OCEANOGRAPHY FIELD PRACTICUM Spring Half-Term, 1972 The practicum is offered through the cooperation of the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, with the support of the University of Michigan Sea Grant Program. Compiled by Edward C. MIcnahan and G. Thomas Kaye Department of Meteorology and Oceanography College of Engineering The University of Michigan August 1972 Sea Grant Technical Report No. 33 MICHU-SG-72-215 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SEA GRANT PROGRAM

The University of Michigan Sea Grant Program is a part of the National Sea Grant Program, which is maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the US Department of Commerce.

iii CONTENTS Page Preface........................... v Acknowledgments........................ vii Introduction.......................... 1 Course Log.......................... 9 Student Research Reports................... 43 Abstracts Comparison of in situ Respiration of Benthic Communities within a Salt Marsh, by Jennifer L. Alexander..... 44 The Description and Use of an Instrument to Measure Flow near the Seabed, by James H. Allender......... 45 Carbon Flux at Woods Hole Outfall, by Edward Chesney.. 47 Coastal Zone Management: Alternative Solutions for the Nantucket Sound Islands, by Victoria Evans....... 48 A Model of the Wind-driven Circulation of the Atlantic Ocean, by Ron Kettner.................. 49 The Food Value of Phytoplankton to Invertebrates, by Carolyn Kramer..................... 50 Outfall Effects on Great Harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, by John D. McPeak........... 51 A Model of the Woods Hole Outfall, by Ralph Moore.... 52 A Subsurface Current Meter Mooring in Great Harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, by Richard Patchen...... 53 Seasonal Changes of Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen on Vineyard Sound During May 1971 and June 1972, by Norishige Takeuchi................... 54 The Study of Carbon Breakdown Through the Use of BOD, COD, and Carbon Combustion on Bottom Sediments of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, by Mary F. Vanderlaan...... 55 Urea Decomposition at the Woods Hole Outfall, by Susan Lynn Williams...................... 56 Papers Continuous Seismic Reflection and Sediment Studies in Parts of Buzzards Bay, by Irene Barinoff and Andy Schaedel........................ 57

iv Page Observations About the Propagation of BotryllZus schZosseri and Its Specific Role in a Food Chain in Reference to an Oyster Aquaculture System, by Bob Grove.......... 67 Surface Circulation of Nantucket Sound as Determined by Drifters, by Bruce J. Higgins............. 85 Longshore Transport of Sand: Field Measurements, by Joseph W. Maresca, Jr................... 125 Preliminary Examination of Two Environmental Control Methods, Reduced Salinity and Light Deprivation, for the Tunicate BotryZZllus schosseri in Aquaculture Systems, by Peter W. Perschbacher................... 149 A Brief Look at Four Species of Deep Sea Fish, by Don Ryker........................... 161 Anion Responses for CyclZoteZZa nana, NavicuZa eZkab, and Coscinodiscus rudoZphi, by George Sugihara........ 187 R/V Knorr Cruise #25 V..................... 209 Summary of Activities Aboard R/V Knorr Cruise #25 V...... 210 Seminar Summaries............. 216 Profiles of the Hydrographic Station Data........... 221

PREFACE For the second consecutive year, The University of Michigan conducted its "Oceanography Field Practicum" at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, during May and June 1972. This report provides a comprehensive description of the 1972 practicum. As in the previous report on the practicums, the present report is intended for a varied readership, including * administrative officers of the institutions involved in this venture; * University of Michigan faculty members teaching in related disciplines whose students may wish to participate in subsequent offerings of this course; c staff members of other universities which are contemplating the inauguration of oceanography field courses; * the many members of the research staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution who worked actively to make this venture a success; * the future student participants in this course, many of whom will choose to build upon the studies conducted during this and the previous year; and * the students who participated in The University of Michigan's M&O 560 course during 1972, and to whom the eventual existence of this report represented an incentive to prepare, in the time allotted, the most complete reports on their individual research projects.

vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank all the people on the staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) whose aid made this program possible. We also wish to acknowledge the cooperation of the administrative officers of the WHOI, and the encouragement of Dean H. Burr Steinbach. The opportunity afforded the majority of this year's practicum students to join the R/V Knorr on leg five of Cruise 25 is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of Mr. W. Gary Metcalf and Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup in this regard is recognized with thanks. The use of the R/V Asterias for several days each week during the Woods Hole interval of the course was an essential ingredient in our program, and the interest and understanding shown by Mr. Dick Colburn when he operated the R/V Asterias during our practicum exercises is greatly appreciated. The cooperation of Dr. Redwood Wright, who was conducting a UNESCO-sponsored program for oceanographers from developing nations in Woods Hole during a portion of the interval when our Ocean Practicum was underway, is acknowledged with thanks. Both our programs benefited from the several shared activities. We wish to thank Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, and Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup for the central roles they occupied in the conduct of our course. We are grateful to the additional fifteen WHOI scientists listed elsewhere in this report, all of whom gave one or more lectures, and many of whom advised students on their individual research projects. The assistance of Mr. Homer P. Smith, General Manager of the Marine Biological Laboratory, and of his staff is gratefully acknowledged. We wish to thank Professor Harold E. Edgerton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology for meeting with our students in Cambridge,

viii the EG&G Environmental Equipment Division for providing a tour of its Waltham plant, and Mr. Paul Ferris Smith of EG&G for giving a lecture to our group in Woods Hole. We wish to acknowledge the support given this course by the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, the College of Engineering, and the Sea Grant Program of The University of Michigan. Our thanks to the University of Michigan's School of Natural Resources and Department of Civil Engineering for the loan of instruments needed in the conduct of this course.

INTRODUCTION The University of Michigan's Oceanography Field Practicum (M&O 560) was initiated in 1971 to make available to the University's significant number of graduate students in oceanography and related fields the opportunity at the beginning of their graduate education to carry out experimental observations on the ocean, and in this and similar ways to become acquainted with the practical techniques currently used in marine research. This motive has continued to govern the operation of this program. The catalog description of this eight-credit course is as follows: Design and implementation of oceanographic observational programs; marine data-gathering capabilities: research vessels, buoys, etc.; shipboard data processing. Current techniques in physical, chemical, geological and biological oceanography, marine geophysics and marine meteorology. The course was taught in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, utilizing the facilities of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) and the facilities and staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The course was offered during The University of Michigan's spring half-term (IIIA), and was divided into two time periods. The initial six weeks were spent at Woods Hole (4 May-14 June 1972), followed by a 12-day period (ending on 26 June 1972) for the completion of the student reports. The course was supervised by Dr. Edward C. Monahan of The University of Michigan's Department of Meteorology and Oceanography with Mr. G. Thomas Kaye serving as the teaching assistant. There were 19 student participants in the 1972 Ocean Practicum: eight graduate students and 11 seniors. Ten of the students were

from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, College of Engineering; seven were from the School of Natural Resources; one was from the Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering; and one was from the Biology Department, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. All of the 1972 student participants were regularly enrolled students at The University of Michigan. Woods Hole IntervaZ During the six-week interval in Woods Hole, there were three distinct aspects of the course. These were the practicum exercises, the lectures (series and individual), and the individual research projects. Practicum Exercises The practicum exercises were based on a series of day and half-day cruises aboard WHOI's 40-ft R/V Asterias. A total of ten days, spread over the six-week Woods Hole interval, were devoted to these exercises during the 1972 Ocean Practicum. This aspect of the course was under the immediate direction of Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, research associate in the Physical Oceanography Department of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The shipboard work was supplemented by sample analyses and data handling ashore. The dates and details of the 1972 R/V Asterias cruises are included in the course log section of this report. As an adjunct to the 1972 Ocean Practicum, ten of the 19 students in the course were able to participate in a ten-day precourse cruise aboard the 245-ft R/V Knorr, sailing from San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 30 April and arriving in Woods Hole early on 9 May. Mr. Stalcup supervised the students aboard the R/V Knorr. A summary of the nightly seminars provided for the students aboard the R/V Knorr, a summary of the shipboard activities participated

3 c~~~w~~iiiiiiii~lii......... iiiiiilil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiiiili~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~iid?~i ~i~i-~i~ii:~~i~:~' i~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ci~i:iii liCi -ii —i ii-~iii-i i ai~~iiii~~~~~~~~~~~~i!!!ili~I!ii~~~~~~~~~~~i~~iis~i c -1.,iii~~iiii~?_ —i~~ioi-~~~1-iii~~~~~~~is~~~~i ii~~~~~~ii~~~i~~~i~~~~~_'j'-~~~~~~~~~i',i~~~~~i~~~i;~~~~iiiii~~~~~~iiiiii ii??i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i i~~~~~iii~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -iiiii~i:'~~~~~ zA~~~~~~;~~~ i:~~~~~ii~~~~ ~~~~-i~~~~~~~~~ii~~~~l~~~iiisiii~~~~~~~~~~~iiiiiiii iiii~ii~ii-~~~ ---sii ~ ~:~ iiiiiiiii!!ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii~i~,liiizB~~~~'. j~ Figure 1. U-M Students Aboard R/V Asterias as It Heads into Vineyard Sound for a Series of Hydrographic Stations

in by these students, and profiles of hydrographic station data prepared by this group are included in the appendix to this report. Among the people who presented seminars aboard the R/V Knorr were Mr. Rich Johnson, a University of Michigan PhD candidate and a teaching assistant for the 1971 Ocean Practicum, and Mr. Randy Borys, a student participant in the 1971 Ocean Practicum. One student, Miss Evans, participated in a two-day cruise (1-2 June) on the 99-ft R/V GosnoZd. This cruise was part of the UNESCO-NODC training program for oceanographers, and was directed by Dr. Redwood Wright of WHOI. Lectures The lecture portion of the course was divided into two components. The first component was made up of the two lecture series or "short courses," each consisting of 12 hours of classroom instruction, and each ending in a written examination. The second component of this portion of the course consisted of numerous individual lectures. One of the 1972 lecture series, entitled "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics," was given by Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, assistant scientist in the Geology and Geophysics Department of WHOI. The other 1972 lecture series, "Topics in Biological Oceanography," was given by Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, assistant scientist in the Biology Department of WHOI. While the "short courses" given as part of the 1972 Ocean Practicum were the same as those given in the previous year, the program of individual lectures was expanded, partly to accommodate the more diverse backgrounds and interests of the student participants of 1972. A total of 24 individual lectures, spread throughout the sixweek interval, were given at Woods Hole by

;~i;:r:~i~ii:~ i~;'iil~'i''l&~~:''''''':'i':':'i':s';::~is- ~ i!~iii~iiiiiiiii~iii'iili-iiial ~ii.~ii::~i~i~iiii;il~~i li~i:.:'iiil ':i'i~i~liii:~ii~iii~ii:ieriziiiii:,: NOW k"A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiii~-:::-;:~;.i.:;:.:~~g.~:ls~~;,t E~ — ~ ow"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::::::::: i-::: 'a'~ ~~p~~5~~l'' "":-:::l;l';i:':'""i?'~~;..~`: l~: F: -;i i~i-iiiiliiii~iiiiii~iiiiii::~ 'l'i:i~' 'i.,ii."iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiii iij' ii:'~iiiii:'i-:~ii~~i'''ii:-ii-ii~iii i'iiiiiilii~ia:I:i~::_ii-:i:::~:::::.:~-.~;i""";~"" "";. ";; F M. '"$' Iyj;' lj- 7 7 I/ Figure 2. U-M Ocean Practicum 1972 Participants: Back Row, L to R: M. Senneff, V. Evans,-:-ii'if~~"': ~ii i~il~l.~:gr~:jii~l.:ii~iii:: j~,~g::iiiiriiS. Williams, C. Kramer, R. Grove, N. Takeuchi, E. Chesney; Middle Row, L to R:~iii::'tii'~i:~ ''::~iii~iiiiiii~i i'~ii:'-''''':':'-'':;''~l$il iii-iii:iiii~ii:~:i'i~i iiiii~iii'~5ii.:~::::i:,~:i:~:6i::'d~ R. Kettner, J. Allender, J. Alexander, D Ryker, R. Moore, J. Mc:eak, G. Sugihara B. Higgins; Front Row, L to R: Prof. E. Monahan, R. Patchen, M. Vanderlaani~i:i~i::::-::~:- -i::ll~'ii:::::::::~::ii:i.:~iiii~:';:i~iiiiii P. Perschbacher, J. Maresca, Mr. M. Stalcup. Not Shown: Mr. T. Kaye. (In back-l:;:-:i s~-iiii.s-~-~.::::::_l~l:-ii.i~'i-~ii~ii. ground: Eel Pond and WHOI's Redfield Building)~~~~~~a i~~i~~ —:~~q::i~l":~`_ -~i~ ~ i(~~

6 Mr. Dean F. Bumpus Phys. Oceano., WHOI Dr. William Dunstan Biology, WHOI Dr. Richard L. Haedrick Biology, WHOI Dr. George R. Harvey Chemistry, WHOI Dr. Charles D. Hollister Geology & Geophys., WHOI Mr. G. Thomas Kaye M&O University of Michigan Dr. Peter Kilham Biology, WHO Dr. James R. Luyten Phys. Oceano., WOI Mr. W. Gary Metcalf Phys. Oceano., WHO Mr. Eduardo D. Michelena M&O University of Michigan Dr. Edward C. Monahan M&O, University of Michigan Dr. Fred L. Offensend Marine Policy, WHOI Dr. Charles C. Remsen III Biology, WHOI (2 lectures) Dr. David A. Ross Geology & Geophys., WHOI Dr. Kenneth R. Tenore Biology, WHOI Dr. Thomas Sanford Phys. Oceano, WHOI Dr. Peter M. Saunders Phys. Oceano, WHOI Dr. Kenneth L. Smith Biology, WHOI Mr. Paul F. Smith Environ. Equip. Div., EG&G, Inc. Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup Phys. Oceano., WHOI The titles of the lectures, most of which were given in the Loeb Building of the MBL, are included in the course log section of this report, as are notices of tours, work sessions, and other course activities. Also listed in the course log are the numerous lectures, sponsored by other groups in the Woods Hole scientific community, which were open to, and often attended by, the Ocean Practicum students. The presence of Dr. Wright's UNESCO training program and Dr. Ketchum's Coastal Zone Workshop during portions of the 1972 Woods Hole interval gave rise to additional pertinent lectures available to the Michigan students.

7 Individual Research Projects Each student carried out a research project under the direction of one of the participating scientists. An attempt was made to identify research topics related to each student's stated interest. During the 1972 Ocean Practicum, individual students were advised not only by Dr.. Rowe, Dr. B. Luyendyk, Mr. M. Stalcup, and Professor E. Monahan but also by Dr. K. Smith, Dr. F. Offensend, Dr. K. Tenore, Dr. W. Dunstan, Dr. R. Haedrick, Dr. P. Kilham, and Dr. C. Remsen. The abstracts of the student research papers and complete texts of selected papers are contained in a separate section of this report. Facilities During the Woods Hole interval, the students lived and ate in the new dormitory-dining hall of the Marine Biological Laboratory. This structure is close to the Loeb Building, where most of the M&O 560 activities were centered. The Lillie Building of the MBL, which houses the combined library holdings of the MBL and WHOI, is also close by. Within short walking distance are most of the other buildings of the WHOI and the facilities of the Woods Hole Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service.

00 -/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o - p7- 7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~-,- - -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~S N - ---------- -....... Figure 3. Evening Preparations for the Next Morning's Field Work (Room 126, Loeb Teaching Building, Marine Biological Laboratory)

9 COURSE LOG The lectures, cruises, and other activities listed on the following pages which do not have a specific notation as to sponsorship were the integral components of The University of Michigan Oceanography Field Practicum of 1972. The numerous other lectures, seminars, etc. listed 'in this log which have a notation as to sponsorship are included in this report to convey the scope of the other activities in Woods Hole which were available to, and frequently attended by, the M&O 560 students. The public functions sponsored by the various resident groups in thes Woods Hole academic institutions played a significant role in the overall student experience during the Woods Hole interval.

10

11 4 May 1972 (Thursday) 9:00 am OceanPracticum Orientation Meeting Rm. 126 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan Brief Walking Tour of Scientific Facilities in the Village of Woods Hole Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan 10:15 am Departure via U-M Stationwagen and Car for Cambridge, Mass. 12:30 pm Box Lunch on MIT Campus 1:00 PM "Underwater Photography, Sonar, etc." Rm. 4-405 MIT Dr. Harold E. Edgerton, MI'~ 3:00 pm Departure for Woods Hole *8:00 pm "A New International Order in Ocean Space" 2nd J. Seward Johnson Lecture in Marine Policy Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHOI) Ambassador Arvid Pardo

12 5 May 1972 (Friday) 9:00 am Introductory Lecture in Biological Oceanography 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO 10:30 am "Open Ocean Current Meter Moorings: A Buoy Cruise Aboard the R/V Knorr 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan **12:00 pm "Science and the Reality of Politics" (movie) AAAS (MBL Club) Sponsored by WHOI Peanut Butter Club 1:30 pm Introduction to the MBL Library Aboard R/V Asterias (WHO) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO 1 student 2:00 pm Individual Meetings of Students with WHOI Staff Members Supervising Student Research Projects 6 May 1972 (Saturday) **1:30 pm "Seaweed" Surface Drifter Assembly Session 126 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan (Need to assemble 200 of these drifters)

13 8 May 1972 (Monday) 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asteris (WHOI) 72 Mich 2 (Drogue Study) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan 5 students (4 students ashore manning theodolites) 1:30 pm Aboard Rv Asteri (WHOI) 72 Mich 3 (Drogue Study) Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan 4 students (4 students ashore manning theodolites) 8:00 pm "Assessment of Oceanic Rainfall and Related Heat Budget Parameters Through Enhanced Satellite Photographs" Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Joanne Simpson, NOAA, Univ. of Miami Sponsored by WHOI Journal Club

14 9 May 1972 (Tuesday) 10:30 am "Decision Model for Fishery Planning" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Fred L. Offensend, WHO **12:00 pm "Enzymes and Metabolism in Marine Invertebrates 22 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Carl S. Hamman, Univ. of Rhode Island Sponsored by MBL Systematics-Ecology Program **12:15 pm "Propagation Loss as Predicted by Modified Ray Theory" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. James Davis, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Geology & Geophysics Group 1:30 pm Meeting of All M&0 560 Students, Including Those Arriving Aboard the R/V Knorr 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan *2:30 pm "The Circulation on the Continental Shelf: A Brief Summary, and Thoughts for Future Work" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Mr. Dean F. Bumpus, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Physical Oceanography Group

15 10 May 1972 (Wednesday) 9:00 am "Airborne Oceanography" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Peter M. Saunders, WHOI 10:30 am "Radio (Omega) Drogue Tracking" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. Eduardo D. Michelena, Univ. of Michigan 1:30 pm Meeting on Practicum Exercises and Projects 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHOI *2:30 pm "Oceanic Finestructure Experiments" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Albert J. Williams, III, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Ocean Engineering Group **8:OO pm Drift Bottle Filling Session Swif t House (WHOI) Professor Monahan et al.

...... ~....z: Figure 5 A Lecture on Ocean Currents Conducted on the Beach on a Rare Warm Spring Morning (In the Background: WHOI's Bigelow, Smith, and Iselin Buildings)

17 11 May 1972 (Thursday) 8:30 am Aboard R/V Astrias (WHOI) 72 Mich 4 (Drift Bottle Study) (am and pm) Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan Mr. Eduardo Michelena, Univ. of Michigan 5 students Students Ashore Work on Individual Research Proj ects 8:00 pm "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics" Lecture 1 10:00 PM Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, WHOI 12 May 1972 (Friday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 2 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 10:30 am "Role of Bacteria in the Marine Environment" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Charles C. Remsen, III, WHOI **12:OO pm "The Biologist and the Boy" (movie) NOAA (MBL Club) Sponsored by WHOI Peanut Butter Club 1:00 pm- Students Work on Individual Research Projects

18 15 May 1972 (Monday) #8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 5 (Hydrographic Stations, Drogues) (am into pm) Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHOI Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan 5 students Students Ashore Work on Individual Research Projects **12:00 pm Subject to Be Announced 304 Redfield Building (WHO) Dr. Hugh Livingston Sponsored by WHO Chemistry Club 4:00 pm Dockside Tour of R/V Knorr (AGOR 15) (WHOI) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan (For students not on R/V Knorr Cruise 25) 8:00 pm "The Effect of 'Hot Spots' on Ocean Floors? Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Peter Vogt, US Naval Oceanographic Office Sponsored by WHOI Journal Club

19 16 May 1972 (Tuesday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 3 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 10:30 am "Ecological Approaches in Studying Aquaculture FoodChains Enriched with Treated Sewage Effluent" Invertebrates 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Kenneth R. Tenore, WHOI **12:15 pm "Heat Flow Near Orlando, Florida, and Uvalde, Texas" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Mr. Warren King, WHOI/MIT Sponsored by WHOI Geology & Geophysics Group **:30 pm Tour of Dr. Tenore's Laboratory Meet in Loeb Building Lobby lDr. Kenneth R. Tenore, WHOI *2:30 pm "Some Inferences on Ocean Circulation from GEOSECS Test Cruises" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Derek Spencer, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Physical Oceanography Group

20 17 May 1972 (Wednesday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 4 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO 10:30 am "Distribution of Mesopelagic Fishes" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Richard L. Haedrich, WHO 1:30 pm "Deep Sea Drilling in the Red Sea" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. David A. Ross, WHOI 3:00 pm "Coastal Circulation (Drift Bottle Studies)"I Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Mr. Dean F. Bumpus, WHOI 4:30 pm "Two Weeks Down, Four to Go: Where Do We Stand?" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan (Each student will briefly describe his/her individual research project.)

21 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... 14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ~~~~~> ~~~~~~~~~~~\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< ~ ~......\\....... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~......... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --- —~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K q ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~..... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... O..... k~~~~~l Figure 6. An M&O 560 Student Determining Seawater Dissolved Oxygen~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ Concentration Using a Standard Shipboard Winkler Titration~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... Apparatus~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........

