ENGIN. LIMRIARY COLLEGE OF MlIr113t.1G JuDL UllI ~y]POEM —1 Haterials issued under the College of &igineer:Lng:ntf uts-tr Program are distributed to subscribe: s only.* However', irith resltr4'ictions to protect the authors and subscribers, certaia Indu stry Program materials are available for students to read in the Engintee"Sing Library,. Any copying zmut involve only short passages or specific dlata to be used. in connection with. classiwork, and with no intention of~ publication. Also,, informtion must be kept confridential when. there ap~. p bars any'possibility of prejudicing the proprietary rights of autheors or sponsoring agencies. College of Engineering Industry Progrmissue entitled'. RM0t As s.&~~v~A by IU C.~f -,has been used in the Libraur.y by the foliowing persons, wVhose sigrWatures 3oattest-their accept.anice of the above restrictions: Name and Address Date

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR PROCEDURE FOR THE DESIGN, FABRICATION AND INSPECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS by H. A. Ohlgren J. G. Lewis Marx Weech November 1, 1954

ACKNOWLEDGM4EIT The preparation of the material contained in this manual for the design, fabrication and inspection of pressure vessels has been made possible through a collection and assembly of information from many sources, reviews of fabrication technology of many industrial organizations, fabrication, inspection and installation technology employed by many construction contractors, as well as certain basic developments and advances in knowledge gained at the University of Michigan. We feel, therefore, that a wide cross-section of American industry involved in the manufacture of tanks, vessels, and other material containers for a range of construction materials heretofore unpublished have contributed much to the contents. This manual has been prepared for the engineer engaged in industry, as well as the research worker, to serve as a guide and an aid in preparation of specifications, drawings, bills of material, purchase requisitions, as well as for the attention necessary during phases of purchasing of materials, fabrication, shipping, inspection, installation, and operation of such equipment. It is hoped that the contents are written in such a way so they can be used as a ready reference manual by persons involved in the building of pilot plants, bench scale equipment, plant replacements, as well as construction activities in new plants. This manual, coupled with the welding manual, can serve as a guide in many phases of American industry. It is not possible to list completely all contributors of information. In particular, we wish to express our appreciation to Mro Glenn Lecklider, Pressure Vessel Engineer, Chemical Plants Division, Blaw-Knox Company; Dr. Orlan Boston, Chairman of the Department of Production Engineering, University of Michigan; Dr. Richard Flinn, Professor of Metallurgical Engineering; Dr. Lloyd Brownell, Department of Chemical Engineering for their suggestions, comments, and contributions. We also wish to acknowledge the efforts of Miss Joan Kinne and Miss Jean Bennett, secretaries in the Engineering Research Institute, for the contributions made in organization, editing, assembly, and issuance of the material prepared.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Bl. REITS RELATIVE TO ALL VESSELS 1.0 GE1ERAL 1 1.1 PREPARAION OF MATERIAL 2 1.2 WELDING 3 1.3 ALIGNMET AND TOLURANCES 4 1.4 TESTS 5 1.5 DEFECTIVE MATERIAL AND WOPRI ASHIP 7 1.6 EQUtIPMET IDENlTFICATION Al MANRKEING 8 1.7 FACTORY INSPECTION 8 1.8 EPAREAION FOR SHIPiMtT 9 B2. STAINLESS STEEL VESSELS 2.0 CIEMCAL AND MECHANICAL REQUIREMES 10 2.1 PREPARATION OF ATERIAL 16 2. 2 WELDING 6 2.3 HEEAT TREAE T 16 2.4 TESTS 17 2.5 PICKLING AND CLEANING 19 B3. NICKEL, MOREL AND INCONEL VESSELS 3.0 CHEICAL AND MECHANICAL REQpIITSNS 21 3.1 PREPARATION OF MATERIAL 24 3.2 WELDING 24 3.3 REAT ETEAEN1T 25 3.4 TESTS 27 3.5 PICELING AND CLEANING 28 B4. ALIEUMMIf AMD ALUMIT M ALLOY VBESSELS 4.o CHEMCAL AND MEC-AICAL REQUIREMENTS 30 4.1 PREPARATION OF MATERIAL 31 4.2 WELDIG 31 4.3 HEAT 'EEAi'ENT 33 4.4 T STS 34 4.5 PICKLING AD CLEIANNG 35

ii TABLE OF CO NTNTS (Cont'd.) B5. RUBBER-LINED VESSELS Page 5.0 CHE-MICAL AND MECHALICAL REQUIRE.NTS 36 5.1. PEPARATION OF MATERIAL 36 5.2 WELDING 37 5.3 HEAT TREAMENT 37.5.4 TESTS 37 5.5 CLEANING 38 STANDARD NOZZLES - DWG. NO. 1 PIPE SUPPORTS, INTEfRAL - DWG. NO. 2

GE1mTAL B1. a. 1 BI. REQUIEIaNTS RELATIVE TO ALL VESSELS 1.0 GMETEPAL Within this guide to specifications, the firm contracted to perform the fabrication will be referred to as the Fabricator. "Owner" refers: to the firm agreeing to assume ownership of the fabricated article (s) upon satisfactory completion of the contract for fabrication. The Fabricator shall furnish all labor, equipment and materials required to fabricate and test vessels as specified, except as amended in the contract and/or drawings. In case of conflict, not specifically noted in the contract, the Owner is to be consulted and shall make the final ruling. Insofar as possible, all vessels shall be constructed in accordance with the applicable requirements of the A. So Mi E. Code and shall meet with the Owner's approval. "A. S. M. E. Code" refers to Section VIII in the latest edition of the A. S. M. E. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Vessels shall not be stamped with the code symbol unless specifically so stated. All materials shall conform to the nominal composition given in this guide to specifications or as indicated on the drawing or specification sheet. No substitution of material shall be permitted without written consent of the Owner. Affidavits on the physical ad e properties of all materials used in vessels shall be obtained from the mill or warehouse by the Fabricator and shall be made arvailable to the Owner.

GENERAL B1.0 (Cont'd.) 2 All equipment shall be fabricated of annealed stock unless otherwise specified. Upon receipt of the Owner's purchase order and approved fabrication drawings, the Fabricator shall prepare detailed shop drawings. These shall contain all information necessary for the construction of the vessel. Five (5) prints of all sho drawings shall be submitted for approval to the Contracting Officer. Fabrication shall not start until these drawings have been approved. Bl.1 PREPARATION OF MATERIAL 1.11 Bevelling of Plates and Heads Plates and heads shall be accurately squared and beveled in accordance with the drawing so that the edges meet squarely and full penetration of weld can be assured. 1.12 Preparation of Openings Openings for nozzles, manholes, etc., shall be prepared by casting, forging, punching, drilling and grinding, roughing out with an arc or acetylene cutting torch or any other approved method, and finished to size by grinding sufficiently to remove any heat-affected and/or contaminated metal. Openings shall be made accurately to the required size and shape so as to avoid excessive fill-in by welding. 1.13 Cleaning of Material All surfaces to be welded shall be free of scale, oxides and dirt. Special care shall be exercised to insure that grease, oil, or any other undesirable film is removed from the edges to be welded.

GENERAL B1.1 (Cont'd.) 3 1.14 Rolling of Plate Plates shall be rolled to the proper curvature for their entire width. Where necessary to secure the proper curvature, the edges of the plate shall be set prior to rolling. Head thickness shown shall be minimum and shall not be less, at any point, after fabrication. B1.2 WELDING Welder's qualification tests, procedures, etc., are covered in chapter C of this Guide. Requirements for welders must be met prior to any fabrication. The degree of bevel, type of joint and amount of reinforcement shall be in strict accordance with the drawings. There shall be no valleys at the edge or center of the joint, and the weld shall be built up so that the weld metal will present a gradual increase in the thickness from the surface of the plate to the center of the weld. The deposited metal shall be fused with the parent metal at all sections of the weld. Welds, unless otherwise specified, shall be reinforced 25% (1/16" minimum) for joints welded from one side only and at least 15% (1/32" minimum) for joints welded from both sides. Welds shall not be finished by grinding unless called for on the drawing. Slag shall be removed by tapping with a blunt haamer followed by wirebrushing or pickling. The welding rods shall be selected to insure that the deposited metal will conform to the minimum specifications for that of the parent metal. Rods which contain excessive boron or which are coated with shellac shall not be used.

GEThR]"FI~AL BI 1.3 B31. 3 ALICThflVMT ANTD TL1ERANCE S 1.31 A lignment of Sheet Stock A~t no point shall the sheet on one side of the joint be offset with respect to the sheet on the other side in the. excess of the following: a. Longitudinal seams 10% of the minimum thickness of the plate or sheet b. Girth and headsemas 25% of the minimum thickness. of plates 10% of the minimum thickness of clad, ma'teria-l io% of the mainimxum thickness on single "V" welds Unless otherwise noted on t~he drawing., vessels shall be circulp.ar, within the limits prescribed by Paxagraph 1URT-80 of the l~atest edition of the A. S. M. E. Code. 1. 32 'Nozzles All nozzle flanges shall be squsxed within 1/32" for pipe sizes up to and including 2tt.and within 1/16"t for sizes greater than 2". The devia-. tion from "square" I's to be measured across t~he flange O.D. After welding, flanges shall be re-~sq~uared and faces re-machined 'if necessa-;ry to insure proper bolt and gasket bea,3ringL~. Flange faces on tubular heat exchangers are to-be machined so the faces meet squiarely and the flange shall be squared with the shell. Unless otherwise noted on thre drawing, location of openings shall not vary more than plus or minus 1/16. 1.33 General Overall DimensionsTolerances on overall dimensions shall be as noted on the drawings. Unless otherwise noted, all thickness specified are nominal and usual mill tolerances are permissible.

