THE UNIVERSITY OF M I C H I GAN COLLEGE OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND THE ARTS Department of Physics Technical Report No. 26 DEUTERON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS FROM 1.5 TO 3 GeV David E. Pellett ORA Project 03106 under contract with: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH WASHINGTON, D.C. CONTRACT NO. Nonr-1224(23) NR-022-274 administered through: OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION ANN ARBOR August 1966 Distribution of this document is unlimited.

This report was also a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of Michigan, 1966.

ABSTRACT The differential cross section for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions was measured for incident proton kinetic energies of 1.55, 2.5, and 2.9 GeV. Measurements were made at laboratory angles of 5.9~, 11.55~, 15.72~, and at the two higher energies, at 20~ relative to the beam direction for deuteron laboratory momenta in the range 1.0-2.4 GeV/c. The experiment was performed in an external proton beam of the cosmotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A system of scintillation and Cerenkov counters was used to identify deuterons by momentum analysis and time-of-flight techniques. The differential cross sections are presented in the laboratory and center of mass (c.m.) systems. Plots are given of the cross section versus the invariant mass of the system of particles formed with the deuteron in the collisions. Total cross sections were obtained by integrating a smooth function fitted to the c.m. data at each energy. The deuteron distributions in the laboratory system were peaked at small angles relative to the beam direction. All deuterons were formed with momenta >1.0 GeV/c. The c.m. differential cross section distributions obtained at the three energies of this experiment showed a general similarity to one another. The cross section was iii

sharply peaked in the forward and backward directions for large c.m. momenta. The maximum became more broad as the momentum decreased until the cross section was almost isotropic. There was evidence of structure in the broad maximum at intermediate momenta. The total deuteron production cross section decreased monotonically with incident proton kinetic energy from 310 ~ 25 pb at 1.5 GeV to 137 ~ 21 pb at 2.9 GeV. The interpolated value at 2.3 GeV was consistent with the statistical model prediction. The cross section for production of deuterons associated with two or more pions had a maximum near 2 GeV. A search for pion resonances of unit isotopic spin in the mass range 400-1000 MeV through reactions of the form p + p —-d + x yielded evidence for p production. At 2.5 GeV, the p production cross section was small ( total a 9 kib) and did not appear to be sharply peaked in the forward and backward directions. Upper limits were set for the production of the C (560 MeV) and the X+ (960 MeV) resonances. The laboratory distributions in momentum and angle of deuterons produced in proton-proton collisions at 2.9 GeV were found to be much different from those arising from proton-beryllium and proton-platinum collisions at the same energy. The total deuteron production cross section per nucleon was approximately six times greater in collisions of protons with beryllium than in collisions with other protons, indicating that specifically nuclear processes are at work in the former case. iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would especially like to thank Dr. Oliver E. Overseth for his continual guidance during the entire course of the experiment. His fine personal qualities both as scientist and friend have been a source of inspiration during my graduate studies. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Martin Perl for his invaluable contributions to the planning and performance of this experiment. In addition, I am grateful to Dr. Lawrence Jones and Dr. Michael Longo for many useful discussions. I am indebted to my colleagues, particularly Dr. Richard Heinz, but also Dr. Homer Neal, Dr. Howard Saxer, and Fred Martin, for their help in various stages of the work. I am grateful to Walter Merkle, John Harris, and the entire staff of the Brookhaven Cosmotron for their expert skills which were called upon in setting up and running the experiment. Also, I wish to thank the staff of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center for their help in the design and construction of the experimental apparatus.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................... v LIST OF TABLES................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES................................... xi LIST OF APPENDICES............................... xv I. INTRODUCTION................................ 1 A. Deuteron Production in Proton-Proton Collisions............................ 1 B. Survey of Existing Data........2..... 2 C. Theory.................. 4 II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE........................... 9 A. The Beam... 9 B. The Liquid Hydrogen Target......... 13 C. The Spectrometer.................... 14 D. The Electronic Logic................. 27 E. Running the Experiment........ 34 III. ANALYSIS OF DATA............................ 36 A. Background Subtraction................ 36 B. Time Resolution.................... 37 C. Momentum Resolution.......... 38 D. Interpreting the Time-of-Flight Spectra.............................. 44 E. Nuclear Absorption......... 50 F. Electronic Dead Time....... 52 G. Accidental 6erenkov Anticoincidences.. 53 H. Counter Inefficiency.................. 53 I. Beam Attenuation.................... 54 J. Results 54 IV. DISCUSSION OF RE SULTS................. 8 A. Differential Cross Section in Laboratory System.............. 58 B. Differential Cross Section in the Center of Mass System................. 58 C. Energy Dependence of the Total Cross Section............... 88 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT'D D. Differential Cross Sections vs. Invariant Mass of the Pion System.... 88 V. CONCLUSIONS................................ 100 A. General Features of the Cross Section. 100 B. Comparison with General Proton-Proton Inelastic Scattering.................. 104 C. Comparison with Statistical Model..... 106 D. Pion Resonances....................... 107 E. Comparison with Deuteron Production in Proton-Nucleus Collisions......... 113 APPENDICES...................................... 116 LIST OF REFERENCES................................ 149 viii

LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Magnet Data............................... 12 II Counter Specifications.................... 20 III Intercounter Distances................... 21 IV Parameters for the Least Squares Fit to the Data at 1.55 GeV...................... 77 V Parameters for the Least Squares Fit to the Data at 2.5 GeV....................... 81 VI Parameters for the Least Squares Fit to the Data at 2.9 GeV....................... 86 VII Partial Cross Sections for Deuteron Production in Proton-Proton Collisions from 1 to 3 GeV..................................... 103 VIII Resonance Data........................ 108 IX Comparison of Momentum Distributions of Deuterons Produced in Proton-Proton and Proton-Nucleus Collisions................. 114 X Differential Cross Sections at 1.55 GeV, 5.90~.......*.......... 121 XI Differential Cross Sections at 1.55 GeV, 11.55............. 122 XII Differential Cross Sections at 1.55 GeV, 15.720o............ a * 0 * -. 123 XIII Differential Cross Sections at 2.5 GeV, 590.a9~ 9. a * -- 124 XIV Differential Cross Sections at 2.5 GeV, ll.55o~.. —-................ 125 XV Differential Cross Sections at 2.5 GeV, 15.72o... -.............ooo 126 XVI Differential Cross Sections at 2.5 GeV, 20o.... —-............................ 127 ix

LIST OF TABLES CONT'D Table Page XVII Differential Cross Sections at 2.9 GeV, 5.9~........... o..................... 128 XVIII Differential Cross Sections at 2.9 GeV, 11.55~ ~...o @***. ****................. 129 XIX Differential Cross Sections at 2.9 GeV, 15 720~ *.................. 130 XX Differential Cross Sections at 2.9 GeV, 20~0......*. * a...........*.....*.* *.. 131

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 The Beam Layout............................ 11 2 The Liquid Hydrogen Target................. 15 3 Typical Time of Flight Spectrum............ 16 4 The Experimental Layout.................... 17 5 The Experimental Area................. 24 6 The Momentum Analyzing Magnet.............. 25 7 The Rear Counter Assembly.................. 26 8 Logic Circuit Block Diagram: Main Channel.. 28 9 Logic Circuit Block Diagram: Monitor Circuits..O................................ 29 10 Beam Distributions at the Target........... 35 11 Time Resolution of Spectrometer............ 39 12 Comparison of Momentum Efficiency Function with Experim ent.......................... 3.. 13 Momentum Efficiency Function for Two Values of po............... 43 14 Comparison of MCA Spectrum with Predicted Distribution..............4................ 47 15 Effect of Improper Centering of Efficiency Distribution............................49 16 Average Deuteron-Nucleon Cross Section vs. Deuteron Momentum.51 17 Laboratory Differential Cross Section at 1.55 GeV, 5*.90............................. 59 18 Laboratory Differential Cross Section at 1.55 GeV, 11.55~........................... 60 19 Laboratory Differential Cross Section at 1.55 GeV, 15.72~0................. 61 xi

LIST OF FIGURES CONT'D Figure Page 20 Laboratory Differential Cross Section at 1.55 GeV, 0~....... 62 21 Plot of Points in c.m., (p*, cosO*), where Cross Section was Measured at 1.55 GeV..... 64 22 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 1.55 GeV, 00............................... 65 23 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 1.55 GeV, 5.90, cos0* < 0.................. 66 24 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 1.55 GeV, 5.9, cos* >......67 25 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 1.55 GeV, 11.550, cose* < 0................ 68 26 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 1.55 GeV, 11.550, cose* > 0................ 69 27 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 1.55 GeV, 15720.......70 28 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cosO* at 1.55 GeV, 5.90~.... 71 29 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cosO* at 1.55 GeV, 11.550................ ~.. 72 30 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cos@* at 1.55 GeV, 15.72~................ e... 73 31 Least Squares Fitting Function at 1.55 GeV. 78 32 Plot of Points in c.m., (p*, cose*), where Cross Section was Measured at 2.5 GeV........................ 80 33 Least Squares Fitting Function at 2.5 GeV.. 83 34 Plot of Points in c.m., (p*, cose*), where 35 Least Squares Fitting Function at 2.9 GeV.. 87 36 Total Cross Section from.4 to 3 GeV....... 89 xii

LIST OF FIGURES CONT'D Figure Page 37 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 1.55 GeV, 0~...................... 90 38 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 1.55 GeV, 509~, cos0* < 0......... 91 39 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 1.55 GeV, 5.9~, cose* > 0.......... 92 40 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 2.5 GeV, 00....................... 93 41 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 2.5 GeV, 5.9~..................... 94 42 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 2.5 GeV, 11.55~................... 95 43 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 2.5 GeV, 15.720................... 96 44 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 2.9 GeV, 5.9~ (fine resolution)... 98 45 Differential Cross Section vs. Missing Mass at 2.9 GeV, 5.9~ (broad resolution).. 98 46 Lorentz Invariant Momentum Space Distribution at 2.5 GeV........................... 110 47 Lorentz Invariant Momentum Space Distribution at 1.55 GeV....................... 110 48 C.mo Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.5 GeV, 0.............................. 132 49 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.5 GeV, 5.90............................ 133 50 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 51 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.5 GeV, 15.72.~ 135 X11i

LIST OF FIGURES CONT'D Figure Page 52 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.5 GeV, 200~ 136 53 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cose* at 2.5 GeV, 5e.90...................... 137 54 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cos9* at 2.5 GeV, 11.550~.................. 138 55 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cosG* at 2.5 GeV, 15.72.~ 139 56 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cosG* at 2.5 GeV, 2.........................140 57 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.0 GeV, 5.90~ 11 58 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.9 GeV, 11.550~.............2........ 1 59 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.9 GeV, 15.720..................143 60 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. p* at 2.9 GeV, 200...................144.......... 14 61 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cosO* at 2.9 GeV, 5.9............145 62 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cose* at 2.9 GeV, 11.550......................... 146 63 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cosO* at 2.9 GeV, 15.720~............... 147 64 C.m. Differential Cross Section vs. cose* at 2.9 GeV, 200............ 148

