16.8330 -2.6 17.6500 -4.70 17.6500 -2.4 17.6500 -1.7 18.2670 -5.00 18.2670 0.7 18.2670 -1.0 19.1330 -2.70 19.1330 0.2 19.1330 0.6 19.6830 -3.50 19.6830 -0.0 19.6830 1.0 20.2330 -1.30 20.2330 0.4 20.2330 0.7 Time 140VV Time 140VH Time 94HH (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) (hours) (dB) 9.6000 3.90 9.6000 1.3 9.6000 4.60 10.8670 3.91 10.8670 -0.2 10.8670 4.80 11.7330 4.20 11.7330 0.1 11.7330 4.70 12.2000 2.50 12.2000 -1.9 12.2000 2.40 13.4330 3.20 14.4830 -1.3 13.4330 3.90 14.4830 2.80 15.2330 -0.8 14.4830 3.90 15.2330 3.80 16.0170 -0.1 15.2330 3.90 16.0170 4.30 16.6670 0.1 16.0170 4.30 16.6670 4.10 17.2330 0.9 16.6670 5.40 17.2330 5.00 18.1000 0.7 17.2330 5.70 18.7000 4.00 19.4500 0.5 18.1000 4.30 19.4500 3.50 20.0170 0.8 18.7000 4.90 20.0170 4.10 19.4500 3.50 20.0170 3.94 Table 2.1-10: Data set 900307D. page 11

Time 140 Snow 140 Sky (hours) (K) (K) 8.250 181.570 99.600 9.267 194.800 106.100 10.000 184.000 112.800 10.500 190.100 86.900 11.250 205.500 101.530 11.967 228.900 102.700 12.600 242.200 101.200 13.367 244.200 97.850 14.350 232.500 85.500 15.000 227.100 82.200 15.667 219.300 92.000 16.333 214.800 94.000 17.050 193.400 85.500 17.967 167.400 72.200 18.667 167.400 80.000 20.100 177.700 72.500 21.017 169.400 74.280 21.917 172.400 93.400 22.450 167.500 91.600 Table 2.1-11: Radiometric data from 900301. page 12

2.2 Graphic Form of Data Data Set Code: 900226SM1 Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 11:42AM -o' Target: Dry Snow 4 - Frequency: 35 GHz 0 -6 -_ 35VV -8 - - — X —- 35HH -10.I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (a) Data Set Code: 900226SM1 X;' 6 - Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 11:42AM Target: Dry Snow m Frequency: 94 GHz -6 o~ -4 - 94HH 0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (b) page 13

0_1.Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 11:42AM IIm Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 140 GHz 6 0 4 x I0...........................,............................... --- 140VV I.........o....... 140VH 0 m --— X —-. 140HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (c) Figure 2.2-1: Backscattering coefficient from dry snow as a function of incidence angle for natural-surface snow on 900226, first set. page 14

12 I Data Set Code: 900226SM2 10 m 10. Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 6:36PM 8 Target: Dry Snow 6, 6 < Frequency: 35 GHz. 4 o 2 0 -4 "o(-R-'35VV 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (a) 12 Data Set Code: 900226SM2 10 Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 6:36PM ~m Target: Dry Snow - 8 Frequency: 94 GHz o 2m -2 - 4 -- 94VH -- -- 94HH -6.... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (b) page 15

16 Data Set Code: 900226SM2 m14 Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 6:36PM 3 12 Target: Dry Snow 10 -.requency: 140 GHz 8 - 0 ------- ------ _ 2....................... + 140 7........... 140VH o' --- 140HH. o0....... 140VH o -2 m....,-X —- 140HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incident Angle (degrees) (c) Figure 2.2-2: Backscattering coefficient from dry snow as a function of incidence angle for natural-surface snow on 900226, second set. page 16

Data Set Code: 900226RO2 -. 6 - Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 6:36PM Target: Dry Snow m -2 -4 Incidence Angle (deg35ees) C~ ~ ~~~~~) ~(a) -6 o............... Taret: Dry Snow35V 0 4 co Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 6:36PM 6 -2 *e m 4 - 3 94VH O. -x —- 394HH,.,,.......' -6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (b) page 17

12 Data Set Code: 900226RO2 Date and Time: February 26, 1990, 6:36PM m to Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 140 GHz 2........-.... o m " —-X- 1 40HH C( incidence angle for snow with an artifically-roughened surface on 900226. 2,.......o 14VH (c)