GENERAL B1.3 (Cont'd.) 5 When specified as "minimum", the thickness after fabrication shall not be less than noted at any point. The Fabricator may use for any part material which is of thickness greater than specified if such increased thickness will result in greater ease of fabrication or in a lower cost. Tray plates and columns shall be levelled to within 1/8" unless otherwise specified. In tray-column-shells, the two lap-joint-flange-faces of the column section shall be parallel. B1. 4 ESTS 1.41 Radiographing Where radiographing or spot radiographing is specified, it shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Paragraphs UW-51 and UW-52 of the A. S. M. E. Code. 1.42 Chemical and Corrosion Tests Unless otherwise specified in the contract specifications or drawings, chemical and corrosion tests shall be conducted in accordance with test requirements set forth in this Guide to specifications under sections devoted to specific metals and shall be in addition to the test requirements specified in Chapter C, relative to welding. The Fabricator shall submit the specified number and type of test specimens to a certified testing laboratory approved by the Owner. The chemical analysis of the specimen plate material should be forwarded by letter to the testing laboratory.

GEEREAL B1.4 (Cont'd.) 6 The stub end of the electrode or filler wire used in making the welded specimen shall be forwarded with the specimen and analyzed for chemical composition. All tests specimens shall be tagged to give complete identification, including the following information: a. Name of Fabricator. b. Name of welding operator. c. Symbol or number of operator. d. Vessel drawing number. e. Type of material. f. Type and size of welding rod or wire. g. Type of welding process. h. Type of joint and nSrber of passes. i. Treatment after welding, if any. The Fabricator shall forward six (6) copies of the laboratory report to the Owner. 1.43 Hydrostatic, Hammer and Air Tests The test and test pressures shall be in accordance with those indicated on the drawing. A general sweating of a weld under pressure shall cause rejection of the joint involved. The hammer test shall consist of striking the plate at 6 inch intervals on both sides and over the full length of all welded seams. The weight of the hammer in pounds shall be equal to the thickness of the shell in tenths of an inch and the blows shall be struck with a force equivalent to an 8 foot free fall of the hammer head. The edges of the hammer shall be

GExIERAL B1.4 (Cont'd.) 7 rounded to prevent defacing the plates. In no case shall the temperature of the vessel or the liquid be less than 500F. during the test and the test pressure shall not be applied until the vessel and liquid reach this minimum temperature. Air tests, when required, shall be carried out in conformance with Paragraph UG-100 of the A. S. M. E. Code. The vessel or portion of the vessel to be air tested shall be submerged so that all welded joints are completely mnder water. The air test pressure shall be applied and maintained for a sufficient length of time to permit inspection of all welded and mechanical joints. For acceptance under the air tests, no leaks shall be present either in welded joints or in mechanical joints specified to be tight. Where mechanical joints are broken following the specified tests, new gaskets shall be furnished with the vessel. For such joints, gaskets of the same material and design as employed in the tests shall be supplied. B1.5 DEFECTIVE MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP-GUARANTEE Defective material shall not be used. No peening or caulking shall be permitted in repairing leaks caused by cracks, pinholes, or blowholes. Such leaks shall be repaired by grinding or chipping out the weld to the bottom of the joint and then rewelding. Proper preheating of the metal shall be required in the vicinity of welding repairs being made to seal any hole or crack in a previously welded joint. The purpose of such preheating is to relieve any added stress on the weld section.

GENERAL Bl.5 (Cont'd.) 8 The Fabricator shall guarantee all material and workmanship to be free of defects for a period of one (1) year from the time of shipment and shall repair or replace at his own expense any vessel proven defective during this interval. B1.6 EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING 1.61 The shell plates shall be rolled with the heat numbers on the outside surface of the vessel and the heat numbers on the heads shall be in evidence so that a proper check may be made against the mill test reports of plate and head material..62 Each vessel shall be furnished with a metallic nameplate containing the following information: Name of Fabricator Design Pressure Design Temperature Test Pressure Date Ownezr Number for Vessel Fabricator's Number for Vessel The plate shall be of the same material as the vessel to which it is attached and the legend shall be affixed by me-tl-stamping. The plate shall be welded to the vessel so as to be easily read when the vessel is in the installed position. B1.7 FACTORY INSPECTION All vessels shall be subject to factory inspection by a representative of the Owner. The Fabricator shall notify the Owner at least three (3) days in advance of the date on which equipment will be ready for testing.

GENERAL B1.7 (Cont'd.) 9 B1.8 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT Painting, if required, shall be as noted on the drawing and/or specification sheet. Vessels should be cleaned of rust, slag, grease, dirt, etc. and thoroughly dried before painting. Temporary bracing within a vessel is not to be used without the written consent of the Contracting Officer. Vessel openings are to be blanked off using blind wooden flanges on flanged openings, wooden plugs in welding stubs, and suitable thread protectors on screwed connections. The Owner will advise the Fabricator as to how shipment is to be made.

STAINLESS STEEL -1 B2.O 10 B2. STAINLESS STEEL VESSELS 2-.0 CHEN?{CAL AND ME~CHANICAL REQUIREMEM~[ Unless otherwise specified, stainless steels shall conform to the following requirements: Type 3014 Grade "S"1 Modified Chemical Composition., % Carbon max. Magnse max. Phosphorous max. Sulfur max. Silicon Max. Chromium mmn. Nickel min. Mechanical Properties (Annealed' Tensile Strength Yield Strength, 0.2% offset % Elongation in 2 incla 0. o8 2.50 0.035 0.03 0.85 18.0 8.o ) 75,000O 30,000 psi, min. psi, mmn. 30 min.

STAINLESS STEEL B2.0 (Cont'd.) 11 - Tpe 30o4 ELC - Chemical Camposition, % Carbon max. Manganese max. Phosphorous max. Sulfur max. Silicon max. 0.030 2.50 0.035 0.03 0.85 18.0 8.0 Chromium min. Nickel min. Mechanical Properties (Annealed) Tensile Strength Yield Strength, 0.2% offset % Elongation in 2 inch 75o000 30,000 psi, min. psi, min. 30 min.

STAINLESS STEEL B2.0 (Cont'd.) 12 -Type 309 ELC - Chemical Comosition, % C arboin max. Manganese max.,.Phoisphorous max. Sulfur max. Silicon max. Chr mim min., Nickel min. Mechanical Iroperties (Anneal~ed) Tensile Strength Yield Strength, 0.2% offset % Elongation in 2 inch 0.030 2.50 0.035 0.03 0.85 22.0.12.0 75,000O 30,*000 psi, min. psi., min. 30 mm.

STAINLES$ STE B2.0 (Cont'd.) 13 Type 316 Grade "It' Modi~fied. Chemical Composition, % Carbon max. Manganese max. Phospborous. max. Sulfur Max* Silicon max. Chromium min. Nickel min. Molybdenu:m min. Mechanical Properties (Annealed) Tensile Strength Yield Strength, o.2% offset % Elongation in 2 inch 0. o8 2.50 0.035 0.03 0.85 17.0 10.0 2.0 75,.000 30,.000 psi, mmn. psi., min.. 30 min.

STAINLESS STEE B2.0 (Cont'd..) 14J Type 347 Grade "'Ctt Modifi~ed Chemical Composition, % Carbon max. Manganese max. Phosphorous max. Sulfur max. Silicon max. Chromium min. Nickel min. Columbiurn (Niobium), 10 x C min.,, Mechanical Properties (Annealed) Tensile Strength Yield Strength, 0. 2% offset % Elongation in 2 inch o. 8 2.50 0.035 0.03 0.85 17.0 9.5 1% max. 75,*000 30,000 psi, min. psi,, min. 30 m~n.

STAINLESS STEE B2.0 (Cont Id. ) 15 0.Carpenter 20 - Chemical Comosition,, % Carbon max. Manganese Silicon max. max. C h-r o mium min. Nickelp4, mmn. Molybdenum mmn. Copper min. Coliumbium (Niobium), ILO x CI Mechanical Properties (Annealed) Tensile Strength Yield Strength 0.-2 offset % Elongation in 2 inch 0.07 0.75 1.00 20.00.29.00 2.00 3.00 main.,, l0max. 85,ooo 35,000 psi, mm. psi, min. 50 min.

STAITESS SEEL B2.1 B2.1 PREPARATION OF MATERIAL In order to minimize carbide precipitation during electric arc cutting, the air arc method shall be used. All foreign material resulting from this operation shall be removed from the metal. Severe grinding shall be avoided. The temperature may rise above 850~F. from grinding too long in one place and cause carbide precipitation. Severe grinding will also cause the weld to sag as though it were ground too deep and give an appearance similar to an undercut. B2.2 WELDING In welding vessels which are not to be fully annealed, the parent metal should not be allowed to remain in the 850-16000F. range longer than 7 min. for Carpenter 20 and Type 347, 3 min. for Type 316, 309 and 304. An air or water quench should be applied immediately following the welding of light gauge material and a water quench should be applied to heavy gauge material. Sufficient heat should be left in the metal to vaporize all the water. The jet used for cooling should be directed away from the electrode and should not interfere with the inert gas shield. Cooling air should be filtered and free of carbonaceous material. Preheat temperature should not exceed 600~ F. B2.3 BEAT TREAfMEIT 2.31 All forms of stainless steel used in fabrication shall be supplied in the annealed condition which results from rapid and uniform cooling (40 seconds max.) by quenching in water or air from the following temperature ranges.

