ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR Progress Report STUDY OF FLY ASH FROM ST. CLAIR AND CONNERS CREEK STATIONS IN NONAIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE F. E. Legg, Jr. Assistant Professor of Engineering Materials and Assistant Supervisor Michigan State Highway Department Testing Laboratory and Ralph H. Vogler, Research Assistant Project 2211-5-P DETROIT EDISON COMPANY DETROIT, MICHIGAN August 1955

SYNOPSIS This report gives the results of a study of the use of fly ash from the St. Clair and Conners Creek stations of the Detroit Edison Company in nonair-entrained concrete. Previous reports have dealt with the use of fly ash from these stations in air-entrained concrete. The strengths of comparable mixes made with the St. Clair and with the Conners Creek fly ashes are very close, indicating that there may be no appreciable difference in the effect of the two fly ashes on the compressive strength of nonair-entrained concrete up to 28 days of age. As in the earlier studies with air-entrained concrete, fly ash in lean mixes improves the strength over lean, plain cement'mixes at early. ages, while the fly ash' in the richer mixes tends to depress the strength somewhat. The fly ash suppresses the already small amount of air entrained in this concrete, thus making it more susceptible to frost action if exposed to weathering. Data to support this conclusion are not contained herein but will be reported separately. Mention of this is made here, however, as an important precaution in the use of nonair-entrained fly-ash concrete. The strength of job concrete should not be predicted from the data contained in this report unless suitable safety factors are utilized to compensate for possible field variations in proportioning, mixing, and curing. ii

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation is to study the properties of fly ash and concrete containing fly ash. The specific purpose of the phase of the research covered by this report is to determine the effect of fly ash from the St. Clair and Conners Creek stations of the Detroit Edison Company in nonair-entrained concrete, as indicated by workability, compressive strength, and volume change. It is anticipated that the results of this investigation will provide useful information for those interested in the use of fly ash in portland-cement concrete. iii

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN INTRODUCTION This report on the use of Detroit Edison Company fly ash covers the use of such ash from the St. Clair and Conners Creek power plants in nonair-entrained concrete. The data presented herein were developed in laboratory studies performed by the Engineering Research Institute of the University of Michigan, pursuant to a contract between the Institute and the Detroit Edison Company. As in the preceding reports on air-entrained concrete containing fly ash, this report contains only'data from compressive-strength tests up to 28 days of age. Results from compressive-strength specimens for testing at 90 days and one year and from volume-change bars will be given in a later report. Some matter pertaining to test procedures which was covered previously will be omitted here to avoid repetition. This report is concerned with the use of St. Clair and Conners Creek fly ashes in nonair-entrained concrete exclusively. It is recommended that this concrete be used only where it will not be exposed to freezing action in the presence of moisture. MIX DESIGN The mix-design procedure was identical with that used in the previous studies of fly ash in concrete. Increased stone contents over those recommended by the American Concrete Institute for use in normal concrete were again employed in the fly-ash mixes to take full advantage of the plasticity of the mortar constituent provided by the addition of fly ash. Concrete with cement contents ranging from 3.0 to 6.5 sacks per cubic yard of concrete was investigated. Cement contents were selected so that in most cases, a comparison could be made with the airentrained concrete containing fly ash, the results of which were previously reported. St. Clair fly ash in four ash contents for 3.5-, 4.5-, and 5 5- sack mixes was used. Four ash contents of Conners Creek fly ash were used in mixes with 410, 5.0, and 5.5 sacks of cement per cubic yard. Mixes containing 6.5 sacks of cement without fly ash were made for conmparison. In addition, mixes were made with four different amounts of __________________________________________ 1 __________________________________________

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN St. Clair fly ash and 3.0 sacks of high-early-strength cement per cubic yard. The "Recommended Practice for Selecting Proportions for Concrete" (ACI 613-54), the standard of the American Concrete Institute, was again used as the design basis for mixes containing no fly ash and was modified for use as the design basis for the fly-ash mixes. MATERIALS The concrete materials were the same as those used previously, with the exception of the cement. The series was started using the same cement as was used in the previous series with St. Clair fly ash in airentrained concrete. This cement was a blend of equal amounts of Huron, Peerless, and Wyandotte brands. Near the end of the making of the batches it was necessary to order additional cement. Due to labor troubles and the high demand for cement during the spring, it was not possible to obtain Wyandotte cement from suppliers in the Ann Arbor area. Thus, it was decided to substitute Peninsular cement. The results do not indicate that this substitution caused any noticeable difference in the concrete. High-early-strength cement was used for one group of mixes. This consisted of a blend of equal amounts of Aetna, Huron, and Peerless brands. The results of chemical and physical tests of this cement are shown in the appendix. The other materials were the same as previously reported, namely, one-inch maximum-size natural-gravel coarse aggregate, natural sand having a fineness modulus of 3.0, and fly ash from the St. Clair and Conners Creek stations. The fly ashes were from the same drums as those used in the study of fly ash in air.-entrained concrete, and the analyses of these ashes have been presented in the reports on their use in airentrained concrete. FABRICATION OF SPECIMENS AND TEST PROCEDURES The methods of mixing, molding, curing, and testing remained the same as in the previous series with St. Clair fly ash in air-entrained concrete. The paraffined cardboard molds were again removed from the cylinders approximately 24 hours after molding, Just prior to placing the cylinders in the moist-fog room for curing. ~2~

ENGNEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS The concrete-mix data and compressive-strength results are shown in detail in the appendix in the tables for the various cement contents and for the two fly ashes. Important aspects of the data have been summarized from these tables and are presented in the body of the report. 1. COARSE-AGGREGATE CONTENT The greater amounts of coarse aggregate, which were workable in air-entrained concrete containing fly ash, were found to be equally workable in nonair-entrained concrete with both the St. Clair and Conners Creek ashes. The coarse-aggregate content was varied according to both the cement content and the fly-ash content since the increased fines in the mix from either source will give greater plasticity. Table I gives the values found satisfactory for one-inch maximum-size-pebble coarse aggregate and sand with a fineness modulus of 3.0 used in nonair-entrained mixes with St. Clair and Conners Creek fly ashes. The value used for mixes with no fly ash is as recommended by the American Concrete Institute. The value, Vs, is expressed as the dry-rodded volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete. TABLE I VOLUME, Vs, OF DRY-RODDED COARSE AGGREGATE PER UNIT VOLUME OF CONCRETE Fly Ash, Cement Content, sack/cu yd lb/cu yd 3, 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 0.64.64.64.64.64.64.64 50.72.72.72 70.68 100.72.72.75.75.75 140.72 150.75 75.78.78.78 200.78.78.81.81.81 210.76 250.81.81 280.80 53

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 2. WORKABILITY OF LEAN MIXES In the low-cement-content mixes without fly ash (3-sack, particularly), there was not sufficient fine material for easy finishing. The fresh concrete had the appearance of a wet sand-gravel mixture. As soon as the concrete was dumped fronr the mixer, large quantities of water drained from the mixture. As a result, the concrete caked so that low slumps were obtained with little reference to the amount of water added at the mixer. The addition of at least 70 pounds of fly ash per cubic yard of concrete to the 3-sack mixes provides the necessary fines to give the concrete plasticity and workability. The 3.5-sack concrete also requires some fly ash for good workability. With the air-entrained concrete, the addition of fly ash was not necessary for good plasticity in the 3.5-sack mixes since the entrained air bubbles acted to supplement the fine material in the mix. 3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Average values of compressive strengths up to 28 days of age are presented in Tables II and III. The results are much the same as with these fly ashes in air-entrained concrete, in that the fly ash in the lean mixes improves the compressive strength over the lean, plain cement mixes at all ages through 28 days, while fly ash in the richer mixes depresses the strength somewhat in nearly every case. There do not appear to be any great differences in the strengths attained for comparable mixes with the two fly ashes. Variations between comparable 5.5-sack mixes with St. Clair and Conners Creek fly ashes up to 28 days of age appear to be in the range as might be caused by experimental error. The mixes containing 3 sacks of high-early-strength cement plus St. Clair fly ash were investigated because there have been reports indicating that such a mixture is presently being used in some operations. As indicated previously, when fly ash is not used in such a mix, it is unworkable. The addition of fly ash improves the physical characteristics, resulting in a strength improvement over the plain cement mix from the first day. These mixes with high-early-strength cement show strength improvement over mixes with a higher cement content but made with regular cement. Table IV shows the strength of the fly-ash mixes at each age expressed as a percent of the strength of the plain cement mixes of the same cement content. 4

TABLE II m SUMMARY OF RESULTS Cb ST. CLAIR FLY ASH Z m Actual Nominal Cement Cement Fly Ash, Net Mixing Water Air Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Content, Content, Content, 1 7 28 90 1 sack/cu yd sack/cu yd lb/cu yd Lb/cu yd gal/sack percent in. day days days days year m 3.01 0 272 10.87 1.6 2.92 523 1606 2182 3.0 3.01 70 259 10.37 1.1 4.58 593 1934 2791 (High-Early- 3.00 140 26 10.56 0.8 4.58 633 1894 2855 Strength 3.01 210 262 10.46 0.9 5.00 686 2019 3287 Cement) 2.95 280 284 11.36 0.9 4.58 617 1841 3074 1 3.50 0 268 9.21 1.8 2.50 407 1593 2255 m 3.51 100 250 8.57 1.1 3.83 507 2000 3198 3.5 3.52 150 258 8.83 0.9 5.08 493 1940 3263 3.53 200 256 8.80 10 3.75 515 1893 3300 3.50 250 263 9.01 0.9 4.17 576 2017 3091 4.49 0 261 6.96 1.8 3.25 622 2244 3329 4.50 50 246 6.58 1.1 3.00 922 2898 4233 4.5 4.50 100 253 6.75 1.0 4.17 891 2918 3833 _ 4.49 150 260 6.94 0.9 4.17 765 2438 3687 4.52 200 277 7.40 0.9 3.83 816 2658 4176 o -n 5.48 0 258 5.57 1.9 4.08 1202 3189 4114 5.56 50 251 5.49 1.1 4.58 1193 3528 4301 55 5.55 100 262 5.72 0.9 4.33 1131 3162 4173 5.50 150 276 6.02 0.9 4.33 1069 3023 3984 5.51 200 284 6.21 1.0 4.25 1024 3003 4135 6.7 0 262.8 1.7 5.0 1520 689 690Z 6.5 6.47 0 262 4.85 1.7 5.00 1520 3689 4690