10 Data Set Code: 900227SM 8 Date and Time: February 27, 1990, 8:45PM m'0 Target: Dry Snow 6' ~Frequency: 35 GHz 4 0 0 -2 -4. — 35VV o............-6... 35VH -8 --— x —- 35HH -10. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle.(degrees) (a) 10 Data Set Code: 900227SM 8 Date and Time: February 27, 1990, 8:45PM mC Target: Dry Snow 6 Frequency: 94GHz 0 2,0................ 35VH.... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 94VV' HmnOp 94VH'N qc — 94HH

12', Data Set Code: 900227SM 10 Date and Time: February 27, 1990, 8:45PM Target: Dry Snow 8_ Frequency: 140 GHz 8 - 6 0 0).............. w 4 X..... " —--— * —--— ^ --- i —-: -- -- 1........... m s x —— ~- 140VV 0.................. 140VH 140HH -2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (C) Figure 2.2-4: Backscattering coefficient from dry snow as a function of incidence angle for natural-surface snow on 900227. page 20

6 Data Set Code: 900227R0 %4 Date and Time: February 27, 1990, 8:45PM Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 35 GHz 2 0 0 tO~ O -2 -4................................................ -- ~35VV. -6.................. 35VH x- -- 35HH -8 0 10 20'30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (a) 6 Data Set Code: 900227RO O 4 Date and Time: February 27, 1990, 8:45PM Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 94 GHz 2 O 0 U -"" —-2-............................... -" —--—. e, ~ 94VV o -4, 94VH.... —X- 94HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (b) page 21

Data Set Code: 900227RO cm Date and Time: February 27, 1990, 8:45PM Target: Dry Show Frequency: 140 GHz 0 0 r I I q C) C( incidence angle for snow with an artifically-roughened surface on 900227. page 22 page 22

Data Set bode: 900306A Date and Time: March 6, 1990, 10:55PM - 0 Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 35GHz -4 -6 o - 35VV H... -2.......-8 3.... 35VH O10. I'II I I I...... 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7 Incidence Angle (degrees) (a) 8 11 -8... F,,,, Data Set Code: 900306A m 6 ~ Date and Time: March 6, 1990, 10:55PM V ~Target: Dry Snow 4 t Frequency: 94 GHz -2 -6 + +. 94VV -4 -8 ~ | - 94VH -8 x —- 94HH -10.., 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (b) page 23

12 a a a g I g g I I I ~ " " I a ~ ~ ~ a I' Data Set Code: 900306A m' 10 Date and Time: March 6, 1990, 10:55PM 8 - Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 140 GHz 4 - -0 2...............-. 0 1 140VV ) 00 20 30 40 5.0 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (C) Figure 2.2-6: Backscattering coefficient from dry snow as a function of incidence angle for natural-surface snow on 900306. page 24

4..... I I I.... I..... I. 9...' I.'' I' I''''' I..... Data Set Code: 900307A m 2 Date and Time: March 7, 1990, 9:07PM 2 Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 35GHz o -2 03'= -4'................................. a.................[].......................................................3. - 35VV o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-..........o....3V r-6~ ~~~~.......~~ 35VH I co. x —-- 35HH co "'13, -8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (a) Data Set Code: 900307A 6 Date and Time: March 7, 1990, 9:07PM'o Target: Dry Snow Frequency: 94GHz 4 -2 94SVV ab I ~~~94VH -4 Oca,MM-MX —- 94HH 0 ~ -2 (b)~~~~~"3 o o -K~~ —- 94HH 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (b) page 25

12 10- Data Set Code:, 900307A lm 10o tDate and Time: March 7, 1990, 9:07PM Target: Dry Snow c 8t Frequency: 140GHz 0 4 5 2.' IC........................... i O -; 140VV.......................................... o............... --— x —- 140HH..13 -4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (c) Data Set Code: 900307A a' 7 Date and Time: March 7, 1990, 9:07PM 7 Target: Dry Snow c. r Frequency: 215GHz 6 0 O 5 4 - 3 m r 215WVV 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence Angle (degrees) (d) Figure 2.2-7: Backscattering coefficient from dry snow as a function of incidence angle for natural-surface snow on 900307. page 26