22 18 May 1972 (Thursday) 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 6 (Hydrographic Stations, Drogues) (am and pm) Students Ashore Work on Practicum Data or Individual Research Projects *9:00 am "Antilles Ridge" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. W. Redwood Wright, WHO Sponsored by WHOI/UNESCO Program **12:00 pm "Plastic Particles in the Sea" MBL Club Dr. Ed Carpenter, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Biology Luncheon Group 8:20 pm- "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics" Lecture 2 10:20 pm Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, WHOI *~~A-A V %v,

23 19 May 1972 (Friday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 5 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 10:30 am "Intercomparison of Surface Drifters: A Laboratory Study" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan **12: pm "Sailing" and "Viking Ships of Roskilde" (movies) MBL Club Sponsored by WHO Peanut Butter Club 1:30 pm "Marine Meteorology" Conference Room Smith Building (WHOI) Mr. Joseph Chase, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI/UNESCO Program **3:30 pm Open House GEOSECS Building, Quissett Campus, WHOI Opnt-ional Activityv

24 22 May 1972 (Monday) 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 7 (Hydrographic Stations, Surface Drifters, Vineyard Sound & Nantucket Sound) Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHOI Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan 6 students Students Ashore Work on Practicum Data or on Individual Research Projects **12:00 pm "Determination of Marine Levels of Americum-241 and Neptumium-237" 304 Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Hugh Livingston Sponsored by WHO Chemistry Club 8:00 pm "Sex and Philosophy on Cannery Row" or "Ricketts and Steinbeck Reconsidered" Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Joel Hedgpeth, Univ. of Oregon Sponsored by WHOI Journal Club

25 23 May 1972 (Tuesday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological- Oceanography" Lecture 6 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe (WHOI) 10:30 am "Ecological Approaches in Studying Aquaculture Food-Chains Enriched with Treated Sewage Effluent" Phytoplankton 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. William M. Dunstan, WHOI **12: pm "The Sulfur Cycle in Oyster Pond" Lecture Hall, Loeb Building (MBL) JDr. Galen Jones, Univ. of New Hampshire Sponsored by MBL Systematics-Ecology Program *12:15 pm "Signal Processing on the IDOE Eastern Atlantic Continental Margin Cruise" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Arthur Baggeroer, MIT Sponsored by WHOI Geology & Geophysics Group 1:30 pm "Proposed Sewer Outfall in Vineyard Sound" 22 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Robert Long, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI/UNESCO Program *2:30 pm "Scattering of Surface Waves by an Irregular Bottom" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Robert Long, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Physical Oceanography Group *8:00 pm "Energy Flows, Impact Diagrams" Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. H. T. Odum, Univ. of Flordia Sponsored by Institute of Ecology (IOE)WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop

26 24 May 1972 (Wednesday) 8:00 am Tour of Factory of Environmental Equipment Division, EG&G 151 Bear Hill Road, Waltham, Mass. Visit to New England Aquarium (Admission: $1.50) Boston, Mass. Bus from MBL Joint Activity with WHO/UNESCO Program *2:30 pm "A New Concept in Ocean Transport, SEABEE Class Ship" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Lt. Jay M. Cohen, WHO/MIT *4:00 pm To Be Announced Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building(WHO) Dr. Eugene Cronin, Nat. Res. Inst. Sponsored by IOE-WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop *8:00 pm "Power.. Plant Siting" (Panel Discussion) Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHOI) Mr. Paul Ferris Smith, EG&G Sponsored by IOE-WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop

27 25 May 1972 (Thursday) 6:00 am Trip to Oyster Experimental Farm (NMFS) Milxford,, Conn. Dr. Kenneth R. Tenore, WHOI Dr. William. Dunstan, WHOI 3 students 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 8 (Drogues, Surface Drifters) (am and pm) Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan 5 students Students Ashore Work on Practicum Data or on Individual Research Projects **12:Biology Luncheon Grouppm "Salps MBL Club Dr. Rich Harbison Sponsored by WHOI Biology Luncheon Group 4:00 pm "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 7 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 8:20 pm - "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics" Lecture 3 10:20 pm Conference Room,, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, WHOI

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29 26 May 1972 (Friday) (9:00 am "Geomagnetic Electro-Kinetograph (GEK), Nobska Point Across Vineyard Sound" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHOI 10:30 am "A Physical Explanation of tIhe 'Coriolis Effect"' 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan 1:30 pm "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 8 (Identification of Benthic Organisms) 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 2:30 pm "Benthic Community Analysis" Laboratory Session for All Students 126 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI *8:00 pm "Unity and Diversity in the Coastal Zone Regions of the US" Whitman Auditorium (MBL) Dr. Lewis Alexander, Univ. of Rhode Island Sponsored by IOE-WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop

30 29 May 1972 (Monday) MEMORIAL DAY *8:00 pm "Circulation of Coastal and Shelf Water and What We Don't Know About It Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Erik Mollo-Christensen, MIT Sponsored by IOE-WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop 30 May 1972 (Tuesday) 9:00 am "Whitecaps vs Wind Speed: Ships of Opportunity in Oceanographic Research" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor E. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan 10:30 am "Some Attempts at Coastal Zone Circulation Measuring and Modeling" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. Paul Ferris Smith, EG&G *8:00 pm "Technological Problems for Municipal Waste Disposal" Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Norman Brooks, CIT Sponsored by IOE-WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop

31 31 May 1972 (Wednesday) 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 9 (Vineyard Sound, Drogues & Dye, BT) (am and pm) Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHOI Mr. G. Thomas Kaye, Univ. of Michigan 5 students Students Ashore Work on Practicum Data or on Individual Research Projects 4:00 pm "A Third of the Way to Go —Some Comments on Student Reports, etc." Group Photo 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Professor. C. Monahan, Univ. of Michigan *8:00 pm "Coastal Zone Management —The California Experience" Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. Robert Krueger, Calif. Advisory Commission for Marine and Coastal Resources Sponsored by IOE-WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop

32 1 June 1972 (Thursday) 8:00 am Aboard R/V Gosnold (WHOi) (2-day cruise) Dr. Wright UNESCO students, 1 U-M student 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 10 (Diffusion Study in Great Harbor) (am and pm) Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHO 5 students Students Ashore Work on Practicum Data or on Individual Research Projects **12:00 pm "Brain Patterns in Some Deep Sea Fishes" (MBL Club) Tracy McLellen, WHOI Sponsored by WHO Biology Luncheon Group *4:00 pm "Mathematical Models of Water Quality Systems" Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHO) Dr. Donald O'Connor, Manhattan College Sponsored by I0E-~WHOI Coastal Zone Workshop 8:20 pm - "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics" Lecture 4 10:20 pm Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk,5 WHOT

33 2 June 1972 (Friday) 9:00 am "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Some Observations on Distribution in Atlantic Ocean Organisms" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. George R. Harvey, WHOI 10:30 am "Gulf Stream Meanders" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. James R. Luyten, WHOI 1:30 pm "Uses of Motionally Induced Electric and Magnetic Fields in Oceanography" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Thomas Sanford,, WHOI

34 5 June 1972 (Monday) 9:00 am "Marine Community Energetics" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Kenneth L. Smith, WHOI 10:30 am "Nutrient Uptake Kinetics of Phytoplankton" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Peter Kilham, WHOI **12:00 pm "Observations of the Operational Aspects of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 304 Redfield Building (WHO) Lee Waterman, WHO] Sponsored by WHOI Chemistry Club **4:00 pm "Marine Affairs Program" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. George Cadwalader, WHOI Mr. Lawson Hunter, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI/UNESCO Program **8:O0 pm "Ecological Approaches to Aquaculture Food Chai~ns Based on Treated Sewage Effluent Enrichment" Redfield Building (WHOI) Dr. William M. Dunstan, WHOI Dr. Kenneth R. Tenore, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Journal Club

35 6 June 1972 (Tuesday) W8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (HOI) 72 Mich 11 (Hydrographic Section, etc.) Mr. Marvel C. Stalcup, WHOI 5 students Students Ashore Work on Individual Research Projects **12:15 pm "Magneto-Telluric Measurements near Hawaii" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. James Larsen, Univ. of Hawaii Sponsored by WHOI Geology & Geophysics Group *2:30 pm "A World Ocean Model" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Kirk Bryan, NOAA, Princeton Sponsored by WHO Physical Oceanography Group 8:00 pm Marine Geophysics Laboratory Session DESC (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, WHOI

36 7 June 1972 (Wednesday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 9 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO 10:30 am "Equatorial Current/Countercurrent System" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Mr. W. Gary Metcalf, WHOI 8:00 pm Individual Student Research Project Presentations Session 1 Presentation 1 Mr. N. Takeuchi Presentation 2 Miss S. Williams Presentation 3 Mr. J. Allender

Figure 8. The New MBL Dormitory-Dining Hall, Where the Participants in M&O 560 Resided -

38 8 June 1972 (Thursday) 8:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 12 (Biological Sampling Techniques) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO 6 students 10:30 am Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 13 (Biological Sampling Techniques) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 6 students Students Ashore Work on Individual Research Projects **12:00 pm "Some Aspects of the Microbial Sulphur Cycle in the Sea" MBL Club Dr. John Tuttle, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Biology Luncheon Group 1:30 pm Aboard R/V Asterias (WHOI) 72 Mich 14 (Biological Sampling Techniques) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI Dr. Richard L. Haedrich, WHOI 7 students *2:30 pm "Deep Stepped Structure in the Mediterranean" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Ola M. Johannessen, Saclant ASW Research Center Sponsored by WHOI Physical Oceanography Group 4:00 pm Individual Student Research Project Presentations Session 2 Presentation 4 Mr. B. Higgins Presentation 5 Miss J. Alexander 8:20 pm - "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics" Lecture 5 10:20 pm Conference Room,, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, WHOI

39 9 June 1972 (Friday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 10 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHOI 10:30 am "Interactions Among Marine Micro-Organisms" 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Charles C. Remsen, WHOI 8:00 pm Individual Student Research Project Presentations Session 3 Presentation 6 Mr. R. Grove Presentation 7 Mr. B. Chesney Mr. R. Moore Mr. M. Senneff Miss M. Vanderlaan 10 June 1972 (Saturday) 3:30 pm Picnic for M&O 560 Participants and UNESCO Program Participants Dr. Wright's Beach

40 12 June 1972(Monday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 11 (Examination) 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO k*12:00 pm "Chemistry of the Cariaco Trench" 304 Redfield Building (WHO) Dr. Peter Brewer Sponsored by WHOI Chemistry Group 1:30 pm Individual Student Research Project Presentations Session 4 Presentation 8 Mr. J. McPeak Presentation 9 Mr. G. Sugihara Presentation 10 Mr. J. Maresca 8:00 pm "Launching the ChalZenger Expedition" Redfield Auditorium, Redfield Building (WHO) Dr. Harold L. Burstyn, Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Sponsored by WHOI Journal Club

41 13 June 1972 (Tuesday) 9:00 am "Sampling the Deep Sea Floor" Conference Room, DESC (WHOI) Dr. Charles D. Hollister, WHOI 10:30 am "Diving in Submarine Canyons" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. David A. Ross, WHOI **12:15 pm "Geomorphological Evolution of the Allegheny Front in Pennsylvania" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Mr. Dennis O'Leary, USGS Sponsored by WHOI Geology & Geophysics Group 1:30 pm Individual Student Research Project Presentations Session 5 Presentation 11 Mr. D. Ryker Presentation 12 Mr. R. Patchen Presentation 13 Mr. R. Kettner *2:30 pm "Interactions Between Internal Gravity Waves and Geostrophic Flows" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Dr. Peter Muller, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Physical Oceanography Group 8:20 pm- "Current Problems in Marine Geophysics" Lecture 6 10:20 pm Conference Room, Smith Builcling (WHOI) Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk, WHOI

42 14 June 1972 (Wednesday) 9:00 am "Topics in Biological Oceanography" Lecture 12 201 Loeb Building (MBL) Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe, WHO 10:30 am Individual Student Research Project Presentations Session 6 Presentation 14 Miss V. Evans Presentation 15 Miss C. Kramer Presentation 16 Mr. P. Perschbacher **12:00 pm "The Radula of the Chaetodermatidae or "What You Eat with If Your Cousin Is a Snail but You Have Decided to Turn into a Worm" MBL Club Amelie H. Scheltema, WHOI Sponsored by WHOI Biology Luncheon Group *2:30 pm "Harvard-WHOI Digital Cassette Recorder System 11 Million Bits in a Little Bitty Can" Conference Room, Smith Building (WHOI) Winfield Hill, Harvard Electronics Design Center Sponsored by WHOI Ocean Engineering Group

43 STUDENT RESEARCH REPORTS In this section are the abstracts or papers which the students prepared on the basis of their individual research projects. The papers are presented here in the form in which they were submitted, with only minor editing where necessary. The results, conclusions, and suggestions contained in the following papers are therefore those of the respective authors. Also included in this section are several closely related student papers prepared as part of previous courses, i.e., M&O 560 (spring 1971)* and M&O 559 (Measurements in Physical Oceanography)(winter 1972), also supervised by Professor E. C. Monahan.

44 COMPARISON OF IN SITU RESPIRATION OF BENTHIC COMMUNITIES WITHIN A SALT MARSH Jennifer L. Alexander In situ respiration studies were performed on two creekbeds within a salt marsh in Falmouth, Massachusetts. Experiments were done with an oxygen electrode recording system connected to an opaque bell jar. The areas examined were a control creek and a highly fertilized creek to which K. M. Turf and Tree fertilizer had been added. The study was conducted in May, and values for total community respiration ranged from 30.8 ml 02/m2/hr to 81.8 ml 02/m2/hr in the control creek and 2 2 from 66.0 ml 02/m /hr to 99.7 ml 02m /hr in the creek of high fertility. Temperature during the study ranged from 12.2' C to 22.50 C, and a linear regression analysis showed a correlation between the log transformations of temperature and total community oxygen consumption. A slope of 1. 70 was obtained. Total respiration of the benthic communities was broken down into its component parts (infauna, bacteria, and chemical demand of the sediment) by injecting antibiotics and formalin in separate treatments. This removed bacteria and infauna respiration so that values could be 2 found for total respiration in the control creek and a value of 84.5 ml 2 fauna represented the largest component of the community oxygen consumption, 50.6 percent. Bacteria respiration represented the largest fraction of the metabolism of the highly fertilized creekbed, with 52.7 percent. Despite this difference, a statistical F-test showed no significant difference in the community respiration of the two areas. This agreed with a Hargrave report which showed that temperature is the most important factor affecting community respiration in benthic communities. Grab samples were taken and, although sample size was inadequate for an estimation of diversity, the samples did indicate very patchy distribution;of both species and total number of individuals present.

45 THE DESCRIPTION AND USE OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE FLOW NEAR THE SEABED James H. Allender The purpose of this paper is to describe an instrument designed to measure flow in the bottom boundary layer, and to present data taken using th-is measurement scheme during the 1972 Ocean Practicum. The objective of data analysis was to assess the reliability of this device by comparing measured velocity profiles with existing theoretical predictions. Preliminary results indicate that this instrument may provide a viable, inexpensive means of defining flow in the bottom boundary layer.

Allender with His Instrument Used to Measure Flow Near Seabed

47 CARBON FLUX AT WOODS HOLE OUTFALL Edward Chesney Carbon exists in the ocean as inorganic, dissolved organic, and particulate organic carbon. If we examine the different forms and the flow of carbon through a system such as the Woods Hole outfall system, we find that it can give us a qualitative picture of the ecologicalinteractions taking place in the system. This qualitative picture can be represented in the form of a flow diagram. By measuring these rates and deriving differential equations for each of the flow rates, an even more precise description of the carbon flux can be obtained. After deriving the flux rates it is possible to pro-gram the data into the computer in the form of a simulation model. This can be used as a predictive tool. Upon examination of these flow rates, we find that large amounts of particulate organic carbon, in the form of benthic algae and effluent from the outfall, are being fluxed into the Woods Hole system at a rate greater than the rate that it can be used by the heterotrophs (filter feeders and detrital feeders). This is causing an unusually high rate of burial of carbon as compared to the surrounding areas that are not subjected to such a stress. Therefore, these flow rates, such as rate of burial of carbon in the sediments, might be useful as indicators of the condition of the ecosystem.

48 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT: ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR THE NANTUCKET SOUND ISLANDS Victoria Evans For more effective use of the coastal zone's finite resources, a management solution is needed. This management system should permit informed choices among development alternatives, provide for proper comprehensive planning, and encourage recognition of the longterm importance of coastal zone resources. An ongoing controversy over the management of the Nantucket Sound Islands was studied. An objective analysis of alternative institutional arrangements, proposed and existing, was made. These arrangements included: the Nantucket Sound Islands Trust Bill (5 3485), Federal Coastal Zone Management Bill (5 3507), and existing state and local laws. The provisions, implications, and political forces in legislative process were looked at in each.

49 A MODEL OF THE WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Ron Kettner ler zA simple computer model is developed of the water circulations in the Atlantic Ocean basin. This basin is taken to be of a constant depth equal to the average depth of the main thermocline, so that one gets a good idea of only the surface circulation. The box is assumed to be rectangular in shape and no flow is allowed through the sides of the box. The basic equation was originally derived by Henry Stommel and is a simplified version of the vertically integrated vorticity equation. Inertial terms are omitted, the wind stress is assumed to be sinusoidal, and a simple relation is used to account for any frictional effects. As one would expect, a clockwise gyre with a westward intensification of stream lines is observed. The westward bunching of the stream lines corresponds to the Gulf Stream current. The boundary value problem is solved by first scaling the equation and then by casting it into finite difference form. This final system is then solved using Liebmann's method. Convergence was accelerated by overrelaxation. Some instability was encountered which was probably due to either truncation or round-off errors, or possibly was due to a poor placement of the grid points.

50 THE FOOD VALUE OF PHYTOPLANKTON TO INVERTEBRATES Carolyn Kramer The means of detecting nutrient value differences in potential aquaculture food sources for invertebrates were studied as an alga moves along the growth curve. The alga Skeetonema was used and grown in cultures of limited volume under controlled conditions of light and temperature. The F/2 media suggested by Ryther and Guillard was used. The results regarding food potential which could be drawn were based largely on (1) percentage ash, (2) micrograms of ash-free dry weight per cell, (3) micrograms of carbon per cell, and (4) the C/N ratio. Cell size, obtained by direct measurements, and carbon levels, determined by C-N-O analysis and direct measurements, were used as the indicator of the food value of the cell. By determining how these values changed as the alga moved through the different phases of the growth curve, it could be predicted at what point the alga would be most profitable to harvest. The results seem to indicate that cell size changes insignificantly along the growth curve, and this particular aspect would have no effect on Skelletonema's value as a potential aquaculture food source. The food value, based on the four parameters, appears to be greater in the young cells, therefore indicating them as a better food source for invertebrates than the older cells.

51 OUTFALL EFFECTS ON GREAT HARBOR, WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS John D. McPeak The characteristics and effects of the Woods Hole sewer outfall which discharges into Great Harbor are investigated. Data acquisition methods such as ocean stations, Nansen casts, current meters and literature search are described. All of the resulting information is used to produce results relating to dilution and dispersion of the effluent and bacterial concentrations. By means of current measurement, ocean station profiles and volume calculations, dilution estimates are computed and results are summarized. Conclusions are drawn as to the ecological and environmental impact of the sewage discharge on the oceanic ecosystem. The Woods Hole sewer outfall is not detrimental to the general receiving waters.

52 A MODEL OF THE WOODS HOLE OUTFALL Ralph Moore In studying a biological system such as that of the Woods Hole outfall, related chemical and physical parameters must be considered in order to gain a sense of the dynamic picture of the flow of carbon there. A mathematical model or simulation can also be used to gain insight into what's happening in such a system, although often the model deviates markedly from the physical reality. This paper discusses the preliminaries for modeling and then describes the attempt made by the four investigators to relate the information in the flow diagram to observations in the field. Linear relationships were assigned for the functions relating the state variables of resident carbon, carbon in the benthic biota, particulate organic carbon (FOG) emanating from the outfall plume, buried carbon in the sediments, carbon in phytoplankton, carbon in heterotrophs, carbon in benthic algae, particulate organic carbon that is transported essentially out of the system and lost, and carbon in the outside world. Errors in the mathematical logic behind the model itself are presented, the most obvious being that a linear model such as this one is a poor approximation of basically nonlinear biological phenomena.

53 A SUBSURFACE CURRENT METER MOORING IN GREAT HARBOR, WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS Richard Patchen A subsurface current mooring, to record the direction and speed of the current for a period of about seven days, was placed in Great Harbor, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, approximately 6 ft above a sewer outfall pipe. The purpose of the mooring was to determine both the short-term and long-term velocity fluctuations. The results were used in conjunction with the physical and biological parameters to determine the effect of the sewer outfall. The current meter record indicates a variable current, which responds to tidal currents, winds, and forcing conditions from adjacent bodies of water. The wind regime has the most pronounced effect on the circulation in Great Harbor. The tidal currents seem to determine the speed cycle, which is definitely tidal, but has little effect on direction of flow. The flow through Vineyard Sound appears to play an important role in determining the total circulation in Great Harbor.

54 SEASONAL CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND OXYGEN ON VINEYARD SOUND DURING MAY 1971 AND JUNE 1972 Norishige Takeuchi A series of hydrographic cruises were conducted aboard the R/V Asterias by students from The University of Michigan and by Marvel Stalcup between May 1971 and June 1972. Seasonal temperature, salinity, and oxygen were measured. Silicate was measured in May and June 1972. Stations were divided into five sectors, A to E corresponding with points from Nobska Point to Martha's Vineyard. There was not a significant difference in depths at the stations. The surface factors were taken for construction of seasonal sequence. Temperature showed the highest points in August or September and the lowest points in February and March. Oxygen showed the highest contents in May and the lowest contents in August or September. Salinity showed the highest contents in January and the lowest contents in May or June. Salinity gradients between sectors were seen during the lowest salinity season. The lowest salinity was found on the Nobska Point side. This phenomenon was caused by the effect of Buzzard's Bay fresh water accumulated from the New England land mass during the spring. Oxygen corresponded well with salinity in cases where there were gradients between sectors.

55 THE STUDY OF CARBON BREAKDOWN THROUGH THE USE OF BOD, COD, AND CARBON COMBUSTION ON BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS Mary F. Vanderlaan The village of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, has been putting mascerated and chlorinated sewage into the harbor since 1949. This has resulted in an increase in the concentration of organic material. This organic material can be divided into three classes: (1) carbonaceous material —used as food for aerobic organisms, (2) oxidizable nitrogen —serves as food for specific bacteria, (3) chemical-reducing compounds —react with dissolved oxygen. Over 99.9 percent of this orgnic material is mineralized in the sea by marine aerobic microorganisms, and especially bacteria. The principal food source for these organisms is the carbon in the form of carbohydrates. This carbon is a very important mineral to the ecosystem. Several researchers have studied respiration rates and sediment oxygen demands of the sediment. In this study the concept of sediment oxygen demand was used on a 70-cm core taken from the harbor of Woods Hole. It was used to determine the rate at which carbon is broken down and returned to the system. Three techniques were used to evaluate the core sections: (1) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) —the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria during carbon breakdown, which is. a measure of the amount of carbonaceous material present; (2) chemical oxygen demand (COD) —the oxygen demand of nonbiological oxidation of chemical compounds; (3) carbon combustion —yields weight in percentage of carbon found in each core section. Many researchers have found that in the top 10-20 cm of a core, the predominate oxygen demand is BOD, inferring that carbon is being returned to the system through breakdown by bacteria. Below 10-20 cm, the BOD decreases and COD tends to increase, indicating slow anaerobic breakdown and carbon being essentially lost to the system through burial. The carbon combustion data fluctuates widely and hence indicates very little. This fluctuation may be due to changes in the rate of deposition. This experiment points up many errors involved in an investigation of this type, and in the techniques employed.

56 UREA DECOMPOSITION AT THE WOODS HOLE OUTFALL Susan Lynn Williams Urea decomposition among microorganisms at the Woods Hole sewer outfall is too complex to delineate primary urea decomposers from the data obtained. Phytoplankton concentrations, especially of species with large cross-sectional areas like Rhizosoenia deicatua and LeptocyZindrus minimus were significantly lowered by filtering with a 35-p mesh filter. The 10-p mesh filter also significantly lowered phytoplankton concentrations, especially pennates and centrics. Water samples from each filter often showed a decrease in urea decomposition rates higher than would be expected from the decrease in phytoplankton counts, possibly indicating that the phytoplankters filtered out were the ones responsible for most of the urea decomposition. Data deviated from the expected results that filtration would decrease urea decomposition and phytoplankton concentrations in three ways. These deviations were: increased urea decomposition and increased phytoplankton concentrations after filtering, increased urea decomposition and decreased phytoplankton concentrations after filtering, and decreased urea decomposition and increased phytoplankton concentrations after filtering. Bacterial concentrations were significantly altered by filtering in all stations except one, even though the filter sizes were large enough to pass bacteria through. The changes could be attributed to bacteria adhering to particulate matter.

57 CONTINUOUS SEISMIC REFLECTION AND SEDIMENT STUDIES IN PARTS OF BUZZARDS BAY Irene Barinoff and Andy Schaedel A study of seismic wave penetration in varying types of sediment was conducted in Buzzards Bay in May 1971. Bottom samples were taken and compared with wave penetration. Results indicate that penetration of the transmitted wave decreases with increasing sediment size, due to rapid attenuation of energy through gravels, shells, etc. Navigation difficulties prevented point-to-point correlations of sediment samples with depths of penetration. Sediment deposition patterns are related to Pleistocene placiation. A study of the problem of relating types of sediments to depth of penetration of seismic waves was conducted on Buzzards Bay in December 1969 on a student cruise of the R/V AZbatross. The results of this cruise, compiled into a chart of the surveyed area, showed a definite relati-,on between the two parameters. It was found that the depth of penetration of the seismic wave was inversely proportional to the size of the sediments; that is, as the size of the sediments increased from clay to gravel, the depth of penetration decreased. This is due to the higher reflectivity of the gravel si —ze grains, and compaction and porosity of the various sediments. This study was further extended by a student cruise aboard the R/V A. F. Verrill in May 1971. The primary purpose of the cruise was to perform various field tests on two Ocean Research Equipment Inc. seismic penetration transducers, one transmitting at 1.4 kHz, and the other transmitting at 3.5 kHz. The transect covered by the ship was essentially parallel to that of the Albatross cruise. The observational program consisted of continuously recording the seismic reflections of the various sediment boundaries, visually monitoring these results, and taking grab samples at points where it was felt that the depth of penetration had changed.

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59 The analysis of this collected data involved plotting ship positions, conducting an analysis of the grain size of the collected sediments, studying the topography and current and tidal information of Buzzards Bay, and determining the maximum depth of penetration of the seismic waves into the sediments. Ship positions were plotted from information contained in the ship's log, and dead-reckoning between fixes was used. Whenever possible, intermediate points between stations were plotted using a range and bearing or two ranges to well-known navigational buoys. At each station at least one bottom sample was taken by a SmithMcIntyre grab sampler. The samples were briefly described in the field, then stored for later analysis (see Appendix* ). The analysis primarily involved the separation of the sediments into various grain sizes. A representative portion of each sample was wet-sieved through a 62-1 (.062-mm) mesh sieve. Those sediments of size greater than 62 >1 were collected in a beaker and allowed to dry. The finer sediments (less than 62 ii) were put into solution in 1 liter of distilled water and a pipette analysis was conducted to determine the silt and clay portions of the sample (Krumbein, 1939). After the fine sediment samples dried, they were weighed. The coarse sediment samples were combusted at 5Q00 C, to remove any organic material. They also were weighed, then dry-sieved through 2000-, 1000-, 500-, 250-, 125-, and 62-ti mesh sieves, respectively. These fractional samples were weighed, and the combined data yielded the percentage composition by weight of the total sample. These results are shown in Figures 4-18.* The various samples are plotted on the chart to show the position of the larger percentage sediment grains of the sample. On file at the Department of Meteorology and OceanographyThe University of Michigan.

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61 Seismic analysis of the profile chart involved interpreting the graphical record for depth of penetration and sharpness of the reflection. Each leg of the transect was divided into equal intervals between two stations. The distance between the same two stations was divided into the same number of intervals on the profile. Each point thus obtained yielded a topographic depth and depth of penetration, assuming a seismic velocity of 2 km/sec for the sediments. A brief description of the individual stations is found in the Appendix.* Topographic analysis was done by using the recording scale on the seismic profile paper and adding 12 ft for the fish depth. The results agree quite well with the 21st edition (30 VI 1969) ESSA chart of the area. It was noted that the 60-ft contour on the chart prepared by the R/V Albatross investigators did not agree with either the ESSA chart or the R/V Verri cruise record. The results indicate, within some fairly wide generalization of the seismic data, that penetration of the transmitted wave does decrease with increasing sediment size, due to the rapid attenuation of the down-going energy through gravels, shells, etc. In the case of the bottom penetration, the true bottom surface may not be indicated very sharply on the output of the graphic recorder if the sediments are quite unconsolidated (Ewing and Nafe, 1963). That is, the density difference between the water and the unconsolidated sediments is so slight that it is not recorded. Also, if rock of high reflectivity is fairly near the surface and is covered by silt, the profile will indicate low penetration, while a sediment analysis will imply a very deep penetration. Although porosity was not specifically investigated, the assumption that the larger sediment grain sizes are denser than the finer sediment grains, combined with the relation that as porosity increases, density linearly decreases (after Nafe and Drake, 1963), yields that sediments with low porosity exhibit a higher reflectivity and consequently less depth of penetration.