m Z TABLE III m SUMMARY OF RESULTS CONNERS CREEK FLY ASH G r7 Actual Nominal Cement Cement Fly Ash, Net Mixing Water Air Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Content, Content, Content, 1 7 28 90 1 I sack/cu yd sack/cu yd lb/cu yd lb/cu yd gal/sack percent in. day days days days year 4.02 0 273 8.19 1.2 4.17 455 19o8 2768 4.02 100 252 7.55 1.0 3.25 617 2423 3584 oN 4.0 4.01 150 250 7.52 1.0 3.75 592 2325 3898 4.00 200 263 7.92 1.0 4.08 688 2450 3937 m 4.00 250 275 8.26 0.9 5.25 658 2213 3643 4.97 0 259 6.22 1.9 4.08 890 2856 3568 C 4.99 50 254 6.10 1.1 3.67 1042 3349 4254 Z 5.0 5.01 100 261 6.27 1.0 4.67 961 3144 4093 < 5.01 150 274 6.59 o.8 5.17 887 2851 3883 5.05 200 277 6.66 0.8 4.00 952 2870 4063 5.48 0 258 5.57 1.9 4.08 1202 3189 4114 5.47 50 262 5.71 1.1 4.17 1056 3278 4584 0 5.5 5.50 100 264 5.75 1.0 4.00 1158 3148 4024 5.47 150 274 5.98 1.0 4.83 1106 3061 3984 5.50 200 292 6.38 1.0 3.92 955 3031 4201 6.5 6.47 0 262 4.85 1.7 5.00 1520 3689 4690 G Z

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TABLE IV COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLY-ASH MIXES EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF STRENGTH OF PLAIN CEMENT MIXES OF THE SAME CEMENT CONTENT. Cement, Fly Ash sack/cu yd Source lb/cu yday days 28 days 3.0 70 113 120 128 (High-Early- St. Clair 140 121 118.131 Strength 210 131 126 151 Cement) 280 1.18 115 141 100 125 126 142 3.5 St. Clair 150 121 122 145 200 127 119 146 250 142 127 137 100 136 127 129 4.0 Conners 150 130 122 141 Creek 200 151 128 142 250 145 116 132 50 148 129 127 4.5 St. Clair 100 143.130 115 150 123 109.111 200 131 118.125 50 117 117 119 5.0 Conners 100 108 110 115 Creek 150 100 100 109 200 107 100 1.14 50 99 110.105 5.5 St. Clair.100 94 99 101 150 89 95 97 200 85 94 101 50 88 103.11 5.5 Conners 100 96 99 98 Creek 150 92 96 97 200 79. 95. 102 - 7

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN The average strengths for each of the cement and fly-ash contents have been plotted against the age in Figures 1 to 7. Strength gain is generally orderly, as in the case of the fly ashes used in air-entrained concrete. 4. AIR CONTENT OF CONCRETE This study was designed and conducted as an investigation of fly ash in nonair-entrained concrete. However, all cement entrains a small amount of air to give the concrete some degree of durability in weathering. The air content of the-mixes with both St. Clair and Conners Creek fly ashes was considerably below that of the plain cement mixes. The air contents for the fly:-ash mixes range from 0.8 to.1.1 percent with an average of 0.97 percent. The air contents of the plain cement mixes range from 1.2 to 1.9 percent with an average of 1.70 percent entrained air. While the air content in both cases is too small to prevent deterioration of concrete exposed to weathering in the presence of moisture, the fly-ash concrete, because of its lower air content, will be more susceptible to frost action than the plain cement concrete. Thus, it becomes increasingly necessary to us-e proper air entrainment in all flyash concrete which may be-exposed to the weather in northern climates, particularly where moisture is supplied to the concrete, such as in the case of sidewalks, pavement slabs, or retaining walls with poorly drained backfills. Data to support the above observations on the weather resistance of fly-ash concrete are now being acquired and will be separately reported. For view of its importance, however, salient features are here presented. 8

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500,,,~ 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 *1i~ Z 4000 X No Fly Ash 2500 14 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 0 280 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 1 ) 3000 Note Legend / A 70 Ib Pound. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on Curves. Strength of Six 6" X 12" Laboratory Moist 2500 140 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard A 210 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 280 b. Fl y A sh perages Cubic Yard 1000 ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY Pounds Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on Curves. Each Point RepresentsOF MICHIGAN, ANNge Compressive 1000 ST. CLAIR FLY ASH 3 SACKS HIGH-EARLY STRENGTH CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR- ENTRAINED CONCRETE 1 3 7 28 90 365 Age - Days Fig. 1.. 9~

-ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 C= 3500.. E 0 3000 Legend X No Fly Ash cq.9OoO~., 100 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 2500 A 2500 A 150 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 13 200 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard /1 3728 0 250 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard AgD Note2000 ~yo Pounds of Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on Curves. Each Point Represents Average Compressive Strength of Six 6" x 12" Laboratory Moist Cured Test Cylinders. g 2 Slump Averages 2-1/2"-5" 1500 10ioo00 ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR AGE - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RELATION 500 1~ ST. CLAIR FLY ASH 3.5 SACKS CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR- ENTRAINED CONCRETE 3 7 28 90 365 Age - Days Fig. 2 ____________________________________ 10 __________

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 l_~~~ 4500 250 f / X Yard _ 3500 300C ____________ / / ^^ ^egend X No Fly Ash A 50 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 2500 1001 OOIb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard A 1501bFlyAsh per Cubic Yard 0/ 2001b Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 2000 / Note Pounds of Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on Curve. Each Point Reprents Average Compressive Strength of Six 6" X 12" Laboratory Moist Cured 1500 Test Cylinders Slump Average 3"-41/2" ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY 100 /. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR AGE-COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP ST. CLAIR FLY ASH 500 __4.5 SACKS CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE 3 7 28 90 365 Age -Days Fig. 3 1.1 _____