10 Data Set Code: 900301 m' 6 Date: March 1, 1990 4 - Target: Snow Diurnal 2 Frequency: 35VV, 35VH, 35HH 0 -2 o -14 -+ 35VV o -- 8'. -...' m-1~~ 6..........35 VH _ -12 -16..35 VH -18 - — x — 35 HH x -20.., I..,. I,,!, I, I, I,!.!. I,!. -20 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time (hours) (a) 12 10 Data Set Code: 900301 mD 8Date: March 1, 1990 6,8 Target: Snow Diurnal 6 S Frequency: 94GHz VV, VH, HH 04 0 0 0 4W.... -2 -4 -6 7" 8 -' 94 VV -10 m 1 -— 10. --- 94 VH m....x —- 94 HH -14 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tlme (hours) (b) page 27

12 Data Set Code: 900301 m 10 - Date: March 1, 1990 Target: Snow Diurnal 8 Frequency: 140 GHz, VV, VH, HH 0 ) O 140 VV - 4V E.... L..... 140 VH, -2 -- - 140HH -4 4 "...,.......' *,.,.,.,. *. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time (hours) (C) Figure 2.2-8: Backscattering coefficient from natural-surface snow as a function of time of the day on 900301. page 28

30 I F * i 25 c 20 + + o + 15 + + + -5+ + + + +- o t + + + 1 E + O 5 _+ (9+ -5 900301 -10 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Time (hours) Figure 2.2-9: Liquid water content in the top 3cm of snow on 900301 10 8o —o'fr~~~~~~~ —--- Snow Temp 6 [ z _> _ H Air Temp 2 1: 0 E -4 -8 900301 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) Figure 2.2-10: Air temperature and snow surface temperature on 900301 page 29

300 280 + 140 Snow 260 x 140 Sky, 240 + + 220 +. 200 CZ + + 180 + + a + + + E 160 F- 140 n 120 C 100 X x.: X 80 xx x x m 60 40 20 900301 0!. t. I. I ~. I I, I ~ I, I.. * 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) Figure 2.2-11: Radiometer data on 900301 page 30

Data Set Code: 900306D 4 W Date: March 6, 1990 ~m 2 - Target: Snow Diurnal 2f 0Frequency: 35GHz 0 m-8 A 5H ors. I, I,,~1...........13 -8u O -10... -12 -14' 35,.VV," -20 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time (hours) (a) 10 8 Data Set Code: 900306D 6 Date: March 6, 1990 4 Target: Snow Diurnal Frequency: 94GHz 2 0 -2 a -6 -8 -10. -12 o -12 -(P -14 — *~ —* — 94VH m -16 94HH -18 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time (hours) (b) page 31

12 I I I I' I' I' I, I',.,.!. Data Set Code: 900306D 10 Date: March 6, 1990 -a 8 Target: Snow Diurnal Frequency: 140GHz -4 -.... o 2........... e -d C -6 --- 14O 0 co +-+ —4 140VV -4 -................... 140VH i m -6 --— x —- 140HH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time (hours) (C) Figure 2.2-12: Backscattering coefficient from natural-surface snow as a function of time of the day on 900306. page 32

90O006 uo oJnleodwual aoejJns mous pue aonleJaodtuoa J!~:tl-Z'Z oJn8!i (sJno4) ew!ju'Z lZ OZ 6L 8L L 9 9 9SL tL CL zL LL OL 6 8 Z I, 6. I. L. 9.,1. I. ~,. I,.I 0. 6 a I a L90~006 dwe~ MouS''+'. duel,ouS....+..... dwel J! x3 I.. I. I.. I I..., I,,,I 90g006 uo mous jo tUo3 dol oqi u luo!luo Jalesm p!nbi!:~I-Z'Z aoJn!I (sinoq) awj!'Z LZ OZ 6L 89L L1 9L 9L tL ~l ZL L L OL 6 8 L 90C006 + + + 0 4 - + + I.Lr+ C: cD ++ * * I I * * I * * I I * * I * * I I * +

6 Data Set Code: 900307D'm Date: March 7, 1990'or 4 Target: Snow Diurnal.2 Frequency: 35GHz _0 o0 2 - O -4Q - -6 -8'10 ~" a ~ -r 35VV. o........ 35V.......3 5V -16 om -18 --- x —- 35HH -20 -20.. I., I, I:,! ~... I 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) (a) 10 8 Data Set Code: 900307D Date: March 7, 1990 m ~ 4 Target: Snow Diurnal 2 4 [ Frequency: 94GHz -2 e0 + -6 C -8 "a -12o....... o — f- 94VV 0 -14 *~-*a — ~94VH -16 m - -- 94HH 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) (b) page 34

Data Set Code: 900307D m' I Date: March 7, 1990 m. 6 Target: Snow Diurnal Frequency: 140GHz,x"W' e0 0 2 "c t o~s................... 1..,El""..c "0 - o -2 l- " 140VV \................. 0~ -2 14OVH m..aL...... 140VH -4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) (C) Figure 2.2-15: Backscattering coefficient from natural-surface snow as a function of time of day on 900307 page 35

e5 oC 4 + ++._ + + ~- ++ +` + a) 0 + +4 + + E 900307 0 -1 X 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) Figure 2.2-16: Liquid water content in the top 3cm of snow on 900307 -,, Air Temp. —-- Snow Temp ~~~~0~~~~~~~~900307 -15..........................900307 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Time (hours) Figure 2.2-17: Air temperature and snow surface temperature on 900307 page 36

3. GROUND-TRUTH 3.1 Snowflake Sizes and Types The following table lists the microscopic data on the snowflakes that was taken from the top two centimeters of the snow surface With each data set. Photographs of some of these flakes, taken through the microscope, can be seen in section 3.6 below. SNOWFLAKE SIZES AND TYPES DATE FLAKE SIZE COMMENTS (YYMMDD) (mm diam.) 900226 0.1 irregular crystals, unmetamorphosed 900227 0.5 to 1.5 irregular crystals, some early metamorphism 900301 1 to 2.0 irregular crystals, more advanced metamorphism 900306 0.1 needles and hexagonal plates, unmetamorphosed, 0.5 to 1.5 mm diameter graupel on the surface 900307 0.1 to 0.3 needles and irregular crystals, some early metamorphism Table 3.1-1: Snowflake Sizes and Types for all data. page 37

3.2 Temperatures The following snow temperatures were taken during radar measurements. All were taken at the surface of the snow. Additional information on snow and air temperatures can be seen in the plots for the diurnal runs. SNOW TEMPERATURES AND WETNESSES DATE SNOW CONDITION (YYMMDD) TEMP. (WET/DRY) (DEG C) 900226SM1 -8.9 Dry 900226SM2 -8.9 Dry 900226RO2 -8.9 Dry 900227SM -6.1 Dry 900227RO -6.1 Dry 900301 Diurnal 900306D Diurnal 900306A -8.0 Dry 900307D Diurnal Table 3.2-1: Snow temperatures taken at liquid-water content measurements. page 38

3.3 Densities and Depths The following is a listing of all measurements of snow densities in the top two centimeters of the snow. DENSITIES AND DEPTHS DATE TIME DENSITY DEPTH (YYMMDD) (for diurnals) (G/CM3) (cm) (HHMM) 900226SM1 0.11 1 8 900226SM2 0.11 1 8 900226RO2 0.11 1 8 900227SM 0.18 1 6 900227RO 0.18 1 6 900301 1547 0.32 10 2000 0.23 900306A 0.14 9 900306D 0900 0.11 9 1230 0.14 9 900307A 0.17 5 900307D 0830 0.18 5 1115 0.17 5 1630 0.17 5 Table 3.3-1: Snow densities for all data. page 39

3.4 Surface Roughnesses The following values of surface roughnesses were calculated from photographs of a Cartesian grid inserted into the snow. These photographs can be seen in section 3.6. SURFACE ROUGHNESSES DATE RMS ROUGHNESS STATE (YYMMDD) (cm) 900226S M 1 0.2 natural 900226S M2 0.2 natural 900226RO2 1.8 roughened 900227SM 0.3 natural 900227RO 1.2 roughened 900301 0.3 natural 900306D 0.3 natural 900306A 0.3 natural 900307D 0.2 natural 900307A 0.2 natural Table 3.4-1: Snow surface roughnesses for all data. page 40

3.5 Liquid Water Content The following measurements were made by the cold calorimetry method, as described in U of M Radiation Lab report number 022872-2-T, (referenced p.2 of this report). Negative values are, of course, the result of measurement errors, and reflect our measurement accuracy of a few percent of total liquid water content. Liquid Water Content measurements were made only for the diurnal experiments. The snow surface temperatures during all the angular sets were below -6.0 C, and it is assumed that the snow was dry. GRAVIMETRIC LIQUID WATER CONTENT 900301 Liquid Water Content: Time GLWC Snow Temp Air Temp (hours) (%) (C) (C) 8.050 -1.400 -7.000 -7.500 8.967 -0.800 -1.500 9.483 -2.400 0.000 0.000 9.950 -1.200 -1.000 2.000 10.483 -0.700 0.000 3.000 10.867 0.300 0.000 4.000 11.417 2.700 0.500 5.000 11.767 4.200 1.000 6.000 11.950 9.000 1.000 5.000 12.300 0.700 1.000 6.000 12.633 16.900 1.400 6.000 12.917 16.000 1.500 5.500 13.450 21.600 1.400 5.500 13.933 19.600 1.000 4.700 14.483 22.800 0.800 4.500 14.983 21.400 1.100 4.500 15.867 20.000 1.300 4.300 16.483 12.400 0.300 3.000 16.767 7.500 0.100 2.000 17.017 5.500 0.100 1.500 17.267 9.400 0.100 1.500 17.633 4.100 0.050 1.000 17.983 1.400 0.050 0.500 page 41

18.200 8.800 0.050 0.000 18.650 6.000 -0.050 -0.500 19.100 -0.500 -0.200 -1.000 19.500 -0.800 -0.500 -1.000 20.050 -0.000 -1.000 -2.000 900306LWC: Time GLWC Snow Temp.Air Temp (hours) (%) (C) (C) 7.330 0.000 -12.000 -12.200 8.020 12.000 8.270 -10.000 9.230 -8.200 9.700 0.000 -3.600 -5.000 10.020 -4.800 10.500 -1.000 10.980 -1.000 11.300 -1.500 11.650 -1.000 -1.000 12.020 1.400 0.000 -1.000 12.350 3.100 0.000 -1.000 12.680 3.300 0.000 -1.000 12.980 -1.000 13.300 -1.000 13.670 -1.000 14.050 1.100 - 0.000 -1.000 14.480 0.900 0.000 -1.000 14.920 1.200 0.000 -1.000 15.450 0.800 -0.500 -2.600 15.950 -3.000 16.470 0.300 -2.000 -3.200 17.420 0.000 -5.000 -5.000 page 42

900307LWC Time GLWC Snow Temp Air Temp (hours) (Fractional) (C) (C) 8.180 0.000 -9.000 -11.500 9.020 0.000 -5.000 -7.000 9.650 0.500 -3.000 -5.500 10.020 0.000 -2.400 -4.600 10.500 0.800 -1.000 -3.600 11.020 2.500 -1.000 -1.500 11.350 1.500 -0.500 -1.000 11.650 -2.000 12.030 2.100 0.000 -2.000 12.330 4.500 0.000 -1.800 12.650 4.100 0.000 -1.000 13.030 3.400 0.300 -0.300 13.380 3.500 0.300 -0.300 13.750 2.800 0.300 -0.200 14.180 2.500 0.000 0.500 14.720 2.300 0.000 0.300 15.370 1.600 0.000 0.000 16.120 1.300 0.000 -0.500 16.780 0.500 -0.500 -1.000 17.470 0.000 -1.000 -2.000 17.950 0.000 -1.500 -2.000 Table 3.5-1: Snow liquid water content by mass for all data. page 43

3.6 Photographs - ~ ~ ~.....: Figure 3.6-1' Overall scene of data collectionsiefrmotsnw 900226. iz~?::F::::.i~~si.::.11iiiiiiii~~iiii::,: ~.~ %'~'~'"~:i~::''~'/.7' ii!ii~!:.i:~:~i!!z~::i::.~:ii:;<~,~,:: i:~#!:i:i:i:i i i::i:i:iii i!::!lii:]]:i!i:jjj]!i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-,.. ~z~r~ "~".5~ ~::~:~:~::~:~::i::::~:~:.;:~:~:::::: ~::~:i~~:~::~:::~ji:~~::j~:~.:...:.: Figure 3.6-2' Overall scene of data collection site for roughsnw9026 page 44

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~ iiiiiii~~~~~~~~~iiii! i~~ii~~i Figure 3.6-3' Surface profile with one-centimeter grid for smooth snow from data collection site, 900226. M'.:.~~~; R2';'. _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:.:.:..-.. I.... _................. Figure 3.6-4: Surface profile with one-centimeter grid for rough snow from data collection site, 900226. page 45

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