STAINLESS STEEL B2.3 (Cont'd.) 17 Types 304 and 347................. 1900~F. - 2000oF. Types 309 and 316................... 2000. - 200F. Carpenter 20....................... 2050OF. 2.32 Pressed or spun heads or sections which have been severely cold worked and which are to be used on vessels which will not be heat treated after fabrication shall be annealed after forming using the method noted in Paragraph 2.31. 2.33 Equipment fabricated of Type 304 or Type 316 steel and intended for corrosive service must be heat treated after welding by quenching in air or water to obtain maximum corrosion resistance. The metal shall be held at a temperature between 1850~F. and 2000~F. for one hour per inch of thickness, but in no case less than a half hour. 2.34 In the event that plate thickness or shape of vessel makes annealing after fabrication impractical, weldments shall be quenched in accordance with Paragraph 2.2. 2.35 Heat treatment shall be performed in an atmosphere free of any gas containing carbon. 2.36 Vessels shall be braced, if necessary, to prevent distortion. 2.37 When heat treatment is specified., it Shall be taken as full anneal. B2.4 TESTS 2.41 Chemical Anaysis Specimens of the stainless steel weld metal shall be submitted for chemical analysis to a certified testing laboratory, in accordance with Paragraph 1.42. One (1) test plate measuring 4 inches x 4. inches minimum with a weld down the center (for material less than 3/16 inch thick, eight lineal inches of weld will be required) shall be required for each vessel

STAINIESS STEEL B2.4 (Cont'd. ) 18 and. shall be a detailed representation of the longitudinal or girth seam of the vessel and produced by the welder who welded the vessel seam. The chemical analysis of the weld metal shall be within the range specified for the parent metal. 2.42 Corrosion Tests Corrosion tests may be required as specified in the contract specifications or drawings and when required shall be made by a certified laboratory in accordance with Paragraph 1.42. Tests shall be made on samples containing at least 1 inch of the weld and a minimum of 1 inch of the base metal to either side of the weld. The following are types of tests which may be specified: Boiling Acidified Copper Sulfate Test (Strauss Test) Weld specimens shall be boiled for 72 consecutive hours in a solution of the following composition: 47 cc sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) 13 grams copper sulfate (Cu SO - 5 H20) Per one liter of solution The specimen shall be boiled in a suitable flask, tsing a reflux condenser to prevent variations in the concentration. After this treatment, the specimen shall not have lost its imetallic ring and shall bend through an angle of at least 1500 without evidence of cracks or disintegration. Nitric - Hydofluoric Acid Test Weld specimens shall be etsted in a solution containing 3 per cent hydrofluoric acid and 10 per cent nitric acid heated to a temperature of 1700F. for a period. of one hour. After this treatment, the specimen shall show freedom from corrosion attack andm shall be capable of withstanding a bend through an angle of 1800 without evidence of cracks or disintegration.

STAINLESS SSEEL B2.4 (Cont'd. ) 19 Boiling 65 e cent Nitric Acid Test Parent metal and weld specimens shall be subjected to five 48-hour boiling periods in 65 per cent nitric acid, renewing the acid after each period. The mean corrosion rate for five 48-hour boiling periods shall not exceed.0015 inches penetration per month. B2.5 PICKLING AND CLEANING 2.51 All stainless steel equipment shall be furnished free of scale and contamination by foreign material. 2.52 The following pickling solution may be used for removing scale from the stabilized steels or austenitic steels that have been fully annealed. Concentration by volume: 20% nitric acid (Sp. Gr. 1.42) 3% hydrofluoric acid Solution temperature should be between 120~ and 140OF. The duration of immersion will vary depending on the oxide present. The solution should not be allowed to become exhausted as this would cause pitting. Pickling should be followed by a thorough washing with clean, warm water. 2.53 The followin pickling skolution may be used for removing scale from nonstabilized austenitic steel that.has not been fully annealed. Concentrations by weight: 8-12o sulfuric acid (Sp. Gr. 1.84) 2%1o rock salt Solution temperature should be warm but not to exceed 160~F. Duration of immersion should run from 10 to 20 minutes and should be followed by a thorough wash with clear warm water.

STAINLESS STEEL B2.5 (Cont'd.) 20 2.54 Unless otherwise noted, all surfaces shall receive a final cleaning by immersing 30 to 60 minutes in a 20% nitric acid (by volume) solution at 130~ - 1400F. This should be followed by a thorough wash with clean, warm water. NOTE: Articles pickled in the nitric-hydrofluoric acid solution do not require the final dilute nitric acid wash. 2.55 If immersion is impractical due to the size or shape of equipment, the surfaces may be swabbed with the acid solution. This procedure requires careful washing of the section to which acid has been applied. 2.56 After the final cleansing operation, stainless steel equipment should be handled with great care to avoid contamination by foreign material.

NITCKEL., MONEL -AND INCON~EL B 3. 0 21 B NICEL M0VEL AND INCONEL VESSE LS B 3. 0 CHEMICAL AND MECHAINICAL REQUIPEMENTS Unless otherwise specified,, chemical and physical requirements of these alloys shall conform to A. S. T. M. standards as follows: -Nickel - Plate-Sheet-Strip.B162-4,9T Pipe and Tubing............... B16l-49T Pod and Bar.................B160ol49T Heat Exchanger Tubes.............B163-49T Unless otherwise specified, "Nickel" shall be commercially pure nickel. Sheet used for spinning shall be low-carbon "spinning quality" sheet. "Deep-drawing quality" sheet and strip shall be used for parts requiring deep-drawing. Plate intended for tube sheets shall be "as rolled" with a descaled surface and "press-flattened."'

NICKEL, MOTEL AND INCONEL B3.0 (Conttd..) 22 - Monel - Plate-Sheet-Strip................. *.**Of Pipe and Tubing............... Rod and B. r............... Heat Exchanger Tubes... B127-49T B165-49T B164-49T B163-4.9T Grain size of "deep-drrawing quality" and "spinning quality" sheet and. strip shall be in accordance with B l27-14.9T, Section II. Plate intended for tube sheets shall be "as rolled.", "descaled" and ""press flattened."

NICKEL, MONEL AND INCONEL B3.0 (Cont'd.) 23 - Inconel - Plate-Sheet-Strip..................... B168-49T Pipe and Tubing......................... B167-49T Rod and Bar.................. B166-49T Heat Exchanger Tubes................ B163-49T Grain size of "deep-drawing quality" and "spinning quality" sheet and strip shall be in accordance with B 168-49T, Section II. Plate intended for tube sheets shall be "as rolled", descaled, and "press-flattened."

IICK1EL, MOEL MAD INCONEL B3.1 24 B3.1 PREPARATION OF MTERIAL Lubricants containing sulfur or low melting point metals shall not be used for forming operations if the work is to be subsequently annealed or welded. Lubricants crayon marks, etc. should be completely removed prior to annealing. All foreign material shall be removed from the area that is to be welded or heated by welding. The area should extend at least 2 inches beyond the weld. Surface film formed by cleaning or degreasing operations must be removed. This may be accomplished by cleaning with carbon tetrachloride and wiping with a clean cloth, or by washing with hot trisodiumphosphate. B3,2 WELDING 3.21 Joint Desgn Bevelling will not be required for material 0.109 inches or thinner. Erratic penetration will result if material thicker than 0.109 inch is welded from one side only without bevelling. "V" joints shall be used up to and including 3/8" thickness and "IT" joints for materials heavier than 3/8". Proper accessibility shall be provided by bevelling "V" joints to at least an 80~ included angle and "U" joints beveled to a 150 side angle and a 3/16" to 5/16" bottom radius. Joints shall be welded from both sides. Where this is not possible, the joint spacing shall be increased as shown in Chapter C.

ICKIEL, iMONEL AND INCOCEL B3.2 (Cont'd. ) 25 The use of back-up rings shall be avoided in cases where the ring cannot be removed after welding. Back-up or chill bars shall contain a groove of the proper contour to permit full penetration. Ungrooved bars shrll not be used. High heat input and excessive penetration shall be avoided. 3.22 Gases Argon shall be used for 16 BWG and lighter. Helium shall be used for over 16 BWG. Gases shall be of the "high purity welding grade." 3.23 iWelding Procedures Excessive agitation of the weld puddle and excessive air movement which might disrupt the protective atmosphere around the arc and weld joint shall be avoided. The arc length shall be maintained as short as practical. The weld root shall be protected against oxidation and root cracking by providing an inert gas backing Flux backings shall not be permitted unless specifically so stated on the specification sheet and/or drawing. B3.3 HEAT TEEATMNT Heat treatment shall be required as specified on the drawing and/or contract specifications. 3.31 Soft annealing shall be applied to material which has been hardened by cold working for the purpose of softening the cold worked structure and relieving macro and micro internal stresses.

NICKEL, MOlEL AND INCONEL B3.3 (Cont'd.) 26 3.32 Stress relieving shall imply a moderate (1000-1300OF.) thermal treatment designed to reduce or relieve the internal macro-stresses which exist in the metal as a result of cold working, machining, casting or welding operations. 3.33 Stress equalizing shall imply a low temperature (500-1100~F.) thermal treatment designed to improve strength and ductility of cold and hot worked material. 3*34 A sulfur-free reducing atmosphere shall be provided during heating and cooling. A reducing atmosphere shall be defined as one with a minimum of 2% carbon monoxide plus hydrogen (preferably 4%) with uncombined oxygen not exceeding 0.05%. Furnace atmosphere shall be closely controlled to prevent fluctuation between reducing and oxidizing conditions. (This precaution is required to prevent intercystalline attack with the resulting embrittlement.) Dirt, lubricants, paint marks and all other adherent substances that may contain sulfur or other harmful ingredients shall be removed before heating. Work shall be supported entirely clear of the furnace bottoms and protected from roof spallings. Time and temp. shall be closely controlled during heat treatment to prevent excessive grain growth.