62 Compaction effects of sediments are primarily observed in the sharpness of the record for the various layers. If the sediments are very compact, a clear boundary is recorded, while loose sediments yield a fuzzy graph which may interfere with and distort the subbottom boundary. The above conclusions must be regarded in a most general sense. The data was not precisely collected in any portion of the analysis, except perhaps the recorded seismic reflections (provided the instrument was correctly functioning) and the analysis of the sediments. The fault lies more in the sampling techniques rather than with the investigators. There was considerable ship drift; therefore, the dead reckoning positioning of the ship is questionable. It is suggested that the bearings and ship speed be recorded at frequent intervals to correct for this. Since the record of the seismic data is dependent on the path of the ship, this same error was continued into the analysis of the seismic profiles. Also, the technicians often stopped, restarted, and changed various parts of the instruments as part of the field test. The use of two fish caused some interference on the profile records, and in some spots made penetration reading difficult. Marks on the record indicating where the samples were taken and the ship's course, speed, and and time were not precise. This was due in part to the inexperience of the student crew and in part to the priority of the field testing over the scientific work. Consequently, point-to-point correlation of the sediment samples with the depths of penetration could not be conducted. However, if a suitable data point substantiating the general hypothesis was found within a fairly limited time period (i.e., position) on the seismic profile, this was accepted as good correlation. It is suggested by Hersey (1963) that core samples are useful for obtaining a fairly good idea of sediment structure to compare to the recorded profiles. In areas where the local geology is well known, these correlations are more easily discovered. The grab samples initially were not taken with good sampling technique. When R. Borys, pointed out that the grab should be slowly lowered

63 his suggestion was applied and better results were obtained. In the analysis of the sediments, although care was taken to obtain a representative sample, the amount of sample used in the actual analysis was very small and a sizeable error in the final percentages is conceivable. The errors induced through the techniques themselves are adequately described by Krumbein and Pettijohn (1938). In the analysis of the fine sediments, only the boundary values for the silt and clay sizes were determined. Therefore, in the graphical presentations, the height of the histogram rather than the area under the curve should be considered. The patterns of sediment deposition are related to both past geology of the area and present features of the tides and local geography. According to Strahler (1966), Cape Cod, Buzzards Bay, the Elizabeth Islands, etc. were formed in the Wisconsin Stage of the Pleistocene Epoch (50,000 -70,000 years ago) by the unidirectional deposition of sand, gravel, clay, and boulders by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. After remaining stationary for some thousands of years, the ice partially melted and again reached equilibrium. During this second standstill of the ice sheet, the area was formed. The position of the area is the result of three ice lobes; Buzzards Bay, Cape Cod Bay, and South Channel. As the ice receded, deposits of basal till (glacial till with clays, highly compacted) and residual till (glacial till with high sand content) were exposed, forming the Buzzards Bay moraine, which extends from Elizabeth Islands to the Cape Cod Canal. Sedimentation began about 12,000 years ago. Using a maximum value of 100 m penetration from the profile, a sedimentation rate of 100 m/ 12,000 yr or 0.83 cm/yr is obtained. River deposition and tidal currents are the primary factors controlling sedimentation in Buzzards Bay, although in its central portion, currents are weak and variable (Tidal Currents Tables, 1971). The patterns of sedimentation illustrate the result of these factors. On the chart (assume for simplicity that the top of the chart is North), as area of heavy sedimentation, just north of 41~ 25', is bounded by two areas of coarse sediments. These two boundaries, Mishaum Ledge to the north and Coxens Ledge to the south, provide a type

64 of channel for the sediments to settle in. To the northeast, is located another area of sedimentation. Through its orientation, it is deduced that deposition from the Apponagansett River and Acushnet River was instrumental in its formation. The third area of heavy deposition parallels the curve of the Elizabeth Islands. The accumulation of sediments is probably due to their slow transport from the mouths of other rivers into Buzzards Bay and southwest. The area of low sedimentation on 70 55 meridian just north of the Elizabeth Islands is due to a tidal channel. As mentioned before, the two areas of low deposition east of the tidal channel are ledges. The small area in the northeast section of the chart is noted as "rocky" on the C&GS navigation charts and exhibits low penetration (display of an outcrop on the profile), but no apparent explanation can be made as to its origin other than a remnant of the glacial age. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The investigators would like to acknowledge the assistance, comments, and helpful suggestions of the following people: F. Doohan, C. Hollister, B. P. Luyendyk, J. Macllvane, and K. Poehls.

65 REFERENCES Ewing, J.I., and Nafe, J.E., "The Unconsolidated Sediments," Vol. 3, pp. 73-85 in The Sea, M. N. Hill (ed.), New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. Hersey, J.B., "Continuous Reflection Profiling," Vol. 3, pp. 47-71 in The Sea, M. N. Hill (ed.), New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. Krumbein, W.C., "Graphic Presentation and Statistical Analysis of Sedimentary Data," pp. 558-92 in Recent Marine Sediments, Trask (ed.), London: Thomas Murby and Co., 1939., and Pettijohn, F.J., Manual of Sedimentary Petrography, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1938. Nafe, J.E., and Drake, C.L., "Physical Properties of Marine Sediments," Vol. 3, pp. 794-816 in The Sea, M. N. Hill (ed.), New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. Strahler, Arthur N., A Geologist's View of Cape Cod, New York: Natural History Press, 1966. US Department of Commerce, ESSA, "Tidal Current Tables, Atlantic Coast of North America," Washington, D.C.' ESSA, US Department of Commerce, 1971. US Department of Commerce, ESSA, "Tide Tables, East Coast of North and South America," Washington, D.C.: ESSA, US Department of Commerce, 1971.

OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE PROPAGATION OF BOTRYLLUS SCJLOSSERI AND ITS SPECIFIC ROLE IN A FOOD CHAIN IN REFERENCE TO AN OYSTER AQUACULTURE SYSTEM Bob Grove The purpose of this experiment is to study the propagation of BotryZllus, since their fouling tendencies have created problems in an oyster aquaculture system. Preferred growing conditions are tested with respect to temperature and growing surface. Also, observations of natural populations av.d aquaculture growth are compared and their role in a marine food chain is analyzed. During May 1972, continuing BotryZZus populations were found in abundance in Eel Pond and to a lesser extent on buoys and pilings in other inlets near Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The experimental oyster aquaculture system at Woods Hole also supported large BotrylZZus populations. Growth experiments on BotryZZus revealed: (1) a distinct asexual growth retardation temperature at 17.5~ C compared to 20.00 C; an inhibition of growing activities except colony fission at 14.00 C and 17.5~ C, dependent upon growing surface; (3) in this low temperature zone, the smooth, clean surface of glass slides stimulated a continuation of high colony fission, while on rough, aged surfaces of oyster shells fission was inhibited; (4) above the suspended activity range (20.00 C) growing easily doubled Botryllus' surface area coverage and increased the colony number equally well on glass and shell. During a 17-day period, beginning 13 May, BotryZZus-free surfaces were monitored in the existing aquaculture system and in Eel Pond. Completely scrubbed oyster shells and aged shells picked of any BotryZZus were monitored in each system. No larval attachment or growth was found in either case on the Eel Pond shells. In contrast, BotryZZus attachment in the aquaculture system revealed three colonies on the cleaned surfaces and 21 colonies on the uncleaned shells that already supported an organic film over their surfaces. Analysis of BotryZZllus' role in a marine food chain, observed within an aquaculture system, showed that (1) predation by the sand worm Nereis occurred and (2) the food utilization efficiency, characterized by a deposition examination, showed BotryZZllus removed nitrogen from the water as effectively as oysters.

68 INTRODUCTION Background BotryZZus schZosseri is a colonial sea squirt and its ability to form leathery sheets of colonies that can totally encrust adequate growing surfaces classifies it as a fouling organism. In an experimental oyster aquaculture system at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, BotryZZus have flourished. (A description of BotryZZus, its versatile reproduction patterns, and sketches of the organism appear in Appendices 1, 2, and 3.) BotryZZus have not been studied extensively up to now because (1) colonies are small, 3-10 mm long, and other sea squirts are easier to study morphologically; (2) range of distribution is not as universal as some sea squirts; (3) they are not as well recognized as other fouling organisms such as BaZanus; (4) they usually pose no serious threat to surfaces they foul, unlike barnacles, and are easy to remove; (5) they have not been an important species to man, as either a food source or in any other economically significant venture. Purpose Undesirable fouling tendencies in the Woods Hole aquaculture system inspired the need for new studies of BotryZZus with the hope that eventually BotryZZus can be controlled using ecologically sound principles. The new significance placed on BotryZZus has necessitated this study of their growing habits and specific role in food chains. Briefly, the involved aquaculture system is designed to study the utilization of eutrophication for the intensive cultivation of marine organisms, and has successfully grown bivalves on algae that were nutrient-fed with treated sewage (Tenore and Dunstan, 1972a). BotrylZus

69 persistently grew on the oysters and sides of the culture tanks in last summer's outdoor system. In fact, the free-swimming larva (150-b head dia.) or the small initial colonies even made their way into the carefully regulated, indoor, winter version of the aquaculture system, possibly through (1) the food intake system, (2) the aerated water passing through, (3) newly introduced groups of oysters, or (4) the transfer of submerged equipment. The most important aspects of BotryZZus growth in this system are its interference with system efficiency measurements and direct competition with oysters. The consumption of food by any hidden member of the same trophic level will appear as a loss in efficiency (Ryther, 1970). In oyster aquaculture Botryllus are also members of the herbivore trophic level. This in turn creates two problems. First, accurate measurements of the efficiency of the utilization of food by the oysters would be affected, resulting in inaccurate energetic flow descriptions (Tenore and Dunstan, 1972b). Second, this fouling species is a competitor of oysters and reduces the percentages of the total food available for ingestion by oysters, thus hindering oyster production. (See Appendix 4 for other general oyster aquaculture problems created by BotryZZus' presence.*) Specifically, the purpose of this experiment is to study a few of the aspects of the seldom considered organism BotryllZZus schiosseri. Natural environments (Woods Hole, Massachusetts; May 1972) versus controlled conditions will be compared, running growth comparisons, natural occurrence observations, and performing temperature and growing surface performance tests within the laboratory. Its role in a marine food chain will be considered: observing feeding habits, analysis of deposition rate —nitrogen uptake, and noting any predation upon by other organisms. Appendix 4 is on file in the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.

70 MATERIALS AND METHODS BotryllZZus schZosseri colonies were carefully removed from the oysters and sides of a laboratory aquaculture tank. The tank's parameters included: 20.00 C circulating sea water filtered with 25-p Ultipor filter units and a constant input of diatoms supplementing the water to 500 pg-at/liter carbon. Intact colonies were placed on microscope slides and oyster shells and allowed to settle from 10 May to 15 May. Firmly attached colonies were then measured as to zooids per colony, dimensions of colonies (in millimeters), and number of colonies per slide or shell. These oval colonies were assumed to be uniformly elliptical so the two diameters (a and b) were measured and surface area calculated using r(ab)/4. Sets of five shells and five colonies, each surface supporting one to five colonies, were placed in three trays (32 x 28 x 12.5 cm) containing 9 liters of sea water. Each tray received an average flow of 300 ml/min of water. In these three trays, treatments were: one with ambient sea water (14.0 ~ 10 C, 143 + 31 pgat/liter carbon); one with similar ambient water heated to 17.5 + 0.50 C; and the last treatment consisting of aquaculture conditions with a regulated food source to equal ambient conditions (20.0 ~ 0.50 C, 140 ~ 10 pg-at/liter carbon). These trays were maintained from 15 May to 27 May, and final growth measurements taken. The particulate carbon content of the water in each tray was monitored throughout by filtering 500-ml water samples onto Millipore combustible filters and analyzing the sample after drying in an oven at 500 C for one hour. To prepare the phytoplankton supplement for the aquaculture tray, mixed phytoplankton cultures were pumped into the system at a calculated rate to equal ambient conditions (Tenore and Dunstan, 1972b). In addition, the oysters in an ongoing experiment were monitored for BotryZZllus growth and compared to growth rates of BotryZZus on oysters suspended in Eel Pond, Woods Hole (13-29 May). In each instance, two groups of oysters were used, one set thoroughly cleaned with a wire brush and the other set voided of BotryZZus only, leaving the microscopic

71 organic film over the rest of the shells undisturbed. In the aquaculture tank (20.0~ C), 170 cleaned and 143 uncleaned oysters were placed on a flat rack in 0.25 m of water. Eel Pond received 91 cleaned and 81 uncleaned oysters suspended in 40-cm trays in 0.75 m of water (11.00 to 14.90 C). At the end of the interval, BotryZZus growth was recorded, dry weight carbon of BotryZZus analyzed, and carbon-nitrogen ratios found. Natural occurrence patterns of BotryZZllus for May-June were established by a random survey in the area. Oysters suspended 0.5 m in Eel Pond on strings since June 1971 were surveyed. Further, data was obtained from the Marine Biological Laboratory showing where that group found their BotryZZlus specimens in the Woods Hole area during this period. The role of BotryZZus in marine food chains was partially analyzed with respect to food consumption and predation upon. Fecal pellets were collected, using a micropipet, from the colony's atrial opening of the Botryllus lving on the sides of an aquaculture tank. Particulate carbon and C-N ratios were calculated for a resulting 25-ml sample of feces and surrounding water. Similar calculations were made for the tank water alone. These results were to be compared later to similar calculations made on oyster deposition (Tenore and Dunstan, personal communication) to compare one aspect of efficiencies of these competing species. The particulate carbon and C-N ratio analyses were done using the Perkin Elmer 240 Elemental Analyzer. RESULTS After examining the research done on BotryZZllus (see references), it became clear that in all of the studies, one of the main questions left unanswered in this fouling organism's existence was: What dominant factors allow them to mass populate certain areas at certain times? BotrylZlus have been known to dominate areas one year and tile next year

72 be practically void, for no outwardly apparent reasons (Stubbings and Houghton, 1964; Graves, 1933). It seems that the controlled aquaculture system has been able to simulate only the optimal growing conditions, letting BotryZZus grow quite uninhibited. Obviously, one of the hardest questions to analyze in ecology is: What are the factors or combination of factors controlling and regulating specific populations? But, in trying to analyze BotryZZus in an aquaculture system, the task is simpler since the "isolated" case of study is the applicable environment that scientists are concerned about anyway. So, with the problems BotryZZlus growth has created in aquaculture, solutions to help curb their propagation come only after many factors are diligently investigated. This project begins by trying to find out why BotrylZZus are doing so well in the man-made environment, compared to natural populations, by checking the differences in physical parameters. Then a few of the more obvious growth regulation factors are analyzed in an attempt to find controls that can most efficiently eliminate BotryZZus where undesired in aquaculture. The first important observation was that BotryZZus do not propagate sexually in May in the natural environment, but do in aquaculture tanks. Stubbings and Houghton (1964) and R. H. Millar (1971) confirm that larva are normally not produced until warm weather in mid-summer. This means larva attachment has started early (April-May) in the aquaculture system, and could extend the sexual continuance period (Appendix 2) into the greater part of the year with its constant food and temperature. However, this fact takes on less significance once the asexual spread of BotryZZlus has begun, since, once established in an area, BotrylZZus' fission and budding become the dominant means of surface fouling. At the same time, a general survey of the Woods Hole area confirmed that Botryllus can easily survive the winter, since many continuing populations were present. Although the budding process was most likely retarded (Milkman, 1967) in the winter's low temperatures, colonies throughout May were functioning healthily. On strings of oysters in

73 Eel Pond since June 1971, BotryZZllus ranged from 4 to 70 colonies per shell and in some cases completely smothered the oyster shells. Botryllus were also found growing on pilings and buoys in the area, meaning they, too, survived the winter months on these, just below tidal zone surfaces. Extensive testing of growing surfaces was done, in trying to find on which surface Botryllus grew most efficiently. The preferred larva attachment test showed that completely clean surfaces are less desirable than older surfaces already supporting some organic accumulation (Table la). Milkman (1967) stated certain surface growth such as filamentous algae and encrusting ectoprocts can inhibit BotryZZus cultures completely, yet at the same time this last test confirms R. H. Millar's theory (1971) that certain sessile species require partially fouled surfaces for larval attachment. So, again, the aquaculture system is confirmed as an ideal environment for Botryllus with aged surfaces for attachment and with little sessile competition because of 100-i filters keeping most settling larva out of the system. Temperature variation tests coupled with growing surface tests provided interesting results for already established colonies. Figure 1 (a-c) shows that there is a definite growth retardation temperature between 17.50 and 20.00 C. This makes temperature a major factor in controlling BotryZZus propagation and confirms why colony activity differs so much between the natural and aquaculture environments at this time of year. These results also fit into Milkman's (1967) conclusion that growth out of the 18~ and 28~ C range is slow at best. From the graphs (Figure 1, a-c) it is also evident that the growing surface plays a unique role in BotryZZllus asexual growth. During favorable conditions (20.00 C), both the smooth glass and the roughened, aged shell colonies showed similar growing results. At the lower temperatures neither slide nor shell colonies grew in surface area or number of individuals to any great extent, although the glass colonies did a little better than the shelled. But, when looking at colony number (growth by fission), it is plain that the glass provided a better surface for division and colony

74 a. Surface Area, Percent Increase: 150 Growing Surface: 125 Oyster Shell Glass Slide,~ 100 50 25 14.0 17.5 20.0 Temperature in Degrees Centigrade Graph 1. Effect of Temperature and Growing Surface on Three Species of Botryllus Growth over a 13-Day Period: (a) Surface Area, Percent Increase; (b) Individual Zooids, Percent Increase; (c) Colony Number, Percent Increase

75 b. Individual Zooids, Percent Increase; 100 Growing Surface: g 751 Oyster Shell Glass Slide C-') 50 14.0 17.5 20.0 -25

76 c. Colony Number, Percent Increase: Growing Surface: 100 Oyster Shell 75 Glass Slide 50 )0 25 14o0 2000 17.5 -25 Temperature in Degrees Centigrade

77 migration (Figures ic and 2*). This could be an evolutionary trend Botryllus has adopted, living on ship bottoms and in temperate zones, being able to move into the best position (many small colonies) in unfavorable conditions so as to maximize growth once conditions get better. Applying this to aquaculture systems, even if temperatures are temporally dropped, Botryllus control their colonization, with the smoothness of surfaces of the system components becoming a definite limiting factor. An analysis of a fecal sample revealed that Botryllus removed 75 percent of the nitrogen being filtered through their system. Oysters remove 67-83 percent nitrogen (Tenore, personal communication), which means that besides being on the same trophic level as oysters, Botryllus are important fouling organisms because their total volume and surface area are high in relation to the tissue weight, and large spaces are covered, and because they are efficient filter feeders, outpacing many of their competitors. Although just one aspect of efficiency, this test has shown that BotryllZus are at least pacing their filter-feeding competitors in aquaculture, the oysters. In looking at another area of their role in a marine food chain — predation upon —it was observed that Nereis will eat Botryllus. This was observed in a relatively flat tank, where a test group of 12 BotryZlus colonies were devoured within six days by the Nereis. The larger the colonies, the harder it was for the sand worms to scrape them off. CONCLUSIONS The more testing and observations done on BotryZZlus in this experiment, the clearer it became why Botryllus had become a pest in the oyster aquaculture system. Their versatile spread and growth patterns, their tolerance to low temperatures, and their similar growing requirements and abilities as compared to oysters all add up to mean that Botryllus are a serious problem in aquaculture. Modifying any of the Figures not included in this report are on file in the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.

78 parameters of the aquaculture system to lessen the good Botryllus growing conditions, it appears, would also result in losses to the oysters. In trying to find an ecologically sound way to rid the system of BotryZZllus, more work has to be done. Seeing that Nereis prey on the colonies in a small system is an encouraging lead. Also, an important consideration not tested here is the possibility of a combination of factors limiting BotryZZus growth without limiting oyster growth in an aquaculture system. Combinations of temperature, salinity, food type and concentration, particle concentration in water, turbidity, and growing surfaces should be considered together in more intricate future experiments. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Kenneth R. Tenore for assistance and for facilities furnished during the course of the investigation.

79 APPENDIX 1 Description of BotryZZus schlosseri Botryllus schZosseri (Pallas) is a colonial sea squirt (subphylum Tunicata, class Ascidiacea). Distribution of these organisms ranges from the east coast of the United States and the west coast of Florida to all of the seas of Europe (Berrill, 1950). The colonies are found in waters less than 10 fathoms, normally in very shallow areas, and are especially abundant in harbors. Specifically, BotryZZllus grow on submerged vegetation, rock, and other solid substrates such as shell. Each colony appears as a flat oval disc, a few millimeters in diameter, composed of 2 to 18 zooids averaging 1.5 mm in length. These zooids resemble solitary ascidians in structure and habit. Furthermore, the zooids are radially arranged in a colony around a common atrial (excurrent) opening that connects each individual atrial siphon from within the communal test. In contrast, the oral (incurrent) siphons are peripheral and open directly into the water. Special light-reflecting pigment cells are located randomly in intersiphonal pigment bands between the oral and atrial siphons (Watterman, 1945). Such variation in structure, together with color variations of black, purple, green, and yellow, even within the same group of colonies, has resulted in unjustified subclassification on the basis of appearance in this single species (Herdman, 1924). Colonies are surrounded by gelatinous tests, consisting of numerous amoeboid cells, which maintain the system in a dynamic state (Milkman, 1967). The vascular system is embedded in the test, extending from the zooids and consisting of ampulla and blood vessels (Figure 2).

80 APPENDIX 2 Botryllus Propagation Flexibility in reproduction patterns has adaptive value for colony establishment and growth. BotryZZus reproduce both sexually (hermaphroditic cross- and self-fertilization) and asexually (budding and fission). Thus, BotryZZus can establish new colonies in various locations with respect to parent colonies during favorable conditions by means of free-swimming larva attaching to suitable surfaces followed by rapid asexual colonization (Graves, 1933; Watterson, 1945). Continual asexual growth during all other months of the year account for the rest of the growth pattern, with retardation of budding only under extreme stress conditions (R. H. Millar, 1971). Carlisle (1961) has even observed colonial fusion in BotryZZus in an effort to survive through severe conditions. A prolific example of asexual growth, observed by Graves (1933), was where one colonial group developed from a single larva into 3000 individuals within 30 days of larval settlement.

81 APPENDIX 3 Observed Botryllus Growth, Contrasting 14.0~ C and 20.0~ C Environments Figure scale: bar in each diagram = 5 mm. a. Glass slide at 20.0~ C on 16 May. Labeled parts of one colony: I communal test II vascular system III oral siphon IV individual zooid V atrial siphon VI intersiphonal pigment bands b. Glass slide at 20.0~ C after 10 days growth, 27 May. c. Glass slide at 14.0~ C on 16 May. d. Glass slide at 14.00 C after 10 days growth, 27 May.

O~~~~~~~~~~~~~ O- Z> ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.. ~(.. C 4 00. O b~~~~"l,, r9 O O~~~0.. 6...\O. O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( coO.

83 REFERENCES Berrill, N.J., The Tunicata, London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd., 1950. Carisle, D.B., "Locomotory Powers of Adult Ascidians," Proceedings of the ZooZogicaZ Society, London, 1961. Graves, B.H., "Role of Growth, Age at Sexual Maturity, and Duration of Life of Certain Sessile Organisms at Woods Hole, Massachusetts," BioZ. BuZZ. 65:375-86 (1933). Herdman, E.C., "Botryllus," LiverpooZ Marine BioZogical Committee Memoirs 26:1-37 (1924). Milkman, R., "Genetic and Developmental Studies on BotryZZus schZosseri," BioZ. BuZZll. 132:229-43 (1967). Millar, R.H., "The Biology of Ascidians," Adv. Mar. BiolZ. 9:1-82 (1971). Ryther, J.H., "Photosynthesis and Fish Production in the Sea," Science 166:72-76 (1970). Stubbings, H.G., and Houghton, D.R., "The Ecology of Chichester Harbour, S. England, with Special Reference to Some Fouling Species," Int. Revue ges. HydrobioZ. 49:233-79 (1964). Tenore, K.R., and Dunstan, W.M., "Intensive Outdoor Culture of Marine Phytoplankton Enriched with Treated Sewage Effluent," Unpublished work, 1972a.

84, and, "Bioenergetics of the Oyster, Crassoatrea virginica, in an Aquaculture Food Chain at Low Temperatures," Unpublished work, 1972b. Watterson, R.L., "Asexual Reproduction in the Colonial Tunicate, BotrylZus schZosseri (Pallus) Savigny, with Special Reference to the Developmental History of Intersiphonal Bands of Pigment Cells," BioZogicaZ BuZZletin 88:71-103 (1945).

85 SURFACE CIRCULATION OF NANTUCKET SOUND AS DETERMINED BY DRIFTERS Bruce J. Higgins On 11 and 25 May 1972, surface drifters were released in three patterns across Nantucket Sound. The drifters were of four types to compare the responses of various types to the wind and currents. Of the 891 released, 289 (32.5 percent) were recovered and plotted. In summary, it appears that: (1) drift bottles released near shore generally follow tidal flow and are not influenced by winds, (2) surface flow is influenced by the wind in locations of weak tidal action, (3) drifters of the type made by forming waterproof envelopes are influenced to such a degree by the wind that it is doubtful that they indicate the true movement of the surface flow, and (4) surface flow in the sound is not easterly if the winds are over 20 mph and from the northeast or northwest. INTRODUCTION Nantucket Sound is bounded by three bodies of land: Cape Cod to the north, Martha's Vineyard to the southwest, and Nantucket Island to the southeast. These land masses produce tthree natural channels for water to enter and leave under the influence of the tides. There is, however, considerable question as to the movement of the surface flow (the top 1 m of water). According to a previous report (Bumpus et al., 1969), there is a net easterly flow of the sound water. Cayan (1971) attempted to verify this with a study in Vineyard Sound and the western part of Nantucket Sound. He utilized drift bottles, but did not recover a sufficient number to establish defined patterns. He completely disregarded wind effects. The object of this study was to observe the surface water flow in Nantucket Sound proper. In this body of water, with a long fetch to the south and east, coupled with days when the water can be warmer than the air, it is possible that the wind could play a more important role than the tides. Surface wind drift is generally accepted to be 2 percent of the wind speed (Tolbert and Salsman, 1964).