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500 7000 6500. 6000 5500 5000... 4500 C, 1 4000....... e//A 50lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Z ^~~~~~~~~~/ /^^~ IOOIbFly Ash per Cubic Yard __________2$/ / ^ ^ ______________________ ^ 150 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard ~^/~^~j/ ~ / 2001b Fly Ash per Cubic Yard c1/0 /~//X@^~ ~| No Fly Ash (6.5 Sacks Cement) 2000- ///D Pounds of Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on / ///// Curve. Each Point Reprents Average Compressive / /^//D~ ~Strength of Six 6" X 12" Laboratory Moist Cured Test Cylinders o1500^ 4 / _ ______ / | "Slump Average 4"-5" ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY 1000 ~~- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR AGE-COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP ST. CLAIR FLY ASH 500 5.5& 6.5 SACKS CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE 3 7 28 90 365 Age - Days Fig. 4._____________________________________ 12

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 00 o 0 4000 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 3500 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard * | ~////1 / | ~~~~~~~0 250 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard/ 3000 Legend _ Note Fly Ash unds Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on Curves. o' /// /Cured Test Cylinders. 0 250 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard ch Point Represents A verge Compressi5-1/4 1500 ~ ~~ Strength of Six 6"x 12" Loborotory Moist oO yy^ ^Cured Test Cylinders. Slump Averages 3-1/4" - 5-1/4" 1000iooo / _______ ___________ ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR AGE-COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP CONNERS' CREEK FLY ASH 500 4.0 SACKS CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE 3 7 28 90 365 A.e - Days Fig. 5 ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~13 ________________ —

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 C c C,. 3500 E 3000 Legend X No FlyAsh A 50 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 2500 2 ~/500 0^ Most1001b Fly Ash per Cubic Yard A 150 lb Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 2001bSFly Ash per Cubic Yard 2000 Note - Pounds of Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on 1500 /1 Curves. Each Point Reprents Average Compressive Strength -of Six 6"XI 2" Laboratory Moist Cured Test Cylinders. Slump Average 3 1/2"- 5 1/4" I000 F~'r~~~~~~~ ~~~ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR 500 AGE-COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP CONNERS'- CREEK FLY ASH 5.0 SACK CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE 13 7 28 90 365 Age- Days Fig. 6..___1_____________._____ 14

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ~ UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 7500 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500, c Cemen 4500 / ~. 100 lb. _______________ 24000 / //O / //// Note o / 2 3500 E 3000 Legend X No Fly Ash C5.5 Sacks Cement 3 A 50 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard 2500 0 100 lb. Fly. Ash per Cubic Yard A 150 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard /o 200 lb. Fly Ash per Cubic Yard No Fly Ash C6.5 Sacks Cement] 2000 NotePounds of Fly Ash per Cubic Yard Shown on Curves. Each Point Represents Average Compressive 1500 a _ Strength of Six 6"x 12" Laboratory Moist Cured Test Cylinders. Slump Averages 4"- 5" 1000 ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE CONCRETE MATERIALS LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF' MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR AGE - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RELATION 500 CONNERS' CREEK FLY ASH 5.5 a 6.5 SACKS CEMENT PER CUBIC YARD NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE 3 7 28 90 365 Age - Days Fig. 7 ~1_5

APPENDIX

ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE * UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TABLE I-A PROPERTIES OF HIGH-EARLY-STRENGTH CEMENT 55C-120 Physical Properties Normal consistency, percent 26.4 Time of set, Gillmore Initial 3 hr, 50 min Final 5 hr, 50 min Autoclave expansion, percent 0.07 Air in mortar, percent 9.9 Tensile strength, psi 1 day 278 3 days 402 7 days 422 28 days 473 Compressive strength, psi 1 day 1750 3 days 3933 7 days 4292 28 days 5650 Chemical Properties Ultimate analysis Proximate analysis Percent by weight Percent by weight Silicon dioxide SiO2 20.6 Loss on ignition 2.0 Aluminum oxide A1203 5.6 Tricalcium silicate 3CaO.SiO2 50.0 Ferric oxide Fe203 3.0 Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 22.0 Calcium oxide CaO 63.0 Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.A1203 10.0 Magnesium oxide MgO 2.3 Tetracalcium 4CaO.A1203. Sulfur trioxide SO3 2.9 aluminoferrite Fe203 9.0 Loss on ignition 2.1 Calcium sulphate CaS04 5.0 Sodium oxide Na20 0.21 Magnesia MgO 2.0 Potassium oxide K20 0.66 Total alkali expressed as Na2O 0.65 17