NICICEi, MOHEL AND INCONEL B3.4 27 B3.4 TESTS 3.41 Detection of Embedded Iron All surfaces that will be exposed to corrosive media shall be tested for the presence of embedded iron. This test shall be performed after fabrication is complete except that small or intricately shaped vessels and/or parts thereof may be tested prior to final assembly. For relatively small equipment, the ferroxyl test shall be used. It shall be carried out by applying to the surface, a potassium fez-ricycnide solution made up in approximately the following proportions: 10 gm. Agar Agar I gi. Sodium Chloride (chemically pure) 1 gin. Potassium Ferricyanide 1 liter of H20 Solution shall be boiled until all the agar-agar is dissolved and a clear liquor is formed. The warm solution should be applied to the surface and allowed to remain for at least one (i) hour and possibly longer. The solution will jell on cooling and the presence of iron on the metal surface will be indicated by the development of blue spots in the jell. Tiny specks of iron that may have collected on the surface in tahe form of shop dust will show up as minute blue spots. A distinction should be made between these and the larger spots that develop in the case of embedded iron. In the former instance, harmful effects would not result from loose dust and therefore no provision need be made for its removal since it will be removed along with the jell. Spots of larger proportion present on the surface shall be removed

ICTCKEL, IMOEL AND INCO]EL B3.4 (Cont'd.) 28 by applying a paste pickle. The detection test shall be repeated to ascertain that all traces of embedded iron have been removed. For testing large equipment, a solution of 1% sodium chloride may be used. The salt shall be of the chemically pure grade. In the dilute salt solution, iron rust will form around the iron particles in 12-14 hours. The equipment may be immersed in the salt solution or sprayed with the aid of an atomizer. 3.4_2 Corrosion Tests Corrosion tests shall be required as specified in the contract specifications or drawings. Tests shall be made on samples containing at least 1 inch of the weld and a minimum of 1 inch of the base metal to either side of the weld. The sample shall be a detailed representation of a longitudinal or girth seam of the vessel and produced by the welding operator who welded the vessel seam. Tests shall be performed by a certified testing laboratory in accordance with Paragraph 1.42. B3.5 PICKLING AND CLEANING All surfaces subjected to heat treaitment a-d/or welding operations shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign matter prior to the performance of these operations. Sleanig oeration must be thoroeug Soluble oils, tall ow fats ad. fatty acid combinations shall be removed using hot (180~F. - 2000F.) 10-20% solution, of equal parts, of sodium carbonate and trisodiumphosphate. Sodium hydroxide may be used in place of sodium carbonate. Film left from cleansing operations utilizing carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, kerosene and other similar solvents shall be removed by a final dip

NICTIM~L M0~LA~T N0I 3.5 (Cont'd.) 29 in hot trisodiumrphosphate, a 10-20 per cent solution of either sod~ium carbonate or trisodium~phosphate,, or a mixture of both followed by thorough rinsing with water. The white surface produced by annealing in a strongly reducing,, sulfur free atmrosphere may be removed by "flash pickling."' Care must tbe exercised to prevent overpickling and/or etching. Paste pickle may be used when the size or shape of the vessel makes total inmaersion or spraying impractial. All equipment shall. be furniished clean a.nd f ree of oxide fi:lm and/or scale.

ALUMINUM A AD AUiNmIM ALLOYS B4.0 30 B4. ALUMIN M AND ALdMi NUM ALiOY VESSESLS B4.0 CtEMICAL AND PHYSICAL RENUIREMENTS UnLess otherwise specified, chemical and physical requirements of these materials shall conform to A. S. T. M. standards as follows: Sheet and Plate................. Pipe and Tubing..................... Bars, Rods and Shapes............ Heat Exchanger Tubes............... B178-52 T B274-52 T B273-52 T B234-50 T Unless otherwise specified, heat exchanger tubes shall be furnisedn he in the termediate temper.

ALU:JINM AMMD ALUMD NU ALLOYS B4.1 31 B4.1 PREPARATION OF MATERIAL All foreign material shall be removed from the area that is to be welded. The area should extend at least one inch beyond the weld. Dirt and grease may be removed with carbon tetrachloride or a similar solvent. An alkaline cleaning solution may also be used. (See Para. 4.5). Surface film left from cleaning or degreasing operations should be removed by wiping with a clean cloth. Surface oxide shall be removed from areas to be welded. This may be accomplished by wire brushing, rubbing with steel wool and/or chemical cleaning (See Para. 4.5). 3B4.2 WELDING 4.21 Aluminum and aluminum alloy vessels shall be welded with the argonshielded tungsten-arc, using alternating current and high purity argon. 4.22 Welding procedures, welders and welding operators shall be qualified in accordance with Section IX of the A. S. M. E. Code. The minimum tensile requirements for reduced-section specimens shall be in accordance with A. S. T. M. requirements for the base metal. Specimens of heat-treatable alloys shall be post-weld heat treated in accordance with the thermal treatment specified for the completed vessel. 4.23 The single-vee butt joint shall be used on stock up to 1/2 inch in thickness. A double-vee butt joint shall be used on stock thicker than 1/2 inch where the design of the assembly being welded permits access to the back of the joint for a second pass. The angle of the included "vee" should be 60 degrees and the nose of the "vee" should have a 1/8 to 1/4 inch land depending on the thickness of pieces being welded. An inert-gas backing shall be used on all joints being welded where practical.

(Cont td. ) A'IW M AEM1 A UNLITfNU ALLOYS B4.2 32 4.24 To minimize weld porosity, the following points are recommended: a. Clean joint surfaces and welding rod or wire so as to remove all traces of grease or any other substance that could evolve gas. b. Likewise, eliminate moisture. Welding rod or wire which has been exposed to moist air is particularly detrimental. c. Preheat to approximately 400~ F. d. Agitate weld puddle to promote escape of gas. e. Avoid vertical and overhead welding as much as possible. f. Do not exceed recommended arc velocity. 4.25 Filler alloys containing greater than 5.5% magnesium shall not be used.

ALuJiJMN AND ALUMI IM ALLOYS B4.3 33 B4.3 HEAT TREAMENT Unless otherwise specified, vessels fabricated of heat-treatable alloys shall be thermally treated to secure the temper as specified for the material on the drawing or specification sheet. 1he temperature limits required for thermal treatment shall be held within 100F. of the temperature recommended by the mill. Furnaces, if used, shall be free of combustion gas. Thermal stress-relief will not be required or permitted.

ALUMINUM AND ALUMEI ALLOYS B4.4 34 B4.4 TESTS 4.41 Freon Leak Test Vessels which are to be gas-tight shall be subjected to the Freon leak test when specified on the drawing or contract specification sheet. Unless otherwise specified, the vessel shall be charged with Freon gas at atmospheric pressure and then pressurized with air to the extent of 1-1/2 times the vessel design pressure. While under pressure, all welds and mechanical joints shall be examined for leaks for their full length, using either a flame type or electronic type leak detector. When specified, vessels requiring sensitive leak detection shall be tested using the electronic leak detector. 4o42 Corrosion Tests Corrosion tests shall be required as specified in the contract specifications or drawings. Tests shall be made on samples containing at least 1 inch of the weld and a minimum of 1 inch of the base metal to either side of the weld. The sample shall be a detailed rerpresentation of a longitudinal or girth seam of %tJ.e vessel and produced by the welding operator who welded the vessel seam. 4.43 Rorg Corrosion Tests Tests shall be reported in accordance with requirements set forth in Paragraph B1.42.

AUVNJM A-N1D A.T ENMALOSB4. 5 351 B4. 5 PICKEING AT ClE.PMNG Where reqy~iired. surface oxide may, be removed by pickling in a 5 per cent'solution of sod~ium hnydroxide. at 1600 F. for 30 seconds to 1 minute, followed, by a wat'er r-'in-se, a. saIlfu~ric,, acid. dilp and., finally, a thorough water rinse. Cautiona: These solutions,, as well as other cleaning solutions, may produace severe etching and. it is advisable to test the procedure on scrap material. before proce~eding with.1 the cleaning operation. Nitric acid. shall] not bo used. for cleaning joints that are to be welded. Alkaline cleaning solutions may be used. for removing light grease and. oil films, dirt and other foreigxi material.. These solutions should contain an inhibitor and be used. hot (160 to 1800 F.) for 3 to 5 minutes. Some suggested cleaners are. (a) tetrasodium pyro.-jphosphate with an inhibitor such as sodium metasil:icate and (b) sodium carbonate or trisodium phosphate inhibited. wi.Lth sodium disilicate. if the size or shape of the vessel aes ixmmerrsion impractical., the above solutions may be ap. lied. by sswabbing.