86 At the present time, several types of drifters have been suggested for such studies. Very little information, however, is available as to the recovery rate, or the influence of weather and currents on the different types. It was, therefore, decided to use the standard drift bottle and three plastic envelope types of drifters to gain this information. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT To evaluate the relative influences of tidal current and wind, four types of drifters were employed. (1) Type DB was assembled by using a heavy-duty, 10-oz flint glass bottle. The weight of the bottle was adjusted by the addition of sand so it would float vertically, with its top approximately flush with the water surface. (348 were used.) (2) Type VDC was a commercially available product, consisting of a polyethylene sleeve (8 x 5 1/2 in.). At one end, a foam sponge float was sealed, and at the other end was sealed an iron weight. The iron ballast was adjusted so that it would remain vertical in the water. As it turned out, these drifters were lightly ballasted and floated with a 1-in. high and 5 1/2-in. long sail. (186 were used.) (3) Type DC was made by a plastic envelope and a piece of styrofoam. The envelope was heat sealed. The drifter was designed to float flush with the surface of the water. Its dimensions were only slightly larger than those of a post card. (189 were used.)

87 (4) Type SD consisted of a plastic envelope with a steel washer for ballast. To suspend the envelope below the surface, it was attached to a 10-in. streamer buoyed by a cork float. This type was designed to increase drag. (160 were used.) Types DC and SD were designed and built by G. T. Kaye. Each drifter contained a prepaid post card asking the finder for his location and promising to send him the location of release if it were returned. The post cards were a fluorescent orange on one side so that they could be easily seen. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE On 11 May 1972, while the tide was running to the east, the R/V Asterias was used to deploy 341 drifters. The ship utilized radar to arrive at predetermined locations, where members of the class threw the drifters into the water. The locations of the releases are shown * on Chart 1. The locations were chosen to examine the interactions at the west entrance to Nantucket Sound. Stations 1-4 were located between Nobska Point and West Chop, which roughly defines a line between Vineyard Sound and Nantucket Sound. Station 4 was located between Middle Ground and West Chop, where the currents are reported to act differently than in other water in the area. Stations 5-8 were located along a line connecting West Chop and Cape Poge. The tidal action along this line is strong and bounded by shoals, which might channel the flow. The releases of stations 9-13 were along a line joining Coast Guard buoys. These were to check the motion of the surface water away from shore and between the major shoals of the western sound. The last two stations, 14 and 15, were along the north shore near Falmouth Harbor. On 25 May 1972, with the tide flowing to the west, the R/V Asterias was used again to revisit the original stations; however, the wind picked up and the station locations had to be altered. The first six stations * Figures, charts, wind roses, and appendixes not included are on file at the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.

88 were at the same locations and were labeled with a B to distinguish them from the original stations. Due to poor weather, the last nine stations were abandoned and four new stations were substituted. At the last station, 158 drifters were set free to evaluate the dispersion in the system. The returns were expected to pile up along the beaches of Falmouth and permit an excellent comparison of the different types. Also on 25 May, the ship Menemsha (Nantucket Boat, Inc.) was used to release drifters during its normal service between Hyannis and Nantucket. The ship has a radar, but it was not used to locate the various stations since visibility was good and the captain was able to get good fixes on the buoys. The drops of drifters were made so that the intervals between drops would be approximately 3 miles. On the trip to Nantucket, the tide was running to the west and the north-northeast wind was 25-55 mph. The return trip was rough, with a 40 mph wind from the north-northeast and a tide to the east. These stations were numbered 56 to 60. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The returns began to be received within one week of their release. Tables 1, 2, and 3 were prepared to present a listing of number of each type released from each station along with the number returned. It can be noted that essentially the same number of returns were received from the duplicate drops made at the west end of the sound. In order to determine if one type had a greater percentage rate of returns, a summary was prepared for each transect, listing recovery by type. (See Table 4.) Weather data is contained in Table 5. To better visualize what happened on each transect, the returns were plotted on a chart along with an indication of their point of release (Appendix I). Each return was shown connected to its point of release by a straight line along a possible water course. These lines are not an attempt to show the actual paths taken by the drifters, but are simply a presentation to aid in analysis of trends.

Table 1 NUMBER OF DRIFTERS RELEASED AND RECOVERED BY STATION 11 May 1972 Station Type DB Type SD Type VDC Type DC Number Released Recovered Released Recovered Released Recovered Released Recovered 1 10 3 1 0 5 1 1 1 2 10 2 1 0 5 1 1 0 3 10 3 1 1 5 0 1 0 4 10 5 1 0 5 4 1 0 5 10 2 1 0 5 2 1 0 6 10 4 1 0 5 3 1 0 7 10 6 1 0 5 5 1 1 8 10 2 1 0 5 2 1 1 9 15 3 15 2 15 5 15 3 10 10 5 1 0 5 4 1 0 11 15 8 15 0 15 10 15 0 12 10 2 1 0 5 3 1 0 13 10 3 1 0 5 2 1 1 14 10 3 1 0 5 3 1 0 15 10 3 1 0 5 1 1 0 Totals* 160 54 43 3 95 46 43 7 *Total Released: 341; Total Recovered: 110

Table 2 NUMBER OF DRIFTERS RELEASED AND RECOVERED BY STATION 25 May 1972 Station Type DB Type SD Type VDC Type DC Number Released Recovered Released Recovered Released Recovered Released Recovered lB 5 1 3 1 2 0 4 1 2B 5 2 3 1 2 1 4 0 3B 5 3 3 1 2 0 4 1 4B 5 0 3 0 2 0 4 1 5B 5 3 3 0 2 0 4 0 6B 5 1 3 2 2 1 4 3 17B 10 1 6 3 4 2 8 2 18B 24 13 11 0 8 3 13 4 19B 25 12 11 3 8 5 11 6 20B 39 13 40 7 39 14 40 16 Total* 128 49 86 18 71 26 96 34 *Total Released: 381; Total Recovered: 127

Table 3 NUMBER OF DRIFTERS RELEASED AND RECOVERED BY STATION 25 May 1972 Station Type DB Type SD Type VDC Type DC Number Released Recovered Released Recovered Released Recovered Released Recovered 51 6 3 4 0 2 1 5 1 52 6 2 4 1 2 1 5 2 53 6 3 4 0 2 1 5 0 54 6 4 4 0 2 1 5 0 55 6 3 4 0 2 0 5 0 56 6 0 4 0 2 2 5 1 57 6 0 4 0 2 0 5 1 58 6 4 4 0 2 2 5 2 59 6 6 4 1 2 1 5 0 60 6 6 3 2 2 0 5 2 Total* 60 31 39 4 20 9 50 9 *Total Released: 169; Total Recovered: 53

92 Table 4 SUMMARY OF RECOVERY BY DRIFTER TYPES May 11 * May 25* May 25** Type DB 33.8% 38.3% 51.5% Type SD 7.0% 20.9% 10.2% Type VDC 48.5% 36.7% 45.0% Type DC 11.6% 33.4% 22.0% Total 32.0% 33.4% 31.2% *Western Transect **Central Transect

93 Table 5 WEATHER DATA Date: Air Sea Wind May Temperature Temperature Di recti on** 10* 43.0 48.8 M-NNW 11 56.0 49.0 M-SW 12 57.0 49.8 M-W 13 60.0 50.5 L-SW 14 63.0 51.5 L-SW 15 58.0 51.0 L-SSE 16 59.0 52.8 L-S 17 58.0 52.5 L-E 18 59.0 53.0 L-S 19 61.0 53.5 L-NE 20* 53.0 53.3 L-NE 21 62.0 53.5 M-NNW 22 64.0 54.0 M-NE 23 67.0 53.8 L-E 24 64.0 54.8 NM-NNW 25 58.0 55.0 M-NNE 26* 53.0 55.0 M-NNE 27 61.0 55.5 M-ENE 28 58.0 55.8 M-SSW 29* 55.0 56.5 M-SW 30 60.0 56.8 M-S 31 67.0 57.8 M-SE *Water temperature exceeds air temperature, temperature ~F. **L -- 5-10 mph; M -- 10-20 mph; H -- 20-35 mph

94 Analysis of the results plotted on Chart I points up two general observation: (1) the majority of returns were from the north shore of the sound and (2) the majority of drift-card types were found to the east of the drift bottles. Since the wind was blowing from the southwest during most of the time the drifters were at sea, it would appear that the separation was due to this fact. The drift envelopes tended to be closer to the surface and reflected wind effects to a greater degree. Chart II, which is a plot of the deployment of another group of drifters in the same general location as in Chart I, in the western end of the sound, does not show the same pattern as the first. However, the exact opposite conditions existed for this drop in as much as there was a northeast wind and a westerly tide. In this case, there is a distinct pattern to the northeast and the southwest. The bottles traveled to the northeast, while the envelopes moved to the southwest along Vineyard Sound, out of Nantucket Sound. It is theorized that the wind was the controlling factor. Moving under the influence of both a westerly tide and a 20 mph wind, the drift envelopes moved far enough into Vineyard Sound so that the slight easterly tidal flow did not return them to Nantucket Sound. In the case of the bottles, they were probably carried back into Nantucket Sound, returning with the tide, and finally ending up on the north shore. Chart III is a detailed plot of the returns from station 20B. At this station, 158 drifters were released. The conditions at the time of release were: 20 mph winds with the tide to the southwest. In general, the returns can be grouped into four regions: Nobska Point, east shore of Buzzards Bay, Naushon Island, and Falmouth estuaries. The returns found on Nobska Point were found within one or two days and were the results of the northeastern wind, since the release was only 1000 yd from shore. This accounted for 24 percent of the total found. Those returned from the east shore of Buzzards Bay drifted past Nobska Point and were apparently caught in the currents of Woods Hole passage, and once through the passage moved with the currents of the bay. Thirty percent of those found took this course.

95 Approximately 34 percent of those recovered were blown past the entrance to Woods Hole passage and entered Vineyard Sound, finally ending up at Naushon Island. The wind probably carried the vertical drifters and drift envelopes past the entrance to Woods Hole; however, there does not appear to be any reason for the bottles to have progressed past the entrance to this passage. It is difficult to explain how the remaining 10 percent reached Falmouth estuaries to the northeast with the initial tide and wind both producing a current ot the west. Also no returns were received from Oyster Pond, the nearest shore. Examination of Chart IV, which plots the returns and releases from the central transect, again confirms that the general direction of surface currents is to the north. In this case, both bottles and drift envelopes tend to follow the same general path toward the north. However, for those within 5 miles from the north shore, the time at which the drops were made was important. Those dropped during a westerly tide ended up northwest of the point of deployment. Those which ended up to the northeast were dropped when the tide was to the east. The wind was probably the most dominant factor, but the tide also played a significant role. CONCLUSIONS From the scattering of returns from all stations, it is apparent that the different types of drifters react in a different manner to the tides and winds. The drift envelopes used in this study were judged to be influenced to a significant degree by the wind. The surface flow in the sound is not easterly if the winds are over 20 mph from a northerly direction, as occurred during this study. The role of the wind upon drift bottles was minor if they were released near shore. The surface flow was influenced by the wind in regions of weak tidal action. The central region of the sound demonstrated less mixing of returns than did the western region of the sound.

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104 Drift Bottle Releases from R/V Asterias on 11 May 1972 Sta.No. Time EDT Lat. 1T Long. W Nnmbers 1 0905 41 30 5 70!9.5 DB 0461-0470 SD 0001 VDC 0201-0205 DC 0101 2 0913 41 30.0 70 38.0 DB 0.171-0480 SD 0003 VDC 0206-0210 DC 0102 3 0920 41 29.5 70 37.0 DB 0481-04190 SD 0002 VDC 0211-0215 DC 0103 4 092i 1i 29.0 70 36.5 DB 04-91-0500 SD 0004 VDC 0216-0220 DC 0104 5 0931 41 29.0 70 35.5 DB 0501-0510 SD 0005 VDC 0221-0225 DC 0105 6 0944 41 28.5 70 33.5 DB 0511-0520 SD 0006 -VDC 0226-0230 DC 0106 7 1017 41 26.5 r70 28.0 DB 0401-0410 SD 0007 VDC 0231-0235 DC 0107 8 1030 41i 27'.0 70 2.0 DB 0411-0420 SD 0008ooo VDC 023o-0210 DC 0108 9 1045 41 27.5 70 23.5 DB 0421-0435 SD 0009-0023 VDC 0241-0255 DC 0109-0123 10 1201 41 29.0 70 25.0 DB 0436-0445 SD 0024 VDC 0256-0260 DC 0124

105 Drift Bottle Releases from it/V Asterias on 11 LMay 1972 Sta.No. Time EDT Lat. N Long*. i Numbers 11 1213 41 30~0 70 27.0 DB 0446-0460 SD 0025-0039 VDC 0261-Q275 DC 0125-0139 12 1224 41 31.0 70 28.0 DB O641-O650 SD 0041 13 1235 41 32.0 70 29.0 DB 0651-006J SD 0041 VDC 0281-0285 DC 0141 14 1304 41 32.0 70 34.5 DB 0661-0670 SD 0042 VDC 0286-0290 fDC 0142 15 1326 41 31.0 70 38.5 DB 0671-0680 SD 0043 VDC 0291-0295 DC 0143

106 Drift Bottle Releases from R/V Asterias on 25 May 1972 Sta.No. Time EDT Lat. N Long. W Numbers 1B 1310 41 30.5 70 39.5 DB 0732-0736 SD 0044-0046 VDC 0299-0300 DC 014-014 7 2B 1320 41 30.0 70 38.0 DB 0737-0741 SD 0047-0049 VDC 0301-0302 DC 0148-0151 3B 1334 41 29.5 70 37.0 DB 0742-0746 SD 0050-0052 VDC 0303-0304 DC 0152-0155 4B 1339 41 29.0 70 36.5 DB 0747-0751 SD 0053-0055 VDC 0305-0306 DC 0156-0159 5B 1408 41 29.0 70 35.5 DB 0752-0756 SD 0056-0058 VDC 0307-0308 DC 0160-0163 6B 1416 41 28.5 70 33.5 DB 0757-0760 SD 0059-0061 VDC 0309-0310 DC 0164-0167 17B 1424 41 27.2 70 31.9 DB 0521-0530 SD 0062-0067 VDC 0311-0314 DC 0168-0175 18B 1447 41 30.0 70 34.1 DB 0531-0532 & 0534-0555 SD 0068-0078 VDC 0315-0322 DC 0176-0188 19B 1503 41 31.1 70 36.9 DB 0556-0580 SD 0079-0089 VDC 0323-0330 DC 0189-0200 20B 1513 41 32.0 70 37.2 DB 0681-0699 & 0701-0721 SD 0900-0939 VDC 0296-0298 & 0361-0397 DC 0821-0860

107 Drift Bottle Releases from M/V Menemsha on 25 May 1972 Sta. No. Time EDT Lat. N Long. W Numbers 51 1030 41 36 70 18 DB 0581-0586 SD 0090-0093 VDC 0331-0332 DC 0761-0765 52 1045 41 33 70 15 DB 0587-0592 SD 0094-0097 VDC 0333-0334 DC 0766-0770 53 1100 41 31 70 10 DB 0593-0598 SD 0098-0099 & 0861-0862 TTDC 0335-0336 DC 0771-0775 54 1115 41 26 70 11 DB 0599-0604 SD 0863-0866 VDC 0337-0338 DC 0776-0780 55 1130 41 24 70 10 DB 0605-0610 SD 0867-0870 VDC 0339-0340 DC 0781-07E5 56 1600 41 23 70 09 DB 0611-0616 SD 0871-0874 VDC 0341-0342 DC 0786-07"90 57 1615 41 24 70 11 DB 0617-0622 O 0J875-0878 VDC 0343-034' DC 0791-0795 58 1630 41 26 70 11 Ub 0623-0628 SD 08'79-0882 VDC 0345-0346 DC 0796-0800 59 1645 41 31 70 14 DB 0629-0634 SD 0883-0886 VDC 0347-0348 DC 0801-0805 60 1700 41 34 70 13 DB u635-0640 SoD 0887-0839 VDC 0349-0350 D 0806-0810

108 Recovery Information 11 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter Jo. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 1 0101 DC 13 05 72 41 33 70 36 044 1.5 2 0205 VDC 12 05 72 41 32 70 39 337 1.5 9 0242 VDC 15 05 72 41 38 70 19 021 2.8 11 0252 VDC 15 05 72 41 38 70 19 035 2.5 13 0651 DB 16 05 72 41 39 70 16 040 1.0 15 0674 DB 16 05 72 41 33 70 33 063 1.0 11 0454 DB 16 05 72 41 33 70 33 306 1o2 14 0287 VDC 13 05 72 41 33 70 34 014 0.5 1 0467 DB 15 05 72 41 31 70 39 340 0.2 7 0233 VDC 16 05 72 41 39 70 16 035 3.0 10 0259 VDC 16 05 72 41 39 70 16 035 2.4 12 0644 DB 15 05 72 41 33 70 34 300 1.2 14 0668 DB 15 05 72 41 36 70 27 073 2.0 U1 0263 VDC 15 05 72 41 36 70 25 010 1.8 11 0262 VDC 16 05 72 41 29 70 27 346 0.8 11 0272 VDC 16 05 72 41 38 70 20 051 2.0 2 0479 DB 17 05 72 41 34 70 32 042 0,8 9 0114 DC 15 05 72 41 37 70 22 004 2.2 4 0219 VDC 17 05 72 41 38. 70 15 060 3.0 6 0226 VDC 18 05 72 41 40 70 11 058 3.0 U 0270 VDC 15 0572 41 39 70 12 052 3.8 11 0458 DB 17 05 72 41 34 70 32 305 1.0

109 Recovery Information 11 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long.W Bearing Speed 4 0494 DB 17 05 72 41 33 70 32 043 1.0 15 0676 DB 18 05 72 41 38 70 24 075 2.1 3 0002 SD 16 05 72 41 34 70 28 056 1.8 9 0117 DC 18 05 72 41 38 70 24 058 1o4 9 3119 DC 17 05 72 41 38 70 20 013 1.8 10 0260 VDC 16 05 72 41 38 70 13 043 2,6 9 0247 VDC 19 05 72 41 37 70 34 003 1.4 11 0261 VDC 19 05 72 41 37 70 23 023 0.9 13 0283 VDC 19 05 72 41 37' 70 23 042 0.7 13 0654 DB 18 05 72 41 33 70 32 291 0o4 7 0231 VDC 20 05 72 41 39 70 16 040 1.7 9 0249 VDC 21 05 72 41 27 70 36 275 0.9 11 0264 VDC 18 05 72 41 35 70 27 357 0.7 11 0271 VDC 21 05 72 41 39 70 10 353 1.6 11 0273 VDC 21 05 72 41 39 70 10 053 1.6 12 0279 VDC 20 05 72 41 38 70 20 040 1.1 12 0280 VDC 21 05 72 41 38 70 22 035 0.9 10 0445 DB 20 05 72 41 36 70 27 350 0.8 11 0446 DB 16 05 72 41 36 70 27 000 1.2 6 0519 DB 21 05 72 41 31 70 40 255 0.6 13 i141 DC 17 05 72 41 37 70 27 040 1.2 4 0216 VDC 20 05 72 41 23 70 27 118 1.1

110 Recovery Information llMay 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 14 0669 DB 25 05 72 41 27 70 33 166 0.3 15 0294 VDC 17 05 72 41 33 70 36 045 0.5 15 0672 DB 24 05 72 41 33 70 37 040 0.2 1 0465 DB 20 05 72 41 32 70 33 067 0.8 2 0471 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 17 075 0.8 4 0497 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 20 064 0.7 6 0518 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 046 0.7 7 0410 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 035 0.6 9 0013 SD 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 016 0.5 9 0021 SD O1 06 72 41 38 70 20 016 0.5 13 0651 DB 01 06 72 41 33 70 34 285 0.2 14 0661 DB 01 06 72 41 28 70 20 072 0.7 3 0485 DB 03 06 72 41 44 70 39 295 0.8 4 0493 DB 29 05 72 41 25 70 26 118 0.5 4 0498 DB 02 06 72 41 27 70 33 118 0.6 7 0401 DB 01 06 72 41 30 71 05 305 1.7 7 0234 VDC 26 05 72 41 37 70 16 040 0.9 10 0438 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 18 031 0.5 11 0447 DB 16 05 72 41 33 70 36 300 1.6 13 0656 DB 03 06 72 41 27 70 33 213 0.3 7 0407 DB 25 05 72 41 27 70 35 300 0.5

111 Recovery Information 11 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long.W Bearing Speed 2 0209 VDC 17 05 72 41 34 70 32 060 1.2 3 0487 DB 29 05 72 41 23 70 31 120 0.5 3 0490 DB 27 05 72 41 27 70 33 120 0.2 5 0223 VDC 25 05 72 41 34 70 27 050 0.5 5 0505 DB 25 05 72 41 29 70 36 235 0.7 5 0508 DB 28 05 72 41 35 70 38 050 0.5 6 0520 DB 21 05 72 41 28 70 35 260 0.2 7 0107 DC 21 05 72 41 38 70 20 030 1.3 7 0232 VDC 01 06 72 41 16 70 37 040 0.6 8 0411 DB 29 05 72 41 23 70 31 220 0.3 9 0250 VDC 25 05 72 41 27 70 33 264 0.5 9 0251 VDC 28 05 72 41 38 70 22 009 0.6 9 0428 DB 28 05 72 41 23 70 30 229 0.4 10 0436 DB 26 05 72 41 23 70 30 211 0.5 11 0275 VDC 21 05 72 41 39 70 12 052 1.5 11 0449 DB 21 05 72 41 27 70 33 240 0.6 11 0451 DB 28 05 72 41 36 70 37 000 0.4 11 0453 DB 26 05 72 41 27 70 36 254 0.5 11 0456 DB 25 05 72 41 24 70 30 201 0.4 12 0647 DB 26 05 72 41 27 70 26 243 0.4

112 Recovery Tnformaton 11 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 4 0217 VDC 20 05 72 41 21 70 50 236 1.5 4 0218 VDC 21 05 72 41 37 70 26 055 1.1 5 0222 VDC 21 05 72 41 27 50 36 185 0.2 6 0227 VDC 17 05 72 41 39 70 13 058 1.2 6 0228 VDC 21 05 72 41 39 70 15 053 1.7 8 0237 VDC 22 05 72 41 39 70 10 040 1.5 8 0240 VDC 21 05 72 41 37 70 16 036 1.2 11 0267 VDC 22 05 72 41 37 70 26 007 0.6 12 0276 VDC 18 05 72 41 37 70 22 035 1.1 13 0282 VDC 13 05 72 41 34 70 28 015 1.0 14 0286 VDC 21 05 72 41 38 70 35 350 0.1 7 0403 D'B 16 05 72 41 39 70 16 040 3.0 8 0418 DB 21 05 72 41 26 70 34 264 0.6 1 0469 DB 21 05 72 41 39 70 46 240 1.1 6 0516 DB 14 05 72 41 25 70 28 143 2.3 7 0236 VDC 10 06 72 41 39 70 11 043 0.6 10 0257 VDC 10 06 72 41 38 70 16 036 0.4 14 0290 VDC 11 06 75 41 34 70 35 018 0.0 7 0402 DB 09 06 72 41 37 70 39 295 0.6 7 0409 DB 11 06 72 41 37 70 16 039 0.5 9 0434 DB 11 06 72 41 28 70 37 280 0.4 10 0443 DB 07 06 72 41 35 70 50 284 1.6 4 0491 DB 03 06 72 41 36 70 25 056 0.8

113 Recovery Infonnation 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long.W Bearing Speed 2B 0048 SD 27 05 72 41 25 70 56 245 7.5 3B 0152 DC 27 05 72 41 30 71 03 240 13.0 6B 0164 DC 27 05 72 41 28 70 35 250 1.0 6B 0166 DC 27 05 72 41 28 70 35 250 1.0 6B 0167 DC 27 05 72 41 28 70 35 250 1o0 2B 0302 VDC 28 05 72 41 30 71 03 245 8.3 6B 0309 VDC 29 05 72 41 28 70 36 265 0.5 6B 0759 DB 27 05 72 41 28 70 35 265 1o0 17B 0062 SD 26 05 72 41 28 70 36 310 4o0 17B 0172 DC 27 05 72 41 29 70 36 310 2=0 17B 0173 DC 28 05 72 41 27 70 36 310 1.6 17B 0175 DC 27 05 72 41 29 70 36 310 2o0 18B 0188 DC 29 05 72 41 36 70 39 280 2.8 19B 0193 DC 28 05 72 41 25 70 56 240 5.3 17B 0301 VDC 27 05 72 41 28 70 36 310 2~0 17B 0314 VDC 27 05 72 41 28 70 36 310 2.0 18B 0316 VDC 29 05 72 41 33 70 36 330 0.8 18B 0321 VDC 28 05 72 41 31 70 40 283 1.6 17B 0529 DB 26 05 72 41 28 70 36 310 4.0 1B 0734 )B 27 05 72 41 28 70 46 238 3.0 2B 0737 DB 28 05 72 41 25 70 57 240 5.0 2B 0740 DB 28 05 72 4125 70 57 240 5.0