TABLE II - A m z 3-SACK,. REGULAR-CONCRETE DATA.- ST. CLAIR FLY ASH (HIGH-EARLY-STRENGTH CEMENT, TYPE III) m Fly Ash, Actual Cement Material Proportions, W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Batch Date Made Content, Vs** lb/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone Net Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in. 1 dlay 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 214 4-11-55 0 3.01 0.64 1612 1814 269 10.77 149.8 2.1 1.25 580 1890 2455 rn 565 1750 2615 </ 249 5-12-55 0 3.03 0.64 1553 1814 267 10.69 148.3 1.3-. 3.5 620 1715 229 5 560 1680' 2350 295 6-14-55 0 3.00 0.64 1569 1814 279 11.16 148.0 1.5 4.0 410 1345 1680 405 1255 1695 Average 0 3.01 0.64 1578 1814 272 10.87 148.7 1.6 2.92 523 1606 2182 8 216 4-11-55 70 2.99 0.68 1483 1928 264 10.56 150.4 1.3 2.75 600 18go90 2915 600 1945 2880 245 4-27-55 70 3.04 0.68 1431 1928 258 10.32 150.9 1.0 5.75 645 1945 2705 ) 645 2100 2595 4 293 6-13-55 70 2.99 0.68 1464 1928 256 10.22 149.7 0.9 5.25 535 1890 2720 530 1835 2930 C H Average 70 3.01 0.68 1459 1928 259 10.37 150.3 1.1 4.58 593 1934 2791 ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rr^ 215 4-11-55 140 3.00 0.72 1310 2041 264 10.57 151.2 1.2 4.0 760 2140 2860 740 2140 3250* 241 4-25-55 140 3.01 0.72 1301 2041 269 10.77 150.4 0.6 4.75 560 1680 2580 570 1610 2650 296 6-14-55 140 3.00 0.72 1259 2041 258 10.33 149.4 0.7 5.0 585 1765 3075 585 2030 3110 C Average 140 3.00 0.72 1290 2041 264 10.56 150.3 0.8 4.58 633 1894 2855 217 4-11-55 210 3.02 0.76 1112 2155 268 10.72 152.1 1.2 5.00 635 2030 3235 620 1980 3465 f1 239 4-25-55 210 3.01 0.76 1080 2155 267 10.67 150.4 0.7 5.75 635 1800 *2755 655 1800 2670 u 291 6-13-55 210 3.00 0.76 1086 2155 250 10.00 149.5 0.7 4.25 775 2155 3885 795 2350 3710 Average 210 3.01 0.76 1093 2155 262 10.46 150.7 0.9 5.00 686 2019 3287 218 4-14-55 280 2.99 0.80 913 2268 278 11.14 150.2 1.2 3.25 740 2030 3110 740 1910 2845") 240 4-25-55 280 2.86 0.80 1065 2268 287 11.50 149.5 1.0 4.50 585 1720* 2790* 585 1765 2790 292 6-13-55 280 3.01 0.80 836 2268 286 11.43 148.4 0.6 6.0 515 1785 3320 535 1715 3305 Average 280_ 2.95 0.80 938 2268 284 11.36 149.4 0.9 4.58 617 1841 307 * ot included in average ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete

m z TABLE III - A - m 3.5-SACK BEGULAR-CONCRETE rATA - ST. CLAIR FLY ASH m;o Fly Ash, Actual Cement Material Proportions W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Z Batch Date Made Content, Vs** lb/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) C No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone Net Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in. 1 day 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 206 4-7-55 0 3.54 0.64 1553 1814 256 8.79 149.9 2.3 1.0 460 1855 2775 F 440 1980 2755 ) 24 5-19-55 0 3.49 0.64 1546 1814 276 9.48 148.1 1.6 4.5 445 1590 2260 450 1590 2155 266 5-27-55 0 3.48 0.64 1568 1814 273 9.35 148.5 1.4 2.0 330 1325 1855 315 1220 1730 Average 0 3.50 0.64 1556 1814 268 9.21 148.8 1.8 2.5 407 1593 2255 201 4-5-55 100 3.52 0.72 1284 2041 237 8.14 150.6 1.2 2.5 600 2280 3605 600 2085 3550 Z 225 4-15-55 100 3.50 0.72 1321 2041 260 8.93 152.1 1.1 6.0 490 1945 3075 485 1890 2970 278 6-2-55 100 3.51 0.72 1299 2041 252 8.64 151.2 1.0 3.0 440 1910 3005 425 1890 2985 - Average 100 3.51 0.72 1301 2041 250 8.57 151.3 1.1 3.83 507 2000 3198 H -" \~^O~~ ~ ~198 4-5-55 150 3.52 0.75 1139 2126 259 8.88 151.1 1.1 4.0 565 2050 3445 F 565 2065 3605 256 5-19-55 150 3.51 0.75 1139 2126 261 8.95 150.7 0.8 6.0 510 1960 3180 510 1785 3040 279 6-2-55 150 3.53 0.75 1139 2126 253 8.66 150.9 0.8 5.25 405 1925 3145 405 1855 3160 " Average 150 3.52 0.75 1139 2126 258 8.83 150.9 0.9 5.08 493 1940 3263 Z 199 4-5-55 200 3.49 0.78 995 2211 265 9.09 149.5 1.1 4.0 530 1835 3620 495 1910 3480 rm 231 4-19-55 200 3.55 0.78 988 2211 245 8.40 151.1 1.3 6 635 2100 2970 605 2100 321?5 267 5-27-55 200 3.54 0.78 988 2211 259 8.90 151.3 0.6 4.0 405 1715 2755* 420 1695 3215. Average 200 3.53 0.78 990 2211 256 8.80 150.6 1.0 3.75 515 1893 3300 197 3-10-55 250 3.47 0.81 874 2296 263 9.03 148.9 1.0 4.0 610 1925 2825 0 610 1925 2140 T 236 4-21-55 250 3.54 0.81 859 2296 260 8.93 151.3 0.9 4.0 645 2030 2790 640 2015 2825 294 6-13-55 250 3.50 0.81 859 2296 265 9.08 149.9 0.8 4.5 475 2120 3640 475 2085 3375 ( Average 250 3.50 0.81 864 2296 263 9.01 150.0 0.9.17 576 2017 3091 1 * Not included in average ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete Z I _ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