RUBBER~-L.ThD STEEL VESSELS B5.0 36 B5. RU)BER-LI1VED STEEL VESSELS 5.0 CI0MIGAL AN~D NECEIUMAL m?~Qu[RMETs. All veessels to be rubber-lined shall be fabricated from steel conforming to the reqyirements of A. S. T. M. designain A285-149T, girade C, flange qjuality steel, unless otherwise specified on the drawing or specificat-ion sheet. T.he rubber lining sh-all conform to the details of. composition and fabrication as noted on the drawing, or specificationri sheet and shall be bonded to the vessel surface. 5.a1 PRE4PARATIONW OF MATERIAL 5.11 Thie vessels shall be fabricated with a miniirmin nuamber of pieces and all shaz'p edges of sheared plates shall be. remroved on -the inside of the vessels. All corners that are to be covered by the lining shall be formed or ground to a minimum radius of 1/8. 5.12 Alig-.ment and tole:-Mznces ar specified iii] p~aragraph Bl. 3 areto apply,, but in no case shallmi ig,.e. of P>, tes and I;t we~ d-rams exceed. 1/8. 5.13 The vessel vtL,face* S~hall be sadbase n-itil a brightx surface is exposed. Al-LaS rut) grease wed zpatt;rn and. siralues sh1.l removed to the vilrgiln metal. 5.1 Urthaess otherwise not15eud on t~he drawing oi-. individ-aI spec-i~fication sheall flange open'ings to be lined shall1 be, flat-ae ihtelnn covering the full face. Holes shall be punched to receive the flange bolts. If thle lining material is too ILard to serve satis'f.a".tori1ly as a flange gasket., the fabricator shall furnish separate gaskets5ci nade from. softer stocUk. If the

R'BBER-IJ3ED S$EL VESSELS B5.1 (Conttd.) 37 lining material is soft and subject to crushirng, the fabricator shall furnish each flange a compression ring fitted outside the bolts circle and cemented to the flange. in this case9 the softer lining shall extend over the flange face to the compression ring. 5.2 WELDING 5.21 All welding shall conform to the general requirements of paragraph B.2. 5.22 All joints over which lining is to be applied shall be continuous solid welds. All welds shall be smooth and with no porosity holes, high spots, lumps or pockets. All corners shall be ground to a minimum radius of 1/8". 5.23 Partitions, braces, supports, or other attac-ments on the inside of the vessel, shall be fitted fla-t against the adjacent surface and full-welded from all sides. Spot or inte:n;mttent welding is not permfissible. 5.3 HEAT MEAM&iM Vessels shall be thezmally s tress-c.lievd when specified on the drawing or specific.ation o- ee or w'hena reired by paragvax T2....-6 of the A. S, M* E Code, excltuding Ate req iemtents of0 paragraph 'OW-2 of the code. The service restric.tions of 'artgraph UW- 2 will D judged by the Owner. When stress relief i's requiraed, it sal" l be perfoTrred in acor8c;' ^- ith the procedur'ess of paagraph IW I -4 of the A. SM.E. Code. 5.) TESS 5,41l Hydrostatic and Air Tests 1When 'the HydrostatiCot&t or Air Its are reQuired, they shall be performed before e t vessel has been lined..

RUBBER41LIWED SIEEL VESSEL1-S B5.3 (Cont'd.) 38 5.12Spark Test Vessel linings shall be spa~rk tested when so specified on the drawing or specificat16ion sheet. 5.3Corrosion Test Where corrosion tests are reqjuired 'by the drawing or specification sheet,, the fabricator shall prepare a test specimen of the lining material mieas.uring approximately V x 6" with a longitudinal lap joint. The t~est specimen shjall be foxm-ed by the same process as used for lining the vessel. TYIhe test shall be made by a certified testing laboratory in accordance with paragraph BI.42. 5.-5; CLEARING After a vessel has been lined, thIe 'interior- shall be -thoroughly cleaned of all foreign material such as cement drippings., dirt., grease, etc.,, &rnd thereafter kept closed to prevent re-entry of dirt.

PROCEDM"RE FOR PRESSURE 'ESSELS (API -ASME, ) The following procedure attempts to cover all conditions obtained in a pressure vesselo Select only those conditions that apply to your particular vesselo For unforseen c 'oditions and special requirements use engineering judgement as to formula and location n the calculationo Write down all applicable headings and subheadings as given herein and in the order given below0 Set down all calculations and subtotals-these are your work sheets. Set down each result called for in formula in the manner given and underscored. Omit word "Result"o I Shello Large Section: Test Pressure TPo. '~T~%ickne~ss Tk'~ Other Sections: ---As above II Heads o A. External Heads B. Internal Head C. Conical Secti III Manholeso IV Nozzleso Giv Type - Calculations each diameter Thickness 8T [Test Pressure TPo for] Thickness IT' Plugwelds or Riveted Joint Test Pressure ToPo [lTickness IT' est'Pressure T.P. List series, size, dwg 4, & Rating at Design Temp. & Test Pressure at Atmos. ITemp for each different. oH.o & series of nozzles. V Test Pressure To Be Applied To Vessel —/E Smallest of all test pressures from above. (C-l) VI: Allowable Working Pressure at Atmos. Tempo (uncorroded) -4/tEI Test Pressureo 1o5 (C-l) VII Stress in Long-Joint at Test Pressure — / (Calculation For Each Diam. & Thickness of Shell).

VIII Vessel Thickness To Withstand Test Pressure. A. Shell (Calculation for each diam. & thickness.) B. Heads Note: 2:1 seamless elliptical heads same as shell of same thickness. omit heads without connectionso IX Reinforcing Plate ThicknessQ A. Shelli calculation for each diam. and thickness covered by VIII B. Headsj X Pad & Weld Sizes A Thru C Pad & weld sizes (Std Practice) D Thru F Special size & head pads & welds G Investigation of pad requirementso XI Weights (Separate Sheet Prefered) A. Weights new & corroded vessel B, Weights to appear on drawing. XII Moments, Wind about base & other planes ( as yreq'd) Earthquake. (if req'd) XIII Anchor Bolts. No & Size XIV Skirt A, Thickness, stress & welds B. Allowable stress (Sheet ) XV Base Ring Thickness XVI Stress in Tower Shell, Data Sheet Use only for high stress,

XVII Deflection. (if required) Date Sheets XVIII InternalsA thru to endo Pans, discs, baffels etc. Calculate weight under each item. NOTES. (c-l) Item VI & VII required only when vessel is Code Inspected & Stamped. For estimates follow proceedure on sheet Dot & dash line indicates start of a new sheet. The subject matter between lines is not, necessarially, restricted to one sheet. For Nomenclature see sheet PROCEEDURE FOR ESTIMATES. (API - ASME) Calculations for estimates are to be in such form that they can be used as final calculations for contracts. Space for missing items should be left and weights should always appear on a sheet exclusively for weights, Occasionally items are required in addition to those listed below in which case refer to contract proceedure for formula and location. I Shell. Large Section Other Sections Thickness "T" only ft II Heads. (Give type. One set cals, for each diameter etc.) A. External Thickness B. Internal "T" C. ConicalJ Only III Manholes. List series, size, dwg.# & rating at design temperature IV Nozzles, for each different manhole & series of nozzles, XI Weightso (Seperate Sheet) A. Weights new & corroded vessel B. Weights to appear on drawings XII Moments. Wind about base. Wind about other planes as required Earthquafe (if required)

XIII Anchor Bolts No & Size. XIV Skirt A. Thickness & stress Be Allowable stress (Sheet ) XV Base Ring. Thickness XVI Stress in Tower Shell, Data Sheet Use only for high stress XVII Deplection. Only when required. Data Sheets thru XVIII Internals. A thru to end. Pans, discs, baffels etc. Calculate weight under each item, NOTE: Space must be left in estimate calculations to permit the inclusion of required (but missing) items if the estimate becomes a contract, NOMENCLATURE. P = Pressure in pounds/sq.inch. E = Efficiency of joint. For welded joint see table 1 iW-319 api-asme code. S - Stress in pounds/sqinch. Design conditions. For 2SE see sheet S2 = Allowable stress at atmospheric temperature. C m Corrosion Allowance. I.D. = Inside Diameter t = Theoretical plate thickness. O.D. $ Outside " T = Commercial plate thickness. D - I.D + ZC TP = Test Pressure D * I.D t T (for test pressure) Dm I.D + C t T (for design pressure)

PRESSURE VESSEL CALCULATION PROCEEDURE* Shell (a) thickness- t 40 orb D O0 G = 25E-p1000 Use larger value (a) or (b) but not less than 1/4" fully corroded (1/4" fc.) Select smallest commercial plate thickness containing "t" (or 1/4" 1 C-) Call thickness of selected plate T" For '25E' factors see sheet (Result) USE " PLATE ()Test Pres'sure~ TP, x 1.,5 (Result) TJ,P II Heads, Consult manufacturer's tables for thickness limitations before selecting "T"0 AExternal Heads., (Bott welded joint to shell., o esta fsel Ellipsoidal. With head ratio of z- 1 no calculation is required. Use same "T" as shell, T.P*- will be greater than shell if head is in one piece or equal to shell if head has same kind of joints as shell, (a) Thicknessa. t - a y 40 (b) T.P. 2 SET (Rsl)UEPLATE 25E T.P (c) Minimumo t =P~h V =a factor ( for 2:1 heads)Fig 4~JW311 45 E 1 for seamless heads. apil asme Code Faged andjDished.' Assume a trial value of T for determingO.. & adj0ust, (a hcns pR ToP =- 2SET i(Result) USE "PLATE. 2SE' Rf T)2 " Dishing Radius + C 4. (T-C) Ro Dishing Radius+Q K =Knuckle Radius +j C + (T-C) K -Knuckel Radius C~&C are factors (Fig 5 4t311 api asme code)based on the following ratios:For~ ratio Kr,,- For,4 ratio -Kr/ For numerical values of&U &(4 see sheet Calculations set up to i nvestigate other thickness should be left standing & marked '"Not Used".0 B. Internal Heads'. Corrosion & pressure on both sides -Use formulea for external heads, of some'type., but Divide "It" by 0-6 before adding corrosion., Then add '2C v' Note that R =Ro & Kr =K0 for F&D heads when corrosion 'is equal on both sides of he~ai (Result) USE " PLATE