114 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 3B 0745 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 062 2.3 18B 0531 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.0 18B 0532 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2,0 18B 0535 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.0 18B 0540 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.0 18B 0541 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.0 18B 0551 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.0 18B 0552 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.0 18B 0319 VDC 02 06 72 41 36 70 24 050 1.2 19B 0196 DC 27 05 72 41 25 70 55 240 8.0 19B 0197 DC 27 05 72 41 25 70 55 240 8,0 19B 0200 Dc 28 05 72 41 36 70 38 240 5.0 19B 0080 SD 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 070 2.1 19B 0577 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 070 2.1 19B 0565 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 070 2.1 19B 0558 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 070 2.1 20B 0904 SD 03 06 72 41 36 70 39 230 1.0 20B 0683 DB 27 05 72 41 31 70 39 245 1.0 3B 0742 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 20 065 2.1 3B 0743 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 20 065 2.1

115 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 20B13 0361 VDC 27 05 72 41 32 70 41 230 2.0 20B 0366 VDC 28 05 72 41 31 70 39 240 0.7 20B 0375 VDC 27 05 72 41 32 70 41 230 2.0 20B 0384 VDC 28 05 72 41 31 70 39 240 0.7 20B 0387 VDC 29 05 72 41 28 70 46 230 1.8 20B 0394 VDC 29 05 72 41 31 73 39 235 3.5 20B 0689 DB 28 05 72 41 36 70 3) 230 3.0 23B 0697 DB 28 05 72 41 36 73 39 230 3.0 20B 0698 DB 28 05 72 41 36 70 39 230 3.0 20B 0706 D3 28 05 72 41 36 7 39 2)0 3.0 20B 0839 DC 28 05 72 41 36 73 39 230 3.0 20B 0840 DC 29 05 72 41 33 73 33 072 1.0 20B 0841 DC 26 05 72 41 31 70 29 240 2.0 20B 0842 DC 26 05 72 41 31 70 29 240 2.3 20B 0843 DJ 27 05 72 41 33 70 32 071 2.0 20B 0848 DC 29 05 72 41 28 70 46 230 1.8 20B 0850 DC 29 05 72 41 28 70 46 230 1.8 20B 0902 SD 28 05 72 41 36 70 39 230 3.0 20B 0912 SD 28 05 72 41 36 70 39 230 3.0 20B 0934 SD 27 05 72 41 33 70 39 230 3.5 20B 0936 SD 29 05 72 41 36 70 39 2 0 1.2 20B 0695 DB 27 05 72 4131 70 39 240 1.0 20B 0913 SD 27 05 72 41 31 70 39 240 1.0

116 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 ReJ eases Sta.Noo Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 51 0582 DB 06 06 72 41 37 70 23 290 0.2 51 0585 DB 31 05 72 41 38 70 20 330 0.3 51 0586 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 18 345 0.2 52 0334 VDC 02 06 72 41 33 70 33 265 1.8 52 0590 DB 03 06 72 41 37 70 18 337. 5 53 0335 VDC 01 06 72 41 39 70 15 330 1.3 53 0593 DB 02 06 72 41 39 70 15 330 1.1 53 0598 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 21 315 1.2 54 0601 DB 01 06 72 41 39 70 09 006 1.9 54 0603 DB 01 06 72 41 39 70 10 005 1.9 54 0604 DB 01 06 72 41 39 70 07 012 1.9 55 0607 DB 01 06 72 41 39 70 10 007 2.3 55 0608 DB 02 06 72 41 39 70 10 007 2.0 57 0795 DC 30 05 72 41 40 70 05 013 3.2 58 0624 DB 01 06 72 41 39 70 07 013 1.9 58 0625 DB 01 06 72 41 40 70 03 023 2.1 58 0628 DB 01 06 72 41 40 70 05 020 2.0 58 0797 DC 29 05 72 41 39 70 09 005 1.9 59 0347 VDC 30 05 72 41 38 70 13 358 1.6 59 0632 DB 31 05 72 41 40 70 00 043 2.3 59 0633 DB 30 05 72!l, 40 70 00 043 2.8 59 0637 DB 30 05 72!' 40 70 00 058 2.6

117 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. VW Bearing Speed 51 0331 VDC 29 05 72 41 34 73 39 250 5.5 54 0337 VDC 30 05 72 41 21 70 27 240 2.6 58 0345 VDC 28 05 72 41 33 70 14 338 2.3* 60 0636 DB 31 05 72 41 40 70 01 053 1.7 51 0764 DC 27 05 72 41 42 70 39 250 8.0 52 0766 DC 27 05 72 41 41 70 39 265 9.0 57 0794 DC 27 05 72 41 21 70 27 256 6.5 58 0799 DC 29 05 72 41 39 70 10 003 3.3 60 0806 DC 28 05 72 41 35 70 27 279 3.3 59 0883 SD 31 05 72 41 43 70 05 029 1.8 52 0094 SD 31 05 72 41 38 70 18 334 1.0 53 0596 DB 31 05 72 41 38 70 17 328 1.3 57 0793 DC 31 05 72 41 40 70 05 012 2.7 58 0626 DB 31 05 72 41 40 70 05 015 2.3 58 0346 VDC 31 05 72 41 40 70 06 015 2.6 59 0631 DB 31 05 72 41 40 70 01 040 2.2 59 0629 DB 31 05 72 41 40 70 00 043 2.3 59 0634 DB 31 05 72 41 40 70 05 028 1.8 60 0640 DB 30 05 72 41 40 70 05 045 1.8

118 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat. N Long. W Bearing Speed 60 0638 DB 30 05 72 41 40 70 04 050 1.8 60 0639 DB 31 05 72 41 39 70 08 040 1.2 60 0807 DC 01 06 72 41 38 70 27 278 1.1 52 0589 DB 01 06 72 41 39 70 17 340 1.0 52 0769 DC 28 05 72 41 70 55 0610 DB 01 06 72 41 38 70 07 006 1.1 56 0341 VDC 07 06 72 41 39 70 07 004 0.7 56 0342 VDC 02 06 72 41 40 70 04 009 2.1 56 0787 DC 30 05 72 41 38 70 21 330 3.8 60 0635 DB 02 06 72 41 40 69 59 062 1.5 54 0599 DB 02 06 72 41 39 70 09 006 1.6 59 0630 DB 30 05 72 41 40 70 02 036 2.6

119 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat.N Long.W Bearing Speed 19B 0569 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 20 072 1.9 19B 0564 DB 02 06 72 41 37 70 26 072 1.3 19B 0573 DB 03 06 72 41 37 70 26 072 1.3 19B 0576 DB 03 06 72 41 38 70 21 072 1.6 1B 0144 DC 26 05 72 41 27 70 52 238 13.0 3B 0052 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 24 061 1.6 4B 0157 DB 28 05 72 41 38 70 54 300 8.3 5B 0752 DB 03 06 72 41 38 70 20 055 1.4 5B 0753 DB 04 06 72 41 37 70 26 050 1.2 6B 0757 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 20 046 1.9 18B 0543 DB 03 06 72 41 36 70 27 050 1.1 19B 0081 SD 05 06 72 41 38 70 15 075 1.8 19B 0328 VDC 28 05 72 41 32 70 36 020 0.7 19B 0566 DB 31 05 72 41 33 70 32 061 0.7 1B 0044 SD 29 05 72 41 29 70 45 247 1.0 1B 0181 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 255 2.5 18B 0182 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 255 2.5 18B 0185 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 255 2.5 19B 0190 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 242 2.0 19B 0198 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 242 2.0 20B 0297 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0298 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 19B 0323 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 242 2.0

120 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Recoveries Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat.N Long.W Bearing Speed 19B 0325 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 242 2.0 19B 0330 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 242 2.0 20B 0286 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.0 20B 0388 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.0 20B 0392 VDC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.0 20B 0690 DB 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0703 DB 27 05 72 41 29 70 45 232 3.5 20B 0712 DB 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0717 DB 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0719 DB 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0832 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0826 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0833 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0836 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2 20B 0853 DC 29 05 72 41 27 70 47 232 2.2

121 Recovery Information 25 May 1972 Releases Sta.No. Drifter No. Type Date Lat.N Long.W Bearing SpeOd 20B 0367 VDC 28 05 72 41 39 70 39 234 0.7 20B 0268 VDC 04 06 72 41 39 70 39 234 0.2 20B 0397 VDC 27 05 72 41 32 70 39 230 4.5 20B 0695 DB 27 05 72 41 31 70 39 234 1.0 20B 0705 DB 30 05 72 41 38 70 38 234 2.2 20B 0721 DB 04 06 72 41 45 70 38 230 1.7 20B 0831 DC 31 05 72 41 33 70 32 075 0.7 20B 0832 DC 29 05 72 41 33 70 36 050 0.5 20B 0837 DC 27 05 72~41 37 70 39 230 5.5 20B 0839 DC 28 05 72 41 39 70 39 230 4.1 20B 0859 DC 03 06 72 41 33 70 35 070 0.2 20B 0913 SD 27 05 72 41 31 70 39 234 0.2 20B 0932 SD 04`06 72 41 39 70 38 230 1.2 19B 0556 DB 09 06 72 41 35 70 28 069 0.7 19B 0559 DB 05 06 72 41 38 70 22 069 1.3 19B 0572 DB 04 06 72 41 34 70 32 067 0.5 19B 0329 VDC 03 06 72 41 28 70 48 240 1.1 19B 0567 DB 08 06 72 41 38 70 24 069 1.2 5B 0756 DB 03 06 72 41 35 70 57 234 3.2 6B 0059 SD 26 05 72 41 27 70 36 250 3.0 17B 0527 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 21 040 1.8 18B 0539 DB 03 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 1.6 18B 0542 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 1.8 18B 0549 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 23 048 1.4 18B 0550 DB 02 06 72 41 38 70 20 050 1.8 18B 0555 DB 31 05 72 41 38 70 20 050 2.3 19B 0089 SD 04 06 72 41 32 70 37 002 0.2

122 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the help of Mr. Marvel Stalcup, Dr. Edward C. Monahan, and Mr. G. Thomas Kaye for their help in arranging ship time, suppling the drifters used, and general support in conducting this experiment. This project could not have been carried out without the cooperation of the public, particularly that of Mr. Kinat and Mr. Covill, for together they totaled 11 percent of the returns. I also wish to acknowledge Captain John Lynch for the navigation of the Menemsha on 25 May 1972 and the considerate cooperation of him and his crew.

123 REFERENCES Bumpus, D.F.; Wright, W.R.; and Vaccaro, R.F., "Considerations on a Sewer Outfall off Nobska Point," WHOI Reference 69-87, Unpublished manuscript, Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1969. Cayan, D., "Oceanography Field Practicum," editied by Edward C. Monahan, Sea Grant Technical Report 13 (MICHU-SG-71-209), Ann Arbor: Sea Grant Program, The University of Michigan, 1971. Tolbert, W.H., and Salsman, G.G., "Surface Circulation of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico as Determined by Drift-Bottle Studies," Journal of GeophysicaZ Research 69(2):223-30 (1964).

125 LONGSHORE TRANSPORT OF SAND: FIELD MEASUREMENTS Joseph W. Maresca, Jr. A preliminary study of the coastal processes at work along the beach 0.8 km north of Nobska Point, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, was conducted between 18 May 1972 and 4 June 1972. The preliminary objective of the study was to measure the rate of sand transport along the beach on a moderately windy day to obtain a typical rate. The secondary objective of this study was to determine the effect of the independent groin intercepting the littoral drift. The immersed weight rate of sand transport measured was 0.49 ft3/ min with a predominant direction of transport from south to north along this stretch of beach. Immediately south of the groin, the beach showed a 15-ft build-up seaward. The transport occurred in a narrow zone along shore in the breaker and swash-backwash zones with no observable transport offshore. Transport was independent of grain size for the sample ranging in size from 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm. INTRODUCTION "The most important factor affecting the stability of a shoreline is the relationship between the supply and loss of littoral sands" (Herron and Harris, 1966). Not only the scientific and engineering study but also the social, political, and economic impact of the littoral drift is of primary concern to the coastal engineer, the geologist, the property owner, and the beach goer. Accurate quantitative predictions of the littoral drift are difficult, and more reliable field measurements are required in the effort to achieve a complete understanding of the sand movement alongshore. The primary objective of this paper is the determination of the rate of littoral drift for a given longshore component of wave energy flux for different'grain sizes. The secondary objective is the description of the effects of an independent groin intercepting the littoral drift.

126 The littoral drift is the transport of material alongshore caused by the effects of wind-generated waves (Figure I-1). The surf region can be divided into three zones: a zone offshore characterized by the dynamics of shoaling waves, a zone characterized by turbulence and breaking waves, and a zone characterized by sheet flow (Figure 1-2). These zones will be referred to in this paper are the shoaling zone, the breaker zone, and the swash-backwash zone, respectively. Most transport is believed to occur in the breaker and swash-backwash zones (Savage, 1962), but evidence for large transport offshore is available. Usually no transport occurs in water deeper than 30-60 ft. The limit of landward movement, or "null point," by sand offshore has been measured and modeled by Miller and Zeigler (1958) at Falmouth (Figure 1 -3a). Previous laboratory studies (Krumbein, 1944; Saville, 1950; Shay and Johnson, 1951; Johnson, 1952; Sauvage and Vincent, 1954; and Savage, 1959) and field studies (Watts, 1953; Caldwell, 1956; Moore and Cole, 1960; and Komar, 1969) of sand transport are summarized by Das (1971). Figure I-5 or Figure IV-0 summarizes the existing data in graphs of the immersed transport rate versus the longshore component of wave energy flux. Komar's (1969) field measurements quantitatively verified two models of sand transport. One model related energy flux to transport and the other model stated that the waves provide the power to move the material while the longshore current resulted in the transport. Figure 1-6 qualitatively describes the erosion and deposition of sand around an independent groin. Detailed quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the interception of the littoral drift by groins are described by Horikawa and Sonu (1966), Shimano et al. (1955), and Savage (1959). Design and construction of groins can be found in "Shore Protection Planning and Design," by the US Army Corps of Engineers (1966). * Figures, tables, pictures, and appendixes not appearing are on file in the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. Whether or not any of these are mentioned in text has no bearing on whether they are in the paper or on file. Figures, tables, pictures, and appendixes are not mentioned in order within the text.

127 STUDY LOCATION This study was conducted on Redwood Wright's beach, located 0.8 km north-northeast of Nobska Point (Figure 7). The beach is characterized by a large rock groin extending 130 ft seaward from a steep 50-ft bluff (Picture IX-1). Beginning at the low waterline, a cobble bottom extends 20-30 ft seaward (Figure I-8) and (Picture IX-3). On 18 May 1972, an initial beach survey was made by taking profiles at 50-ft intervals for a distance of 150 ft north and south of the groin (Figulre I-10). The profiles are labeled alphabetically, A through I, and will be referred to in the text in this manner. The profiles are shown in Figure V-1-10 and the plan views are shown in Figure V-11-13. The beach slope between the high and low waterline is steeper than 1:10, indicative of the coarse material comprising the beach. Sand samples were taken in the shoaling, breaker, and swashbackwash zones, and the backshore along profiles A, D, F, and I for grain size analysis. The sampling locations are shown in Figure I-11 and the results are presented in Table IT-1-4 as gradation curves. Wind-generated waves from Vineyard Sound, developed by southwest winds, approach the beach after considerable refraction and diffraction around Nobska Point. Wind-generated waves from Nantucket Sound, developed by east winds, approach the beach directly. Local wind-generated waves approaching the beach from Vineyard Sound are usually more powerful than those approaching from Nantucket Sound because of the longer fetch length in Vineyard Sound —50 miles compared to 30 miles. However, swells entering Nantucket Sound from the Atlantic will produce the largest and most powerful waves (Figure 1-12). In the absence of wave records, the magni — tude and direction of the winds are assumed proportional to the magnitude and direction of the wind-generated waves in order to determine the predominant direction of sand transport with time. A record of moderate, heavy, and gale-force winds are presented in wind rose form in Figures I13, 14. Strong tidal currents are present in Vineyard Sound with a net easterly movement of water mass (Bumpus et al., 1969). Large glacial

128 boulders located up to 50 ft shoreward of the low waterline complicate the flow approaching the beach. This site was chosen for the study because of the limited sources of material for transport south of the beach and the offer to put the beach at our disposal. With deep water immediately offshore of Nobska Point, it seemed reasonable to assume that Nobska Point was acting as a sink for sand, with only sand being generated north coming from the beach material, the material located in offshore bars, and the material located in the bluff. The water level and the wave energy would dictate the exact source. For normal events, the material is found on the foreshore. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND DATA ANALYSIS A complete description of the experimental method and the method used to analyze the data can be found in Komar (1969). The major differences in technique between Komar's and the ones used in this study are ones of resources: time, money, and equipment. Only a brief description of the method and data analysis will follow. A sample grid, 80 ft by 6 ft, was located by stakes placed at 10-ft intervals alongshore (Figures 1-15, 16; Picture IX-7). The grid points L, M, and H were located in the field by aligning with the stakes and moving shoreward from the "step," which was distinctly visible during the entire experiment, and by taking one or two 3-ft paces. Grab samples of 225 cm3 were taken at the L, M, and H grid points using a 25-mm diameter glass tube cut in 10- to 15-cm lengths (Pictures IX-11, 12). In an area with a larger breaker zone, more precise grid point locations would be required. Approximately 50 lb of local beach material was sprayed with fluorescent red point after sieving into three uniform grain sizes: 0.5-1.0 mm, 1.0-2.0 mm, and 2.0-8.0 mm. The results of tests using this "dying technique" are shown in Appendix VIII. Other methods of dying

129 the tracer material are also described in Appendix VIII. Radioactive tracers were not considered because of availability, environmental considerations, and expense. The red tracer material, similar to the existing median grain sizes on the beach, was assumed to be hydraulically identical to this material. Five 8-lb plastic bags of tracer material, equally representing the three grain sizes, were placed in the breaker zone, perpendicular to shore and extending seaward of the breaker zone (Figure 16). An additional 8-lb sample was placed offshore in 2-3 ft of water. Care was taken to carefully wet the sample before releasing it so it would act in a similar manner to the existing material. The material was released by ripping the bottom of the plastic bag away while applying pressure from above, being careful not to place any of the sample in suspension. Grab and core samples were taken at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 190 min from the release of the tracer material. Measurements of the longshore current outside the breaker zone were taken using a ping-pong ball drogue, consisting of a weighted ball attached to an unfilled marker ball by fishline (Picture IX-9) (Sato and Tanaka, 1966). Two shore transits were used to follow the drogue. No attempt was made to measure the longshore current in the breaker zone using dye techniques. Wave measurements were made using a calibrated staff to measure wave height, a string to measure the wave length, and a stopwatch to measure the period. Only the larger and most distinct swells were measured before, during, and at the completion of the experiment. The angle the waves made with the shoreline was measured with a protractor and string and was checked by a transit placed along the shoreline. Wind measurements in the field were made using a hand-held anemometer and transit compass, and were checked by the wind magnitude and direction recorded at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. No significant changes in the wave or wind variables were observed until the end of the experiment.

130 Appendix VI contains the time of the collection, Table 1; the drogue data, Table 2; the wind data, Table 3; the wave data, Table 4; and the survey data, Tables 5 and 6. Appendix III contains the grab sample data, Tables 1-7, and the core sample data, Tables 8-14. The equations used to analyze the grab and core sample data are listed in Appendix III. Reference to Komar (1969) is suggested for complete analysis. GROIN PROFILES The beach profiles were taken using a transit as a level, a survey rod, and a 50-ft tape. All distances seaward were measured from a baseline through a stake located at the bluff along Profile B. All elevations refer to an assumed 100.00-ft elevation on a bench mark located on the groin. No tie-in was made to an existing bench mark since only relative differences in elevation were needed. With limited manpower resources, most distances along the profiles were determined by plotting the horizontal angles measured with the transit to find the intersection with the profile lines at a scale of 1 in = 5 ft. Distances are accurate to + 0.2 ft. Three beach surveys were taken: 18 May 1972, 24 May 1972, and 3 June 1972. The 24 May 1972 survey was intended for ascertaining the extent of material buildup around the groin. The survey notes are included in Tables VII-1-3. The annual rate of bluff erosion was determined by measuring the distance from the house to the bluff using two sets of aerial photographs, 13 December 1938 and 31 August 1948, and the present measurement. The owner's observations over the last seven years were used to check the estimate. RESULTS OF THE SAND TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT The results of the sand transport experiment are given in Table IV1, in Figure IV-O as a plot of I2 versus PR, in Figure IV-1-14 as

131 Table 1. Rate of Sand Transport Results TIME v FROM 3 t =O Min Ft Ft / Mi n Ft /Min 5 12.4 2.48 0O49 10 17.6 1.76 0.68 20 19.8 0099 0,44 40 29.2 0,73 0042 60 34.3 0.57 0,37 90 34.8 0.39 0.27 190 45.5 0.24 = 048 Ft3/Min = 0.0080 Ft3/ Sec, = 0.85 (Ft - lb)/(Ft - Sec) P = 49.6 (Ft-lb)/(Ft-Sec) where o= 20~, H =0.67Ft L = 13.5 Ft, T = 2.5 Sec

102-,. Maresca ~~~~~~~~~~a) 11 /Laboratory E 10 Krumbein 1944 - /Savil.le 1950 -Shay& Johnson 1951 -Q / Sauvage &Vincent 1954 2 -2/ Field Sauvage & Vincent 1954 10-3 10-2 lo-l 1 101 102 P,Ft lb/FtSec 1F Figu~ Mare sca

133 concentration diagrams of the tracer material and sand groin profiles for each material size and run. A transport rate of 0.49 ft3/min for a wave energy flux of 49.6 ftlb/ft-sec was determined. The transport to the north-northeast was confined to a narrow zone bounded by the breaker zone and the swash-backwash zone. No transport was observed immediately seaward of the breaker zone, or in the offshore sample. Transport for this wave energy flux was independent of grain size although the material was sorted and traveled alongshore with the coarsest material found in the breaker zone and the finer material further shoreward. RESULTS OF THE GROIN PROFILES The results of the profiling are shown in Figure I-1-10 as typical survey profiles and in Figure I-11-13 as plan views drawn from the survey notes. Table II-1 and Figure II-1-4 show the results of the gradation analysis The groin effectively intercepted the littoral drift during the 18-day interval extending the beach at Profile F 15 ft seaward with an accompanying 1-ft rise in elevation relative to Profile D. Predominant direction of transport during this time was from south to north. Erosion was observed along Profile D with no net movement seaward during the time interval. The beach 50 ft north and south of the groin was not affected by the groin, indicating the groin was acting independently of the next groin, located over 500 ft to the north. The primary source of sand for transport came from the beaches south of the groin. A preliminary calculation indicated an annual bluff erosion rate of 1.0 ft/yr ~ 0.5 ft. DISCUSSION OF SAND TRANSPORT RESULTS The tracer concentration diagrams/profiles give a qualitative description of the longshore transport of the tracer material. The profiles, a plot of number of tracer grains versus distance alongshore, indicates

134 a wave face progressing alongshore with the back of the wave attached to the initial sample (Figure IV-1-4) until the sample is depleted and the wave progresses through the sample area (Figure IV-5-7). Comparing the sand groin profiles, the velocity of transport appeared the same qualitatively for the 0.5- to 1.0-mm and 1.0- to 2.0-mm tracer samples. However, sorting shoreward from the breaker zone, coarse to fine, was evident from both the concentration and profile graphs. The 0.5- to 1.0-mm sample traveled closest to H grid points, the 1.0- to 2.0-mm sample traveled through the M grid points, and the 2.0- to 8.0-mm tracer grains traveled between L and M. No measure was made of the suspended load. Inconsistencies in the tracer concentration diagrams/profiles were noted at station "C" during the 20-, 40-, and 90-min runs (Figures IV-3, 4, 7), where a depression in the wave front was found. The grab samples collected at this station were observed to be coarser and of smaller volume compared to the other grab samples. The sample was probably taken outside the breaker zone, where smaller amounts of material were being transported, and combined with the small sample volume, accounting for the decrease in the number of tracer grains. The 5-min run (Figure IV-1) indicated that the initial sample did not go into suspension, but behaved as the existing material since stations D through H indicated no portion of the sample had reached that area in the grid. Thus no "quick transport" was observed. The 190-min run (Figure IV-7) indicated that most of the sample had passed through the grid and further measurements would have been fruitless. Errors in the concentration diagrams/profiles are a function of the collection and analysis of the grab samples. Common sources of error are improper location of the grid points in the field, varying volumes of sample of each grab sample, and counting errors. The results of not returning to the precise grid point and not taking equal volumes of sample at each grid point were discussed previously. In order to count the tracer grains in each sample, the samples were split into halves, quarters, or eighths. Limited time made this procedure necessary. In each sample that was split, it was assumed that a large random distribution

135 C400 I 0 40 8010 5 a 3 1000 O I I I 1 I1 0 400 300 E3 1200 ^ 6 (0 40 80 Figure 2. Tracer Concentration Diagram/Profile Time = 10 min

136 100.0 80.0 Breaker Zone.d - -0.0 0 - Profile A/ '- ---- Profile D / 60.0 ----- Profile F - -- Profile I / /I I 4.0 - - I ',I / I rIrI ' 2 0.0 -, 1 E'~ / ~8.0 / 6.0 I 4.0 2.0 / -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 1.5 2 3 Q 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.35 0.25 0.125mm Grain Diameter Figure 3. Sand Gradation Curve

137,, —x6 0 150 50 0 200 1 Eo 3 cu 0 400.E 300 E ' 200 100 0 40 80 900 200 a) ~ C000 \20 1400 2 v 1200 1000 ~800 A. 600 400 200 0 1I I I I 8 0 0 40 80 Distance Along Shore, Ft Figure 4. Concentration Diagram/Profile Time - 40 min

138 00 10 L_ Eo C 50 E, 400 - \ 2800 Z 600 EL 400 200 0 0 40 80 v 0 600 800 E'i 600 400 A, 200 z 0 I I I I I,I I 00 40 80 Distance Along Shore, Ft Figure 5. Tracer Concentration Diagram/Profile Time = 60 min