z TABLE IV-A CA 4-SACK REGULAR-CONCRETE DATA - CONNERS CREEK FLY ASH cm 5 Fly Ash, Actual Cement Material Proportions, W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Batch Date Made Content, Vs** lb/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone Net Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in..1 day 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 207 4-7-55 0 4.04 0.64 1539 1814 266 7.97 151.2 1.7 2.75 460 2100 53055 ) 480 2120 2895 rT1 250 5-12-55 0 4.02 0.64 1487 1814 271 8.13 148.7 0.8 5.75 470 1875 2475 495 1660* 2580 277 6-2-55 0 3.99 0.64 1509 1814 283 8.48 148.9 1.2 4.00 405 1680 2740 () 420 1765 2860 Average 0 4.02 0.64 1512 1814 273 8.19 149.6 1.2 4.17 455 1908 2768 208 4-7-55 100 4.02 0.72 1262 2041 249 7.47 151.8 1.4 2.75 585 2405 4065 600 2525 3975 U) 223 4-15-55 100 4.02 0.72 1253 2041 252 7.56 151.7 1.0 3.0 710 2525 3445 " 670 2405 3375 275 6-1-55 100 4.02 0.72 1244 2041 254 7.62 151.4 0.7 4.0 575 2225 3375 560 2455 3270 r0 Average 100 4.02 0.72 1253 2041 252 7.55 151.6 1.0 3.25 617 2425 3584 O 209 4-7-55 150 4.03 0.75 1108 2126 250 7.52 151.3 1.2 3.75 655 2475 4345 670 2510 4330 251 5-12-55 150 3.99 0.75 1125 2126 250 7.51 150.7 0.9 4.0 600 2260 3535 545 2190 3765 268 5-27-55 150 4.00 0.75 1117 2126 251 7.54 150.8 0.9 3.5 520 1345* 3515 560 2190 3005* Average 150 4.01 0.75 1117 2126 250 7.52 150.9 1.0 3.75 592 2321 3898 195 3-9-55 200 3.99 0.78 971 2211 260 7.81 150.2 1.1 4.0 695 2475 3620 650 2245 3745 224 4-15-55 200 4.02 0.78 963 2211 267 8.03 151.3 0.9 5.5 675 2365 3745 ) 660 2245 4115 289 6-9-55 200 3.99 0.78 963 2211 263 7.91 150.1 0.9 2.75 710 2650 4030 735 2720 4365 Average 200 4.00 0.78 966 2211 263 7.92 150.5 1.0 4.08 688.2450 3937 190 3-8-55 250 3.97 0.81 809 2296 277 8.33 149.2 0.9 5.75 635 2030 3160 TI 565* 1890 3270 230 4-19-55 250 4.06 0.81 792 2296 280 8.40 151.9 0.9 6.0 670 2120 2825* 680 2100 3215 287 6-8-55 250 3.96 0.81 818 2296 269 8.06 148.9 0.9 4.0 630 2595 4170 675 2545 4400 I Average 250 4.00 0.81 806 2296 275 8.26 150.0 0.9 5.25 658 2213 3643 * Not included in average ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete Z

m Z TABLE V - A Z 4.5-SACK REGULAR-CONCRETE DATA - ST. CLAIR FLY ASH Fly As), Actual Cement Material Proportions, W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Batch Date Made Content, Vs** lb/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone Net Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in. 1 day 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 202 4-6-55 0 4.48 0.64 1543 1814 253 6.75 150.7 2.0 2.75 705* 2350.585 m 635 2315 3780 r 255 5-19-55 0 4.50 0.64 1485 1814 268 7.14 149.5 1.7 3.5 605 1660* 2970 640 1875 2930 274 6-1-55 0 4.50 0.64 1507 1814 262 7.00 150.2 1.8 3.5 600 2295 3460 630 2385 3250 Average 0 4.49 0.64 1512 1814 261 6.96 150.1 1.8 3.25 622 2244 3329 213 4-8-55 50 4.47 0.72 1312 2041 240 6.41 151.4 1.4 2.25 1010 3090 4735 1025 3145 4680 243 4-26-55 50 4.52 0.72 1283 2041 249 6.64 152.2 1.0 3.75 935 3200 3940 795* 2705 3535* 270 5-30-55 50 4.50 0.72 1273 2041 250 6.68 151.3 1.0 3.0 815 2525 403 825 2720 3780 rO Average 50 4.50 0.72 1289 2041 246 6.58 151.6 1.1 3.00 922 2898 4233 H m 219 4-14-55 100 4.49 0.75 1156 2126 258 6.88 152.1 1.1 4.5 885 2720 3500 920 2740 3585 248 4-28-55 100 4.51 0.75 1127 2126 252 6.71 151.2 1.1 4.0 945 3200 3550 885 2935 3550 286 6-8-55 100 4.50 0.75 1137 2126 250 6.67 151.2 0.8 4.0 860 2930 4400 f 850 2985 4415 Average 100 4.50 0.75 1140 2126 253 6.75 151.5 1.0 4.17 891 2918 3833 191 3-8-55 150 4.51 0.78 961 2211 254 6.76 150,2 1.1 3.0 725 2490 3320 m 740 2225 3340 70 257 5-19-55 150 4.48 0.78 990 2211 257 6.87 150.5 1.0 4.0 780 2365 3710 780 2385 3885 260 5-20-55 150 4.48 0.78 981 2211 270 7.20 150.6 0.6 5.5 785 2545 3945 780 2615 3920 Average 150 4.49 0.78 977 2211 260 6.94 150.4 0.9 4.17 765 2438 3687 212 4-8-55 200 4.46 0.81 844 2296 281 7.51 150.1 1.1 3.5 970 2950 4790 885 2895 4735 232 4-19-55 200 4.54 o.81 776 2296 282 7.52 150.2 0.9 3.0 755 2330 3465 725 2385 3655 285 6-8-55 200 4.56 0.81 776 2296 269 7.17 150.4 0.6 5.0 785 2700 4135 775 2685 4275 Average 200 4.52 0.81 799 2296 277 7.40 150.2 0.9 3.83 816 2658 4176 * Not included in average ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete z. -,~~~~~~~~