Plug Weldso Use with shell plates up to 5/8" thickness, maximum. (Thickness of head plate has an influence) For shell "T" over 5/8" use Riveted Jointo The full fillet weld, head to shell, required by code can carry a maximum of 80% of the load on the head ( = o8L), Load on plugs not less than.2L Total load on head: L = p L2 Let Tph " head thickness. Maximum capacity of fillet weld (not less than.8L).8SE x.707 (Tph-C)x 't D Plug weld at least 1/4" larger in diam. than thickness of plate(but not less than 1" diam) up to 2" plate thickness. For thicker plates use 2j diam. plugs. For internal heads use 1" diamo plug welds spaced approx. 12"- circular pitch as minimum. Allow, load per plugs L =.63 (min.diam. of plug - 1/4")2 x.8 - Min Number of plugs: =.2L RESULT) USE, PLUGS "DIAMo LpTest conditions checks Total load on head: Ltp = T.Po x T x IoD. Maximum capacity of fillet weld (not less than.8Lt.). 1.2 SE x.707 Tp xl(I.oDo) Allowable load per plug: 1.5 Lp Note: The value of "S" entering the above formulea must be taken at atmospheric temp. ' - = total load per plug (which must not exceed allowable) number of plugs Riveted Joints, Use with shell plate over 5/8" thickness, See sheets for rivet data including allowable stress, inherent corrosion in heads etc. The rivets carry the entire load on the head, Use swell neck rivets with over-size cone heads inside. The oversize to provide the required corrosion (See Sheet )o Rivets are gunned or driven from both sides and standard button heads are formed, Maximum diameter of rivets: Shop 1 1/8", Field 1",., Rivet holes are 1/32" larger in diameter with chamfer at both heads - 1/16" chamfer up to 1" +rivets, 3/32" chamfer for rivets 1 1/16"' & upo Strength of Riveted Joint: Unit length = P pitch of 1 row of rivets n no. of rivets in length 'P' rs value of 1 rivet in single shear (See Sheet ) d = diam. of rivet hole, rb - " " 1 "t bearing ( " " ) - (T-C) x d x bearing value of plate 1) Solid Plate: P x (T-C) x So 'T' is thickness of shell or head whichever is less 2) Rivet Strength: (n x rg) or (n x rb) whichever is less.

3) Tearing along outer row of rivets: (P-d) x (T-C) x S Joint efficiency (at least equal to 50% of longitudinal joint efficiency) ) or whichever is less. Edge Distance: Mininum = 11/4 d Distance between rowss Is p/d 4 minimum distance = 1 3/4 d 1 p/d l 4 n tt 1 3/4 d t 0O1 (p-4d) Bend line distance: minimum 1/2 diam. of inside head after driving f 1/8"o Test Condition Checks The joint efficiency based on uncorroded plate and l- times allowable stress at atmosphere temperature, must be at least equal to 50% of the longitudinal joint efficiencyo 1) Solid Plate = P x Tx 1.5 x - 3) Tearing= (p-d) x Tx 1.5 x S 2) Rivet Strength = 1.5 (nxrs) or 1.5(n x rb) 4) Joint efficiency(2) e whichever is lesso C. Eternal Heads with lap joint to shell, concaved side to pressure. Thickness, T, determined from II a, is independent of shell T. Joint as per Fig 2 310 api-asme code. For shell plates up to 5/8" use plug welds. For shell plates 11/16" & up use rivets. Use formulea & methods under internal heads, above. D. Conical Head or Reduction, (No code limitation on ratio of diameters of shell elements connected by a conical reduction.) (a) Thickness: t = p x D + C b): 2SE Cos.- 1000 Use larger value (a) or (b) but not less than 1/4" fully corrodedo (c) T.Po = l x 2 SET Cos.& Dc largest IoD. + T Dm i & - angle between side & long amiK of cone, Note = No reinforcing (equal to a pad) required on conical reduction, For ToPo use value of 2SE for atmospheric temperature. VII Stress in Longitudinal Seam at Test Pressure0 Required only if Code inspected. (a) Stress s T.Po x Dm Make calculation for each diamo & thickness of shell. 2T

VIII Vessel Thickness to N A Shelloota ToP. xDi 3S fithstand Test Pressure, or ID, j100 Use larger value. TP. x mD1j x V V -a factor -1 for 2-1 heads) Fig 4 Code. 9W311o With/2:-l 3S2 ~ head, some T as shell,, "-t3I" will be same as shell and no calculatiori is required0 B HeadsS, Ellitsoidal Dished to a- T.P. x RO 3S2 Ro= Dishing radius f 2 IX' Reinforcing Plate (pad) Thickness. Calculate theoretical thickness for both design and test conditions and select a commercial plate containing the larger of the two values. Test condition thickness * t - 2 t5 T for all vessel elements, Design condition thickness: trd = 2 Ct-c) Eft C-T (for all vessel elements.i except dished heads) Design condition for dished heads onlya trd =2 Bt"C + C.-T for ), see II A. Use greater value of either test or design condition and call 'it Tr. When 10 governs, or shells or heads are seamless omit B from formulea. Make a set of calculations for each tower element having openings subject to reinforcement, Minimum pad thickness 1/4"'. When t or td is substantially less than.25?;,.investigate each conn. to see if pact can be omitted. X Pad Sizes A. Diameter. When useing pad thickness det rminedfoIXteiatrisx1D of connection, if test pressure governs & 2(l~.D0. +20) 'if design governs, B. Minimum Diameter. When T f Tr does not exceed 3/4"' mm,. dia. pad= O.D. of neck j. 1-P f l/8 " + 2 (T4 Tr) When TA Tr exceeds 3/4"' mmn dia. pad =O.D..of neck fj 1~" f~ l/81 f 2 Tr C. Pad Weld: (pad to shell, Alco practise, iOe, Size of fillet weld = t or tr Aj,.LiaMe-ters a e i above -, —a rig, A-s -Ly.. -- 5 V al1ue s of C Steel Stress Relieved lc07 l~a04 Not Stres Rml. 1001. o98 Grade A Gr ade B For any one value of tft or tr one calculation. - --. % will cover all pads, for diameters in accordance with le~A Pads of mini'mum diameter (RfAjhB) are actually specJial pe~.pads and i'~very thi ck,, weld should be determined as for a special pad.

D. Special Padsg Area of required reinforcement Ae IoD. x trt for test condition or (I.D.+ 2C) x trd for Design Conditions. OoDo Pad = AR + D for design conditions or Desired thickness AR Desired thickness + IoDo for test conditions. E. Welds for Special Pads. (Pads to Shell) 'r.~rq~ Size of Fillet Weld = AR K x OoD. of Pad, Steel Stress Not Stress Values Relieved Relieved f Grade J.527.506 Grade. 521 - 4.490 ' F. Head Pads* For Code limitations of diameter see Sheet G. Investigation of Pad Requirements~ Area of required reinforcement. Use formulea inX, D. The only area available for reinforcements is in the nozzle neck a Y j area of welds. Y = 2 times excess in neck times length of excess. Excess in neck is wall thickness (N) minus hoop and corrosions - For test conditions N - (D 100) o N - (TOP. x DM )Use (corrosion 0 ) l00 --- -O ------ 3 S2 Smaller Value. For design conditions: N - (D 100 ) or l ixD Use "0....__' Use Smaller Value Length of Excess. The limit of reinforcement beyond shell, measured along nozzle neck, is the smaller of the following - 2 (+ -C) or 2j (N-C) + pad thickness for design conditions. For test conditions this becomes 2- T or 22 N pad thickness. Therefore the length of excess to be use in determining Y iso - Length of Excess; 2 ( - C) or 22 (N- C) for design conditions the smaller of 324T T or 2- N for test conditions weld IFY + area = area of required reinforcement no pad is required. Pads are not required by api asme code for connections whose corroded inside diameters do not exceed 2"~ Starting with smallest nozzle ingurstion, investigate progressively until a size is obtained which does require a pad. All larger nozzles of similiar type will require pads, Use judgement in investigation, I.Eo, if it appears that no pads will be required below the 10" size, select a nozzle around that size and proceed up or down, as indicated by result,

WEIGHTS Weights Deductions 0/c of Corro sion 1. Shell (weight x mill1 average - 1 line for. each element) 2. Heads (1 line for each different head) 3. Manholes (No of each size X weight) 4. Davits (Total No. X weight) 5, Nozzles 690 Fixed Steel Trays or (Steel Supports for removable trays) I x x x XI x x Ix x x x x x XI xi xi xi x 7. B ffle, Discs Do-Nuts., Pans etc 8. Insulation Angles (No rings of X length) (Use 1 line for each di item) milix x x x xx 4) 010 H 0 I.0 oH co 4) oHH 0) 4)A Ixi-xi x x xlxlx x x x x fx x x x x G xi XI x Total = 90, 100 110 120: Skirt,.(Size t~ x length x weight x Base Ri ng average) Chairs No Le # each Other Base Items x x x x.x Subtota $ Weight To Be Used For Bolt Subtotal 2 Corrosion -____ Differenic =- W I (,Note. Keep skirt & base separate as shown to permit adjustment after sizes are determined) Insulation (State Kind & Thickness) Shell Heads x x x (In) x xx in x xx Vapor Piping x x x Other Piping x Top Platform. Wing Platforms (Take wind noments on all pipe listed in weights) fl5# per square foot.. Wing platforms-, Allow 15 ~for 61 tower.: 20 for 8 -25 Lor lO* and 51er(uness otherwise 'Instructed. Subtota xx x Use for Bolt Pull after deducting "C" See above Wa er ( /3 xWt-4 9O -(stance.betwee n 1/3 Wae 13xper i'oot x (B/L i.2 Diam,