.~~~~~~D June3, 1972 F June 3, 1972 _____ F May 18,1972 D May 18, 1972 100.0 g 95.0 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c% 90.0 0 50 100 150 Distance Offshore, Ft Figure 10. Profile D and F, 18 May 1972 and 13 June 1972, Red Wright Beach

200 180 — -I- o 1600 140 92 120 -i) O (3 94 C 60 -100 93 B —ft "3 1 -- -94~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OUmON80 Y,~ ~ ~ uIt -Mw ==o 97 60 - B M 40 -20 Bluff I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 50 100 50 0 50 100 150 Di stance, Ft. Figure 11. Red Wright Beach, 18 May 1972 Contours —ft; Assumed Elevation: 100.0 ft at BM

Sample Depth 2 ft. Sample t 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3ft fn H G F E D C A 80 ft 10 ft Intervals -I- Grab Sample Grab and Core Sample Figure 16. Sampling Grid

142 of tracer grains would be found in the sample. If a sample was split and this assumption was not valid, a larger portion of the sample was then counted. Using good judgment, splitting the sample did not appear to induce any large errors in the analysis. With more time for analysis, the whole sample could have been counted and this error eliminated. The core samples were used to determine burial depth of the tracer material. The presence of tracer grains was recorded in the cores at 1-cm intervals. From preliminary tests, the accuracy of taking a core sample in coarse sand was + 0.5 cm due to the side friction errors. During the analysis, large rocks blocking the core made the core suspect. Some cores were too short because a rock bottom prevented us from obtaining a full sample. Fortunately, a majority of the cores were not adversely affected and the burial depths were determined using an averaging technique. Future experiments should consider using a core of larger diameter. The validity of the burial depth was checked the following day at low tide. In the grid area, burial depths of tracer material measured 3.5-5.0 cm, which checked with the core data. During the night the winds abated, the wave heights decreased to 0.1 ft, and the direction of approach reversed to the southwest, so this check seems reliable. The immersed rate of sand transport versus longshore component of wave energy flux, shown in Figure IV-0, appears to be within the normal scatter of data points. Without additional repeats of this experiment, it is difficult to evaluate the reliability of this result. One group of errors has been discussed previously, since the data used to plot the tracer diagrams was used to calculate the immersed transfer rate, I9. The measurement of the wave parameters is also a source of error. For reliable results, a time series analysis must be made on a continuous wave record. The measurement of the wave height, length, and period at discrete intervals of time with cruide equipment makes the calculation of Pk suspect. The longshore current was measured outside the breaker zone and the results are shown in Figure 1-15. The velocities of the longshore

143 current were not high enough to erode and transport the bottom material (Figure I-3b). This explains why the sample placed offshore did not move. The tracer sample placed through the breaker zone showed a distinct line of demarcation during the experiment. The sample shoreward of the breaker zone was depleted by the end of the experiment, but the sample immediately seaward of the breaker zone did not move. This indicated transport only in the breaker and swash-backwash zones in a narrow zone that moved in with the flooding tide. The day selected for the experiment was typical of a moderately windy day, with the waves being generated from the southwest up Vineyard Sound, and the results can also be assumed typical of the area. DISCUSSION OF GROIN PROFILES Studying the profiles taken 18 May 1972, a net build-up of material was present on the south side of the groin along Profile F. The beach at Profile F extended seaward further than the beach at Profile D. However, seaward of the low waterline, the bottom elevation along Profile D was greater than in the same vicinity at F. This build-up was the material that was being eroded at the shore and being dropped offshore. The predominant wave attack was from the southwest and only the waves highly refracted and diffracted would reach this area, leaving a shadow zone in this area. Material offshore traveling shoreward also was being transported into this shadow zone, where it settled out. The result was a net build-up of the bottom. Fine-grained material found in the shoaling area and the backshore, where the erosion was taking place, was being supplied. The gradation analysis verified this. The material found in the shoaling zone, the breaker zone, and the swash-backwash zone was significantly finer (Profile D) than the other samples taken at Profiles A, F, and I. Comparing the profiles of 18 May 1972 and 3 June 1972, a net seaward movement of 15 ft had occurred along Profile F relative to Profile

144 D, indicating a predominant direction of transport from south to north. In general, no net change was made in the other profiles over the 18 days. Since the area of build-up and erosion was limited to the groin, it appears that this groin is acting independently of the next groin, over 500 ft to the north. This paper represents only a preliminary study of the coastal processes at work in this area. Final conclusions cannot be made until further studies are made. First, more points are needed on the graph of immersed weight of transport versus the longshore component of wave energy flux so a curve can be fitted to the data. Second, profiles over 18 days are not over a period long enough to make long-term conclusions. The profiles should be taken over a year so that the seasonal and storm events can be observed. Third, the sources of sand should be measured quantitatively to ascertain the contributions from the offshore shoals, the beach, and the bluff. Fourth, in conjunction with the source study, an accurate determination of annual bluff erosion should be made using aerial photographs, old land surveys, old topographic maps, and discussions with previous owners. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank B. Luyendyk for his help in a fruitful literature search, J. Moody and J. Milliman for their discussions of the sand transport phenomenon locally, E. Monahan for his aid in securing needed equipment, and J. Hancock for expediting needed supplies through the system. The experiment could not have been run without the organized and efficient aid of V. Evans, C. Kramer, J. McPeak, R. Patchen, B. Higgins, R. Perscheacher, J. Allender, and T. Kaye. The beach, encouragement, and, of course, the sunny weather was generously offered by R. Wright. I cannot sufficiently thank T. Kaye, who isolated thousands of red tracer grains. Finally, a special thanks to my wife, Noreen, for her aid in preparing the final manuscript.

145 REFERENCES Bumpus, D.F.; Wright, R.; and Vaccaro, R.F., "Considerations on a Sewer Outfall of Nobska Point," Unpublished manuscript, WHOI Ref. 69-87, Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1969. Caldwell, J.M., "Wave Action and Sand Movement Near Anaheim Bay, California," Technical Memo 68, Beach Erosion Board, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1956. Das, M.M., "Longshore Sediment Transport Rates: A Compilation of Data," US Army Corps of Engineers, 1971. Herron, W.J., and Harris, R.L., "Littoral By-passing and Beach Restoration in the Vicinity of Port Hueneme, California," Proceedings of the 10th Conference on CoastaZ Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1966. Horikawa, K., and Sonu, C., "An Experimental Study on the Effect of Coastal Groins," Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1966. Ingle, J.C., Jr., The Movement of Beach Sand, Developments in SedimentoZogy 5, New York: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1966. Inman, D.L.; Komar, P.D.; and Bowen, A.J., "Longshore Transport of Sand," Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Coastal Enginering, Council on Wave Research, 1969. Johnson, J.W., "Sand Transport by Littoral Currents," Proceedings of the 5th HydrauZics Conference, Bulletin 34, Studies in Engineering, State University of Iowa, 1952.

146 King, C.A.M., Beaches and Coasts, London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1959. Komar, P.D., "The Longshore Transport of Sand on Beaches," PhD thesis, University of California —San Diego, 1969. Krumbein, W.C., "Shore Currents and Sand Movement on a Model Beach," Technical Memo 7, Beach Erosion Board, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1944. Miller, R.L., and Zeigler, J.M., "A Model Relating Dynamics and Sediment Pattern in Equilibrium in the Region of Shoaling Waves, Breaker Zone and Foreshore," J. Geol. 66 (1958). Moore, G.W., and Cole, J.Y., "Coastal Processes in the Vicinity of Cape Thompson, Alaska," Geologic investigations in support of Project Chariot in the vicinity of Cape Thompson, northwestern Alaska — Preliminary Report, Trace Elements Investigations Report 753, US Geological Survey, 1960. Sato, S., and Tanaka, N., "Field Investigation on Sand Drift at Port Kashima Facing the Pacific Ocean," Proceedings of the 10th Conference on CoastaZ Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1966. Sauvage, M.G., and Vincent, M.G., "Transport Littoral Formation de Leches et de Tombolos," Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Grenoble, France, 1954. Savage, R.P., "Laboratory Determination of Littoral Transport Rates," Proceedings of the ASCE, Vol. 88, No. WW2, 1962. Savage, R.P., "Laboratory Study of the Effect of Groins on the Rate of Littoral Transport: Equipment Development and Initial Tests," Technical Memo, 114, Beach Erosion Board, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1959.

147 Saville, T., Jr., "Model Study of Sand Transport Along an Indefinitely Long, Straight Beach," Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1950. Saville, T., Jr., "Discussion of Laboratory Determination of Littoral Transport Rates," J. Waterways and Harbors Div., ASCE, 38(WW4) (1962). Shay, E.A., and Johnson, J.W., "Model Studies on the Movement of Sand Transported by Wave Action Along a Straight Beach," Issue 7, Series 14, Institute of Engineering Research, University of California —Berkeley, 1951. Shepard, F.P., Submarine GeoZogy, New York: Harper and Row, 1948. Shimano, T.; Homma, H.; and Horikawa, S., "Experimental Effects on the Effects of Groins," Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on CoastaZ Engineering, JSCE, Vol. 3, 1955. US Army Corps of Engineers, "Shore Protection Planning and Design," Technical Report 4, 1966. Watts, G.M., "A Study of Sand Movement at South Lake Worth Inlet, Florida," Technical Memo 42, Beach Erosion Board, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1953.

149 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF TWO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL METHODS, REDUCED SALINITY AND LIGHT DEPRIVATION, FOR THE TUNICATE BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI IN AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS Peter W. Perschbacher A study of environmental controls for BotryZZus schiosseri (Pallas) in aquaculture systems was undertaken in conjunction with an aquaculture project underway at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Reduced salinities and light deprivation have been examined. Flushing with reduced salinity is indicated. The lethal level for single colonies of B. schiosseri at 22~ C is 60 min immersion in 5 percent, or 30 min immersion in fresh water. These exposures are well within the tolerance limits of oysters and most bivalves. However, lethal levels appear to be correlated with temperature. At 16.50 C, 30 min immersion in fresh water was necessary to effect 100 percent mortality. No mortality occurred after 6 min immersion in fresh water at 6.5~ C. Light deprivation did not significantly affect the growth of adult colonies. Where filamentous algae interfered with colony growth, reduced light resulted in an increase in colony growth. B. schZosseri reacts to lowered salinities in a manner similar to that of bivalues. In steadily reduced salinities, a reduction in contact of the colony occurs at 22-23 percent. After a short period of adjustment, a further reduction- of 5-10 percent is tolerated before reduction in contact again occurs. INTRODUCTION An aquaculture study at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has successfully cultured algae utilizing secondary treated sewage as a nutrient source (Dunstan and Menzel, 1971). The algae are used as a food source for bivalve culture in a companion project. Fouling organisms, with the exception of the colonial tunicate, BotryZZus schiosseri, are eliminated from the system by means of a 100-y filter for incoming sea water (Kenneth Tenore, personal communication). The present study was undertaken to examine several environmental control methods for this organism in aquaculture systems.

150 B. schZosseri has appeared in the literature in reference to fouling oyster culture and harbors, with little mention of control techniques. Its undesirability derives from the preference of the larvae for protruding objects as settling sites in the subtidal to 15-20 fathom zone, and the rapid summer growth (Berrill, 1936) by asexual budding, which may result in a doubling of zooids per colony every 2-3 days (Millar, 1971) and a mat of contiguous colonies over a foot in diameter (Milkman, 1967). Adverse effects upon coastal oyster culture and aquaculture systems include overgrowth and suffocation of oysters, food competition, rendering of cultch —settling sites for oyster larvae — unfavorable for settling, and silting due to fecal deposits (Millar, 1971). Cleaning of cultch and oysters in raft cultures has been accomplished by dipping in Victoria Blue, copper sulphate, di-nitro-orthocreosol, or saturated salt solution (Loosonoff, 1960). Flushing with Victoria Blue has been indicated as a control method in aquaculture systems; however, mortality may occur if the oyster opens and receives a lethal dose (Loosonoff, 1960). Environmental controls for aquaculture systems have not been reported. Areas of research into environmental control methods which should be considered are predators, light deprivation, and reduced salinities. The predators of B. schlosseri are numerous and include crabs, two gastropods, several members of the super families Lamellariacea and Cypraeacea, a number of nudibranchs and turbellarian flatworms (Millar, 1971). Light deprivation repeatedly induced degeneration and death in a species of the genus Botrylloides (Pizon, 1899). However, Millar (1971) notes that the effect of light on adult colonies of B. schlosseri is little known. In darkness the larvae of BotryllZZus niger will not settle and the larvae of SympZegma viride will die after two days (Thorsen, 1964). Reduced salinities of Cheasapeake Bay and the Louisiana coast have been correlated with high oyster production due to pest reduction (Menzel, 1969). Utilization of this effect of low salinities is the basis for a proposal to locate raft cultures in estuarine tributaries (Davis, 1969). The limited osmoregulatory ability of B. schZosseri

151 has also been reported (Potts and Parry, 1964; Millar, 1971). In this study light deprivation and reduced salinities have been used to determine lethal levels for B. schiosseri. The significance and limitations of the results will be discussed in terms of applications to bivalve aquaculture systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colonies of B. schZosseri were obtained from the sides of a large oyster rearing tank which is part of the ongoing aquaculture project at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The temperature had been maintained at a constant 200 C. The colonies were subdivided into groups of two colonies and five colonies. The group of five was allowed to settle on slides. The group of two colonies was allowed to settle and attach to slides and unclean oyster shells in a tray with flowing sea water of slightly higher than the ambient sea water temperature. Turbulence was reduced to facilitate settling. SaZinity Experiments The method used for determining the lethal level, or point at which 100 percent mortality occurs, was to place the animal in the lethal environment and note the time of death. As 23 percent is the lowest reported salinity for B. schZosseri (Dybern, 1967; Milkman, 1967), sea water was diluted with fresh water to obtain l-liter volumes of salinities 20 percent, 15 percent, 10 percent, 5 percent, and fresh water. The salinities were determined by use of a refractometer corrected and checked by a salinometer standardized with Copenhagen water. Two fingerbowls were filled with each salinity on the same day. One fingerbowl was used in the immersion test. Five slides with five colonies attached were counted by zooid number and placed in each of the varying salinities. At intervals of 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min a slide was removed, marked, and returned to

152 the initial container of normal salinity, which for Woods Hole is about 31 percent. The salinity of the fingerbowls was again measured to check for change during the test period by refractometer-salinometer. A count to determine mortality was made several days later. Mortality was determined by evidence of decomposition, which results in a red-orange appearance of the zooids. An initial group of 25 slides was acclimated to room temperature of 220 C, tested at varying salinities and returned to the original container at this temperature to outline the lethal level. Further tests were run with seven slides each, at ambient sea water to 16.50 C and refrigerated sea water of 6.50 C in an identical manner (the slides being immersed in and returned to the noted temperature). Five slides tested the lethal level, as described; one slide was used to test the salinity level; and one slide was used to test the reduced time interval adjacent to the lethal level to detect changes in response with temperature. Similarly, seven slides from the light-deprived tray were tested at 220 C following completion of the preceding experiment. Also, one slide of five colonies was maintained in each of the salinities above the lethal level, 10 percent, 15 percent, and 20 percent, for a prolonged period until 100 percent mortality had occurred, as evidenced by a uniform red-orange color. A dissecting microscope was used to observe reactions to gradual dilution at 220 C. One to two milliliters of fresh water was added to a fingerbowl of normal salinity with one slide of five colonies until a reaction was noted. After a short interval to allow for accommodation of the colonies, dilution was continued. This process was repeated until no further reaction was noted. The entire cycle was repeated. Utilizing the refractometer-salinometer, measurements were taken of the salinity required to produce the reactions.

153 Light-Deprivation Experiment Slides and shells with two colonies attached were counted by zooid number per slide-shell following the growth measurements of Sabbadin (1964). Size increments prove less reliable as colonies often divide during growth. Seven slides and seven shells were arranged, alternately, in three rows in each of three, 4-liter, plastic trays. One tray was left uncovered as a control and, from light-meter readings, received 3000 ft candles illumination. Another tray was covered with double plastic screening and received 800 ft candles illumination. The final tray was covered with aluminum foil and received no illumination. Running sea water with an average temperature of 17.50 C and carbon content of 140 pg C/liter was maintained. The stream was deflected to reduce turbulence. After 21 days, 18 May-8 June, the slide and shell colonies were again counted by zooid number per slide or shell. T-test comparisons were used to detect significant differences in growth. RESULTS Reduced Salinities The mean number of zooids per slide was 52.0 + 13.6. The initial test at 220 C indicates the lethal level is 30 min in fresh water, 60 min in 5 percent salinity. (The dashed line in Table 1 delimits this area.) At 16.50 C no mortality was observed at 5 percent salinity. (The dashed line in Table 2 delimits this area.) No mortality was observed in fresh water at 6.50 C. The prolonged time periods in 10 percent, 15 percent, and 20 percent salinity produced 10 percent mortality, or a lethal level, at 36 hr, and no mortality after one week, 3 June10 June, in 15 percent and 20 percent salinity. The lethal levels for the dark adapted colonies were not significantly different from the initial test.

154 TABLE 1. Comparison of Percent Mortality Versus Immersion Period with Varying Salinities at 22......C.. Immersion Period (min.) 5 15 30 60 90 SALINITY (parts per thousand) 20 % mortality 0% 07% 0% 0% 0% 15 % mortality 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10 % mortality 0% 0%0 0 0% 0% 5 1 --- - _ % mortality 0% 0% 0% 93% 95% 0 I% mortality 0% 0.% I 100% 1007. 100% TABLE 2. Comparison of Percent Mortality Versus Inmmersion Period with Varying Salinities at 16.50 Inmmersion Period (min.) 5 15 30 60 90 SALINITY (parts per thousand) 20 % mortality 0% 0% 0o 0% 0% 15 % mortality 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10 % mortality 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5 % mortality 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% % mortality.0% 0. i100% 100. 100%

155 The dilution observations indicate dilution to 22-23 percent will be tolerated by the zooids before a reduction in contact by closing of siphons and contraction of the body wall occurs. After a period of hours, the zooids in the colony return to the normal state and will tolerate a further reduction of 5-10 percent before a reduction in contact again occurs. Light Deprivation The mean initial number of zooids per slide-shell was 20.7 + 3.6. Quantitatively, no mortality occurred as a result of light deprivation. Filamentous algae rather reduced colony growth on shells grown in full illumination or shells at reduced illumination. T-test comparisons of slide versus shell growth show significant differences in growth at 3000 ft candles illumination and 800 ft candles illumination. Slide versus shell growth with no illumination did not show significant differences (Table 3). T-test values of growth differences between slides in no illumination and 800 ft candles, and between 800 ft candles and 3000 ft candles are 1.56 and.238, respectively. These do not indicate significant differences. In general the increase in colony number was as expected with suboptimal spring temperatures. Several slides and shells in each tray were adversely affected, by dislodgment or degeneration, in the immediate area of the water stream deflection. This indicates too severe a turbulence, which, as Milkman (1967) has noted, results in the stated effects. These were not used in computing percent increase or T-test comparisons. DISCUSSION Reduced Salinities The lethal levels for B. schZosseri, 22~ C and 16.5~ C, are well within the tolerance limits of oysters and most bivalves. Oysters may

An TABLE 3. Comparison of Percent Increase in Zooid Number per Slide-Shell of Slides Versus Shells at Various Light Intensities Student's Slide Shell "T" Value 3000 ft. candles Percent increase in zooid number 84.6-14.7 (3) -51.1-15.7 (3) 8.7* 800 ft. candles Percent increase in zooid number 108.0-17.1 (4) 16.5~18.8 (4) 7.8* 0 ft. candles Percent increase in zooid number 84.9+14.7 (4) 90.3-32.4 (4).5 1. Values given as the meantstandard deviation; the number of slides or shells is given in parenthesis. *Significant at the.05 probability level.

157 survive for three days in fresh water with zero mortality (Loosonoff, 1969). Flushing of the system with fresh water thus appears to be an effective environmental control method, The time interval necessary to effect 100 percent mortality will vary with the temperature of the system, in general, lower temperatures requiring longer immersion periods. A 1- to 2-hr flushing period should be adequate for the aquaculture system with which this project is allied, as temperatures will be maintained at 20~ C or more. This method would also be applicable to bivalve culture in coastal impoundments. Draining and refilling with fresh water would constitute the flushing process. Presumably, with application these preliminary immersion periods may be better defined for varying temperatures and other factors not considered in this study, as the effect of colony size, genetic variations in colony, tolerances of the cultured species, etc. Observation of the reaction of the colony to steadily reduced salinities indicates a reduction in contact response, similar to that of bivalves. The prolonged immersions of 15 percent and 20 percent without adverse effects and with the colony maintaining a normal appearance would argue, however, if not for a greater degree of osmoregulation than normally accorded the Tunicates, then certainly for further studies in this area. Light-Deprivation Experiment Light does not appear necessary for the normal growth of B. schiosseri. A degree of reduced light may, in fact, be necessary to eliminate the adverse effects of filamentous algae. These may include reduction of water flow and food over the colony, and an increase in silting. This accords with the preference of larvae for settling on the underside or shaded side of protruding objects (Woodbridge, 1924). Thus, light deprivation of adult colonies is not to be conisidered as a control method. Although the discrepancies with Pizon's (1899) conclusions cannot be accounted for, it should be noted that he observed a red-orange coloration of the colonies after three days in the light-deprived environment,

158 which here has been used to establish the onset of colony decomposition. The effect of continued darkness on the larvae of B. schZosseri bears investigation as well as predator studies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Kenneth Tenore for his advice, assistance, and toleration in this project. I would also like to thank Helen Nearing for typing this report. The cooperation of Dr. Edward C. Monahan is also appeciated.

159 REFERENCES Berrill, N.J., "Studies in Tunicate Development, Tunicata," Transactions of the RoyaZ Society of London 226:216-24 (1936). Davis, H.C., "Design and Development of an Environmental Controls System for Culturing Oyster Larvae," pp. 135-50 in Proceedings of the Conference on the ArtificiaZ Propagation of CommerciaZZy VaZuabZe SheZZfish, K. S. Price, Jr. and D. L. Maurer (eds.), Newark: University of Delaware, 1969. Dunstan, W.M., and Menzel, D.W., "Continuous Cultures of Natural Populations of Phytoplankton in Dilute, Treated Sewage Effluent," LimnoZogy and Oceanography 16(4):623-32 (1971). Dybern, B.I., "Distribution and Salinity Tolerance of Ciona intestinaZis (L.) F. Typica with Special Reference to the Waters Around Southern Scandanavia," OpheZia 4:207-26 (1967). Loosanoff, V.C., "Recent Advances in the Control of Shellfish Predators and Competitors," pp. 113-27 in Proceedings of the GulZf and Caribbean Fishery Institute, 13th Session, 1960. Menzel, R.W., "Selective Breeding in Oysters," pp. 81-90 in Proceedings of the Conference on the ArtificiaZ Propagation of CommerciaZZy Valuable SheZZfish," K. S. Price, Jr. and D. L. Maurer (eds.), Newark: University of Delaware, 1969. Milkman, R., "Genetic and Developmental Studies of BotryZZus schZosseri, Transactions of the RoyaZ Society of London 226:216-24 (1967).

160 Millar, R.H., "The Biology of Ascidians," Adv. Mar. BioZ. 9:1-82 (1971). Pizon, M.A., "Etudes biologiques sur les tuniciers coloniques fixes," BuZZ. Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest France (ire Serie) 9:1-55 (1899). Potts, W.T., and Parry, G., Osmotic and Ionic ReguZation in AnimaZs, Oxford: Pergammon Press, 1964. Sabbadin, A., "The Pigments of BotryZZus schZosseri and Their Genetic Control," Ric. Sci. Pend. B 34:439-44 (1964). Thorsen, G., "Light as an Ecological Factor in the Dispersal and Settlement of Larvae of Marine Bottom Invertebrates," OpheZia 1:167-209 (1964). Woodbridge, H., "BotryZZus schZosseri (Pallas): The Behaviour of the Larva with Special Preference to the Habitat," BioZ. BuZZ. 47:223 -30 (1924).

161 A BRIEF LOOK AT FOUR SPECIES OF DEEP SEA FISH Don Ryker This paper examines four species of fishes. The fish were caught in three different bottom trawls at depths of 400, 500, and 700 fathoms on the continental slope. The fish examined were Synaphobranchus kaupi, AZepocephaZus agassizi, Macrourus bairdii, and Dicrolene intronigra. These four fish made up the majority of fish caught in each trawl. The length of each AZepocephaZus agassizi was measured (head to beginning of caudal fin). For the other three species, the total length of each fish was measured (head to end of caudal fin). Each fish was then weighed to the nearest tenth of a gram. This information was fed into a computer and plots of length versus weight, the length frequencies, and weight frequencies were obtained. The results show that Synaphobranchus kaupi and DicroZene intropigra show strong tendencies to increase in age (size) with depth. Macrourus bairdii is much more homogeneous. Attempts to find age groups using length and weight frequencies were not reliable. Weight frequencies seem to be sex biased. Macrourus bairdii and DicroZene intronigra show age distribution. Growth curves seem to show linear growth patterns for Synaphobranchus kaupi and Macrourus bairdii. AZepocephaZus agassizi and DicroZene intronigra show exponential growth curves. INTRODUCTION Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) first examined macrourids (Figure 1)* and concluded that these fish were the most abundant fish of the continental slope below 100 fathoms. Their range is from 80-1224 fathoms. Macrourid larvae live near the surface of the open ocean, but adults live much deeper, along the slope and rise. Marshal (1965) studied the systematics and biology of macrourids, and agreed with Bigelow and Schroeder as to the abundance of the tish. He further concluded that there are at least 300 species of macrourids, each with a limited range. There also is evidence that these fish lay buoyant eggs close to the bottom, that the eggs are fertilized externally, and that they then float upward and develop at about 33.3 fathoms. Figures not included in the text are on file in the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.

162 McLellan (personal communication) has examined Macrourus bairdii brains and believes that this species has a sensitive lateral line and a good sense of taste. Synaphobranchus kaupi (Figure 2) is found at depths greater than 200 fathoms (Schroeder, 1955). The documented locations of areas where this fish has been caught by US fisherman are shown in Figure 3. Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) have found the genus Synaphobranchus from depths of 129 fathoms to depths greater than 2000 fathoms. The temperature range of the fish is 1.4~-11.5~ C. Like macrourids, Synacphobranchus larvae develop in the surface waters, specifically in the Sargasso Sea. It is believed that this genus lays buoyant eggs near the bottom. The exact species of the larvae are not known although it is believed that those caught to date are not one, but several species, including S. kaupi. Synaphobranchus larvae go through several stages, which are much unlike the adult, spending several years developing before they finally become an adult (Brun, 1937). McLellan (personal communication) believes Synaphobranchus kaupi use the sense of smell in locating food. Stomach contents contain shrimp. AlZepocephaZlus agassizi (Figure 4) have been found as shallow as 200 fathoms (Goode and Bean, 1895). McLellan concludes that this species is visually oriented, with a sensitive lateral and a good sense of taste. There is no light at depths below 700 fathoms; therefore, the eyes must be used to see the bioluminescent shrimps. Stomach contents have been examined and support this hypothesis. DicroZene intronigra (Figure 5) have a range of 185.5-983 fathoms (Goode and Bean, 1895). Schroeder (1955) mentions that they were caught at 450-730 fathoms. McLellan (personal communication) believes that no sense is particularly well developed, but that if they use any sense, it would be the sense of sight. The locations of the catches examined in this paper are shown in Figure 6.

45o~, 800., ~~750 700 45P 163 ~-~, ~~......2 ~~r~~~~~~~" '~.... '0 -f0 fr. ~... '~~~' ~''~: 'r~400 f 'M,-,-. o.............o,.o* *:,%r ~r~~~~~ r s~~~~~~.~~Oc oe 16 ~~~~~~~~~... rr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... 40 botto trawl etJ _.'~.~;':;~ ' 3~. 5~ r5 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ' r::N~ *,~,~~ 5o.. o..~....... -.oo~.~ ~~~ ~ ~+ 500 fm,0-00fm!4~'i "';40 - 0 f f bottom trawl net:F.:.. ~50.0"Otoebrur 1967....::~K UP CaTCHES.o.. +500-520 f'f ~~~5...:. 4..04 bottom trawl net Jue15 40f. 401 bottom t:':':";':~ March 19598.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ',~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.., ~~r::,?.4"]. ".~~'..:......, 25~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ oS~/-..'..'~ %.,II:, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:.'.$*!~~..' 4""~::,:~ ~ ~~~4050.. 400f,4' bottom t rawl natI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... -;'~~~~~~~~~~~...'..;?/.~~~~ r~( IF/)( 70f.: Foebrur 1969.. " I~~~~~~~~:.....050 udo,~~~~~~~~......" /. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.... c:.,...,~ ~ ~~~~m:;!y~yo,.j: - ~~.. '" '" ~~ ~ ~~~~~~i~;, ~,.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.o +~~~~~~~~- 480r~~~iJ fm.~ 40' bottom trawl netJue18:.~~~~~~~~~~~~C t ~ ~ ~ ~~.~i(~r ~M rh16 /~~~~~~~~~~'~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~.~.';:::....: ';~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?r,;s..,,'' ~5._. / ~~~~~~ ~~.~~~~ '0... " " ' rwlne ~~ ---— __L___L___.L_ 196 80 ---..~~~~~~75 0 Figure~~~~~~~~~ 3'. Lctoso athso yahornh8ku

164 45 ~- 80~ 75~ l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.!...: ~:':.':: ~~ ~r ~~..... o %~./* '::,.~,' r3D ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~r....,. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I.. ~...;~~~'~.~~~ o. $;.;'.. 3' ~, ~~,.~. -.:~.~.j~ i'.., '.~~~~~~~~.:'*...~..'~~ — ~~ t.... ~~~~~~~~~~+.4' m~ e r ";;;!:iii~ I i ~,~~~.. + "' rawlne,~ ~~~~ ~..~.:.? r ~~~~~~.:,; ~r ~. r ~~~~~~~o~.!~!~~::'!"' ~~~'"': ~~~.:~.,yIC ~ Mrch16 "":~~~~~~.!'5: /-0...r:....!:..'..':..',.: '.1 r.. r:-:,.:..55 -I ~ ~ ~ ~ I~'~4. /': " wle ~. ~....':i! ~~~~~i ~ I~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~.,:.:.;~ ~~~~4~ i ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ r - ~ ~ ~ r:-::::~'00fm! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~.~.'::':" '~~:~...... I~ ~~~~r~..':J.J.~~:/...'"'t ~~~~~~..' i:':; '. ~ ~ ~JI:ic 16!''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r /'~~~~~~~~~~,.;; 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~ 35 ~ ~ ~~~" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r~...u:: ~,:.,:'..;,:r, ~~~~~~~~~ ':":i/' /~~~~~ ~,) /. —~~~~~~0 bo:.o......,-. 80'~~~~~'_ ~~~~~r~:~~~~ February 19670..~~~~~5 Fiur. octono te heeTaws xmie

165 MATERIAL Log of Chain 88, 28 February 1969. Total catch = 96. 500 fathoms 12 Synaphobranchus kaupi 74 Macrourus bairdii 10 DicroZene intronigra Log of Chain 88, 6 March 1969. Total catch - 226. (Haedrich, 1970) 700 fathoms 67 Synaphobranchus kaupi 47 Macrourus bairdii 45 DicroZene intronigra 67 A lepocephaZus agassizi Log of Gosnold RHB 1602, 5 October 1967. Total catch = 108. 400 fathoms 100 Synaphobranchus kaupi 8 Macrourus bairdii This experiment involved measuring the lengths of the fishes. Standard length was measured for AZepocephaZus agassizi; total length was used for the rest of the fish. Standard length is the length from the head to the beginning of the caudal fin; total length is the length from the head to the end of the caudal fin. Measurements were made to the nearest millimeter. The weight of each fish was taken to the nearest tenth of a gram on an analytic balance. This information was put on computer cards and fed into a Sigma 7 computer. Two programs were used. The first program produced plots of length versus weight. For each species, four plots were obtained; one for each of the three catches and a total. These total plots appear in graph form in Figures 7, 10, 13, and 16. The second program calculated The figures are not presented in order.

166 the length frequencies and the weight frequencies. From this, eight plots were obtained for each species: length and weight frequencies for each of the three catches and one for the total species caught. The graphs of the totals for three of the species appear in Figures 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, and 18. For 41acrourus bairdii (Figure 8), the 400 fathoms catch was almost entirely omitted because it would have obscured the results by making means closer. RESULTS AlepocephaZus agassizi was not caught above 700 fathoms. Schroeder (1955) made many trawls at depths above this and does not mention catching this species of fish. Therefore, this might be an upper boundary for this fish, which would contradict Goode and Bean (1895). The rest of the results appear in tabular form. For Macrourus bairdii, the length versus weight plot (Figure 7) shows that age distribution with depth is not clearly defined. Length frequencies for Macrourus bairdii show a distribution that may indicate two different age groups (Figure 8). This first peak is at 32.0 cm and the second is at 38.0 cm. In this graph, the 400-fathom catch was almost entirely omitted because there were too few specimens. The weight frequencies (Figure 9) show a peak at 60 gm; lesser peaks, at 100 gm and 200 gm. Sex of the fish has much to do with the weight of a fish and tends to make the graph, although interesting, unreliable. Synaphobranchus kaupi so far have been caught in many trawls (Figure 3). The distribution of age with depth is well defined (Figure 10). The largest occur at the deepest depths. Like the macrourids, a linear regression best fits the points on the plot (see the Appendix). From the length frequencies (Figure 11), two quite distinct peaks can be seen. The first is at 32 cm and the second is at 56 cm. It is believed that this is due to bias in the sampling mechanisms. The weight frequencies also show two peaks, the first at 30 gm and the second at 150 gm.

167 [f 400 Fm.Catch |3 500 Fm. Catch 18 [ 700 Fm.Catch 16 14; A12 E 10 E 6 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 Length (cm) No. Shown = Mean for Group Figure 8. Length Frequencies, Macrourus bairdii

26 24 22 20 18 16 '~~~16~~~~ _ ( 400 Fm. Catch ' 14 t 500 Fm. Catch:__14 - F- 700 Fm.Catch 12 0 J~10 -E z 8 6 4 o' 0 0. 2 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Weight (Grams) Number Shown = Mean for Group Figure 9. Weight Frequencies: Macrourus bairdii

20 - 0: m~~~~~~~~~ 18 - 16 14 v, ~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0,: 12 '-r0 _:*:-:: j 400 Fm. Catch _c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 10 - 0 ~~ 10:~~~::;~II~~~ ~0 0500 Fm. Catch 0.0 *p OS0 0 700 Fm. Catch 0. *. 0 ** 0 9 -,I ---: *:::: ]U 8 9~~~~~~ **0 @0000 0* S S 0 * 0 0 9 0 * 0. 9 0 00 0 0 E 0~~~~* 0 *@ * *0 0 0 0 S 0. ** *. 009 0:099 *0 0 * * 99 * 00 (), go 0 *0 * 0. * *o. 99 00959 0 * Of: 0. * * *. 00 0 @9 09 222426283032 34 36 3840 42 44464850 5254 565860 62 64 Length (cm) Number Shown = Mean for Group Figure 11. Length Frequencies: Synaphobranchus kaupi 0' 0 0 0 0 o 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 I 0 0.0 0 O 0 o 2 0 0 0 0 00 0 o 0 I 0 0 00 10 00 0 0 00 0 0 0: 0 0 00 0 4, 0 0 00 0 o 0 0 0 9~~~~ Flom.,0 09 I:,I 0 -:S ~ ~~~~ ~?A 6 8 0 3 3 3 3 4042444648 0 2 4 6 5 6 6 6 ~ ~ Lnt (m ume hon=Menfr ru Figre11 Lngh reuecie: ynphbrncuskap

Number of Individuals X o ~ r Ox v 0X C D ~ 0o a a /a I ) I) '.:.. I 30 It*@ L@; @* seOS AoJ @eeeeee eeeeseoeeeeeeeeee.*.eg..::Ei ~0 Il I~ 0000090118 fl 0 IlllO I Pd 110," ' -D 170 *********.********* Ht' 13: L A 190 \\\\\ r3 210 \\\\\\ 330 i50 \\\\\\ -' 170 =90 k\\\~ mco CDCD 250 -.:: 0~ 370 OL:

171 10 700 Fm. Catch 9 8 7 4 -Length (cm) Number Shown = Mean for Group Figure 14. Length Frequencies: Aepocephaus gassiin for Group

Number of Individuals to rCD w Na n _ sO w j a.' 0 HQ- 15.40 212.12 408.84 507.02 '22 co 605.56 t4.:r 703.92 CD 802.28 900.64 r 998.99

173 13 12 11 10 9 ~ ~~9 W ~~~~g500 Fm.Catch 700 Fm.Catch 7 E 5 4 3 2 0 17.7 19.38 21.06 22.74 24.4226.1027.7829.46 31.14 32.82 34.50 Length (cm) Number Shown = Mean for Group Figure 17. Length Frequencies: DicrolZene intronigra

174 16 15 14 - Dicrolene Intronigra 13 - Weight Frequencies 12 11 10 9 500 Fm. Catch:>~~ ~ [8~~~ 700 Fm. Catch E 1 83 3348.6463.8178.98 109.32124.49 170.00 0 183 33.7 48.64 63.81 78.98 94.15 109.32 124.49 170.00 Weight (Grams) Number Shown - Mean for Group Figure 18. Weight Frequencies: DicroZene intronigra

175 A Zepocephalus agassizi was found only at 700 fathoms. From the length versus weight plot (Figure 13), the growth pattern is best fit by a quadratic curve (see Appendix). Length frequencies (Figure 14) show fairly even distribution and no real suggestion of different age groups. Weight frequencies (Figure 15) show distinct peaks at 113.76, 408.89, 709.92, an(d 998.99 gm. DicroZene intronigra was found only in the 500- and 700-fathom catches. From its length versus weight plot (Figure 16), it indicates age increases with depth. The best line to fit these points is a quadratic curve (see Appendix). Length frequencies (Figure 17) indicate at least two populations, the first located around 22.74 cm. The weight frequencies (Figure 18) also support this division with two peaks at 41.27 gm and 116.89 gm. CONCLUSIONS More sampling must be done before any true conclusions can be reached. What has been observed here is a start and a guideline for further experimentation. Four general conclusions have been found. First, Synaphobranchus kaupi and Dicrolene intronigra do show increase with age (size) with depth caught. Second, the growth curves for Macrourus bairdii and Synaphobranchus kaupi show linear tendencies, while DicroZene intronigra and AZipocephaZus agassizi do not. Third, as seen in the graphs of frequencies, Macrourus bairdii seems to have a growth rate of 6 cm/yr. DicroZene intronigra has a growth rate of 11.86 cm/yr. Fourth, it is believed that weight frequencies do not show age groups as much, but can be used in conjunction with length frequencies to show different age populations of a given fish. Dicrolene intronigra is the best example of this.

400 Synaphobranch us 360 0a ' 320 - O A 400fm.Catch 280 r 500 fm.Catch O O O 700fm. Catch 240 E 0 "' 200 - O CO 160 0O 200 0 120 o 800 /~ o o 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Length, cm

200 Dicrolene 180 o 500 fm. Catch O 700 fm. Catch 160 140 120 '-" 100 ' 80 60,_o~rO 40 20 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 Length, cm

100 0 Alepocephalus 09.0 80 O 700 fm. Catch 0 70 --,O o 60 0 E 5.0- 0 -~ 40 0 0 ~/ o 30 0 0o 0 20 10 0 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 Length, cm

280 A 400 fm. Catch O 500 fm. Catch 240 240 0 700 fm. Catch o o 0 3 O 0/ _00 200 Macrourus o O E 160 0 0 0 80 120 00 0 8~~~~0~ 40 j 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 Length, cm

180 SOURCES OF ERROR These four conclusions are as general as possible because of the numerous areas of error encountered in the examinations. The first error is in the sampling methods —two different methods were used. The trawl at 400 fathoms used a smaller net (Isiacs Kidd mid-water trawl net) with very small mesh. This would result in the 400 fathoms having smaller fishes. The other two trawls, 500 fathoms and 700 fathoms, were with a 40-ft Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl net (Kristjonsson, 1959). These allow small fish to slip through the mesh. This problem is best emphasized by the Synaphobranchus length frequencies graph (Figure 11), where one could conclude that S. kaupi has no mortality from one year to the next. Second, the lengths measured were not always correct because the specimens had broken tails and were no longer perfectly straight. Finally, the ability to weigh fish that are preserved in alcohol is far from accurate, since the alcohol evaporates and the fishes' weights drop. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Richard L. Haedrich and Tracy McLellan for their assistance.

181 APPENDIX Best Fit Equation Macrourus bairdii linear 216.04 W = 105.4992 + 6.7240L quadratic 178.74 cubic 119.69 Synapobranchus kaupi linear 778.46 W = 161.9850 + 5.8662L quadratic 538.59 cubic 333.49 A ZepocephaZus agassizi linear 248.09 W = 351.9236 - 38.3459L + 1.1437L2 quadratic 398.87 cubic 286.18 DicroZene intronigra linear 422.32 W = 115.4563 - 12.0131L + 0.3799L2 quadratic 743.58 cubic 596.95 DicroZene intronigra Sample size = 55 Median weight - 47.57 gm Median length = 23.38 cm Macrourus bairdii Sample size = 121 Median weight - 108.74 gm Median length = 32.22 cm Synaphobranchus kaupi Sample size = 179 Median weight = 87.75 gm Median length = 42.59 cm AZepocephaZus agassizi Sample size = 57 Median weight = 254.4 gm Median length = 27.0 cm

182 1~~.... =: f f:2-::0 SE::E:l:E:S7::BE:i:::U:E:::::f:7:i::t:E i R i:BE: - i ~ f E E E -. C -. i.. ii \ \ mm 'Iffill MONS IMEM& IN ' I I= I xv~~~~~~~~~~~~p B-:::::::..- - - - B-: Bu-u.?:.u uBu. -:CC:? B:~C~CCC~ i-u.BB: BC C B:CzW:~c:CLD~ u~ CB, Efe.: L ~ ~ ib:8~- aa ~ E ~~~~. E:E::: -:-:.::B -:.:::::. a.. f E i if =E i>D iH:: E F iB i iiE EE: Bdii EEA y.i 8I:EE E L:ii C E Hi: EL yy.EE:H jiBFB faR:- Ef yF:E i -HE iDE. E HE:E:: D ER: D E:. B i-EE:E R E: E:E:FfEE ED B f BY E aigglgggB~ga; g~l~~B:gg:y~li~gt~g~g;::gia~i~g:ay:iggllatg:#gii~gig#g |:i:iggaa~~~s l t~ @ B\ @ afg B g 0 gag, - E.:.B:...............<.aC:=Sf -E=B:-ga................~B:.:..,~,C-.... iE i~E~~D TL.EfR-S TLgi iE iT: EE#D~kR~SESEEiEEES EEEaLLg SE.E:E ~EEE ED; 1 " "# -iRTiffE~V i0 -

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186 REFERENCES Bigelow, H., and Schroeder, W., "Fishes of the Gulf of Maine," Fish BuZZlletin, 158-59, 243-45 (1953). Goode, G.B., and Bean, T.H., "Ocean Icthyology: Deep-Sea and Pelagic Fishes of the World," Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895. Kristjonsson, H. (ed.), Modern Fishing Gear of the WorZd, London: Fishing News (Books) Ltd., 1959. Marshal, N.B., "Systematic and Biological Studies of Macrourid Fishes," Deep-Sea Research 12:229-322 (1965). Schroeder, W., "Report on the Exploratory Otter Trawling Along the Continental Shelf and Slope Between Novia Scotia and Virginia during Summers 1952-1953," Deep-Sea Research, Supplement 3:358-72 (1955).

187 ANION RESPONSES FOR CYCLOTELLA NANA, NAVICULA ELKAB, AND COSCINODISCUS RUDOLPHI George Sugihara The problem posed in this paper is one of physiological ecology. Specifically, what are the effects of the anions CO3, S4, and Cl, on three species of diatoms: CycZoteZZa nana (clone 3-H), NavicuZa eZlkab, and Coscinodiscus rudoZphi. Further, osmotic effects were tested for C. nana (3-H), an estuarine form isolated from Forge River at Moriches Bay, Long Island, New York. N. eZkab and C. rudoZphi were both isolated from carbonate lakes in Africa. The anion hypothesis, that a particular diatom species will be favored if grown in medium enriched with the anion that characterizes the water from which it was isolated, seems to be supported by the data for the three species tested. 3-H grew best with chloride enrichment, whereas N. elkab and C. rudoiphi grew best in the carbonate solutions. This indicates that the presence or absence of a particular anion can be a limiting factor in determining dominance and species distribution. The osmotic investigation of 3-H indicated that osmotic pressure might not be a critical physiological factor, as might be expected for this euryhaline clone. The growth rate in solutions of higher osmotic pressure (.3333M and.6667M, where molarity of total dissociated ions in solution is some expression of osmotic potential), which characterize the environment froir; which C. nana (clone 3-H) was isolated, was lower than growth in the solution of lower osmotic value (.1669M). If the osmotic requirement was a sensitive and critical factor, then one would expect the reverse effect. The apparent effect of using an inert osmoticum to boost the osmotic pressure of a stock nutrient solution (WC medium) is to dilute the basic nutrients on a particle level, thus reducing the mass activity of nutrients in solution. At a constant osmotic pressure (.3333M) a higher ratio of nutrients to osmoticum yielded higher growth rates for C. nana (clone 3-H). INTRODUCTION The primary purpose here was to use differential growth responses to anions to categorize ecologically three species of diatoms: Cyclotella nana (clone 3-H), NavicuZla elkab, and Coscinodiscus rudoZphi. This categorization of species by favored anion types can have important implications for paleolimnology and the geochemical evaluation of closedbasin lakes. In addition to the anion study, a study of the osmotic response of C. nana (clone 3-H) was made.

188 Kilham (1971) discussed the geochemical evolution of closed-basin lakes and arrived at a classification of these lakes by prevalent anion types: C53, SO4, and Ci. Hecky and Kilhan (in press) found a parallel between the species succession of diatoms and the geochemical evolution of a closed basin as characterized by the major anion. The field evidence, then, seemed to point to anions as being important factors in determining what species of diatoms attained dominance. Other attempts at the ecological categorization of algae have been made: Droop (1958) thinks that- sodium tolerance might be the most important factor in distinguishing between neritic and supra littoral estuarine species; Provasoli (1958) suggested that the optimal monovalent/divalent ion or Ca/Mg ratios might be important; Droop (1958), and McLachlan (1960) suggest that potassium is important. C. nana (clone 3-H) was isolated from the Forge River, Moriches Bay, Long Island, New York, and has been part of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's culture collection for more than 14 years. Much study has been made of this species; however, no anion or osmotic information was available for this clone. N. eZkab and C. rudoZphi were recently isolated from African carbonate lakes, but no literature aside from an ecological field study (Hecky and Kilham [in press]) was available. METHODS Experiment 1: Anion Effects at 3 Osmotic Pressures for C. nana (3-H) Preparation of Growth Mediums Twelve growth mediums were prepared in concentrations of 0.1669M, 0.3333M, and 0.6667M by adding NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, and sucrose, as osmoticums, to a stock growth medium of 0.0079M (see Figure 1A for experimental design). Molarity in this paper is taken as the molarity of total associated ions and is a direct expression of osmotic potential.

189 C.) N ) O I Z Z Z o X O.1669M ~ * ~ IIC~t) Anion Effects are Read W.1669 W W *~ | ] Horizontally and Osmotic ) l I 1>, Effects are Read 0.3333M * * ~ Vertically. IE Note: Osmotic Effects 0.6667M @ ~ ~ I "" ~ Were Found to be More _ _.. ]Probably Nutrient AnionEffect (see figure ic.) An ion Effect,, - (a) a) NoelKab * > 0. 1669M1 l contaminated C, rudolphi * * I (b) Figure 1. (a) Experiment 1: Anion Effects at Three Osmotic Pressures for 3-H, Diagrammatic Representation of Experimental Design and Growth Responses for C. nana (clone 3-H); (b) Experiment 2: Anion Effects for N. elkab and C. rudoiphi, Diagrammatic Representation of Experimental Design and Growth Responses for N. eZkab and C. rudoZphi NOTE: The size of the dots is a diagrammatic representation of growth rate (d). This technique was employed to compare three variables two-dimensionally.

NaCI Sucrose 4wc All at W O.3333M lwc (c) Figure 1 continued. (c) Experiment 3: Nutrient Activity Effect, 3-H

191 The three molarities chosen were one-sixth, one-third, and two-thirds that of 32 percent sea water (Harvey, 1966). A freshwater stock medium (WC) was used at double strength and was chosen over an enriched seawater medium (f-2) to prevent complexing and the formation of precipitates. One hundred-milliliter portions of each solution were poured into 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks, stoppered with cotton and gauze plugs, and autoclaved. The carbonate was added, under sterile conditions, to the double-strength medium (2 WC) after autoclaving to prevent the formation of precipitates (Kilham, personal communication). Preparation of Inoculum and Incubation C. nana (clone 3-H) was in sterile culture at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in a 32 percent enriched seawater medium (f-2). To avoid the effects of osmotic shock, which would ensue if one were to inoculate directly into less concentrated solutions, transfer solutions were prepared (Guillard, personal communication). These consisted of f-2 media diluted to 0.1669M, 0.333M, and 0.6667M. Serial inoculations were made as follows: The 0.6667M solution was inoculated first and allowed to grow; then the diatoms from this flask were transferred to the next lower concentration and so on. One-milliliter, sterile inoculations were made from the transfer flasks to the experimental flasks. The cultures were kept at about 20~ C under a light intensity of 4000-5000 lux and with a day/night cycle of 14/10 hr. Observation of Growth The Coulter particle counter was used daily to observe growth in this experiment. It was necessary to add acid (HC1) to the portion being counted to dissolve any precipitate that might otherwise be counted. Three counts were taken for each portion and averaged. Any anomalous values were checked by counting cells in a haemocytometer. At the end of the experiment the pH of the solutions was determined by an electronic pH meter.

192 Data Treatment The numbers obtained from the Coulter counter and haemocytometer were multiplied by the dilution factors to find the cell numbers per 0.5 cc of culture. These numbers were then plotted against time on semilog paper, and straight-line Michaelis-Menton relationships were interpreted. The values found on the line in the region of active growth were then used to calculate divisions per day (d) using the formula n t 1 d = n C t in 2 where Ct and C are cell concentrations at times t and o, respectively. Experiment 2: Anion Effects on Navicula elkab and Coscinodiscus rudolphi at 0.1669M In this experiment I prepared four growth mediums, each containing an osmoticum (NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and sucrose) added to double-strength WC medium, to obtain an osmotic value of 0.1669M (see Figure 1B for experimental design). The methods discussed for experiment 1 all apply here. In addition, because N. elkab was not isolated in sterile culture standard antibiotic, agar-plate techniques were used. Further, N. eZkab was grown also in polycarbonate flasks to prevent these silica glutens from sticking to the glass. C. rudoZphi was isolated in sterile culture at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Experiment 3: Osmotic Effect vs. Nutrient Activity Effect for C. nana (3-H) Here, three different concentrations of WC medium (4 WC, 2 WC, and 1 WC) were prepared and used NaCl and sucrose as the osmoticums to boost

193 the osmotic value to 0.3333M for all the solutions (see Figure 1C for the experimental design). The methods discussed for experiment 1 were all applicable here except that the inoculum was taken from the growth flasks of experiment 1 one week after that experiment was completed, eliminating the need for transfer solutions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To better understand the interpretation of the data, a brief description of the physiological implications of anions and osmotic pressure is in order. Also, the concept of stress will be elucidated. Dissolved salts have two kinds of effects on organisms: the osmotic effect and the effects characteristic of the particular ions in solution (Guillard, 1962). Both of these effects are at work on the level of the membrane. A plant cell membrane acts as a selective barrier defining the sap from the surrounding liquid. Osmosis represents a passive transport of solvent across this membrane due to a concentration gradient. This concentration gradient can be maintained by an ion transport mechanism which by active expenditures of energy transports ions into and out of the cell. Further, the ions in solution control membrane permeability, supposedly by a pH effect (Stadelmann, 1962). Thus, the most obvious ways that changing the ionic medium can influence diatom growth is by influencing ion transport and permeability (Guillard, 1962). Further, a high osmotic pressure causing an unbalanced amount of material to "leak" into the cell can cause interference in enzymatic pathways and thus growth inhibition (Sunda, personal communication). Thus, deviation of types of ions and of osmotic values of growth mediums can represent physiological stresses. Here, stress is defined as the resiliency requirement of an organism, in light of its physiological capacity, to respond to an environmental factor which is not at its optimum value. So, as an organism's capacity to handle a particular stress changes, the magnitude of that stress changes. Of concern then, is the effect that increasing one particular

194 stress has on lowering the cell's resistance and increasing its susceptibility to other stresses, thus magnifying the effects of the other stresses. Diagrammatically, ES = aS + S1 S + cS2 1 2 2' where the total stress (ES) is the cross product sum of two stresses S1 and S2. By increasing S1, the sensitivity of S2 is increased. Osmotic Effect on C. nana (3-H) At first review of the osmotic data for experiment 1 (see Graphs 1, 2, 3, and Figure 1A), it appeared that there was a definite correlation between growth rate (d) and osmotic pressure. The more physiologically inert sucrose was perhaps the best indication of the osmotic requirement. It "appeared" that growth rate (d) for C. nana (3-H) was inhibited at the higher osmotic values. This apparence, however, seemed in error for two reasons: First, on the basis of osmotic pressure, one would expect a higher growth rate at the two high osmotic values if osmotic stress were critical. These higher values are close to the average osmotic value of the waters from which the clone 3-H was isolated and so would exert the smallest osmotic stress. Second, because the clone 3-H is euryhaline and thus must be euryosmotic, one would not expect osmotic requirements for this clone to be very critical. Hence, it was concluded that the effects that were witnessed were not osmotic effects, but were perhaps due to competition by the osmoticum with the nutrients for sites on the membrane. The mass activity, then, of the nutrients may have been reduced by the addition of an osmoticum. To test this hypothesis, another experiment was set up at a constant osmotic pressure and with different concentrations of nutrients, giving different proportions of nutrients to osmoticum (experiment 3).

195 The data seem to fit the hypothesis (see Graphs 6 and 7, and Figure 1C); at a constant osmotic value (0.3333M) a higher ratio of nutrients to osmoticum yielded higher growth rates (d).. The stress witnessed in experiment 1, then, was not an osmotic response but was probably due to the competition by the osmoticum with the nutrients for sites on the membrane —"nutrient mass activity effect." Hence, the osmotic requirement for the estuarine 3-H does not appear to be a critical stress since it is not surprising for this euryhaline clone. Guillard and Myklstad (1971) have made a study of the osmotic requirement of a C. nana taken from a Sargasso Sea (clone 13-1). They found osmotic pressure to be a sensitive factor for this marine centric diatom. An interesting side study was made of the possibility that the apparent osmotic response might have been a response to pH (see Graph 8). However, the pH readings were made at the end of the experiments and therefore are probably not very valid. Also, the correlations found look rather nebulous. This is an area which could be pursued. Another interesting study could be to grow 3-H in a medium with a particular osmotic and ionic composition, then lyse the cells to find out the differences between the composition of the sap and the growth medium. Doing this for different osmotic pressures and different anions could provide valuable data that would clarify what is actually going on in the cell when it is responding to these stresses. Anion Effect In experiment 1, a tendency is seen for the effects of the individual anions tested to become more pronounced for higher molar concentrations (see Graphs 1, 2, and 3); preferential growth for the different anions becomes more pronounced. This is consistent with the concept of * The graphs are not presented in order.

196 10 _ 10/ 2 -210 - - = ~~~~ --- — NaCI -* ---- Sucrose -_~"*- Na2 SO4 -— o --- Na CO 101 1.o0 I I I I.L 24 48 72 96 120 144 Time (Hours) Graph 1. Growth Response to Anions (Experiment 1): Concentration of C. nana Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours) Growth medium = 0.1669M

197 104 ~ z - 7/.7 _ i62/ ~ —NaCI t CO~ ---o — Na2CO3 10 1)1 24 L o 48 72 96 120 144 --—,Growth medium.3333M. 10 Sucrose —.~._ Na2SO4 — o. — Na Cl0 24 48 72 96 120 144 Time (Hours) Graph 2. Growth Response to Anions (Experiment 1)' Concentration of C. nana Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours) Growth medium = 0.3333M

198 104 Q 103 CQ U 21YID~c'JI-~ 0CIIOIL, ---- - Q:O, — INaCI _ 4 - -* Sucrose —.. — Na2SO4 -— v — Na2C03 10 24 48 72 96 120 144 Time (Hours) Graph 3. Growth Response to Anions (Experiment 1): Concentrations of C. nana Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours) Growth medium = 0.6667M

199 5 10 a) t,)._ _o (3' C'-, 0 -P I10 10_ Time (Hours) of..r.d.i.hiGe.ls/' O... cc-.- T ( — H ou 10G L o —t — Na2C03 _.-.- Na2SO4 l Sucrose -o — NaCI 10 24 48 72 96 120 144 Time (Hours) Graph 4. Growth Response to Anions (Experiment 2): Concentration of C. rudoZphi Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours) Growth medium = 0.1669M

200 104 Na CO (3Q~~~2 3 10: -— o — Na2CO3 10 C - Na2S04 _- -- NaCI 10 L. I I I I I I 24 48 72 96 120 144 Time, Hours Graph 5. Growth Response to Anions (Experiment 2): Concentration of N. elkab Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours) Growth medium = 0.1669M

201 10 t) k /w/ 1 WC.,P - / -d /sP ' 01/ 102 * 124 48 72 96 120 144 Time (Hours) Graph 6. Growth Response to Different Concentrations of Basic Growth Medium (NC) at Constant Osmotic Pressure (0.3333M) (Experiment 3): Concentration of C. nana Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours)...,., ~ ~ ~ im (ous Osmoticum =NaC1

202 10 /. 4 10 COOD t- /4wc X — //, / - lwc 10 24 48 72 96 120 144 Time (Hours) Graph 7. Growth Response to Different Concentrations of Basic Growth Medium (WC) at Constant Osmotic Pressure (0.3333M) (Experiment 3): Concentration of C. nana Cells/0.5 cc vs. Time (Hours) Osmoticum = Sucrose

3.0 A Sucrose Osmoticum 0 NaCI Osmoticum 2.0 0O C 2.0 1 A > 0 a, 1.5 o.0 1.0 6I* I I I I I 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 pH Graph 8. Possible pH Effect on Growth (d) for C. nana: Divisions/Day (d) vs. pH

204 stress, where at higher molar concentrations there is increased stress due to decreased nutrient activity. This increase in stress, then, tends to magnify the effect of the different anions. The anionic affects are most clearly witnessed in the 0. 6667M solution (see Graph 3 and Figure 1A). The curves in Graph 3 show that chloride is preferred, as would be predicted ecologically for C. nana. The fact that S04 and CO3 produce growth rates below that attained for inert sucrose indicates that they perhaps exert an inhibitory effect on growth for C. nana (3-H). The early leveling-off of the curves might be due to complexing of nutrients by the anions (Kilham, personal communication). Calcium and magnesium, both important nutrients (Droop, 1968; Provasoli, 1958), can be complexed out by these anions. In experiment 2, both N. eZkab and C. rudoZphi show a preference to carbonate enrichment at an osmotic pressure of 0.1669M (see Graphs 4 and 5, and Figure 1). This finding is in agreement with ecological considerations for these diatoms. Both N. eZkab and C. rudoZphi were isolated from carbonate lakes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. P. Kilham for his undaunted encouragement, assistance, and advice on this project. Also, I would like to thank Dr. S. Kilham, Dr. Guillard, and the members of Dr. Guillard's laboratory for their advice and assistance.

205 r~~ ~ I 4 X ~~~~~~~/.iv.~.. ~ i r r~~~~~: I /i ~ ~ ~ e....". ',{ " ' c' ds~~~~~~~~~ ak ~O~~~~~~~~~?,.::.-i... ~~~~~8 '.?..,' ~g! ~:'O~'k ~!. i~li ~::i. ~ C......... C tu.: $ U,'bOL VS:~,~~~~~~~ I~~Ii /../...,,.):. '"

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208 REFERENCES Droop, M.R., "Requirement for Thiamine Among Some Marine and SupraLittoral Protista," J. Marine Biol. 37:323-29 (1958). Guillard, R.R.L., "Salt and Osmotic Balance," PhysioZ. and Biochem. Algae. 529-40 (1962)., and Myklestad, "Osmotic and Ionic Requirements of the Marine Centric Diatom CycZoteZZa nana," 1971. Kilham, P., "The Geochemical Evolution of Closed Basin Lakes," GeoZ. Soc. Amer. Abstrs. with Progs. 3(7):770-72 (1971). Provasoli, L., "Nutrition and Ecology of Protozoa and Algae," Ann. Rev. MicrobiolZ. 12:179-308 (1958). Stadelmann, E.S., "Permeability," PhysioZ. and Biochem. Algae. (1962).

209 R/V KNORR CRUISE #25 V As part of The University of Michigan's M&O 560 course, ten students joined the R/V Knorr for leg V of cruise #25. This leg began on 30 April 1972 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and ended in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on 9 May 1972. During the cruise, six deep hydrographic stations and one large-volume station were occupied, 13 Neuston tows and eight oblique plankton tows were made, and 153 bathythermographs were taken. Three subsurface, anchored, current-meter moorings were recovered and a continuous watch was kept on the echo sounder. The University of Michigan students were assigned regular fourhour watches, during which they were responsible for the echo sounder log and the bathythermograph lowerings and were required to assist during station operations. The following summaries of activities were written by the various watches: the summary of activities, 4-8 watch; the nightly seminars, 8-12 watch; and the profiles of the hydrographic station data, 12-4 watch.

210 SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ABOARD R/V KNORR CRUISE #25 V Upon joining the research vessel (R/V) Knorr in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the students of the M&O 560 course were allowed a period of time to familiarize themselves with the ship. During this time a reading list of books in the ship's library was assigned by Mr. Marvel Stalcup to acquaint the students with the equipment and principles they would be using while on board. These readings were designed to supplement the instruction that the students received in handling instruments and equipment, and methods for interpreting instrument readings and recording data and samples obtained. The students learned to use instruments such as the bathythermograph (BT), an instrument designed to give water temperature as a function of depth. Taking a BT consisted of lowering and retrieving the instrument and, in addition, interpreting the tracing made by the BT on the smoked-glass BT slides, plotting the information graphically, while keeping a log of the time, position, and environmental conditions when the BT was taken. The BT slides were then labeled and preserved with shellac. A precision graphic recorder (PGR) was used to display the depth and record sea floor profiles determined by high-frequency echo sounding. Records obtained from the PGR had to be labeled frequently for easy interpretation, and an extensive log was kept of the depths recorded and any changes in the operating mode of the machine or any special remarks. With this basic information, the students were split into three groups and each group was assigned to one of the three watches (12-4, 4-8, and 8-12 am and pm) under the direction of one of the experienced scientists on board. Watch duties included taking BTs every hour, monitoring the PGR, keeping all log books up to date, plotting data from previous hydrographic stations, and assisting in any of the experiments conducted on any oceanographic stations that occurred during their watch.

211 In addition to the BT and PGR logs, a geophysical log was kept. This was used to record any occurrence while underway that could be potentially useful information to anyone, along with the time and position of the event. All types of information were recorded, from sighting marine life to passing ships, as well as operations on board the ship. Most of the biological sampling required little assistance by those on watch, but on the second day of standing watch, hydrographic sampling began. Hydrographic stations consisted of taking water samples and in situ temperatures at depth using Nansen bottles with reversing thermometers. Students learned to set up hydrographic stations; prepare the Nansen bottles; place them on the winch line and retrieve them; draw and preserve water samples from the bottles for dissolved oxygen, silicate, and salinity measurements; and to read the in situ temperatures recorded by the reversing thermometers. Sonar pingers on the end of the winch line were used to determine how far down the winch line extended, and students learned to tell the distance from the pinger to the bottom from PGR tracings and oscilloscope displays. Students also learned to analyze the water samples obtained and the procedures for correcting the in situ temperatures recorded by the reversing thermometers. Bowen bottles were used to occasionally take large-volume samples, which were then stored in labeled barrels on deck. Extensive hydrographic station logs were kept, as well as individual logs, recording the data from water sample analyses. Watches occasionally helped the biologists aboard with Neuston and plankton tows, usually performed at low speeds. In addition, sargassum was gathered by long-handled nets for studies on the energetics of the sargassum community. An aquarium maintained on deck generally was populated with sargassum, crabs, shrimp, copepods, file and trigger fish, and other planktonic and larval organisms. On the fourth day of watch, the ship retrieved several subsurface buoys supporting current meters that had been set out several months before. These were released from the bottom by sonar signals and had

212 to be located by radio fixes because rough seas made them difficult to see. Night pickup was facilitated by a flashing strobe light on the buoy, but this could not be seen in daylight. In addition to the regular duties of the watch, students kept a narrative log describing the unique events and feelings of the students on watch. A brief summary of the highlight events of this log follows. 1-V-72 12-4 am A fire drill was conducted. 2-V-72 12-4 am The first large-volume sample was taken. 12-4 pm 13 Nansen bottles, 4 Niskin bottles, a sonar pinger and bottom camera assembly, and about 1200 m of wire rope were lost in about 5000 m of water when the winch line kinked and parted during a hydrographic station. 4-8 pm 1-m core taken in 5000 m of water on the end of a winch line with 14 Nansen bottles. Core was a calcareous brown ooze. 8-12 pm A very spectacular thunderstorm took place. 3-V-72 8-12 am Neuston and plankton tows were conducted. 4-V-72 12-4 am The first subsurface buoy was retrieved. 4-8 am The last wraps of the BT wire were painted in an effort to prevent too much line from being let out, but the paint didn't hold. 4-8 pm The last subsurface buoy was picked up after a 2-hr search for it in moderate seas. 5-V-72 1925 GMT A Lyle gun test (a rocket-propelled line-throwing device) was conducted to meet Coast Guard regulations. 12-4 pm Two oceanographic movies (Gulf Stream, Sargasso Sea) made aboard the R/V Knorr were shown. The water temperature was getting colder. 6-V-72 The ship began to pitch as well as roll. 8-12 am The seas began to calm and the sun came out. A Portuguese Man-o-War was captured in a Neuston tow and placed in a tank on deck. 12-4 pm A Navy plane circled the R/V Knorr a number of times. A school of porpoises was sighted and purple copepods began to replace the blue copepods of the Sargasso Sea.

213 8-V-72 12-4 am BTs were taken every half hour as the ship crossed the Gulf Stream due to the unusual temperature distribution across the Stream. 4-8 am Half-hour BTs continued to be taken. The color of the sea changed trom blue to grey and it was hazy all day long. A larger herd of porpoises was sighted and herring gulls began to follow the ship. 4-8 pm Thick fog set in and didn't lift until morning. 9-V-72 8 am Arrival at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

214 READING LIST UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN " & 0 560 R/V KNORR CRUISE #25 SAN JUAN - WOODS HOLE THE FOLLOWING LIST OF SELECTED READING MATERIAL HAS BEEN RATHER ARBITRARILY DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS. THE REFERENCES IN SECTION I DEAL PRIMARILY WITH THE TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS USED TO COLLECT HYDROGRAPHIC DATA AT SEA. MANY OF THESE INSTRUMENTS HAVE BEEN IN USE FOR DECADES AND, IN THE HANDS OF SKILLED OBSERVERS, HAVE PROVIDED MOST OF THE DATA UPON WHICH OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE WATER MASSES AND CURRENTS ARE BASED. NEW INSTRUMENTS ARE CONTINUALLY BEING DEVELOPED AND TESTED, BUT ONLY A VERY FEW EVER GAIN WIDE ACCEPTANCE. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO OVER-EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF OBTAINING ACCURATE DATA. THE PRECISION OF THE INSTRUMENTS PLACES AN UPPER LIMIT ON THE ACCURACY AND, IN GENERAL, THE INTEREST AND CAPABILITY OF THE OBSERVER DETERMINES THE LOWER LIMIT. ON MOST OF OUR CRUISES, WE MEASURE TEMPERATURE TO +/- 0.01 DEG. C.; DEPTH TO +/- 0.5 PERCENT; SALINITY TO +/- 0.003 PPT; OXYGEN TO +/- 0.1 ML/L; AND SILICATE TO BETTER THAN 0.5 MICROGRAM ATOMS/L. SECTION II CONTAINS REFERENCES WHICH DESCRIBE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HYDROGRAPHIC DATA ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS WATER MASSES AND DEDUCE THE CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. WORTHINGTON#S PAPER DESCRIBES A PORTION OF THE PROBLEM WE HAVE BEEN STUDYING DURING KNORR CRUISE #25. WE WILL CROSS THE GULF STREAM ON OUR WAY TO WOODS HOLE. STOMMEL AND FUGLISTER'S STUDIES OF THE GULF STREAM HAVE BEEN INCLUDED TO PROPARE YOU FOR OUR CROSSING OF THE "STREAM". IF WE ARE FORTUNATE, YOU WILL SEE MANY OF THE SURFACE FEATURES THESE AUTHORS DESCRIBE. PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE THESE REFERENCES FROM THE LIBRARY I oM, C. STALCUP I MAY, 1972

SECTION I 215 ~HE OCEANS - SVERDRUP, JOHNSON, & FLEMING CHAPTER X OBSERVATION AND COLLECTION AT SEA INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY - VON ARX CHAPTER I EARLY EXPLORATION AND IDEAS CHAPTER 8 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS BY DIRECT METHOD CHAPTER 9 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS BY INDIRECT METHODS A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF SEAWATER ANALYSIS - STRICKLAND & PARSONS PPII-26 SALINITY AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN DETERMINATION PP65-70 DETERMINATION OF REACTIVE SILICATE H.O. PUBLICATION #607 CHAPTERS A,C,DE,R SECTION II THE OCEANS - SVERDRUP, JOHNSON, & FLEMING CHAPTER XV PP604-686, 740-741, 745-755 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY - VON ARX CHAPTER 11 GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHY - DIETRICH PP 487-500, 529-537 WATER MASSES IN THE WARM WATER SPHERE PP 135-146 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS ATLANTIC OCEAN ATLAS - FUGLISTER THE GULF STREAM - STOMMEL CHAPTERS 1 2,3,4,5 COLLECTED REPRINTS 1963 #1246 GULF STREAM ' 60 - FUGLISTER 1966 PART I, #1744 RECENT OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENIS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA - WORTHINGTON

216 SEMINAR SUMMARIES Each night aboard the R/V Knorr, we heard seminars about various aspects of the cruise. Several dealt with projects that individual scientists were doing on the ship, but most dealt with topics that we would be directly involved in during the cruise. In many cases, these seminars served to clarify the motives behind the "field work" of the day. On the first night, Dick Flegenheimer, the ship's second mate, gave a talk entitled "Operation of the Knorr —A View from the Bridge," designed to acquaint us with the "driving of the boat," so to speak. A unique feature of the Knorr, a research vessel owned by the Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, is that it is propelled by cycloids which give greater maneuverability for oceanographic sampling. (We were most impressed when the ship pulled into the dock at WHOI sideways!) Steering and change of speed are accomplished by changing the pitch of the cycloid blades. Another unique feature is the autopilot, which eliminates manual steering and thus gives the crew greater freedom to answer calls like "Bridge, this is Fantail; permission to do a BT," the hourly source of adrenalin stimulation for all of us. The R/V Knorr uses the satellite system (same one the Navy uses) for navigation; when this is not functional, the navigational systems Loran and Omega are employed. (During watch, we were responsible for getting hourly navigational fixes from the bridge.) The next night, the topic of deep-sea mooring was broached by Bob Heinmiller, whom some of us knew as "Big Bob." This seminar was to acquaint us with types of moorings used in oceanographic information gathering. Surface, subsurface, and deep-sea moorings were described, since we would be retrieving three National Science Foundation moorings equipped with current meters. Such moorings are brought up from the bottom by an acoustically operated anchor release system. Problems with mooring systems were discussed, such as mechanical failures, fishbite, and vandalism.

217 Randy Borys spoke the next night on hydrographic stations, since we would be making quite a few stations on this leg of the cruise. A hydrographic cast is one of the basic oceanographic tools used in sampling the water column. A cast consists of hanging Nansen bottles at metered intervals on a cable which is lowered to a predetermined depth. Hopefully, the bottles will be triggered by a messenger sent down the cable, causing the bottles to reverse and collect a water sample. However, as we found out, this doesn't always happen. The water samples we collected were analyzed for silicates, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Brian Tucholke spoke on deep-sea sediments and on the use of everyone's friend, the precision graphic recorder (PGR), and its use in giving a bottom profile. The PGR can be used to tell how far the deep-sea camera is from the ocean floor. And what about the biological oceanographers? Well, they weren't to be forgotten. Consider the seminar Dr. Edward Carpenter gave on nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen may be the limiting nutrient in the open ocean, but it is uncertain what is limiting in the Sargasso Sea. Few organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen, but recently oceanographers have found that a blue-green algae, Trichodesmiwn, has the ability to fix nitrogen, the extent of fixation determined by Ed via acetylene reduction. Dr. Ken Smith's seminar was on availability and utilization of carbon in the deep ocean. Ken gave what he considered five sources of organic carbon in the deep sea: fecal pellets (carbon concentrators), molts (collection surfaces for dissolved organics), turbidity currents (transport), mortality of large marine animals, and the so-called "ladder effect." Ken's technique for determining utilization of carbon in the deep sea involved a series of Bell jar experiments to test for BOD and COD (biological and chemical oxygen demand). Dr. Ivan Valiela talked about salt marshes and discussed his project —an attempt to determine if the process of filter feeding in

218 copepods was selective rather than random. This was done by using colored glass beads of various diameters in a salt water medium containing copepods and noting which size classes were ingested. The mortality of "feeding" copepods glass beads was not discussed at this seminar. Rich Johnson wrapped up the seminar series with a rousing rendition of "Circulation at the Surface of the World Ocean." Rich also summarized the research he did during the past month aboard the Knorr in trying to determine the flow regime over the sill separating the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. All seminars were conducted in an informal fashion in the ship's library. Other "seminar" sessions were even more informal and were designated as "happy hours," but the material discussed in these has been omitted for the purposes of this paper.

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220 4-J co C?) 0 4o:":":':":: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -::=:::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c::::::~:::j::~::w:~_~::~::_i:-:::c~

PROFILES OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC STATION DATA

223 i I~ ~ I /I I II I 2o-.~~~~~~ i'I' 20 ~ill 25 I 40 2//1/ 24/,I 7\ ' 60 // / // U, / / /N\\ 11 1~~ / ~22, 26 cI)00// a,~~~~~~~~~~~00 L 120 //1 25 L/ /2 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I / / / iI 140 C./ / 20 \ 1\ \\ 80.Li~~\\ / 10/ 19 \/ / / / / 2 ''200 2 ~220 ~ ~ /1 I 2 1200 1000 0200 0100 2000 1600 0800 0700 0600 Ti me Temperature (0 C)

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224 225 226 227 228 229 5000, ~ 1 3400 3800 -I! 0 I.8 6 3800~~ \~., /~~~~~~~~~ 0 N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *._ I. IS, \ N 4200 S~~~~~ I:. L ~~-" ' " / ' [L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H~ * 2 46001 5000t-; ~D cr N ~ ~ ~ ~..., N.,..-. —.- —.......... N. -.... _ 57.. 5400.... N_~ 5400 --- ~~~~~ --- -- ------- — c' ~~~~~~ --- —-- 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Distance (Kilometers) O 2 (MI/L) Lnr

224 225 226 227 228 22.9 3000 34.92 3400 3800~- -— ~ --- —- 34.91 N. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~34.90 3800 0-.- 4.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~48 0) 0 rL 42c00 I-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M8 ~~34.9o ~ ~ 3.8 5400 -It ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~ I I I I I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Distance (Kilometers) SALI NITY(%

224 225 226 227 228 229 3000 3400-,-31 29. 032 3800 31. Cl) *34 ~ --- - - -- - - - -- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~33 -- 0 ~ * 35 0 I-~~~~~~~~~~~8 -a c~- -,-c___, --- —---- ~ - ~ 38 --- 4600 * ---5000 ~L:Z --- — -22-__ -— 44-47- -.~4 5 042 0 ~ 20 40 60 80- 10 20 1016 S 5000C~~~~~~~~itac (Klmees S10 (ig/t 46 -~~~~~4 54~~~~4 — 53 --- — ~ ~ ~ ~ T ----=54 —~~~~~5 E - 5755 5400- -too5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 18C Distance (Kilometers) Si2( gA/