m TABLE VI - A z m 5-SACK BEGULAR-CONCRETE DATA - CONNEBS CREEK FLY ASH m Z Fly Ash, Actual Cement Material Proportions, W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Batch Date Made Content, Vs** ib/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone ig a Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in. 1 day 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 192 3-9-55 0 4.92 0.64 1513 1814 255 6.13 149.5 2.1 3.0 920 2560 3110 895 2755 3375 234 4-20-55 0 5.00 0.64 1447 1814 269 6.45 150.0 1.6 5.25 845 2755 3285 840 2615 3375 288 6-9-55 0 5.00 0.64 1469 1814 254 6.09 150.2 1.9 4.0 920 3180 4080 920 3270 4185 I Average 0 4.97 0.64 1476 1814 259 6.22 149.9 1.9 4.08 890 2856 3568 211 4-8-55 50 5.01 0.72 1215 2041 249 5.97 151.1 1.5 2.75 1200 3640 4840 Z 1220 3780 5070 242 4-26-55 50 4.98 0.72 1227 2041 256 6.15 151.0 0.9 4.0 1085 3125 3500* 1015 2405* 3940 - 261 5-20-55 50 4.98 0.72 1227 2041 257 6.18 150.9 0.9 4.25 835 3090 3800 " ro1^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~895 3110 3620 DO Average 50 4.99 0.72 1223 2041 254 6.10 151.0 1.1 3.67 1042 3349 4254 203 4-6-55 100 5.02 0.75 1058 2126 267 6.40 151.4 1.2 5-5 885 3040 4275 865 3215 4505 247 4-28-55 100 5.01 0.75 1079 2126 262 6.29 151.6 1.0 5.0 1095 3320 3800 1040 3320 3995 - 265 5-26-55 100 5.00 0.75 1101 2126 255 6.11 152.0 0.9 3.5 935 3125 3905 z 945 2845 4080 Average 100 5.01 0.75 1079 2126 261 6.27 151.7 1.0 4.67 961 3144 4093 m 220 4-14-55 150 5.01 0.78 921 2211 274 6.57 151.2 1.1 4.5 955 2845 3305* 990 2915 3905 228 4-18-55 150 5.03 0.78 909 2211 270 6.49 151.2 0.9 5-5 1025 2935 3870 995 2845 3815 276 6-1-55 150 4.98 0.78 921 2211 279 6.70 150.3 0.4 5.5 680 2880 3975' 675 2685 3850 Average 150 5.01 0.78 917 2211 274 6.59 150.9 0.8 5.17 887 2851 3883 187 3-7-55 200 5.18 0.81 644 2296 270 6.49 150.6 0.9 4.0 935 2755 3745 855 2740 4345 258 5-20-55 200 4.98 0.81 733 2296 278 6.68 149.9 0.7 4.5 920 2825 3955 985 2755 4065 284 6-6-55 200 4.99 0.81 774 2296 284 6.81 1504 0.8 3.5 980 3090 4030 1035 3055 4240 Average 200 5.05 0.81 717 2296 277 6.66 150.3 0.8 4.0 952 2870 4063 * Not included in average ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete

Z TABLE VII - A 5.5-SACK REGULAR-CONCRETE DATA - ST. CLAIR FLY ASH m rn Fly Ash, Actual Cement Material Proportions, W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strenath. Zsi Batch Date Made Content, Vs** lb/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone Net Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in. 1 day 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 7Q 196 3-10-55 0 5.43 0.64 1469 1814 250 5.46 149.9 2.2 3.0 1235 3180 3815 1260 2880 4100 U 222 4-15-55 0 5.59 0.64 1413 1814 248 5.41 152.1 1.5 5.25 1375* 3270 4010 m 1135 3320 3995 283 6-6-55 0 5.43 0.64 1459 1814 267 5.83 150.2 2.1 4.0 1205 3180 4365 1175 3305 4400 Average 0 5.48 0.64 1447 1814 258 5.57 150.7 1.9 4.08 1202 3189 4114 t 189 3-7-55 50 5.70 0.72 1064 2041 255 5.57 152.6 0.9 5.0 975 3285 3905 995 3410 4310 Z 244 4-27-55 50 5.51 0.72 1205 2041 246 5.37 152.5 1.4 3.25 1345 3800 4150 1415 3870 4680 - 269 5-30-55 50 5.46 0.72 1205 2041 253 5.53 151.4 1.0 5.5 1210 3375 4310 1215 3425 4450 " Average 50 5.56 0.72 1158 2041 251 5.49 152.2 1.1 4.58 1193 3528 4301 188 3-7-55 100 5.68 0.75 915 2126 259 5.65 151.6 1.0 4.75 1090 3180 4170 1080 3270 4225 237 4-21-55 100 5.47 0.75 1044 2126 273 5.97 151.0 0.9 5.0 1155 2895 3815 1165 2810 3800 273 5-31-55 100 5.50 0.75 1056 2126 253 5.53 151.6 0.9 3.25 1165 3390 4610 760* 3425 4415 Average 100 5.55 0.75 1005 2126 262 5.72 151.5 0.9 4.33 1131 3162 4173 Z 221 4-14-55 150 5.46 0.78 896 2211 283 6.18 150.9 0.9 4.5 1080 3090 3745 1095 3005 39 40 229 4-18-55 150 5.54 0.78 849 2211 271 5.92 150.8 0.9 4.0 1130 3340 3850 1150 3160 4010 U 271 5-30-55 150 5.51 0.78 872 2211 273 5.96 151.1 0.9 4.5 950 2755 4030 1010 2790 4330. Average 150 5.50 0.78 872 2211 276 6.02 150.9 0.9 4.33 1069 3023 3984 200 4-5-55 200 5.44 0.81 749 2296 289 6.31 150.1 1.4 3.5 955 2985 4860* 850* 3200 3995 235 4-20-55 200 5.55 0.81 677 2296 290 6.34 150.4 0.9 5.25 1020 2630 3710 980 2825 3285* 280 6-3-55 200 5.54 0.81 689 2296 274 5.99 150.1 0.8 4.0 1100 3200 4295 1065 3180 4540 Average 200 5.51 0.81 705 2296 284 6.21 150.2 1.0 4.25 1024 3003 4135 I * Not included in average C ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete Z

TABLE VIII - A m 5.5-SACK REGULAR-CONCRETE DATA - CONERS CREEK FLY ASH m Fly Ash, Actual Cement Material Proportions, W/C, Wt. Fresh Pressure Slump, Compressive Strength, psi Batch Date Made Content, Vs** lb/cu yd Concrete, Air Content, (6" x 12" Cylinders) No. lb/cu yd sack/cu yd Sand Stone Net Water gal./sack lb/cu ft percent in., 1 day 7 days 28 days 90 days 1 year 204 4-6-55 50 5.46 0.72 1205 2041 262 5.72 151.7 1.3 4.0 1060 515 5210 1040 3285 4715 246 4-27-55 50 5.51 0.72 1169 2041 253 5.55 151.4 1.0 4.0 1075 3160 3800 1080 3.1o 3975 r 290 6-9-55 50 5.45 0.72 1181 2041 270 5.89 150.6 0.9 4.5 1020 3745* 4895 1) 1060 3320 4910 m Average 50 5.47 0.72 1185 2041 262 5.71 151.2 1.1 4.17 1056 3278 4584 193 3-9-55 100 5.48 0.75 1044 2126 257 5.61 151.1 1.2 3.5 1165 3215 3250* 1185 3180 4080 - 238 4-21-55 100 5.51 0.75 1032 2126 264 5.76 151.5 1.2 3.75 1230 2845 3850 1290 3090 3640 264 5-26-55 100 5.52 0.75 1021 2126 270 5.89 151.6 0.7 4.75 1060 3355 4310 1015 3200 4240 t) Average 100 5.50 0.75 1032 2126 264 5.75 151.4 1.0 4.00 1158 3148 4024 194 3-9-55 150 5.45 0.7& 908 2211 276 6.01 150.7 1.1 5.25 1080 2670* 3885 rO 1040 3005 4225 227 4-18-55 150 5.52 0.78 884 2211 276 6.02 151.9 0.9 5.0 1175 3375* 3905 1145 2985 4045 rm 259 5-20-55 150 5.45 0.78 884 2211 271 5.92 149.7 0.9 4.25 1115 3180 4065 1080 3075 3780 Average 150 5.47 0.78 892 2211 274 5.98 150.8 1.0 4.83 1106 3061 3984 205 4-6-55 200 5.49 0.81 713 2296 293 6.40 150.2 1.2 4.0 885 2970 4875 885 3040 4715 233 4-19-55 200 5.52 0.81 677 2296 290 6.32 149.6 1.0 3.75 945 3055 3675 1015 2720 3885 281 6-3-55 200 5.50 0.81 677 2296 294 6.42 149.1 0.8 4.0 980 3130 3990 1020 3270 4065 Average 200 5.50 0.81 689 2296 292 6.38 149.6 1.0 3.92 955 3031 4201 _ 6.5-SACK REGLAR-CONCRETE DATA O 210 4-8-55 0 6.39 0.64 1398 1814 270 4.99 150.7 1.9 6.0 1645 3920 5245 1590 3780 5245 226 4-18-55 0 6.53 0.64 1340 1814 266 4.91 151.8 1.5 6.0 1490 3285 4240 1520 3570 4045 272 5-31-55 0 6.49 0.64 1349 1814 251 4.64 150.7 1.8 3.0 1445 3780 4700 1 1430 3800 4665 Average 0 6.47 0.64 1362 1814 262 4.85 151.1 1.7 5.0 1520 3689 4690 * Not included in average Z ** Denotes volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete