THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laborator y Report No. UMICH 02643-PR-5. Liquid Impingement and Cavitation Damage of Candidate Rain Erosion Materials at Various Impact Velocities and Angles by E- G. Hammitt N.. Ro, Bhatt J-. G.',Huang T'., IM. hMito.Ghell N-r. Orland.ea E. E. Timm Financial Support Provided by: U.S. Naval Air Development Center - Contract No. N62260-67-C-0631 This document is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nations may be made only with prior approvalof Commanding Officer, Naval Air Development Center. December, 1970

ABSTRA CT Six aircraft rain erosion candidate materials, supplied by NavalA,ir Development Center (NADC) have been tested in the University of Michigan water gun facility for impact erosion resistance at Mach Numbers referred to in air at STP ranging from 1. 5 to 0. 6 and at angles of impact ranging from perpendicular (900) to 30. A 7th material was tested at Mach 0. 9, 90. The results are compared with previous results obtained for Epon-828 and Plexiglas. All of the materials were also tested in a stationary specimen vibratory cavitation facility. It is concluded that V sin 9 is not a suitable correlating parameter for these materials since an incremental change in V produces generally adifferent damage increment than the corresponding increment in sin 0. The "damage exponent" was,5, as observed in other tests for perpendicular impact for one material, but appears to depend on both angle and material. The relative ranking of materials produced by the cavitation test and the impact test for the maximum velocity at 90 is fairly similar. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..0.....................O.. e............ i LIST OF FIGURES..... iii I. INTRODUCTION.................................... 1 II. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT... 1 A. Impact Facility........o.o...o......1 B. Cavitation Facility...............00.........2 III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.....................2 A. Experimental Conditions and Materials..........o. 2 B. Experimental Results s................. 0 3 IV. CONCLUSIONS...................... 5 V. REFERENCES....................................6 TABLES..................................7 FIGURES..................................... 9 APPENDIX............................... ii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Typical Jet Shape......................................... 9 2. Water Gun Weight Loss. vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 82 Mach, 900, Navy 1.................................. 10 3. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 82 Mach, 600, Navy 1............................ 11 4. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 82 Mach, 900, Navy 2................................ 12 5. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 82 Mach, 600, Navy 2.................................. 13 6. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 82 Mach, 300, Navy 2................................... 14 7. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 90, Navy 3............................. 15 8. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 600, Navy 3.................................... 16 9. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 300, Navy 3.................................... 17 10. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 2 Mach, 90, Navy 3.................................... 18 11. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 900, Navy 4............................. 19 12. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 600, Navy4.................................... 20 13. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 300, Navy 4.................................... 21 14. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.2 Mach, 900, Navy 4.................................... 22 15. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 0.9 Mach, 900, Navy 4................................... 23 16. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 900, Navy 5.........24 17. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 600, Navy 5................................... 25 iii

Figure Page 18. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.2 Mach, 900, Navy 5................................... 26 19. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 90, Navy 6.27 20. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 60, Navy 6..................... 28 21. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 30, Navy 6...............................29 22. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.2 Mach, 90, Navy 6................................... 30 23. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - O 1.2 Mach, 60, Navy 6....................................31 24. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 2 Mach, 30, Navy 6...................................... 32 25. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 0.9 Mach, 900, Navy 6..................... 33 26. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 0. 9 Mach, 600, Navy 6.....................34 27. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 0.6 Mach, 900, Navy 6..................... 35 28. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 0. 6 Mach, 600, Navy 6.....................................36 29. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 90 0, Navy 7.......................................37 30. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 600, Navy 7..................... 38 31. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1. 5 Mach, 300, Navy 7......................39 32. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 900, Navy 8...................................... 40 33. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 1.5 Mach, 60, Navy 8.......................................41 34. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts - 0.9 Mach, 90, Navy 9. 2 iv

Figure Page 3 35a. Water Gun Impacts to 5 mm Volume Loss as Function of Velocity and Angle for Navy 6, Curves of Constant Mach Number........................................43 3 35b. Water Gun Impacts to 5 mm Volume Loss as Function of Velocity and Angle for Navy Materials Excluding 6, Curves of Constant Mach Number.............................. 44 36. Water Gun Maximum Volume Loss Rate as Function of Velocity and Angle for All Materials, Curves of Constant Mach Number. 45 37. Water Gun Impacts to 5 mm3 Volume Loss as Function of Velocity and Angle for Navy 4 and 6, Curves of Constant Angle of Impacts................................................46 38. Water Gun Impacts to 5 mm Volume Loss vs. V sin 8, All Materials............................................ 47 39. Number of Impacts for 5 mm3 Volume Loss vs. Shore-A Hardne s s...................... o............... 48 40. Maximum Volume Loss Rate vs. Shore-A Hardness..........49 41. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 1................... 50 42. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 2................. 51 43. Cavitation Weight' Loss vs. Time, Navy 3..................52 44. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 4...........53 45.'Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 5 o..54 46. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 6...............55 47. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 7...................56 48. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 8...................57 49. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 9...............58 50. Cavitation Maximum MDPR vs. Shore-A Hardness......... 59 51. Comparison Between Cavitation and Impacts vs. Erosion Resistance..............................60 52. Damage and Specimens Pergendicular Impact and Cavitation Navy 1 and 2 (1. 8 Mach, 90 )....... 61 53. Damage and Specimens Perpendicular Impact and Cavitation Navy 3 and4 (1. 5 Mach, 90).................... 62 54. Damage and Specimens Perpendicular Impact and Cavitation Navy 5 and 6 (1.5 Mach, 90 )......................63 v

Figure Page 55. Damage and Specimens Perpendicular Impact and Cavitation Navy 7, 8, and 9 (1. 5 Mach, 900)...........................64 56. Typical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 1 and 2 (300 and 60 0)....o................*.o.*. o........... 65 57. Typical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 3 and 4 (30 and 600). 0 0 o 0 0 * a 0 o * * * * 0 0 0 0 66 58. Typical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 5 and 6 (30 and 60).... 67 59. Typical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 7 and 8 (30 and 600)...................................... oo *0068 vi

I. INTRODUCTION As a final portion of our present contract with NADC, we have tested 7 materials for rain erosion resistance using our repeating water gun device over a range of velocities between approximately Mach 1. 5 and 0. 6 (referred to air at STP) and impact angles between 90 (perpendicular impact) and 30. In additition cavitation tests using our vibratory facility (with stationary specimen) were to be made upon the same materials. These tests have all been completed and the full results are included in this report. The effect of impact angle and velocity are evaluated for the materials and a comparison is made between cavitation and impact erosion rates. II. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A. Impact Facility For the liquid impact tests, a repeating water gun previously described in detail was utilized. This device produces liquid jets with velocities up to about 600 m/s (a Mach l. 5), emanating from an orifice of 1. 61 mm. dia. The repetition rate is up to about 50 per minute. The actual jet shape depends upon various parameter settings. Generally, the initial stage of the impact is with a "precursor jet" of diameter somewhat smaller (about 1/2 mm) than that of the main jet diameter which is about 1'.5- mm. It is believed that the important part of the impact from the viewpoint of damage production is the initial part during which high transient pressures and velocities are possible. For these tests, considerable investigation of suitable rig parameter settings, using our high-speed motion picture apparatus, was made to assure that the required impact velocities could be achieved without significant change in jet shape. The typical jet shape utilized is as shown in Fig. 1. The angle of impact is adjusted as required between 1

30 and 90, and the distance to point of impact is maintained constant. B. Cavitation Facility All the materials were also tested in cold water (70 F) in our vibratory stationary specimen set-up, previously described. The specimen is held 20 mils from the tip of the vibrating horn; (1) horn double amplitude is 2 mils and frequency 20 kHz. III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A. Experimental Conditions and Materials The six materials initially supplied by NADC were each to be tested at 4 Mach numbers (1. 5, 1. 2, 0. 9, and 0. 6 referred to air at STP) and at 3 angles of impact (90, 60, and 30 ). An additional material was eventually furnished to be tested only at 0. 9 Mach and 900 impact angle. For comparison purposes, 2 additional materials were also tested, Epon-828 and Plexiglas, at various conditions. The materials and test conditions are listed completely and specified in Table 1. Epon-828 and Plexiglas were called Navy #1 and #2 respectively, the initial 6 materials supplied for this particular program were called Navy #3 - #8, and the final material Navy #9. All of the above materials were also tested in the vibratory stationary specimen cavitation facility. All materials were tested for impact resistance in the water gun facility at the maximum velocity and 900. These tests were continued to a maximum of 10, 000 impacts, or until a first maximum weight loss rate had been reached and passed. In most cases the same tests were made at the other angles, but if no damage were achieved in a given test, the same material was not further tested under less damaging conditions, i. e., at reduced velocity and/or more oblique angle. Tests at the lower Mach numbers were continued to a maximum of 20, 000 impacts. In those cases where no damage was achieved at a relatively

high Mach number, the tests were not carried out at lower Mach number or less damaging angle. Table 1 shows the complete matrix of tests performed. It lists for each material maximum 3 weight loss per impact, "incubation period", and impacts to 5 mm volume loss, which is taken as the most meaningful measure of a real incubation period and figure of merit. Maximum volume loss rate (MDPR) is listed for the cavitation tests. In addition the hardness and densityof each material is listed. "Incubation period" is estimated by extrapolation of that portion of the curve, where a rapid increase in damage occurs, to zero. It is believed that impacts to a finite but small volume loss is more meaningful, and this latter parameter is used in this report. B. Experimental JResults Figure 2 - 34 are the basic plots of weight loss vs. number of impacts for the various conditions and materials. From these, incubation period (as described above), impacts to 5 mm volume loss, and maximum weight and volume loss rates are calculated. Fig. 35-a and -b are plots of impacts to 5 mm volume loss vs. angle of impact, with impact velocity in Mach units (at STP) as curve parameter. Figure 36 is a similar curve for maximum volume loss rate. Fig. 37 shows the effect of velocity variation at constant angle upon impacts to 5 mm3 volume loss (as contrasted to Fig. 35 and 36 which show the effect of angle variation at constant velocity). Fig. 38 combines the two velocity parameters into V sin 0 as abscissa (which has commonly been utilized in the past). This last figure (Fig. 38) indicates that V sin 8 is not a sufficient correlating parameter for these tests for *Measured approximately in our laboratory by stripping off a small piece of coating and weighing.

those cases where sufficient data is available for an evaluation. For example, the curves of Navy 6 at 1. 5 M and 1. 2 M (the only cases for which the effect of M and 0 can be examined separately) are widely separated. The effects of variation of 0 or V alone are shown in Fig. 35 - 37. Figure 37 indicates the damage exponent for the relation n Number Impacts/Vol. oC 1/V It is shown that n - 5 for Navy 6 (material for which most data is available) at 9 = 90, but increases to 6. 6 at 60. Not enough data are available to determine a value at 30. More sparse data for Navy 4 at 90 indicates n - 20 for this material over the velocity range available. No other assessments of n can be made from the present tests. However, we believe that it is a function of both velocity range and material, and have so indicated in the past. 3 Fig. 39 and 40 show impacts to 5 mm volume loss and maximum volume loss rate vs. hardness for all materials (with the exception of Navy #9 which was only tested at reduced velocity) against hardness. The plots indicate a general trend at best which could not be used for engineering predictions. Fig. 41 - 49 are the basic cavitation damage curves showing weight loss against time. The cavitation data is much less reproducible for materials of this type due to the difficult of preventing moisture penetration into the substrate which affects seriously the weight loss measurements. Since weight losses are so small and erratic, no meaningful estimate of incubation period is possible. Figure 50 correlates maximum MDPR from these tests against hardness. Again there is only a fairly general trend with hardness, and only limited capability for engineering prediction. 4

Figure 51 plots the reciprocal of maximum cavitation volume loss rate (MDPR) against impacts to 5 mm volume loss for the various materials showing that a reasonable correlation exists between liquid impact and cavitation resistance for these materials. Figure 52-55 are photos of damaged specimens from the impact tests at maximum velocity 90 angles, and also from the cavitation tests. Figure 56-59 show typical damage patterns resulting from oblique impact (300 and 600). Table 2-A summarizes the damage results at maximum velocity along with the results from the cavitation test. Table 2-B shows the same data normalized to the least resistant material which then has a value of unity, the more resistent materials having the higher values.' Table 2-C lists the relative rankings of the materials in maximum velocity o 3 impact at 90 (according to impacts to 5 mm volume loss and maximum MDPR for the cavitation test). IV. CONCLUSIONS The following major conclusions result from this work. 1. Six aircraft rain erosion materials supplied by NADC have been tested using our water gun device at impact velocities ranging from 1. 5 to 0. 6 Mach and impact angles from 90 to 30 a room temperature. All of these materials suffered some weight loss at the maximum condition of Mach 1. 5 at 900, but Navy #5 (Midland Magna Ceramic) was the best. Several of the materials suffered no damage at Mach 1. 2 at any angle, but Navy#6(Chycar AFG) was damaged at all conditions. Thus the effects of angle and velocity could be evaluated. A 7th material, Navy #9, was tested as requested only at Mach 0. 9, 900, and suffered considerable damage at that condition. Complete damage results are shown in Table 1, and comparison under Mach 1. 5 at 90~ for the Navy materials tested under this condition is made between impact and cavitation tests in Table 2. Some results for Epon-828 and Plexiglas (Navy #1 and #2) are also included for comparison. These latter two were tested at Mach 1.82 only. 5

2. All materials have also been tested in our stationary specimen vibratory cavitation facility. These results are compared with the impact results for maximum velocity and 900 in Table 2. For this family of materials the relative erosion resistance rankings according to impact and cavitation tests is quite similar, particularly for impacts to 5 mm3 volume loss. 3. For this particular group of materials and impact test device, damage rate cannot be correlated against V sin & alone as has often been hypothesized. A proportionate increase in V produced generally a different damage increment than a similar increase in sin 0. 4. The damage exponent appears to depend on both material and angle for these tests. A value of about 5 (as often expected) was found for the only material where comprehensive data was available (Navy 6) at 90 impact, but n = 6. 6 was found for 60 and the same. No other evaluation of the effect of angle was possible. Very sparse data for Navy 4 (only other comparison possible) indicated n- -20 at 900. A computerized study of the impact phenomenon is proceeding in this laboratory at present which will hopefully help to clarify this situation (2). V. REFERENCES 1. F. G. Hammitt, J. B. Huang, T. M. Mitchell, D. O. Rogers, E. E. Timm, "Cavitation and Droplet Impingement Damage of Aircraft Rain Erosion Materials", Proc. 3rd Int'l Conf., Rain Erosion and Assoc. Phenomena, Farnborough, England, 1970; also available as Report UMICH 02643-5-I, May 1970. 2. Y. C. Huang, Ph.D.. Thesis, 1970 (in preparation). 6

Table 2 - Comparison of Materials and Water C i with Cavitation Testsat 900 Impact, Mach i.5 A. Actual Data 3 MDPR Impacts to 5 mm Max. WLR Material (Cavit. -mils/hr. ) Vol. Loss (mg /pac c t) Navy 1 11. 4 7- 1. 95 Navy 2 4. 4 2. 4: 4. 96 Navy 3 0.34 33 0. 366 Navy 4 0.75 10 1. 833 Navy 5 0. 63 812 0. 90 Navy 6 0. 84 14 5.25 Navy 7 4. 91 12 2. 55 Navy 8 5.16 127 0. 058 Navy 9 41. 5 300 0. 044-** 9*Mach 1. 82 **Mach = 0. 9; not compared in rankings because of low test Mach. B. Normalized Data 3 MDPR Impacts to 5 mm Max. WLR Material (Cavit.) Vol. Loss (mg/impact) Navy 1 33.60 0. 212 5, 32 Navy 2 12. 90 0. 073 13. 6 Navy 3 1.00 1.00 1. 00 Navy 4 2. 50 0. 302 5. 00 Navy 5 1. 85 24.6 2.46 Navy 6 2.47 0. 422 14.40 Navy 7 14.40 0.362 6.95 Navy 8 15. 20 3.84 0.158 Navy 9.122.. 9. 02 0.120 C. Material Rankings (Most resistant material = Highest ranking) Navy 1 2 2 4 Navy 2 5 1 2 Navy 3 9 6 7 Navy 4 6 3 5 Navy 5 8 8 6 Navy 6 7 5 1 Navy 7 4 4 3 Navy 8 3 7 8 Navy 9 1

:i... ~.........~:-.yia e S::*2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:":iO 1. Typical Jet Shape

NAVY 1 90~, 1.82 Mach WLR = 1.95 mg/Imp.8 Incubation Period = 3 /mpa ts.7 /.6 o.4 /.3 -.2.1 10 9 b I I 7 - 5 44 8 12 16 20 24 28 3 MPACTS IMPACTS

)0 NAVY 1 600~, 1.82 Mach WLR 1.15 mg/Imp Incubation Period 17 Impacts 6 4 Figure 3. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts o 2,/ ~~~~~8~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~3208 6 4 - -1 1 20../ 208 510.15 20 25 30 35 IMPACTS

NAVY 2 900, 1.82 Mach WLR =4.96 mg/Imp Incubation Period = 23 Impacts 0 0 40 30.00 20 30 35 HO 20 25 3O 35 I MPACTS

NAVY 2 60~, 1.82 Mach 58 ~ WLR 0. 79 mg/Imp Incubation Period = 18 Impacts 6 Figure 5. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts o o 6 - 4 - 2 O 8 ~6 0~~~/ l I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3210 IMPACTS

NAVY 2 0 30, 1.82 Mach WLR = 0.0012 mg/Imp Incubation Period - 1300 Impacts 2 Figure 6. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts I I 1 k0 II / / / / I 3211 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 IMPACTS

NAVY 3 90 0, 1. 5 Mach 6 >'vW LR = 0.366 mg/lrIp Incubation Period - 14. 5 Impacts 5/ / = I / P~~~~- -4~~~3/

20 NAVY 3 18 0 60, 1.5 Mach WLR = 0.047 mg/Imp / Incubation Period 410 Impacts 16 // O 14 12 _,O ~ 8 ~32 — / Figure 8. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 10 2,,,...6.7.8. 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1300 140( I MPACTS

10 NAVY 3 30~, 1.5 Mach 9 WLR = 0.0075 mg/Imp Incubation Period= 0.00 Impacts 8 7 6 5 4~/ 4 / 3 2 7 Figure 9. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 IMPACTS 3214

20 NAVY 3 19 90~, 1.2 Mach 18 C WLR = 0.04 mg/Imp Incubatiron Period = 4375 Impacts 17 / 16 15 / 14 13 12.| 1 0 9_ / 5 / /,7 / 6 / 5- / 4 - 3Figure 10. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 500- 550 600- 650 700 750 800 85 IM PACTS 3215:

NAVY 4 90, 1.5 Mach 30 t WLR = 1.833 mg/IMP Incbation Period-15. 25 Impacts 25 20 / /o/ 6 10 14 2 26 30 34 10 /1~~~~~~~~3216 5IA

NAVY 4 60 1. 5 Mach WLR = 0.725 mg/Imp Incubation Peiod-34 Impacts Figure 12. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 _ 7 6 - 5 4 30 20 30 40 50 60 3IMPACTS ~~~~~~~~~3217

20 19 - NAVY 4 30~, 1. 5 Mach 18 WLR =0. 0115 mg/Imp Incubation Period =210 Impacts 17 - 16i514- Figure 13. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 12,5310M 1 O s8 3 0 51 // / 1/ 1 1/ 1 1 1.... 1.. I I l I l I l. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1300 1400 IMPACTS 321$

50 NAVY 4 930~'1. 2 Mach WLR - 0. 0165 mg/Imp Incubation Period=800 Impacts 40 // Figure 14. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 300 HO0 30 20 10 500 1000 2000 2500 3000 3500 IMPACTS 3219

NAVY 4 (Astrocoat) o 90, 0.9 Mach WLR = O. 004 mg/Imp Incubation Period 12 666 Impacts 15 / 14 c r/ 13 i2h 10[ 90 / 7- i/ 6 // // Figure 154 Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 3220 2130400500160I 1 oIo' 13000 1'4000 ][5000 16000 170(0 0300 Z

NAVY 5 0 90, 1. 5Mach W.LR = 0.9 mg/Imp Incubation Period - 850 Impacts 70' Figure 16. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts / 60 5 / / e ~~I / 30 / 10 / 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 3221 IMPACTS

NAVY.5 600, 1.5 Mach 2.5 WLR -. 0.093 mg/Imp 2.5 Inc,ubation Period = 196 Impacts / 2.0 1.5 / -18. 0/ 1.0 r./ Figure 17. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 200 210 220 230 240 3222 IMPACTS

50 / NAVY 5 / 45 S900 1.Z Mach / WLR ='0.195 nmg/Imp / Incubation' Period = 4435, Impacts 40 /// 35 ~ / 215 _/ C/~/ / 10 / / / 5 Figure 18. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts II_ / 4550 4600 4050 4700 IMPACTS 3223

NAVY 6 90, 1.5 Mach WLR = 5.25 mg/Imp Incubation Period -12.20 Impacts 20 Figure 19. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 5 10 15 20 15 3224 IMPACTS

NAVY 6 o 60, 1.5 Mach WLR = 0. 051 mg/Imp Incubation period= 13.50 Impacts 1.5 Figure 20. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 0 B~.050 /.5 D/ / / I 0 / 10 20 30 40 3225 IMP' ACTS

20 19 NAVY 6 300 1.5 Mach / 0 18 WLR = 0.052 mg/Imp Incubation Period = 4.33 Impacts 17 Figure 21. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 16 n 15 14 13 12 11 9 7 5O 4 3 1 / 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 3226 IMPACTS

20 19 NAVY 6 0 90, 1.2 Mach WLR -0.082 mg/Imp 17 - IncubatJion Period =75 Impacts 16 15 Figure 22. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 14 13 12 11 / C8 /] 7I ~/ 6 17 ~ / | 100 150 200 250 300 350 3227 I MPACTS

2524 _ Navy 6 60, 1.2 Mach 23WLR = 0.019. mg/Imp 22 Incubation Period z 480 Impacts 21 20 19 18t Figure 23. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 17 / 16 / 14 E 13 uO12 9-l 010 63 / / 200 400 600 800 io000o 1200 1400 IMPACTS 3228

25 24 NAVY 6 0 23 _ 30, 1.2 Mach WLR - 0.0032mg/Imp. 22 Incubation Period = 5700 Impacts 21 20 Figure 24. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 19 18 17 - 16 l15 - 14 / o 13 M12 10 8 7 / - / 3 / 2 / 1i / 3229 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 T I2T00 Am 0

NAVY 6 0 90,. 9 Mach WLR = 0.035 mg/Imp Incubation Period = 400 Impacts 3.0 3 o F Figure 25. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts Ci) O 0 2. 0 %.W 1.0 / / I I I I 100 200 IMPACTS300 400 500 3230

NAVY 6 0 60, 0.9 Mach WLR = 0091 mg/Imp Incubation Period =285 Impacts 3 Figure 26. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts tj~ 0~~O/ O o ~I o~/./ j / I I 2}00 400 600 3231 I MD n r'go

25 24 NAVY 6 o 23 90, 0.6 Mach 22 - W L R =0.0182 mg/ Imp Incubation Period.= 1740 Impacts 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 I 13 0 2 -4 10 60 5# 4! 3 2 1 h / Figure 27. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts........>~~~~~~ t2_3232 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 I MPACTS

12 t NAVY 6 600, 0 6 Mach WLR = 0.014 mg/Imp Incubation Period =1640 Impcats 10 Figure 28. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 9 8 7 6 - 5 4 IlD~ / D l 160 200 240 280 |3Z33 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 I MPACTS

NAVY 7 90, 1.5 Mach WLR = 2.55 mg/ Irrnp / Incubation Period = 15.50 IMPACTS / 30 // 20 / 1 10 15 20 30 35 40 IMPACTS 3234

NAVY 7'00, 1. 5 Mach WLR = 0. 0112 mg/Imp Incubation Period =20 Impacts 1.5 Figure 30. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of ImpIacts -O D ~o/ o o.5 50 100 150 200 250 3235 IMPACTS

20 19 NAVY 7 30, 1. 5 Mach 18 WLR = 0. 010 nag/ Imp 17 _ Incubation Period =0. 00 IMPACTS 16 - 15 14 13 12 - / / 11 / 10 88 / 7 6/ 5 / 32 W // Figure 31. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 26 I MPACTS 3236

10 NAVY 8 0 90 1.5 Mach 9 WLR = 0.058 mg/Imp Incubation Period = 37. 5 Impacts 8 Figure 32. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 7 6 _ / 5 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4 3 2 1 25 50 75 100 125 1S 175 IMPACTS 323

NAVY 8 60 1. 5 Mach WLR = 0. 045 mg/Imp Incubation Period - 65 Impacts 1.5 I.5 - Figure 33. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 20 40 60 80 100 120 IMPACTS 3238

NAVY 9 0 90, 0.9 Mach 60 WLR =0. 044 mg/Imp Incubation Period=85.5 Impacts 50 / 40 / 30 20 O Figure 34. Water Gun Weight Loss vs. Number of Impacts 10 500 1000 1500 2000 2500':000 323' I MPACTS

Figure i5a. Water Gun Impacts to 5 mm Volume Lo~ as Function of Velocity and Angle for Navy 6, Curves of Constant Mach Number NAVY 6 3000 M - 0.6 M 0-. 9' 1000 - r00 3 3A ~00 M = 1 2 00 L_ 1-4 ~ 100 M - 1.5 30 3240 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.60.8 1 Sin

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Water Gun Impacts to 5 mm Volume Loss as Function of Figure 3 5b. Velocity and Angle for Navy Materials Exchlding 6, Curaes of Constant Mach Num'her M T.5 No Suitable -Data at'ower 10i0 NA-VY. 5 000 CI E NAVY = 8 4 \ Ec~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\ 00 10L 3 O;5 l Sin o. 3241

Figure 363 Velcity and Angle for All Material'Cse o Constant Mach Number rtt~~~~~~~ 6~~ Ln I rO I~~~~~~ 4. O~~~~~~~~j 1 n it0 ~~~~~~~4~~~~34

8 t\'\ \ 00... Navy 6, 90 n = -5. 2.....- Navy 6, 60 | ~)00 - 10 L -00 - Navy 4, 90 n- 20.0 3243 0.o1 1 10 Velocity ( Mach Units) Water Gun Impacts to 5mm3 Volume Loss as Function of Figure 37. Velocity and angle for Navy 6 and 4, Curves of Constant angle of Impacts.

.2(1 \\\ 1000 ~-.. -'. ~.::. \.... ~~~~~~~~~~~'j:''- 11. 5 3~~~~~34 L)O 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... -.:', z, 0 0.. 2 0.4 0 6 0. 8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 V Sin a (Mach Units)

Figure 39. Number of Impacts for 5 mm Volume Loss vs. Shore-A Hardness 5 U) ~~~~~~~08 100 0 I-4 0 10 i I I I I II 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99324: HARDNESS SHORE'A'

6 O 07 4~~~~~~~~~ 1 0.1 _~~~~~~~~~ 03 08Figure 40. Maximum Volume Loss Rate vs. Shore-A Htardness 3246 0.01.. 85 8G 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 HARDNESS SHORE A'

4o Er!- 828 WLR (average) - 22.5 ing/hr. MD PR (average) = 3. 66 units/hr. 35 ~35 Specimen b Average 25_- / Specimen a 15 r / / / Stationary Specimen 0 / ~/ Vibratory Cavitation Test 20 kHz, 2 mil 0 70 F Water 10Figure 41. Cavitation Damage - Cumulative Weiglht Loss vs. Time - Epon-828 0 30 60 90 120 397 140 Timne (mi n)

Pc xiglas WL,R (average) = 33 MDPR (average) = 7.25 S16 pecimen a 15 1 / / Specimen b 13.- Slope of Average / / Curve 12 / // lot / ]/ / / Slope of Average Curve 10 11 / //1/ - 8/.71~~~ / / I.~ /~Stationary Specimen Vibratory Cavitation Test 20 kHz, 2 mil /0~~ / 1 70 F Water 4 3 48 / // 2 / VibrtoryCavitation Damage - CumulTtive Weigllt Figure 42. Loss vs. Time - Plexiglas 1 15 2 30 35 40 45 50 Tinme (nminutes) 3198 t/:

IVAVy 3 3~~~~~~~L03 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 2~~~~~~gr 3 "90"Wton tw I~~~~~~~~~~i'tts s I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tre ~v -Pi rr 6

40NAVY 4 W L R =3.2 mg/hr M D P R = 0.75 mi-ls/hr 30 Figure 44. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 4 b.20' / m1~~.' 0/ S I.,,' / I I.___ / 2 Time (hours) 4 6 8 328

10 NAVY 5 W L R =5 mg/hr 90 M D P R =0.63 mils/hr 80 70 Figure 45. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 5 60 50 40 / 30 / 20 10 2 4 6 8 10 Time (ho rs) 3249

100 90- NAVY 6 WLR =4.1 mg/hr MDPR = 0.84 miis/hr,' 80 70 60 -05 4t -Figure 46. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 6 3 (r20 1 2 3 4 5. 6 Time, (hr:.;) 3250

NAVY 7 W L P -20 mg/imp M D P R = 4.91 rylils/hr 60 40i/ /Figure 47. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 7 2C/ -- 4;6~-6 8 10 Time (hrs) 3251

NAVY 8 W L R -22.5 mg/hr M D P R =5.16 mils/hr 80 Figure 48. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 8 4020 1, /_ I I2 1 6 8 10 3252 Tu (~/r

10. - NAVY 9 mIR = 162;3 2gJ.r 16R 2.3 mg/h r MDPR"= 21.13 mils/hr sa 0 O Figure 49. Cavitation Weight Loss vs. Time, Navy 9 / -20}(o 60 Q IQ)45: 20,2 25 30.: Time (min) 3253

03 0,4 05 Figure 50. Cavitation Maximum MDPI vs. Shore-A Hardness 0.01 85 86 87 88 89 9091 9 93 94 95 96 97 98 3254

Figure 51. Comparison Between Cavitation and Impacts vs. Erosion Resistance 1 NAVY #1 2 NAVY # 2 3 NAVY # 3 _0 Y 4 NAVY # 4 5 ~YAjVY #.'5 03 ~9 6 NAVY #6 — 1 _.7 NAVY # 7 8 NAVY # 8 9 NAVY # 9 - 8 O7 0 6o.1_ — 3255 O..t'f,,,,,,1,,,,,,,,1,,,,..........,1 10 100 No, Imp, For 5mm3 Vol. Loss IMPACTS

c- as'ri 4 =~~~~~~U~ lin LC) F

( 06'q3eIA[ 5'*) e pue ~ AAeN co.~~;Ame puse ~eduiI leIU~.pua~iaI suauir.adS pue ateueaI: ~ 1 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B~~~~~~~~~~~~k~~~~~~~~~~~~SBP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:: i:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~J!i:::ii~i'i:._ii!:::::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:i: __:: C~::i: 0:$:i:8i,: 0;:t - 0. 0.. X 00;Xtt~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::-:::;'d,,i~iCi

i0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f 54. Damage and Specimens Perpendicular Impact and Cavitation Navy 5 and 6 (1. 5 Mach, 90

(006'3eIN S'-) 6 pue'8'L AABN uolIT.AED9 puie 43CedujI elnotpudadiad suatutoadS pue aemeuq'5S.{ AnW(C~~~jD;f-r''. f::? t>:.: 4

..................~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~.........::::~:'SX e Wa S::;2ij:0aX:A'..'::-:......... ~p: ~iiji ~~::::- ~.:':::I:ii S~~~~~~~~~~ ~ 56.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: Typca Dam ge Specimens Oblique Impct Navy:::::::::.:i and::l 2:.i:l ~izliiiiiiiiiiii~~i~i'i'!i~?1117i!~!i~!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::,,::ir:.ii''::-~iii:::::. y i;a~~. 56. Typical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 1 and 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~:i~iili4.:i::::::-:::::`::~i:'::':: (30 and: 60~)

57. Ty0~ical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 3 and 4 (30 and 60 )

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59. Typical Damaged Specimens, Oblique Impact, Navy 7 and 8 (30 and 60~)

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