Removable Trays Caps & Troughso Removable Internalso XXX x xx xxx = Sum (TR) Sum Total Wx x W 3 Use For Skirt & Base 2/3 Water ( Twice above 1/3) Fire Proofing = FR - x x x Total W4x __ W4 Calculations (Note - Each sub-total ( 1, 2, W3 & W4) is the sum of the preceedling sub totals + Intervening Figures) Weights to appear on drawing 1) Tower empty without removal trays, caps, troughs & insulation) = Sub total 1 2) Tower empty (but with remo trays, caps & troughs but without insulation) # + TR 3) Insulation & Fire Proofing In + Fp 4) Insulated tower full of water 2) + 3) f 3/3 Water

CAPACITIES AND WEIGHT OF WATER PER FTC 231 cubo" per gal. 8o3 # per gal. I.m I.1 I I I 40 I I I Inside ea Sq Gallons Weight inside 'ea Sq.Ft Gallons Weight per WaterDo. 6...or per Wa ter F per lbs.pe Ft Inches per Ft thlbs.per g Ier F*Ft pth1s In chees Ft th -Ipt &In Depteptt h & In t Ft Depth _:,",,:..... -:~~,,-~-:~_...: ~.......~................. ~::.,.,-~O.........,Mu..... I I -L 12 15 '18 21.7854 1.2272 1.7671 2.4053 I 5.8752 9.180 13.219 170993 i 49.0 76,6 110.3 150.2 4 - 2'-0" 24 3.1416 23o501 1 96.1 2 -3" 27 3.9761 29.743 248,2 2 -6" 30 49087 36.720 306.4 2 t9" 33 5.9396 44~431 37008 3 '-0" 36 '700686 52.877 441,3 3'-3"1 39 8.2958 62,057 517,9 3 -6" 42 9,6211 71.971 600,6 31-9" 45 11.045 82o620 689,5 4 '-0". 48 12.566 94o003 784 5 4 -3" 51 14.186 106,12 885o6 4 '.-6" 54 15 904 118.97 99208 4 '9" 57 17.721 132.56 1106,2 5'-0" 60 19,635 1i]6o88.225,. 5 3 63 21.648 161,93 1351o4 5%-6" 66 23,758 177.72 482o5 5 -9"t 69 25.967 194.25 1621.0 6 '-0" 72 28.274 211, 51 765 6 -3" 75 30.680 229 50 1915 6 -6" 78 33.183 248.23 2072 69-9 81 35.785 267,69 2234 7 -0" 84 38,485 287,88 2402 7.-3" 877 41 282 308.81 2577 7 -6" 90 44o179 330,48 2758 7 -t9" 93 47173 353.88 '2945 8 -0'" 96 50.265 376.01 3138 8'.3". 99 53.456 399,88 3337 8 -6 102 56.745 424o48 3542 8'9" 105 60.132 449,82 754 I I 9 1.6 is 9. vw3 9. ZIC4 f, 9" 1091" I I i 108 111 114 117 63,617 67 201 70,882 74o662 475.89 502,70 530.24 558,511 I I O -0" 120 78. 54 587 52 4899 0-.3 123 82.516 617,26 545 -6"t 126 86 59 647,74 5398 -9"1 129 90,763 678.95 5658 al-0" 132 95.033 710,90 5925 '3" 135 99402 743o53 6196 ll 6" 138 103.87 776,99 6475 -9" 141 108,43 811,14 6759 12 -' 14 113,10 846,03 7050 12-3 147 117.866 881,65 7347 12 -6" 150 12272 918.00 7650 312=9 153 127,68 955~o08 7959 '-4" 156 132,73 992,91, 8274 3 -3" 159 137.89 1031.5 8608 3-6 162 143.14 1070.8 8935 3 9 t 165 148.49 1108 9270 14.0 3.68 153.94 1151.5 9608 4,'-3 " 171 159,48 1193.0 ' 9956 14 -6 174 165.13 1233 2 0308 14'8-91 177 170.87 1278.2 10667 15s 0 180 176071 1321.9 11031 5 s'3 "183 182.65 1366.3 lb 11403 15 =6' 186 188.69 141 1.5 11779 15 -9' 189 194.83 1457,4 12163 6'.0 192 201.06 1 504.0. 2552 16 '-3' 195 207,39 1551.41 12947 36'-6 198 213.82 1599.5 13348 9 201 201 20,35 1648.4 13 1f56 3972 4192 4421 4657

MINLIMUM SHELL THICKNESS OF UNFiRE PRESSURE VESSELS) FABR ICATED UNDER PAR. U-.69 OF THEZ A.S.M*E. CODE AND OF A.S.T.M. A70-~36 OR AOS.M.E. S-i FLANGE OR FIRE BOX QUALITY STEELO FORMULA: Min. Shell Thick., (.Woking Prh (Otid Rdis (i1,ooo)( (.80) plus (Working Press.) The following constants may be used to determine shell thicknesses which are not shown. Multiply the constant "1K" by the Outside Radius and the result 'is the miniu shell thickness required. Wit. "Kit we P. "tK" 80#.009009q09- 140#.01565995 l00#.011235955 150# o01675977 l00O.8#.011324830 175#.01949861 125#,n.014005602 200#.02222222 0. D. SHELL SQL 10050 12".05405'.06746.06795.08403.09396.10056.11700.13333 14" 006306.07865.07927.0984.10962.117,32.136,49.15555 16".07207.08990.09060..11205.12525.1340o8.15599..27777 18".08108.10112.10192.12605.14094.15084 o17549.20000 20".09009.11236.11325.14+006.15660.16760 e19499 o22222 22"1.09910.12360.124+58..15407.17226.18436.21449.24144 24"f.10811.13483.13590..,16807.18792.20112.23399.26666 30".13514 916854.16987.21008.23490.25140 o29248.33333 36"t.16216.20225.20385.25210 o28188.30168.35098.40000 42".18919.,23596.23782 o29412.*32886 0.352-96.4;-947 *46666 48"1.21622.,26966.27180.33613.37584.40224.,467,98,53333 54"t.24324+.30337.30577.37815.42282.45252.53647.600001 60"1.27027.33708.33975.042017.46980.5028o0.58496.6 6666 66"-.29730.37079.37372.46219.51678.55308. 64346 z73333 72".32432.40449.,40'769.50420.56376.60336. 70196.80000 78"1.35135,43821.4467.054622.61074.65364.76(346.86606. 84".37838.47191 o47564..58824.65772-.70392.83895 *93~33 90"1.40541.50562.50962.63025.70470.75419. 8774 4 l1.0C00M) 96".43243.53933.54359.67227.7516. 80448.93596 1,06666 102!'.45946.57304.1057757.71-429.79866 -.854 75.99443 1.a130~333.108".48649.60672.61154.76631.84564.90504 1.07394 1.0196.199 114".51352.64045.64552 0.79832.89262 9 55.3 1 1.21142 1.026666 120"1.54054.67416.67949' 0.84034..93960 1.00560 1.16992 1.33333 The above tables may be checked using 'the formulas shown below. The "Maximum Stress" must always be' 8800 pounds or less and the "Bursting Pressure""must be f ive (5) times the working pre ss'ure or le ss. Wxim-um Stress' - Inside Radius Of T nk Woking-.e arss.) Shell Plate Thickness Bursting Press'. 00Q (She 1.Pae Thic s 8 Inside- Radius Of Tank

NElf-OF API-ASME 12HD ED (From Tangent or Bend Line).935 DIA THICKNESS -INCHES 2.25C 1 '-6"1 22 27 32 38 43 48 54 59 64 70 75 86 96 107 3.74 20"38. 58 67 77 8 96 105 114 125 134 154 172 191 6,32 2 -1 60 75 90 105 110 135 150 164 179 194 208 250 268 298 841 3 '-0"t 87 108 129 150 172 194 215 236 258 279 300 345 388 430 12.96 3'-6"1 108 148 176 206:-236 266 295 324 354 384 412 474 528 588 14,96 4'-0" 154 193 230 278 306 345 385 42'0 460 500 535 615 690 765 19.78 4'-6" 196 245 295 345 390 440 490 535 585 635 680 780 875 970 23,'375 5 '-0of 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 -780 840 960 1080 1200 28,783 5'1-6 I 435 505 585 655 730 800 870' 945 1015 1070 1310 1450 33.66 6 1-0 I 515 605 690 780 865 945 080 1120 1200 1380 1540 1720 39,5 6'1-6 f 610 710 810 910 010 110 210 1310 1410 1610 1810 2010,45.81 7 1-0"I 705:820 940 1060 075 290 410 1520 1640 1870 2100 2340 52.59 7'1-6 I 805 940 1080 1215 350 1/80 610 1750 1880 2160 2410 2680 59,84 8 '-0"f 920 070 1230 13$0 540 1690 840 1980 2140 2-460 2~780 3800 167.55 81-6 ~ 1040 210 390 1570 740 810 175.78 91-0" 930 160 184.84 9'-6" 720 2600 193,5 2150 13850 103,010-6 113,13 '-0"f 200 0 123,65 '-6" 00 5100 1.3406 '-0il 4500 5500 146,0 ]2'6" 170 158.0 3'-"503 167.503'6 184,0 4 '-0lt I197.00J4t-6"? 211.5015f:: I L weightl steel per sq. ft.I 10.-2 12.Z75' 15.3 117. 851 20,41 22,95~ 25 o5! 28,5 I 130,6j 33.51 35. I. I. I 5 I 40.08 45,9 a I 48, 51 51,C I 1. SURFACE AREA (EXTERIOR) OF API-ASNE DISHED HEADS =*935 D2 = SQ. FT. FOR ELLIPTICAL HEADS USE.33 FOR 2:1 RATIO

WEIGHT CYLINDRICAL VESSELS Per 1 ft. Depth (Actual Theor. Wgts.) I.D. Ft.-In. 1/8 3/l6 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 1 1'-0" 16.4 24.6 32.8 41.3 49.6 58.2 66.8 75.5 84.2 93.5 102 111 1-3 20.4 30o6 40.8 51.3 61.6 72.2 82.8 93.5 104 16 126 137 1-6 24.4 36.6 48.8 61.3 73.6 86.2 98.8 112 124 138 150 163 1-9 28.4 42.6 56.8 71.3 85.6 100.2 115 130 144 160 174 189 2-0 32.4 48.6 64.8 81.3 97.6 114 131 148 164 182 198 215 2-3 36.4 54.6 72.8 91.3 11o 128 147 166 184 204 222 241 2-6 40.4 60.6 8o.8 10 122 142 163 184 205 226 246 267 2-9 44.3 66.6 88.8 11 134 156 179 202 225 248 270 293 3-0 48.4 72.6 96.8 121 146 170 195 220 245 270 294 319 3-3 52.4 78.6 105 131 158 184 211 238 265 292 318 345 3-6 56.4 84.6 113 141 170 198 227 256 285 314 342 371 3-9 60.4 90.7 121 151l 82 212 243 274 305 336 366 397 4-0 64.4 96.7 129 161 194 226 259 292 325 358 390 423 4-3 68.4 103 137 171 206 240 275 310 345 380 414 449 4-6 72.4 109 145 181 218 254 291 328 365 402 438 475 4-9 76.4 115 153 191 230 268 307 346 385 424 462 501 5-0 80.4 21 161 201 242 282 323 364 405 446 486 527 5-3 127 169 211 254 296 339 382 425 468 510 553 5-6 133 177 221 266 310 355 400 445 490 534 579 5-9 139 185 231 278 324 371 418 465 512 558 605 6-0 l45 193 241 290 338 387 436 485 534 582 631 6-3 201 251 292 352 403 454 505 556 606 657 6-6 209 261 304 366 419 472 525 578 630 683 6-9 217 271 316 380 435 490 545 600 654 709 7-0 225 281 338 394 451 508 565 622 678 735 7-3 233 291 350 408 467 526 585 644 702 761 7-6 241 301 372 422 483 544 605 666 726 787 7-9 249 311 384 436 499 562 625 688 750 813 8-0 257 321 386 450 515 580 645 710 774 839 8-3 265 331 398 464 531 598 665 732 798 865 8-6 273 341 310 478 547 616 685 754 822 891

Weight Cylindrical Vessels (con't) I.D. Ft-In. 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 1 8-9 281 351 322 492 563 634 705 776 846 917 9-0 289 361 434 506 579 652 725 798 870 943 9-3 297 371 446 520 595 670 745 820 894 969 9-6 305 381 458 534 61. 688 765 844 918 995 9-9 313 391 470 548 627 706 785 866 942 1021 10-0 321 401 482 562 643 724 805 888 966 1047 1/al 5.10 7.65 1.20 12.75 15.3 17.85 20.4 22.95 25.5 28.05 30.6 33.15 35.7 38.25 40.8 " 16~.05 24.10 32.10 40.10 4i 0 56.10 64.2 72.0 80.2 88.2 96.2 104.0 112.1 120.2 128.4 Feet.0104.01563.0208.026.03125.004688 521 0573.0625 0677 0729 0781.0833 Di. 4.67 5-34 6 6.75 7.35 8 8.66 -P.c in.. _ _ -, Diff. Ter ft. 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 Note: For different diams. than those given above take diff. per inch or foot and add to nearest diam. in table: I.E. 15'-4" diam. = " tk. = 643 + (5 x 64) t-(4 x 5.34)= 984#.

WE IGHTS Instructions For Calculatin.Tower Weights 1. HEADS:- Add to required min. head thickness the "Thinning Allowance" from Table I. SIZE OF DISC: Ellipsoidal Head, 2:1 Ratio:-(1,21 x 1.0) 2 S.F. t Plate thickness. F & D Head:- (1.04 x O.D.) 2 S.F.+ 2/3 K.R. WEIGHT ALLOWANCE:-Dise is cut from rectangle. constant from Table IIIo Increase weight by 2. SHELL,. LENGTH OF SHELL: - Distance between extreme girth seamso (Not B.L.) WEIGHT ALLOWANCE:- Multiply total weight by constant from Table II. 3. NOZZLES & MANHOLES:- Add to M.Ho weight, davit weight 8. PIPNG:- Include weight of all piping for which Wind Moments are taken(usually only vapor line). Vapor lines usually not insulatedo Weight:- 110% weight of bare pipe in even pounds. Length$-i tower height. 9. LADDERS:- Cage is 7' shorter than laddero With top platform, ladder height is same as centroid of top platform. Without top platform ladder height is top bend line, (unless engineers data is contrary-wise). Weight:- Ladder 605 #/foot - Cage 10.5 #/foot. PLATFORMS:- Weight:- 50 #/lineal foot. 1/4 circumference of tower, platform 1 foot longer than Wing platforms, from 1/8 to depending on diameter. Top O.D, over insulation. 10. INSULATION:- Shell:- Weight per lineal (of tower from 'opus') x distance between BoLso Heads:- Determine square feet of insulation, using formulea for head discs but substuiting mean diameter of shell insulation for loO (or O.D.) given in disc Formuleao WATER:- Weight per lineal foot from "Opus" x distance between bend lineso (Shell) Head, Ellipsoidal:- Weight per lineal foot of shell x.425 height of head. Head, F & D:FIREPROFFING:- Outside Fireproofing up to B.Lo Inside less % head & insulation. TABLE I. THINNING ALLOWANCE FOR HEADS. quired Mininum Head Thickness under to 2 to 3" to 3 3/14 3 3/ to 4i. /4up d for Thinn to 36 1/8 14 38 12 3 t /4 d for Thinning 1/16 1/8 |3/8 1/2' 3 1 "t......

TOWER DEFLECT ION F = Max deflection at top of tower or superstructure = fu + fc fu = Max deflection at top of tower or superstructure due to uniform load. fc = Max deflection at top of tower or supersturcture due to concentrated load. Yu & Yc = Deflection at "x" inches below top due to uniform & concentrated loads. W = Uniforir wind load - Area of tower elements in sq. ft. x wind pressure in pounds. P = Concentrated load. (at top of tower = area of superstructure x wind pressure in lbs. =E = Modulus of elasticity for operating temperature. (See Curve I) L = Height in inches. I = Moment of inertia of fully corroded shell (or skirt) D = O.D. of shell or skirt. I (for annulus) =sT/64 (D4-d4) =.049087 (D4-d4) d = I.D. of corroded shell or skirt. o Angle of inclination to horizontal of any tray. o = tan-lcSu + tan-l c h = Distance in inches between high & low sides of seal plate. Tanx x I.D. of tower fu = WL3/8EI fc = WL3/3EI Tan. o(u = W/6EIL (L3-x3) Due to uniform load. Tan. o(f - W/2EI (L2-x2) Due to concentrated load. Yu = W/24EIL (x&-4L3x + 3L4) Due to uniform load. Ye = W/6EI (2L3-3L2x +x3) Due to concentrated loado Notes Tanx = d(fy)/cox

TAB LE II WEIGHT ALLOWANCE Plate W`3d Uderl 48 6o 2 1 96 108 120 3 era~endef er Under Upder rener Unde, Thielmeess L 60 72 84 96 18 120 132 1Ycl Under 1/8. 10 12 Lt 1/811 1 3/16 8 ~ 1/4. "5/16 6 14 16 19.5/16 3/8 i:14 17 -3/8 7/16. 12 18. 7/10 "1/2 4 10 13 1/2 5/8 311 1 5/8 t' 3A.3. 9 3 A 12j1" & Over 2f 2j.~i~ 3 N2- 4 4* 5' 6

. 1 r% 11 I r / 7 n aC3 lr) 1 1'..1 ~ 47 c v iJL 30 _L _a I _^erltule F l(t i iLC I 28 264 t S M0DiJ 0! __ _ _ __ r: 20FX k — I I I' ' -'' --- -....RVE I 1 MODLUS O..I_... s_ ELASTIC ITr 18 1 __ E+ =.E 12-3(t l2 7()0 0 0,olOh.... L_ __ II 1

A two section tower, shown in Figure 1, is loaded by a concentrated force, P#, acting at the free end, and by a total load, W#, uniformly distributed over the length L. Notation: Io - Moment of inertia, upper section (in2) I- Moment of inertia, lower section (in2) t = Io/I m= 1/L E Modulus of elasticity, consultesr - 270 a, b, and c = coefficients, consult charts. 1 and L = lengths in inches Deflection at free end due to P alone: AP = b PL3/3EIo.......... 1) Deflection at free end due to W alone: AW c WL3/EIo........... 2) Rotation at free end due to P alone: fp s a PL2/2EIo, o.,..... 3) Rotation at free end due to W alone: dw b b WL2/EIo........... Notes: 1. For a single section tower use a = b - c c 1 in above equations 2. According the principle of superposition the total deflection (or rotation) under combined loads is equal to the sum of the partial deflections (or rotations) 3. The actual rotations shall always be sufficiently small to warrant the t=an=f sir Relation. 4. Difference in elevation of diametrally opposite points at top K = G/pJw) x diap

A three section tower is shown schematically, in figure 2, loaded as before. Notation: I., I1 and I2 moments of inertia of the respective sections

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 90111111 125 9917 3 9015 03125 9917