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page I Beam Monitor Calibration.116 II Tables and Graphs of the Differential Cross Section.............................. 119 xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCT ION A. Deuteron Production in Proton-Proton Collisions Differential and total cross sections for the production of deuterons in proton-proton collisions were obtained in this experiment for three values of incident proton kinetic energy in the range 1.5 to 3 GeV. The important partial cross sections contributing to deuteron production at these energies are p + p -4- d + TT (1) d + r + o + (2) d + + T ++ r (3) d + TT +n rr + TTr ( 4 ). A detailed study of reaction (1) has been made in this energy range by Heinz, et al.'2 This paper will be primarily concerned with reactions in which two or more particles are formed with the deuteron. There are several reasons why deuteron production in proton-proton collisions is of interest: 1) A number of bubble chamber experiments3 4'5 have yielded data on inelastic proton-proton scattering leading to an unbound proton and neutron in the final state.. Comparison of the angular distributions of deuterons with those of the

unbound nucleons may give insight into how the deuteron is formed at high energies. Theoretical interpretation of the data could yield information concerning the short range components of the deuteron wave function. 2) The differential cross section for deuteron production can be used to study resonance formation in the system of pions created with the deuteron. For a given incident proton energy, a reaction of the form p + p -- d + X+ where X+ is a short lived resonance of unit isotopic spin which decays into two or more pions, will lead to an enhancement of the deuteron production cross section in a range of deuteron center of mass (c.m.) momenta determined by the mass and width of the resonance. 3) Deuteron production in collisions of protons with complex nuclei has been studied both experimentally and theoretically at high energies. The nature of deuteron production in elementary proton-proton interactions is basic to the understanding of this process. B. Survey of Existing Data Several bubble chamber experiments have measured total cross sections for some of the reactions listed on page 1 in the energy range 1 to 3 GeV. The most comprehensive information comes from the experiment of Sechi Zorn at 2.05 GeV. Total cross sections were measured for each of the four reactions. A sufficient number of events were found to establish a pion system invariant mass spectrum for

reactions (2) and (3). The T+rO invariant mass spectrum showed evidence of the p meson and a narrow resonance at a mass of 560 MeV. Other authors'9l have reported a two pion resonance with an isotopic spin of one in this mass region. Al-though it has been given a name, the C, its existence is not well established, since none of the experiments observed it with a high level of statistical significance. No evidence was reported of resonance formation in + +the rr rr invariant mass spectrum. Other bubble chamber experiments reporting deuteron formation are those of Hart, et al.,5 who report a cross section for the drr rr rr and d ri -r rr final states at an incident proton kinetic energy of 2.85 GeV, Eisner, et al.,3 who report a cross section for the d TT+ final state at 1.48 GeV, and Bugg, et al., who report a single event of the type p + p-+ d + 17+ +rr at 970 MeV. The paper of Pickup, et al.4 reports partial cross sections for deuteron production at 2.05 GeV, but these data were obtained from the same bubble chamber exposure studied in detail by Sechi Zorn. The number of events seen in each of these experiments was small, so neither invariant mass nor angular distributions were given. The results of these experiments will be discussed in Chapter V. 12,13 Turkot, et al., using scintillation counters, made a study of deuterons produced in proton-proton collisions at an angle of 0~ relative to the incident beam. The differential cross section for deuteron production was

obtained as a function of deuteron momentum for incident proton kinetic energies of 1.55, 1.93, 2.11, and 2.50 GeV. A search for resonances showed clear evidence of p production, but no strong indication of the C. Graphs of the results of the experiment at 1.55 and 2.50 GeV are given in Chapter IV. At considerably higher energies, Diddens, et al.l4 have measured differential cross sections for deuteron production at a fixed laboratory angle of 6.6~ using scintillation counters. Measiurements were made for three values of deuteron momentum at an incident proton momentum of 19 GeV/c and for four values at 24 GeV/c. A wide literature exists on deuteron production by protons incident on complex nuclei. Of particular interest is a recent experiment of Piroue and Smith15 to study deuteron production in collisions of protons with beryllium and platinum nuclei at 2.9 GeV. The reader is referred to the 16 paper of Glassgold for a review of other work in this field. C. Theory Theories have been developed to explain the reaction + p + p -- d + T and to explain some features of inelastic proton-proton collisions without deuteron formation in the energy range 1-3 GeV, but at present, little theoretical work has been done on deuteron production when two or more pions occur in the final state.

Hagedorn 7 has studied deuteron production in protonproton collisions on the basis of a statistical model. In this theory, the dynamics of the interaction are not considered. The probability for producing a final state of a certain type (for example, one made up of a deuteron and two pions), is determined by the number of states of that type relative to the total number of final states allowed by the various conservation laws. For a given energy of the incident proton, the theory relates the total deuteron production cross section and the partial cross sections for the reactions p + p -*d + T and p + p- d + u + rr to the total proton-proton inelastic cross section. Also, a prediction was made for the ratio of deuteron to proton flux as a function of momentum at a fixed laboratory production angle. These predictions are compared with experiment in Chapter V. The isobar model of Sternheimer and Lindenbaum has been used by many authors3'4'5 in interpreting the results of experiments on proton-proton inelastic collisions in the energy range 1-3 GeV. The theory assumes that nucleon isobars, primarily the N/72(1238), but also the N/[2(1512) and the N*/2(1688)5 are formed in the collision, and all pions result from their subsequent decay. More than one pion can be produced if two isobars are formed, or if a transition occurs from one isobaric state to another with the emission of a pion. The probability for the formation of two pions at a single

vertex is assumed small. The production and decay of the isobars are treated according to statistical and phenomenological methods. The model predicts momentum distributions for the particles in the final state and relationships among the various partial cross sections. The fact that the theory is in rather good agreement with experimental results shows the importance of the formation of nucleon isobars, particularly the N*/2(1238), in inelastic protonproton collisions in this energy range. Sternheimer and Lindenbaum did not predict cross sections for deuteron production, but the theory could presumably be extended to calculate the number of deuterons produced in the various neutron-proton final states. When only a single pion is formed in the final state, more detailed calculations can be made which, unlike those previously mentioned, predict the angular dependence of the cross section. The one pion exchange model has been useful for describing single pion formation in inelastic protonproton scattering (see, for example, references 3 and 11). It predicts the observed peaking of the nucleon production cross section at 0 and 1800in the c.m. system (The cross section is symmetric about 900 in the c.m. if the beam is unpolarized since the protons in the initial state are identical particles). The angular distribution of deuterons from the reaction p + pn d + n is somewhat different in the energy range 1.3-2.5 GeV, in that the maximum occurs away from 180~ (0o) 1,2

For example, at an energy of 1.5 GeV, it appears at 148~(32~). Yao19 has extended the theory to include deuteron production through a final state interaction between the neutron and proton after a positive pion has been formed through one pion exchange. In terms of Feynman diagrams, the reaction proceeds through either d + d + rTT / P / n P Tr PP' (a) or (b). Deuteron production can also occur through one nucleon exchange: p p This diagram has been calculated by Heinz,2 who found it to produce a larger deuteron production cross section than one pion exchange. Qualitative agreement with the experimental angular distributions could be obtained with a suitable choice of deuteron wave function, but the quantitative agreement was not striking for either the one pion exchange or the one nucleon exchange calculations. This is not surprising since many approximations were involved in both.

Modification of such models to include multiple pion production would probably be difficult, but is the only means at present to explain deuteron angular distributions such as those observed in this experiment.

CHAPTER II EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE A system of quadrupoles and bending magnets directed protons from the cosmotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory onto a liquid hydrogen target. Deuterons produced in the target were identified by momentum analysis and time of flight techniques in a spectrometer consisting of a bending magnet and a system of scintillation and Cerenkov counters. A. The Beam For this experiment, the cosmotron produced an external beam of protons of variable energy in the range 1.0 to 2.9 GeV. The particles arrived at the target in repetitive bursts spaced several seconds apart. Each burst lasted approximately 250 msec. and contained up to 5 x 109 protons. The energy of the beam could be determined by measurement of a) the path length and revolution frequency of the particle orbit inside the cosmotron, or b) the radius of 20 curvature in the (known) cosmotron magnetic field. The application of one or both of these procedures allowed a measurement of the average incident proton kinetic energy to within +.05 GeV. The spread in energy about this central value was of the order of 2 MeV full width at half maximum (FWHM).

10 After extraction from the machine, the beam was directed onto the target by the series of bending and focussing magnets depicted in Fig. 1. The magnet specifications are listed in Table I. At the target, the diameter and angular divergence of the beam must be small in order that the production angle of the deuterons observed by the spectrometer be well defined. Focusing was accomplished by the quadrupole triplet, magnets Q201, Q202, and Q203. The bending magnets, H204 and H205, directed the beam onto the target along the desired beam line in the horizontal plane. They also swept secondary particles of low momentum out of the beam. Protons which did not interact in the target were guided by magnet C207 into a large absorber consisting of lead bricks and steel plates. This beam stopper was placed at a slight angle with respect to the original beam direction to allow clearance for the rear counter assembly. The angle at which the beam emerges from the cosmotron varies with energy. The current in magnet H200 was adjusted to correct for this effect and bring the beam into the quadrupoles along the desired axis. H200 also served as a collimator. The pole faces of this magnet limited the vertical dimension of the beam to 1.5 in. The beam width was defined by a pair of thick brass absorbers which filled the gap of H200 except for a narrow slot in the center. The width of this slot was varied from.75 to 2.0 in. according to the focusing requirements at the various energies.

c RON ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TARGET-_ C207P t~., 200Fig.. The beam layout. A.~~~~r r 1 —T-rl 1 Fig. 1. The beam layout.

12 TABLE I MAGNET DATA MAGNET PURPOSE DIMENSIONS OF GAP (See Fig. 1 ) (HxWxD or Dia.xD) (in.) H 200 BENDING 1.5 x 6 x 12 Q 201 HORIZ. FOCUSING 8 x 16 Q 202 VERT. FOCUSING 8 x 32 Q 203 HORIZ. FOCUSING 8 x 32 H 204 BENDING 6 x 18 x 36 H 205 BENDING 6 x 12 x 60 H 206 MOMENTUM ANALYSIS 10.5 x 18 x 36 C 207 BENDING 6 x 12 x 24

13 Collimation was necessary because of the double requirement of small spot size (cross sectional area of the beam) and small angular divergence of the beam particles at the target. One could adjust the vertical position of the beam at the target by moving H200 up or down. H206 is the momentum analyzing magnet of the spectrometer. The beam traveled in vacuum pipes or polyethylene bags filled with helium wherever possible to reduce multiple Coulomb scattering. A computer program gave initial values for the currents in the magnet string at each value of beam energy. Then the location and size of the beam spot were determined at the exit of Q203, at the target, and at the entrance of C207 by exposing Polaroid film in the beam. The currents were adjusted until the beam traveled along the desired path and showed a diameter at the target of less than 1.5 in. The divergence was measured by comparing the diameter of the beam spot at the target with its value at the entrance of C207. This quantity was generally of the order of.20~. B. The Liquid Hydrogen Target The target consisted of a cylinder 3.03 in. long and 4 in. in diameter made of.010 in. mylar which could be filled with liquid hydrogen. It was suspended in an evacuated aluminum box by its filling lines from the liquid hydrogen reservoir. In addition to the vacuum, thermal insulation was provided by wrapping the target with one

14 layer of aluminum foil and twenty layers of.00025 in. alumdinized mylar. The box containing the target was provided with a circular window of.010 in. mylar for the incoming beam, and a wide, curved, rectangular window of.015 in. mylar for the emergent particles. A photograph of the target assembly is shown in Fig. 2. C. The Spectrometer Deuterons are recognized in the background of pions and protons by selecting only particles with momenta in a specified range, and then measuring the time-of-flight spectrum of these particles over a flight path of approximately forty feet. If the momentum acceptance of the spectrometer is sufficiently narrow and the velocities of the particles not too close to the speed of light, the time-of-flight distributions of particles of different mass will be distinct. If, for example, deuterons are present, a peak will appear in the time-of-flight spectrum corresponding to the arrival of particles of the deuteron mass with various momenta, and it will be separate from the peak corresponding to protons or pions. The distribution of counts in this peak can then be related to the differential cross section for deuteron production as a function of momentum. A typical time-offlight spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. The spectrometer is shown in Fig. 4. The objects labeled A1, A10, A' A A2 B1, and B2 are scintillation counters through which pass deuterons produced in the target by the beam of protons. The counters are made of commercial plastic

A..47~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l.JIMMY!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-...........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

16 TIME OF FLIGHT (ns) 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 100 Tp = 2.50 BeV eD= 11.550(Lab) 90_ PD= 1.80 BeV/c 0 z40 30 20 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 CHANNEL NUMBER Fig. 3. TYPICAL TIME-OF-FLIGHT SPECTRUM

CERENKOV CSLLMTATOR RO Z~~ AZ~ ~~~CL LIQIL.a H2 4.50 EXTERNAL A T EXRIL PROTON2A AGTA BEAM -2 z COSMOTRON H2FRMC07EMO SCALE 0 5 FT. S IELDI Fig I. THE EXPERIMENTA\L LAY(OUT

18 scintillating material, and except for A2 are connected to 14-stage photomultiplier tubes by means of Lucite light pipes. The counter A2 defines the solid angle acceptance of the spectrometer. Deuterons with momentum greater than 1.7 GeV/,c passing through a thick Lucite light pipe would produce spurious counts through Cerenkov radiation. To avoid this, the block of scintillating material was supported by a thin walled polystyrene tube. Light was conducted to the photomultiplier through a hollow cylinder covered on the inside surface with a thin sheet of highly polished aluminum. The Cerenkov counter is of the threshold type. It consists of a rectangular box constructed of Lucite, with thin front and back walls. The outside of the box is painted with a white reflective coating. The box is filled with FC-75, a liquid fluorocarbon compound manufactured by the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. Six photomultipliers are affixed to the box to detect Cerenkov radiation. Since the refractive index of FC-75 is 1.276, the minimum momentum for Cerenkov emission is 2.38 GeV/c for deuterons, 1.19 GeV/c for protons, and.177 GeV/c for charged pions. The counter is used in anticoincidence with the pulses from counters Bl and B2 to cut down the background counting rate from pions and protons. The range of deuteron momenta analyzed by the spectrometer is 1.0 to 2.4 GeV/c, so the deuteron counting rate is not affected. The counter labeled O is a circular scintillator placed in the proton beam. Its output is integrated and

19 displayed on an oscilloscope to give a visual indication of the instantaneous beam flux as a function of time during the burst of particles from the cosmotron (known as the "spill"). The counting rate in the beam is too high to be recorded accurately by this counter. Rather, the beam flux is monitored indirectly by the two counter telescopes, M and S. Each telescope consists of three small scintillators in line spaced several inches apart, and placed in electronic coincidence. M counts particles produced in the liquid hydrogen target. S counts particles produced by the beam in the scintillator, 0. The flux in each telescope is proportional to the beam flux. Since only about 1% of the beam interacts in the target, the flux in S is nearly independent of whether or not the target is filled with liquid hydrogen. It is used to measure the beam rate during runs with the target empty for background measurements. The monitor telescopes are calibrated by the radioactive foil technique (described in Appendix I) to provide an absolute determination of the number of particles passing through the target during each cross section measurement. The dimensions and other pertinent data concerning the various counters used in the experiment are listed in Table II. The intercounter distances are listed in Table III. Magnet H206 is used to momentum analyze the particles. It is a standard Brookhaven bending magnet (type H 18x36 Mk I), and is described in Brookhaven literature. The polefaces have dimensions 18x36 in., the gap is 10.5 in., the effective length of the magnetic field is 43 in., and the maximum

TABLE II COUNTER SPECIFICATIONS COUNTER MATERIAL DIMENSIONS PHOTOMULTIPLIER. (H x W x D) (in.) NUMBER TYPE A10,Al' 51 6.5 x 3 x.375 1 6810A A2 S 6 x 1 x.5 1 6810A Bl S 25.875 x 8 x.375 1 6810A B2 S 32 x 11 x.5 2 56AVP S1,S2,S3 5 1.5 x 1.5 x.375 1 6810A Ml,M2,M3 5 1 x 1 x.25 1 53AVP 0 S 8 (dia.) x.5 1 6810A Cerenkov FC - 752 31 x 11.5 x 4 6 6810A 1Plastic scintillating material manufactured by Semielements Inc., Saxonburg, Pa. 2Liquid fluorocarbon compound (see text)

21 TABLE III INTERCOUNTER DISTANCES FROM TO DISTANCE (ft.) Target Al' 12.17 Al' A10.87 A10 Magnet center 3.53 Magnet center A2 3.29 34.05 (5.90) A2 BI 33.86 (11.550) 34.01 (15.720) 34.49 (20.00~) B1 B2 5.1 B2 Cerenkov.8

22 field is 15.2x103 gauss at a current of 1000 A. The particle trajectories pass through the central field region, which is quite uniform. The spectrometer is made sensitive to particles of different momenta by changing the current in the magnet. The central ray, originating in the center of the target and passing through the centers of all counters in the spectrometer, is bent through an angle of 100 in the magnet. The momentum setting of the spectrometer is specified by giving the momentum, p0, of a particle which follows this ray. Since the target and counters have finite widths and the direction of a particle can be altered by multiple Coulomb scattering, particles of momentum p # po, whose trajectories bend through angles other than 100, will also be counted. The probability of counting an off-momentum particle is a bell-shaped function of p/po with FWHM of 13.2% The exact shape of the function varies slowly with po. It is described in detail in Chapter III. All elements of the spectrometer are movable so cross sections can be measured at various angles relative to the direction of the incident beam. The magnet and counters Al', A10, and A2 are mounted on a carriage that rolls on a circular arc of railroad track. It is driven by a fractional horsepower electric motor to facilitate the change of angles, since the assembly weighs about 20 tons. Counters Bl and B2 are attached to a table which slides on a pair of aluminum

23 I-beams. B2 is connected to the table by a pair of swinging arms so that it can be aligned with the other counters at each angle. The Cerenkov counter is mounted separately on a rolling table. In order to reduce the number of particles traversing the rear counter assembly, a collimator six feet thick was constructed of shielding blocks behind the magnet. Four slits were provided corresponding to deuteron production angles of 5.90, 11.55~, 15.720, and 20.0~. Additional collimation and shielding for A2 was provided by lead bricks stacked in the magnet gap. Ample clearance was allowed for the desired particle trajectories. When the magnet carriage was in the 5.90 position, the proton beam passed through the gap of H206 in an open space of low magnetic field between the edge of the pole face and the return yoke. Fig. 5 is a view of the area around the spectrometer magnet. In addition to H206 and its carriage, it shows the collimator, the monitor telescopes, the beam stopper, and the helium bag for the proton beam. Fig. 6 shows counters Al' and A10, as well as the collimator in the gap of H206. The rear counter assembly is shown in Fig. 7. These photographs were taken with the counters in the 5.90 position. In setting up the experiment, the counter supports were positioned and the counters aligned with transits. The railroad track was leveled by suitably placing shims under the steel ties. A steel measuring tape was attached to the outside rail which could be sighted through a special indicator attached to the magnet carriage. This scale was

ANALYZING MAGNET (IN 5.90 POSITION) COLLIMATOR BEAM STOPPER Fig..5....eexpe.ijir'0>,0 iment"9'al:333> a rea......:::: iiiBBBBa!?a,,e................ _;w AtE~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~':....:. HELIUM BAG M S Fig. 5. The experimental area.

Al0 Al' /, i~~~~~~~i 1 ti. ~Wi! g q;;0fi;; 00k<Yt$8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....::,~t.... 0!;0; r f LEAD COLLIMATOR IN MAGNET GAP HELIUM BAG FOR PROTON BEAM Fig. 6. The momentum analyzing magnet.

I-BEAM RAILS FOR COUNTER SUPPORT CERENKOV B2 BI II I SLIDING COUNTER SUPPORT Fig. 7. The rear counter assembly.

27 calibrated by comparing its reading with the angle between the center of Al' and the beam line as measured with a transit located directly below the liquid hydrogen target. Rulers attached to the front I-beam provided a scale for positioning the rear counter assembly. Another scale attached to the sliding table allowed B2 to be accurately aligned relative to Bl. After these counters were set, the Cerenkov counter was rolled to a position behind B2 in line with the direction of particles and as close to B2 as possible. 22 The wire orbit technique was used to find the relation between the magnet current and the central momentum of the spectrometer. Before the scintillation counters were installed on the magnet, a fine wire was stretched from the target to a point just in front of the center of B1. When a current was passed through it, the wire simulated the trajectory of a singly charged particle of momentum p(GeV/c) = 3 x 10-6T(dynes)/I(amperes) where T is the tension and I is the current in the wire. For a given value of magnet current, I was adjusted until the wire passed along the central ray of the spectrometer, bending through an angle of 100 in the magnet. The corresponding momentum was calculated and a graph of magnet current versus momentum was made. D. The Electronic Logic Figs. 8 and 9 show the block diagram of the electronic

Al' A0 A2 BI B2' L IL L L L L COINC I COINC T / o COINC C N ~ TIME TO ABC A)| PULSE HEIGHT MULTI TO SCALER MULTI DRIVERS AND A AIe ABC A ARI ANALYZER B B BC BLC 10 MC SCALERS Fig. 8. Logic circuit block diagram: Main channel.

MI M2 M3 SI 52 S3 L L L L L L COINC COINC M S TO SCALER DRIVERS AND M 10 MC SCALERS BEAM MONITER CIRCUITS Ix I SCINTILLATION OR VARIABLE DELAY CERENKOV COUNTER LINE FOR TIMING flI LIMITER CO COINCIDENCE CIRCUIT LONG DELAY LINE WN CHANNELS MEASURING ACCIDENTAL COINCIDENCE fS SPLITTER RATES Fig. 9. Logic circuit block diagram: Monitor circuits and table of cymbols.

30 circuitry for the experiment. Most of the circuits were standard units manufactured by General Applied Science Laboratories and described in detail by Sugarman, et al.23 The 10 Mc scalars were manufactured by Transistor Specialties, Inc. The main channel consists of the time to pulse height converter driven by a signal from the counters on the magnet carriage and a signal from the rear counter assembly. When a deuteron of the central momentum, po, traverses the system of counters along the central ray, it produces a pulse from each in turn. These pulses travel through cables to the electronics area outside the shielded enclosure. Additional cable is inserted in the space marked "T t in the B1 circuit so the pulse from B1 and from B2 arrive simultaneously at the coincidence circuit BC, which then sends a pulse to the time to pulse height converter. Similarly, the other input to this circuit is driven by a coincidence among Al', A1~, and A2. The proper values for the variable delay lines were calculated as a function of po before beginning the experiment. The BC coincidence circuit also has an input from the Cerenkov counter in anticoincidence to reject pulses from pions and protons. This produced a 20% to 80% reduction in the BC counting rate, depending on the momentum. Only about 1% of the counts were lost due to accidental anticoincidences. This was determined from a comparison of the rates recorded by scalers B and BZ. B counted coincidences between counters Bl and B2. In B, a pulse was added from

31 V the Cerenkov in anticoincidence but out of time by 50 nsec. The two scalers then counted alike except when a random pulse from the Cerenkov counter vetoed the BLJ output. The resolving time of the coincidence circuits was made sufficiently broad so that all deuterons within the 13.2% momentum acceptance of the spectrometer would be counted despite 1) the variation in flight time of the particles, 2) the variation in time for light to reach the photomultiplier from different points in each scintillator, and 3) the time jitter of the photomultiplier response. All time of flight information was then obtained from the time to pulse height converter and multichannel analyzer (MCA). Each of the discriminators driving the time to pulse height converter produced a pulse 40 nsec wide. If the pulses overlapped in time, the time to pulse height converter produced an output pulse of amplitude V = V (1- ITATBI/ pulse max 40 nsec), i.e., the output was linear in the overlap time of the two input pulses and maximum when they overlapped completely. This pulse then drove a Technical Measurements Corporation 256 channel pulse height analyzer adjusted so V corresmax ponded to channel 78. The time to pulse height converterMCA combination was tested at the beginning of the experiment. Its response was found to be essentially linear in the pulse overlap time, with each channel subtending a.5 nsec interval. The variable delay following the A coincidence

32 circuit was adjusted for each setting of the spectrometer so the deuteron time-of-flight distribution would be centered near channel 52, with faster particles counted in lower channels. A typical time-of-flight spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. Some protons were counted because the Cerenkov counter was only about 90% efficient at this momentum and the production cross section was much greater for protons than for deuterons. Various counting rates were observed to provide a check on the proper operation of the apparatus in the course of the experiment. Counters A1~0 and Al' were subjected to the highest flux of particles in the spectrometer. The beam intensity was adjusted to keep the counting rate of Al' less than 250,000 counts per burst. The scaler ABC counted coincidences between the A and BC coincidence circuits with a resolving time of 14 nsec. Thus it subtended a time interval roughly equivalent to channels 39 through 66 of the multichannel analyzer. It provided a check on the operation of that device and also an approximate running total of the number of deuterons counted during an experimental run. A lScounted accidental coincidences between A and BCo By adjusting the beam intensity, this rate was held to about 10% of the ABC rate. The scalers and discriminators were gated by a signal from a Brookhaven predetermined timer synchronized with the cosmotron cycle. The gating signal was displayed on an

33 oscilloscope along with the signal from the beam spill monitor counter, 0. Occasionally, the spill began with a short period of excessive intensity, which showed up as a "spike" in the spill monitor display. The gate was timed so the electronics would not be turned on until after the "spike" had occurred, and would be turned off at the conclusion of the spill. At the beginning of the experiment, curves of counting rate versus photomultiplier voltage were obtained for all counters to determine the settings for maximum counting efficiency. The counters were timed initially on the protons passing through the spectrometer when set for a momentum of 1.7 GeV/c. The changes necessary in the variable delay lines were then calculated to time the counters for deuterons of the desired momenta for the experiment. A small hydrogen lamp was attached to each counter in the spectrometer. When triggered appropriately, the lamps produced a signal of several nanoseconds duration simulating the burst of light produced by a charged particle traversing the counter. The driving pulses were timed by means of delay cables to cause the lamps to flash in sequence and simulate a 1.7 GeV/c proton traversing the spectrometer. This light pulser system was used periodically to check the operation of the counters and electronics in the course of the experiment.

34 E. Running the Experiment The experiment was performed for three values of incident proton kinetic energy: 1.55, 2.5, and 2.9 GeV. The deuteron yield was measured for various values of momentum in the range 1.0 to 2.4 GeV/c at laboratory angles of 5.9~, 11.55~, 15.72~, and 20.00 (except that the 20.00 run was omitted at 1.55 GeV). At each setting, data was taken both with the target full of liquid hydrogen and with it empty. The data consisted of the readings of the various scalers indicated in the electronics block diagram plus the spectrum from the MCA. The monitor counters were calibrated at each energy by the radioactive foil technique (see Appendix I). Also, a polyethylene foil cut into vertical strips t in. wide was exposed to the beam. By measuring the radioactive activation of each strip, we obtained the horizontal intensity distribution of the beam spot. These distributions are shown in Fig. 10o Two separate runs were performed at 2.9 GeV. For the second run, the beam conditions were improved and the electronic circuitry was modified slightly.

35 30 TpI.55 GeV 30 Tp2.50 GeV 20o 20.J FL 4 w 10 10 > 15" w 0 IL S ~o L 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 z X - j Tp:2.9GeV Tp=2.9 GeV u. 30 RN1 30- U RUN I RUN II w.J -4 20 20 LL 0 Z 1.0 w 10 -" 10 5 10 0 aS LJ 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 STRIP NO. Fig. 1;0. Beam distributions at the target.

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF DATA In order to obtain cross sections from the time of flight spectra produced in the experiment, the momentum and time resolution of the spectrometer must be determined. In addition, corrections must be made for electronic inefficiencies, loss of particles through nuclear interactions and multiple Coulomb scattering, and for various kinds of background effects. A. Background Subtraction Deuterons were observed passing through the spectrometer with the target empty of liquid hydrogen. Therefore, spectra were obtained both with the target full and empty for each cross section measurement. The counting rate recorded by the beam telescope S was nearly independent of the target condition, so was used to normalize the two runs to the same total beam flux. Then the target empty spectrum was subtracted channel by channel from the one obtained with the target full. A small amount of background remained, attributable in part to accidental coincidences due to the finite resolving time of the electronic logic. Another possible cause was from particles, not necessarily deuterons, of incorrect angle or momentum that were scattered into the spectrometer by the collimators. The background was estimated 36

37 by adding the remaining counts in channels 71 through 78 of the multichannel analyzer (MCA) output. For example, in a typical run with the target full, a total of 2373 counts was registered in channels 50 through 57 of the MCA. The target empty background for the same beam flux was 384 counts in these channels. Ninty-eight counts remained in channels 71 through 78 after the subtraction of this background, of which 41 were attributable to accidental coincidences. An additional subtraction of 98/8 = 12.3 counts was then made from each channel to give the final data. A histogram of the resulting deuteron spectrum is shown in Fig. 14. B. Time Resolution There are two important effects which broaden the time resolution of the spectrometer. First, light produced in a scintillator at different distances from the photomultiplier will arrive at the photomultiplier at different times. Second, there are random fluctuations in the time required for the electronic apparatus to respond to the light signal after it reaches the photomultiplier. A ray tracing program for the IBM 7090 computer was written to simulate these aspects of the spectrometer. Only vertical dimensions were considered since all counters were considerably longer than wide. The velocity of light in a polystyrene scintillator is approximately 8 in./nsec. Most of the light, however, must undergo a series of internal reflections at surfaces of the scintillator and light pipe

38 before reaching the photomultiplier, so its average rate of progress toward the photomultiplier is somewhat slower. A value of 4.6 in./nsec was chosen for use in the calculation. The response time distribution for each photomultiplier was taken to be Gaussian with a standard deviation of 0.6 nsec. This value produced an excellent fit to the shape of an experimental two-fold coincidence curve. The predicted response of the system to particles of identical velocity, but originating at the target with different positions and angles, is shown in Fig. 11. Also shown is the experimental time of flight distribution of deuterons from the reaction p + p-rr + d for an incident proton kinetic energy of 1.55 GeV and a deuteron production angle of 11.550 in the laboratory. The spectrometer setting was 1.10 GeV/c. The predicted response distribution is normalized to the number of counts in channels 52 through 62 of the experimental spectrum. The full width at half maximum of the experimental curve predicted by relativistic kinematics and the spread in production angles of the deuterons was.6 nsec. C. Momentum Resolution A Monte Carlo program was written to find the collection efficiency of the spectrometer for deuterons of momentum p when the magnet current was set to bend deuterons of momentum po through 100. The program traced deuterons of

39 400 p+p.-.,D+v+ -o- PREDICTED RESPONSE 300 a.iJ 0 200 46 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 0 — CHANNEL NUMBER Fig. 1i. Time resolution of spectrometer.

40 a given fixed momentum produced in the target at an arbitrary angle as they passed or failed to pass through the series of counters. Counter A2 defined the acceptance angle of the spectrometer in the vertical plane for particles produced in the target. All other counters were made at least 20% longer than the sizes dictated by straight line geometry in order to catch all but a negligibly small fraction of the particles deflected by multiple Coulomb scattering. Hence only horizontal dimensions were considered in the Monte Carlo calculation. The program took into account the beam intensity distribution at the target, bending of the deuteron trajectories in the magnetic field, and multiple Coulomb scattering in the air between the target and counter Al', in counters Al', A10, and A2, and in the air between A2 and B1. For a given value of p and po, 10 000 rays were generated, each leaving the target with an angle chosen at random from a uniform distribution over the interval 00 + 15 mrad, where 0o is the angular setting of the spectrometer. Distributions were made of the horizontal position in the plane of counter Bl and of the initial angle at the target for all rays which passed through counters Al', A10, and A2. Of the original 10 000 rays, approximately 1400 fell in these distributions. This number was determined (except for random fluctuations) by the horizontal angle subtended by counter A2 about the center of the target. The collection efficiency for these rays was given by the number which fell within the limits of counter B1 divided by the total number in the distribution.

41 Multiple Coulomb scattering in the air was treated 24 according to the approximate method of Scott. Scott gives a bivariate distribution of the scattering induced displacement and angle of a ray projected in the plane of observation (the horizontal plane) as a function of the distance traveled in the scattering medium. The distribution is Gaussian in each random variable when the other is held fixed. The distribution of projected angles induced by multiple Coulomb scattering in a.5 in. thick polystyrene scintillator was calculated according to the theory of Mbliere25'2'27 for deuterons of momentum 1.1 GeV/c. The result was a Gaussian distribution with standard deviation 3.28 mrad plus two correction terms which sharpened the peak and increased the contribution from the tails; their integral was zero. The correction terms were small, so they were neglected in the Monte Carlo calculation. The standard deviation of the Gaussian term depended in a complicated way on the momentum, p, and velocity, v, of the deuteron. The approximation of this dependence by (pv)-1 led to a maximum error of 3.6% at high momenta, where the scattering correction was least important. The calculated distribution of particles in the plane of B1 had a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 6 in. when p=po=1.1 GeV/c* 95% of the particles fell within a width of * Calculated for a spectrometer angle of 11.55~ with the 1.55 GeV proton beam distribution.

42 8.4 in. At 2.2 GeV/c, the deflection of rays by multiple scattering was less, so the FWHM of the B1 distribution decreased to 3.6 in., with 95% of the particles falling within 6.2 in. The distribution of angles on leaving the target for the accepted rays had a FWHM of 8 mrad regardless of momentum. For a fixed value of po, the effect of changing p/po was to leave the shape of the distribution in the B1 plane unchanged, but to shift the mean of the distribution in a predictable way. Thus it was necessary to run the Monte Carlo program only once with p/Po = 1 for each momentum, angle, and proton beam distribution of interest. The resulting efficiency function for p = 1.1 GeV/c is shown compared with experiment in Fig. 12. The peak corresponding to deuterons from the reaction p + p -- d + n+ was observed for an incident proton kinetic energy of 1.55 GeV and a deuteron production angle in the laboratory of 11.550 in time of flight spectra obtained for four values of po: 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, and 1.20 GeV/c. The average momentum of the deuterons in the peak was taken to be 1.08 GeV/c. The number of counts in each peak divided by the beam flux and multiplied by an arbitrary normalization constant is shown plotted as open squares against 1.08/p for each of the four runs. The error flags represent the uncertainty in the points due to counting statistics. Part

43 LO 0 EXPERIMENT >- PREDICTED RESPONSE..6 z 0,,.85.90.90 1.00 1D5 1.10 1.15 Fig. 1?. Comparison of momentum efficiency function with experiment. p -1.10 GeV/c, Tp -.75 GV, ed-I1.5 _J FPO=2.2 GeV/c 0 / w L.6 /\ P-=I.IGeVt 85.90.9 100 1.05 1.10 1.15 W /p/p Fig. 13. Momprintum ofiicincy function for two valuwi of pe. Tp =1.55 GeV, d/5.90. p IA,. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cli

of the disagreement between the experimental points and the efficiency curve may be due to the following facts: 1) the deuteron production cross section from the above reaction is a strong function of angle in this region, although it was assumed to be independent of angle in the calculation; 2) the deuterons observed have a spread in momentum with FWHM of about.01 GeV/c; 3) the momentum and production angle of the deuterons are correlated by relativistic kinematics in such a way as to spread out the particle distribution in the plane of B1. Fig. 13 shows a comparison of the efficiency distributions obtained for two different values of po D. Interpreting the Time-of-Flight Spectra If the time resolution function of the spectrometer had been infinitesimally narrow, the spectrum of deuterons recorded by the MCA would represent the differential cross section for deuteron production as a function of momentum multiplied point by point by the momentum efficiency function and re-expressed as a function of flight time. Each channel in the spectrum would then correspond uniquely to a definite momentum interval, and the average value of the differential cross section in the interval would be proportional to the number of counts divided by the average efficiency for the channel. Different channels would correspond to separate, nonoverlapping momentum intervals. In this experiment, however, the time resolution function has a FWHM of 2 nsec, Particles of the same momentum produce counts in several

different channels; the correspondence between channel and momentum interval is no longer one-to-one. In this case, the momentum and time resolution functions were folded to give the efficiency, ci, and average momentumPi, for each channel that would obtain if the deuteron production cross section were constant in momentum. The experimental value for the differential cross section in the laboratory is then given by 2 OC N. dQdp P pLeffF Pi Eica where Ni is the number of counts in the ith channel of a timeof-flight spectrum obtained for an incident proton kinetic energy Tp, deuteron production angle 0, and momentum setting pO. C is a correction factor applied to account for deuteron absorption and electronic inefficiencies, p is the proton density in the target, Leff is its effective length (see Section I of this chapter), F is the proton flux during the run, and An is the solid angle subtended by counter A2. The factor p0 enters because the ei were obtained from the momentum efficiency function in terms of P/P0. This method of analysis gives a good determination of the differential cross section, provided that quantity is not changing rapidly in a momentum interval corresponding to the width of the time resolution function (an interval of 37 MeV/c for po = 1.1 GeV/c and 200 MeV/c for po = 2.2 GeV/c). Finer structure will be broadened, since the time spread of the system has not been unfolded. But the momentum resolution is better than the

46 13% provided by magnetic analysis alone. The values of Pi were corrected for energy losses of the deuterons in the target, air, and counters. Fig. 14 shows a comparison of the predicted efficiency distribution with an actual spectrum in a region where the differential cross section is fairly constant (Tp = 1.55 GeV, Po = 1.6 GeV/c, 0 11.550). Typical statistical errors are indicated in two places on the histogram. The fit is quite good except in the region of channel 42 where the tail of the adjacent proton distribution causes background. The area of the efficiency distribution has been normalized to agree with that of the experimental spectrum in channels 45 through 65. The cross section spectrum obtained in this run from dividing the number of counts in each channel by the channel efficiency is shown in the center graph of Fig. 15. In the wings of the distribution where the efficiency was less than half that of the central channel, the data were disregarded. The other two graphs in Fig. 15 show the effect of improper positioning of the efficiency distribution relative to the deuteron spectrum. The center of the efficiency distribution must be located at the MCA channel corresponding to the average flight time of deuterons with momentum po. This would have been channel 52 in all cases, had the timing calculations and cabling been done to perfect accuracy. The cables were adjusted only to the nearest nanosecond, however, and the calculations were made neglecting energy losses of

47 300 -— 1.6 GeV/c EXPERIMENT PREDICTED RESPONSE ~-c200 - z 0 a) i*0' 0 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 CHANNEL NUMBER Fig. 14. Comparison of MCA spectrum with the predictFed efficiency distribution. T =1.55 GeV, ed=11.55~0 Tp

48 the deuterons in the scintillation counters and air. The latter effect leads to a shift of the spectrum toward higher channels for small values of p0. For example, the center would be shifted to channel 54 for po = 1.1 GeV/c, while at 2.2 GeV/c it would remain at channel 52. The effect of inaccurate timing is quite difficult to calculate, since it depends on the (unknown) errors made in the initial timing of the system on protons, as well as on the detailed operation of the electronic logic circuits, particularly the coincidence circuits. A computer program showed that the inaccurate timing could lead to erratic shifts of the spectrum of up to +2 channels for different momentum settings of the spectrometer in a series of runs at a given laboratory angle. An empirical method was used to determine the proper centering for each spectrometer setting since the calculational approach did not seem to be sufficiently accurate. The effect of poor centering was generally to change the slope of the resulting cross section distribution, but to leave the cross section in the immediate neighborhood of po relatively constant. The centering was chosen to the nearest half-channel (.25 nsec.) for each value of p0 in a series of runs at a given angle and beam energy such that the wings of the distribution obtained for any given p0 agreed well with the centers of distributions taken at neighboring momentum settings. For example, the efficiency distribution was centered on channel 53 for the run at 1.6 GeV/c illustrated in Figs. 14 and 15 because this choice gave cross sections

c1 =52 C0=53 C =54 0 0 _ 0t 80%0 80 0 0 -~~ 00 0000 0 0 so O oo 80 80 o Oo o00 ~~~o %~0o >.. ~~~~ 0 -0: 60 o 60 60 <1: 0 lcD Cr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 40 40 (I b 20 CCi~ 20 20 20 0 i a 0. I O, 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1I7 P (GeV/c) P (GeV/c) P (GeV/c) Fig. 15. Effect of improper ceItr ing of the efficiency distribution. The MCA spectrum is that of Fig. i4. C is the MCA channel chosen to correspond to the center of the efficiency distribution for the cross section caLculation.

most consistant with data obtained in other runs at 1.5 and 1.7 GeV/c. E. Nuclear Absorption The cross section was corrected for loss of deuterons in the target, air, and counters by nuclear interactions. The nuclear cross section, adA' for deuteronsonanucleus of mass number A was approximated by a modified geometric cross section: dA = Nd A2/3 dA'7Nd INd is the average nucleon-deuteron cross section obtained 28 from experiment. A least squares fit was made to the combined neutron and proton total cross section data for nucleons of kinetic energy in the range.1 to 1.5 GeV incident on deuterons at rest. This corresponded to deuterons of momentum.9 to 4.5 GeV/c striking nucleons at rest. The resulting function in the region of interest for this experiment is shown in Fig. 16. The deuteron was assumed lost if it interacted before entering counter B2. If it interacted in that counter or in the Cerenkov counter, it was assumed lost in 5% of the cases due to production of charged particles fast enough to trigger the Cerenkov counter and reject the event. The combined correction applied to the cross section was exp (2.47 x 10-3 Nd) with ONd (in mb) chosen for the appropriate value of deuteron

51 100 0 pd 90 ~'Nd 80 70 0 6040 30 20 A *, 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 22 2.4 Pd (GeV/c) Fig. 16. Average deuteron-nucleon cross section as a function of the deuteron laboratory momentum. The28 data are taken from the compilation of Chen et al.

momentum from the function shown in Fig. 16. The correction was typically 17.5%. F. Electronic Dead Time The operation of the limiter circuits is such that a dead time is introduced following each pulse during which additional pulses can not be produced. The dead time is equal to the length of the pulse from the photomultiplier, approximately 15 nsec. When the counting rate is high, the circuit may be insensitive for an appreciable fraction of the beam spill. Counters A1~0 and Al' were subjected to counting rates high enough to require correction for this effect. Typically, the counting rate in Al~was 1.9 x 105 per burst of particles from the cosmotron. The associated dead time was 2.85 msec, the product of the number of pulses and the dead time per pulse. If the particles are distributed uniformly in a time interval of 125 msec, approximately 2.85/125, or 2.3%, will not be counted. The rate in Al' was essentially the same as in A10. The counters were close together and most of their flux came from the target, so it was assumed that 60% of the particles passing through A10 passed through Al' as well, and introduced no further dead time. Thus, the loss predicted is 40 greater than that of A10 alone, or 3.2%. Other effects which can increase this loss are 1) bunching of the particles in the spill, and 2) operation with higher A1~ rates in runs with the target full than in runs with it empty.

53 The dead time correction was difficult to make accurately. The length of the spill and the beam intensity fluctuated (uring the individual runs. Although the A1~0 counting rate was sampled and recorded several times in most runs, the length of the spill was not always noted. Also, the effect of nonuniformity of the beam spill was not known. The total dead time correction was taken to be 4 + 2X. A comparison of runs with the same spectrometer setting but vastly different beam intensities showed this estimate was reasonable. The MCA was insensitive for an average period of 20 psec during the analysis of each pulse recorded in its spectrum. But since the number of such pulses was generally fewer than 40 per burst, the dead time correction was less than one percent, and was disregarded. G. Accidental Cerenkov Anticoincidences The accidental anticoincidence rate of the Cerenkov counter was monitored during the experiment (see Chapter II, Sec. D). The average loss due to this effect was 1%. H. Counter Inefficiency The efficiencies of the scintillation counters used in the experiment were not measured, but previous experience indicated that the small counters (all except Bl and B2) should have been essentially 100% efficient. An efficiency of 99 + 1% was assumed for counters B1 and B2. This was reasonable because the counters were thick, and the photo

54 multipliers were operated at high gain. In addition, B2, the largest counter, was provided with a photomultiplier at each end. I. Beam Attenuation As the beam passes through the target, beam particles undergo nuclear interactions, reducing its intensity. The intensity as a function of a, the distance (in inches) traveled by the beam in the target, is given by I(J) = Io exp -(2.54poA) where I is the intensity of the beam on entering the target, p is the number of protons per cm3 in the liquid hydrogen, and a is the total proton-proton cross section at the beam kinetic energy. Let us define an effective length,Leff, for the target such that LT Io Leff = () d 0 where LT is the actual length of the target (3.03 in.). If we take = 44 mb29 a good value for the three beam energies of the experiment, Leff = 3.01 in. This quantity was used in place of LT in the cross section calculation to correct for beam attenuation. J. Results The value of the differential cross section corresponding to Ni, the number of counts in the i channel of the MCA spectrum after background subtraction, was given by

2 Ni d S = Ni a b c d abcd dD2dp (aQ) po Ci M RMPLeff where A- = solid angle subtended by counter A2 (1.056x10 sr); Po = momentum setting of the spectrometer (in GeV/c); Ei =predicted efficiency of the ith channel for the momentum, angle, and beam distribution of the run; M = number of counts registered by beam monitor M in the run with the target full (typically 105); RM - ratio of the beam flux to the number of counts registered by beam monitor M (typically 3 x 106); p density of liquid hydrogen (4.23x1022 protons/cm3); Leff = effective length of the hydrogen target (7.65cm); a =nuclear interaction correction (typically 1.175+.05); b = electronic dead time correction (1.04 +.02); c = accidental anticoincidence correction for the Cerenkov counter (1.01 +.01); and d = counter inefficiency correction (1.02 +.02). Ni was given by the following formula: N NN 1 78 f Se i i-se i - j_1 J S~ ) 1 1 3e i j=71 S with an associated statistical error: N = Nf + (4)2 S (N +(.)2 eN) n~i rJ -t ( ( N N )

where Ne(f) = number of counts in MCA channel k in the k run with the target empty (full), and Se(f) = number of counts recorded by beam monitor S in the run with the target empty (full). To the value of cross section thus obtained were associated an average momentum, Pi (see Sec. D of this chapter), and an error obtained by adding orthogonally the fractional error due to ANi and the fractional error in ei (assumed to be 10%). Large systematic errors may occur in a cross section obtained from the wings of the deuteron spectrum. The number of counts in such a channel is small, and unsubtracted background, particularly in the proximity of the proton distribution, is magnified enormously by dividing by the small value of ei. Also, the ci themselves have large fractional errors in this region. Therefore, cross sections were not obtained from channels for which ei was less than half that predicted for the central channel of the deuteron spectrum. In a series of runs at a given laboratory angle and beam energy, a large number of individual cross section measurements, each with its own average momentum, pi, is made from spectra taken at various spectrometer momentum (po) settings. These values are averaged over suitable momentum intervals to give the final cross sections listed in the tables and shown in the graphs that follow. For example, in the run at a beam kinetic energy of 1.55 GeV and a deuteron production angle of 11.55, all of the

individual measurements with 1.60 < Pi < 1.65 GeV/c were averaged to give the final cross section and momentum for the interval. In the interval were points taken with pO = 1.50, 1.60, and 1.70 GeV/c. A comprehensive tabulation of the results of the experiment and graphs of the differential cross section for deuteron production in the c.m. system are given in Appendix II.

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION OF RESULTS A. Differential Cross Section in the Laboratory System Figs. 17-19 show the differential cross section for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions in the laboratory system as a function of momentum at angles of 5.9, 11.55, and 15.72~ with respect to the beam direction. The proton kinetic energy was 1.55 GeV. Fig. 20 is the spectrum at 0~ and 1.55 GeV obtained by Turkot, et al.12 The sharp peaks at the extremes of the continuous spectrum (see Fig. 19, for example) arise from the reaction p + p -+ d + r+. The region of these peaks was omitted in some spectra. The peaks at low momenta are sharper than those at high momenta because the time-of-flight technique yields finer momentum resolution for slower particles. The laboratory spectra obtained at the other energies of this experiment are tabulated in Appendix II. B. Differential Cross Section in the Center of Mass System The cross section in the c.m. system for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions at a proton kinetic energy of 1.55 GeV is shown in Figs. 21-30. Fig. 21 is a plot showing the points where the differential cross section was measured as a function of p*, the deuteron c m. momentum, and cose*, the cosine of the angle of the deuteron in the 58

2.0 Tp=155 GeV 1.6 ixi Ii 1.2 - d2cI d dp 1.0 s r-GeV/c.8.6 -.4.2 1.0 1.I [2 1.3 14 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 22 2.3 2.4 Pd(GeV/c) Fig. 17. Laboratory differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 1.55 GeV. The deuteron production angle was 5.90. The abcissa is the deuteron laboratory momentum.

2.0 Tp=1.55 GeV ed= 11.550 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 d2a dQdp 1.0 mb Pd ( Gsr-GeV/c ) Fig. 18. Laboratory differential cross;ectiion for deuteron production in p-p colLisions at 1.55 GeV. Th. dJeuteron production angle was 11.55. The abcissa is the deuteron laboratory momentum.

2.0- 1 Tp=1.55 GeV ed = 15.720 1.6 I 1.41.2 dlo dSI dp 1.0 mb sr-GeV/c.8.6-.2 t l 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 14 15 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 20 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pd (GeV/c) Fig. 19. Laboratory differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 1.55 GeV. The deuteron production angle was 15.72. The abcissa is the deuteron laboratory momentum.

2.8 Tp= 1.55 GeV 8d= ~ 2.6- Data of Turkot, et al. I 2.4 2.2 2.0 - 1.8 d2ca dS dp 1.6 mb 1.4 - sr-GeV/c 1.21.0 -.8.64 -.2 - 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Pd ( GeV/c) Fig. S0. Laboratory differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 1.55 GeV from Turkot, et. al.12 The deuteron production angle was 0. The abcissa is the deuteron laboratory mormentum.

Fig. 21. Plot of the points where the differential cross section for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions has been measured at 1.55 GeV as a function of the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle and c.m. momentum. The symbols have the following meanings: * Point where a measurement was made in this experiment. o Point indicating a measurement in this experiment at (p*, +cose*) plotted at (p*, -cose*) through use of the reflection symmetry of the differential cross section in the line cose*=O (see text). A Point where a measurement was made by Turkot, et al. * Point where an estimated cross section value was supplied to the least squares fitting routine. The numbers next to the symbols are the values of the c.m. differential cross section, d2 da dQ*dp* in kb/(sr GeV/c). Estimated values have been placed in parentheses. The values quoted for this experiment are slightly in-error. Corrections made to the data subsequent to the preparation of this plot resulted in a 5% increase in all the values. The corrected data have been used in the other graphs in this paper. The line labeled P* represents the maximum deuteron c.m. max momentum possible in a final state containing two or more pions. The measurements at a given fixed deuteron production angle in the laboratory, eL5 fall on a curved trajectory in this plot.

64 0 -1 -.2 -3 -4 -5 -.6 -.7 -8 9 -1.0.6 I I I I I I Tp ~ 1.55 Gov5 GL"s 6"1.69' 4(M -- - -' of' o~4344' — 65 8 -— 0 9~.........19~5 0,. t 3011~2 2 2 6~6 42~4 9~ ~ 3 403 ~5 0 2'~ 71~8 j20..6 e619 * 8 174' 6 47 0 37~3 40, o1 ~8 6 3~8 69~6 3~37~3 3 0407 3 t468~ 25S2 R 3~32 3~13 29048 6 32 o 46~3= 0 4~=71 2 L 41~2 202~3O * 59~4 *2 6b~ O4 0 38~. 59~ 3?~2:-o0 407~2 04 0.'I~6 0 638 69~6 00 I I40~7 WI ~ 3~ *! 0 25~22, 39~o 0 =8A4 37~ O, ~21 2 -.33~ 343 0 31~3 41 24~2 21~3 0 2~ 5935 g 623~ 24~2 2~0 39~+ 0 o,7~2 t.3 0 0 46~3 5603 5 40~402242 43 0.034 2 22~2 482~ 23~2 21~2 23~2b4 ~ 4026 31~2 ~0 39+2 A 37~2 2'5~2 0 33~2 0 371~3 24~2 21~3 20 27~ 38 2L20 2+3 ~ 3629 2~2~ 0 31+24~23~:t.2 A 29~1 2:~2 0 33+2 27~ 26 _ 0 0 AL 22 2 0 2~27 23+2 21~2 23~2 A 18~1 (14t:4) 14'~5 II(14~14) i 44 1 (14~14) (1(1 4~41) A144~ ~.34~14 (7~4) ~ (7~4) ~ (7~4) (7~4) (71:4) ~ I(2:1:3.) AL 7.2,.3 (2~1) ~ (2~1) ~ (2~1) ~ (2~) ~ (2~1) ~ ~ 2. 0.1 (2~1) 0 I, I I I I. o015.0005oo 0 -.1 -2 -.3 -4 -.5 -.6 -.7 -.8' 9 -I.0 cos 8 Fig. 21

o o CD.! 0. 20 30.40. 50.0 <70. S S.C; o t..,.. t J | 1 ~ | 1 i 1 I!c T 1.55 GeV oC.) o- A Turkot, et al. Least Squares Fitting Function CD P I 02 C)C C_' C) Ci -- H -I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ci.00.10.20.30.40.5. 60. 70. 0.90 C. M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 22. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum from Turkot, et al.l Tp 1.55 GeV, 6d(lab) 0 - p (la

CD C) C10,20.30.40 S.C.70.30.9(6 I 1 _ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I. I I _ I I I I I~r p 1.55 GeV 0 9 5.9 C) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d * C) C) 9o 0 < 0 C This Experiment Least Squares C)TK/YI jJA Fitting Function d ~~~~~~~~~~~~I C) b 0 r rd C) Cu~~T 1 7 0> roO C) T +3 00.1~0.20.30.40.50.60.70.30.90 C. M. MOMENTUM 1GEV/C) Fig. 23. C.n. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. T 1.55 GeV, Od(lab) 5*90, cos 9 < 0.

CD~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t C) C)~0 7C c5.00.10.20.30.40.50.60 s70 o0 C>' r~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ I 1 I I I ~ I. I r' C) T = 1.55 GeV C d =9 CD cose0* > o * This Experiment - Least Squares DC Fitting Function * C) C)i P4f U rd C) C) C\) rd Cjr C) C) fi I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I II 1 I I-.00 A1.230 40.50.~0.7.0 C.M. MOMENTUM (G3EV/C) Fig. 24. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. TP = 1.55 GeV, e d(lab) = 5*90, cos e* > 0, ~~la~~ c; -t0~~~

o 0 o c. D00. 10.20.30.40. 50.60.70.80 9Q5. i |.i. I I I...i. o i c, ZTp 1.55 GeV CD ed = 1155~0 o d C) CI_ cos e*< o * This Experiment Least Squares T*~*jA - Fitting Function ~ H T I |*o ~ C) 0 t 1 1 1 i I III I I I I I I 0 I I CD 0.00.10. 20.30.40 d 50.60.70 80. 90 C. M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 25. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 1.55 GeV, d(lab) = 11.55~, cos * < O.

Co o C;. 0 10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.90 2 I -. I - - - - -f I - - -----; - - - -.. T 1.55 GeV ~~~o |~~~~~i~~ O ~d = 11.55~0 o 1~ o o* This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function *PI CD CIa C i CO t + ~l lo C i I. I I I I. 1 1,'.00.2030,40 50.F 0,70,30.90 C, M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 26. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 1.55 GeV, 0d(lab) = 11.55~, cos 0* > 0. teronc~m.momenum. p

C) 0 C) oC. 00 iCt.20,30 ~40. 0. 60.70.80 9_ o_ ~I - I... I I I I...I...I I-.I...~, -... Tp = 1.55 GeV C>~~~~~)|~~~~~ e9~~d = 15.72~0 c) o 0 -* This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~) ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ C — ~ C)-C LO t - - - i 1I - I -O Cl)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C) C)C n ) 4 C) e70) C)-i- C C) CL M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 27. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 1.55 GeV, d = 15.72. _ —~~~~~~

o o o o CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C c-1.0o -.so80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60.80. ~r I -: _. ~ I:I::~: I ~~1 tZ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~ I i T =1.55 GeV = 5 9~ o ed 59 0 o o 00 This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function C) *f %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ b r0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 —, rd - 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0!0'0 or o 0~-' J I.. I I| ~-I. | -o 1.0 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00 20.40 60.0.00' COSINE OF C. M. RNGLE Fig. 28. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. T d(lab) = 590 angle. Tp = 1.55 GeV~ ed~lab) = 5.9~.

Co o CD C) c-. 00 -.80 -.60 —.40 —. 20.00.20.40. 60. 80 1. C I I I!.. I I I I o'' 1 -. Tp = 1.55 GeV p 0e = 11.55~ o d o C- * This Experiment C Least Squares Fitting Function O OO Ord rd C) 0 "I'. I. t I " I' I I I I t -.80 -.60 -.40 - 20.0 20 40.60.80 1.00 COSINE OF C. M. RN-LE Fig. 29. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. Tp = 1.55 GeV, 0d(lab) = 15.72~.

0l. OD.80 -.60 -.40 -.0.00.20.40.60.80 p 155 GeV CD ed =15.7200 co~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Funt~tion C) 0D'-O.0 -6.4.0.0.0.4 6 8.0 U)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~J1EQ.M NL Fi.3.Cr.dfeetaCcosscinfrdueoDpouto nppcliin vs h oieo tedueo n.pouto nle.5GV eda)=l.2 C~~~~~~~~~~~~~j~~~~~~

74 c.m. relative to the direction of the incident proton. Points measured in this experiment for cos0*< 0 are plotted as solid circles. Since the initial state of the measured reaction consists of a pair of identical particles (assuming the proton beam was unpolarized), the cross section must be symmetric in the line cosO* = O. The open circles represent points where datawere obtained with cose* > 0, but have been plotted at -cos0* through the use of this symmetry. The 12 triangles represent measurements of Turkot, et al. The dashed line labeled p*max marks the maximum momentum at max which the deuteron can be produced with two or more pions. The only contribution to the total deuteron production cross section above this line is from the reaction p + p -- d + rr, 1,2 which has been studied extensively elsewhere 2 The points from this experiment at a given laboratory angle fall along a curved trajectory in the plot. Each point is labeled with the corresponding value of the c.m. differential cross section in pb/(sr GeV/c). Several corrections have been made to the data of this experiment since this chart was prepared, so the values quoted are 5% too low. The correct values, which are tabulated in Appendix II, have been used in all graphs presented in this paper and in the least squares fit to the data described below. In order to obtain the total cross section for deuteron production at this energy, the data were fitted with a polynomial of the form

B C p*(p* -p*) z Z A kp*JP (cose*). max j=0 k=0 k 2k The Ajk were determined by the method of least squares.30 The total cross section (except for the reaction p + p - d + r ) was then given by the integral of this function over p* between 0 and P*max and over all values of solid angle. The resulting expression is: B AoA p*J Ototal(d + > 2) 47 (pmax3 B jo t- t l~d Emax j=O (j+2)(j+3) The use of only even Legendre polynomials insured that the fitting function would have the desired symmetry about cosG* = O. The cross section is zero when p* = 0 and when p* = p* The two leading terms guaranteed this behavior max for the fitting function. It was necessary to provide the least squares fitting routine with an estimate of the cross section in the region 0 < p* <.1 GeV/c where no measurements were made. Without such a constraint, the fitting function could assume large and unphysical positive or negative values in this region. This was done by supplying fictitious data at the locations indicated by the solid squares in Fig. 21. The values, shown in parentheses next to the squares, were chosen to be the same for all cosO* at a given value of p*, and to agree with the measured cross section at cosO* = -1. This seemed reasonable since the cross section data tend to become more

nearly isotropic as p* decreases, and are already nearly so when p* =.18 GeV/c. The fictitious values were given large errors so they would not be weighted heavily in the calculation of the Ajk. The expansion coefficients for the best fit to the data at 1.55 GeV are given in Table IV. The total cross section was 187 _+ 24 pb (not including the reaction p + p -* d + +). This value was insensitive to the order of the fit (i.e., the values of B and C chosen for the fitting polynomial), and hence to the detailed behavior of the fitting function. Figs. 22-27 show the experimental values of the c.m. differential cross section plotted against p*. Note that this is a double valued function. The two branches have been plotted separately for the 5.9 and 11.55~ data. The solid line is the least squares fitting function. The same data plotted against cost*are shown in Figs. 28-30. The least squares function provides a useful representation of the general behavior of the c.m. cross section, although it tends to smooth the detailed structure of the data. It is shown in Fig. 31. Fig. 32 is a plot of the points where the differential cross section for deuteron production in protonproton collisions was measured for a proton kinetic energy of 2.5 GeV. The expansion coefficients for the least squares fitting function at this energy are given in Table Vo The

TABLE IV PARAMETERS FOR THE LEAST SQUARES FIT TO THE DATA AT 1.55 GeV Ajk j |k 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 -.4146 -48.44 -39.00 152.5 -15.75 -50.56 +33 +67 +76 +92 +92 +78 1 2811. 1418. 729.7 -4765. 706.6 2099. +560 +1300 +1400 +1600 +1700 +1600 2 | -4732. -6441. 476.1 24 070. -7918. -13 365. +2600 +6100 +6700 +8100 +8000 +8000 3 8555. 13 817. -6091. -28 023. 16 088. 18 050. +3500 +7900 +9200 +11 000 +11 000 +12 000 B = 3, C = 5, P*ax =.530 GeV/c; ctotal(P + P - d + > 2r) = 187 ib

O 0 (2. 0'-o (F) C\) c-r r-~0 crJ LL. 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 Fig. 31. Least squares fitting function for the data at 1.55 GeV. The function (in ptb/(sr GeV/c)) is plotted vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.rn. -production angle and the deuteron c.m. momentum.

79 Fig. 32. Plot of the points where the differential cross section for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions has been measured at 2.5 GeV as a function of the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle and c.m. momentum. The symbols have the following meanings: * Point where a measurement was made in this experiment. o Point indicating a measurement in this experiment at (p*, + cose*) plotted at (p*, - cose*) through use of the reflection symmetry of the differential cross section in the line cose* = 0 (see text). A Point where a measurement was made by Turkot, et al.12 0 Point where an estimated cross section value was supplied to the least squares fitting routine. The numbers next to the symbols are the values of the c.m. differential cross section, d2 da df*dp* in pb/(sr GeV/c). Estimated values have been placed in parentheses. The values quoted for this experiment are slightly in error. Corrections made to the data subsequent to the preparation of this plot resulted in a 5% increase in all the values. The corrected data have been used in the other graphs in this paper. The line labeled p*ax represents the maximum deuteron max c.m. momentum possible in a final state containing two or more pions. The measurements at a given fixed deuteron production angle in the laboratory, eL, fall on a curved trajectory in this plot.

80 0 %.1 -2 -.3 -4 -5 -. -%7 -. -.9 -LO I I.. I I I I I I.u 25, 0v S T HREmSo L FOR pr+p1%d+1T+r 8Lc.0~~~~4~1 95~ ~3:t2,2.5 _ o 16t2 t 27t2 381~1t67 ~' 20*3 * 20*7 5*, 26~4.7 2t4~5291t 30* @4_21*2'* 27~ 20*6 * 1 8,1 2 0 9~2 * 19*2 1o~t 0 2 S 10~1 @21*2 12 - 0021213 ~ 26~3* ~ 35~2 1otl 17t2 9*z lo 16. 35+ 14_+ ~ 2-~3 0 5:1:t4 ~ ~82 272 0 34~2 @29~2 34~2 0 16~2 @ 27*2 38~3 0 31~2 014~2 025*1 28~1 0 17~2 @ 231 323 0 27~2 01 ~2 @ 21~1 28~1 "%b A2018~2 12 t2.31 1 9~3.32 23t. (~) L 17+ 2 j:2,t2 20t2 23_l.4~-~~~~ ~26:12 ~ 21~1 20:1 20~2 ~ 2101 19+2 ~ -a-~ 291913 0 1212 0,6 16il lotl 12~2 1 0 11~101 26 9~1 0 9~l @0 ~ 0 9~1 3~1 10.0. 7.4+.3 (2.8~1.4) ( (2.8~1.4) (2.8~1.4) (2.8~1.4) (2.81.4) (2.81.4) (2.81.4).11 ~(2~~1) (2~1) (2~1) (21) (2~1) (2~1) (2~1) I *@ * a a a a (2~1) 6 ) (.6.3) (.6. 3) ~.3) (.6. (.6..3) cos 8' Fig. 32

TABLE V PARAMETERS FOR THE LEAST SQUARES FIT TO THE DATA AT 2.5 GeV Ajk k 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20.47 -21.23 -3.990 9.041 11.85 -10.59 +8 +16 +18 +17 +20 +19 1 -14.64 589.2 53.26 -164.5 -428.5 200.7 +190 +360 +350 +200 +340 +290 Co 2 1895. -3729. -68.84 508.0 3367. -617.8 +1100 +1900 +1800 +240 +1600 +1200 3 -3904. 9054. -670.3 -888.9 -8323. -255.9 +2200 +3900 +3500 +1400 +3100 +2000 4 1 2585. -6035. 1167. 693.2 6301. 1325. +1500 +2700 +2300 +1000 +2200 +1500 B = 4, C = 5, P*m =.780 GeV/c; atotal(P + p -- d + > 2T) = 126 Ib.

82 function is shown in Fig. 33. Corresponding representations of the data at 2.9 GeV are given in Fig. 34, Table VI, and Fig. 35. Graphs of the c.m. differential cross section vs. cosO* and p* are given in Appendix II for these two energies. The data shown here for a proton kinetic energy of 2.9 GeV were taken in the initial experimental run under poor beam conditions which produced a high background rate with the target empty. The observed cross section was then the small difference between two nearly equal numbers, and was subject to large statistical uncertainties. It was even possible to obtain negative experimental values for the cross section when by chance the run with the target empty yielded a proportionately larger number of counts than the run with the target full. Such measurements have not been discarded because to do so would bias the fitting function toward larger values of cross section. The negative values occurred when the differential cross section in the laboratory was very small. The values were magnified considerably by the Jacobian in the transformation to the c.m., but since they

O Co,z 0 CO. o PO 02oi~~~~~~~ ~. Fig. 33. Least squares fitting function for the data at 2.5 GeV. The function (in pb/(sr GeV/c)) is plotted vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle and the deuteron c.m. momentum 0I Fi.3.Latsursftigfnto o h aaa 2. e.Tefnto i i/s ec)i lte s the osieoftedetro ~. rdcto agean h deuero c'. omntm

84 Fig. 34. Plot of the points where the differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions has been measured at 2.9 GeV as a function of the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle and c.m. momentum. The symbols have the following meanings: * Point where a measurement was made in this experiment. The numbers next to these symbols, while representing the general trend of the differential cross section (in ib/(sr GeV/c)) at the points,do not correspond to the final data from the experiment. The correct data have been used elsewhere in this paper, and are tabulated in Appendix II. * Point where an estimated cross section value (shown in parentheses) was supplied to the least squares fitting routine. The line labeled p*ax represents the maximum deuteron max c.m. momentum possible in a final state containing two or more pions. The measurements at a given, fixed deuteron production angle in the laboratory, eL, fall on a curved trajectory in this plot.

*3*52*2 9*19 70*39 53*7 -5tl6 o ~ 59*8.7 ~ 14V7 1t647 26*26 33 -65*5 1208 87*314 612 *06*k3 1 16227 3718 0 36~*32 * 10**12 9 26*12 23 13 012*7 13V* 0 33225 0 11*3 011*7 6.- ~ 6 198 19*812 10::~0 22*7 28~6 35*16.2 — _ * (?.5 2. ) 1 4. ~.) 1l5 4 10 ~I O.1 02'. - -. 7 "dS 0 1* 13~14 n~)9*5 1~41*144 1 16?3 13~3.2*8 COS UA0 3 co 12*5 i. 102

TABLE VI PARAMETERS FOR THE LEAST SQUARES FIT TO THE DATA AT 2.9 GeV Ajk k 0 1 2 3 4 O 21.13 6.054 -.03354 -1.408 -.9677 +9 +24 +29 +26 +41 1 61.03 -6145.7 -38.02 28.50 87.06 +110 +330 +360 +370 +500 2 j 317.4 999.9 -16.39 -346.2 -228.6 +350 +1100 +1200 +1400 +1600 3 -330.3 -860.5 195.4 542.3 273.4 +310 +950 +1200 +1400 +1400 B - 3, C = 4, p* = x.875 GeV/c; stotal(P+P — d + > 2 ) = 107 ib

O IO Co 00.. CDo~ Fig. 35. Least squares fitting function for the data at 2.9 GeV. The function (in 4b/(sr GeV/c)) is plotted vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle and the deuteron c.m. momentum.

88 Since no data were available for values of p* <.e3 GeV/c at 2.9 GeV, fictitious c.m. cross section values for the fitting routine were chosen in this region so that the resulting function would decrease smoothly to zero as p* went to zero. C. Energy Dependence of the Total Cross Section The total cross section for the reaction p + p -~ d + > 2r obtained from the least squares fitting function is shown for the three proton kinetic energies of this experiment in Fig. 36. The errors indicated include the 8% uncertainty in the calibration of the beam intensity monitors. Also shown is the total deuteron production cross section in proton-proton collisions at these energies. The cross section for the reaction p + p -+ d + n was obtained from Heinz, et al.' and added to the results of this experiment to get these data. The data are compared with total cross section measurements at 2.05 GeV by Sechi Zorn,7 11 at 970 MeV by Bugg, et al., and at 380 MeV by Holt, et al.31 D. Differential Cross Section vs. Invariant Mass of the Pion System A system of two or more pions in a state of unit isotopic spin and a net charge of +1 was formed along with the deuteron in this experiment. At a fixed beam energy, a measurement of the magnitude of the deuteron c.m. momentum was sufficient to determine the invariant mass, Mx, of the pion system. In Figs. 37-45, the differential cross section

89 700,,, TOTAL pfp d+nw) V BUGG,ET AL. 600 * THIS EXPERIMENT i ZORN A HOLT, ET AL. 500 SOLID SYMBOLS: nl I OPEN SYMBOLS: na 2 400 -300. b 200 100,, I, 00 1-.2.0 3.0 T p (GeV) Fig. 36. Total cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the kinetic energy of the incident proton. The values plotted with open symbols do not include the cross section for the reaction p + p-_ d + rr

9o 0 - Tp —1.55 GeV |00d ~ 70 Data of Turkot,et al. 6. 50 4 - 15 40 - 4 440 30 3 A 20 10 A I I I I 200 300 400 500 600 700 Mx MeV Fig. 37. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 1.55 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron from Turkot, et al.12 The laboratory deuteron production angle was 0~.

91 Tp- 1.55 GeV 80- Ed"59~ 0 5cose9 80 II{ 70 6O0 20 50I 0 0300 I, I. I 300 400 500 600 M (MeV ) Fig. 38. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 1.55 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The deuterons were produced at a laboratory angle of 5.9~ and a c.m. angle > 900.

92 T p=1.55 GeV 80 8d = 5'9' COS e > o 70 60 I 0 40 300 400 500 600 MX (MeV) Fig. 39. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 1.55 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The deuterons were produced at a laboratory angle of 5.90 and a c.m. angle< 900.

93 I."i' I I I I I I. TP= 2.5 GeV 30 Data of Turkot, et al. 25'120,UI 10 5 { 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Mx MeV Fig. 40. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 2.5 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron from Turkot, et al.12 The laboratory production angle of the deuterons was 00.

50 Tp= 2.5 GeV ad = 5.9o 40 30'g 20 T I I 0 I - I! i I I 300 400 500 600 700 800 90 0 1000 Mx ( MeV) Fig. 41. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 2.5 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The laboratory production angle of the deuterons wa- 5.9~.

50 I I Tp = 2.5 GeV 8d =11.550 40 4730 - bt 20h i0J 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Mx ( MeV) Fig. 42. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 2.5 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The laboratory production angle of the deuterons was 11.55.

50 T =2.5 GeV 6d 15.720 40 (3 3 03O C(b*20 10 300 400 500 600 700 800 (MeV) Fig. 43. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 2.5 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The laboratory production angle of the deuterons was 15.720.

97 Fig. 44. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 2.9 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The laboratory production angle of the deuterons was 5.90. The raw data were averaged in laboratory momentum steps of.02 GeV/c (see Chapter III, Section J). Fig. 45. Differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions at 2.9 GeV vs. the invariant mass of the system of particles formed along with the deuteron. The laboratory production angle of the deuterons was 5.90. The raw data were averaged in laboratory momentum steps of.04 GeV/c (see Chapter III, Section J).

98 50 50 1 xTp 2.9 GeV 9 =5.90 40 >I At 20 I0 0 800 900 1000 1100 M ( MeV) Fig. 44 50 I Tp= 2.9 GeV 8d =5.9~ 40 1330 20I0' 0 i I a I, I I I I I i I, 800 900 1000 1100 Mx(MeV) Fig. 45

99 for deuteron production is plotted against this variable. The formation of a resonant state in the pion system would produce an enhancement in the cross section at a value of M corresponding to the mass of the resonance. Statistical errors in the data from the first experimental run at 2.9 GeV are so large that detailed structure is obscured. Figs. 44 and 45 show the data from the second run at this energy, which was performed under improved beam conditions. The cross section was averaged in deuteron laboratory momentum steps of.02 GeV/c for Fig. 44. Fig. 45 shows the same data averaged in steps of.04 GeV/c.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS A. General Features of -the Cross Section The laboratory angular distributions of the deuterons produced in proton-proton collisions from 1.5 to 3 GeV are peaked in the forward direction. No deuterons have angles greater than 230 relative to the beam direction due to the kinematics of the process. All deuterons are formed with large momenta (> 1.0 GeV/c). The c.m. differential cross section distributions obtained at the three energies of this experiment show a general similarity to one another. The cross section is peaked in the forward and backward directions for large deuteron c.m. momenta. The maximum becomes more broad as the momentum decreases until the cross section is almost isotropic at small momenta. There is evidence of structure in the broad maximum at intermediate momenta. The cross section at 1.55 GeV seems to possess a valley and second maximum at intermediate values of momentum. All the measurements in the valley come from the experimental run at a laboratory production angle of 5.90 with deuteron momenta greater than 1.7 GeV/c. The two neighboring peaks come from points taken at momenta less than this value. A systematic error resulting in a loss of counting efficiency 100

101 at high momenta could cause this effect. An argument against such an error is the fact that the cross sections agree within statistics in the neighborhood of the two points where measurements were made at both high and low momenta: (p*=.48, cose*= -.87) and (p*=.47, cose*= -.45). There is another possible source of error. The measurements in the valley come from data taken with cose*>0 and reflected in the line cose*= 0. The cross section need not be symmetric in this line if the proton beam were polarized. However, a recent polarization experiment32 performed in Beam III of the Brookhaven cosmotron showed no evidence of this, and Beam II, where this experiment was performed, is very similar in all respects. Another possible interpretation of these data, which follows from neglecting the high momentum half of the 5.90 run, is that there is a broad maximum in the cross section extending from cose*= -1 to cose*= -.5 for c.mo momenta near.35 GeV/c. The sharp peak at cosO*= -1 disappears for c.m. momenta less than.4 GeV/c. The cross section is almost isotropic for momenta less than.2 GeV/c. The peak seen in the fitting function (Fig. 31) between cose*= -.9 and cos0*= -1 is of little significance since no data were taken in that region. The 2.5 GeV data show evidence of suppression of deuteron production in the extreme backward direction for c.m. momenta between.4 and.6 GeV/c. Of course, the observed behavior of the cross section at 180~ depends on the

102 normalization of the data of this experiment relative to that of Turkot et al. Errors in normalization arise from the various errors in the analysis technique summarized in Chapter III, Section J and indirectly from the error in the beam energy determination, which leads to errors in the Jacobians used to transform the cross section from the laboratory to c.m. system. The combination of these effects leads to an error of ~ 15% in the absolute normalization of this experiment if we assume a 10% systematic error in the determination of the ei (see Chapter III, Section J). Since an error of 8% is quoted for the data of Turkot et al., the normalizations of the two experiments should agree to within ~ 17%. The observed decrease in the cross section at 1800 is typically 24%, and so appears to be significant. No conclusions can be made concerning the detailed structure of the cross section at 2.9 GeV because the statistical errors are so large and because no measurements were made at cos6*= -1. The general trend of the data is similar to that observed at the other two energies. The total deuteron production cross section seems to decrease monotonically with energy (see Fig. 36). A maximum appears in the cross section for multiple pion production near 2 GeV. A listing of the partial cross sections from 152 this experiment, the experiment of Heinz et al., and various bubble chamber experiments is shown in Table VII. The data appear to be consistent except for the measurement of the cross section for the reaction p a pa-d v+ + rr at

TABLE VII PARTIAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR DEUTERON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS FROM 1 TO 3 GeV a(partial), ub Final State Approximate Kinetic Energy: 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.9(GeV) drr+ 452 + 21 123 + 27 53 + 3 33 + 3 30 + 3 (Refs.1,2) + o dr 10 + 10 430 ~ 80 126 ~ 13... (one event) drr + 0... 68 + 9 64 + 20 (10 events) + o 0... 29 ~ 6 drr rr rr + + - o drr rr r r 0... 1 1... (Refs.11,29) (Ref.3) (Ref.7) (Ref.5) d, >2rr... 187 + 24... 126 + 22 107 ~ 21 (this experiment)

104 1.48 GeV by Eisner et al.,3 which is based on 26 events. It seems probable that the measurement is erroneous since the results of our experiment seem consistent with those of Turkot et al. at 1.55 GeV and the bubble chamber measurements at neighboring energies give relatively small values for this partial cross section. Perhaps some other final states containing one neutral and two charged particles, for example pnrn (of which 1048 were observed), or ppn~ (of which 242 were observed) were mistaken for dn+n~. It is interesting to note that the total multi-pion cross section deduced from the measurement at 0~ of Turkot 12 et al. assuming an isotropic angular distribution would be 230 pb at 1.55 GeV, 150 fib at 1.93 GeV, 190 fib at 2.11 GeV, and 190 fb at 2.50 GeV. The values measured in this experiment are smaller at 1.55 and 2.5 GeV since the c.m. differential cross section is smaller on the average for nonzero production angles than for 0~. At 2 GeV, however, Sechi Zorn reports a total cross section of 224 ~18 kb, significantly larger than that obtained from the results of Turkot et al. If the measurements are correct, the differential cross section for deuteron production must be larger on the average for nonzero production angles at 2 GeV. Such behavior is + 12 seen, for example, in the reaction p + p-+ d + T+ at 1.5 GeV.1 2 B. Comparison with General Proton-Proton Inelastic Scattering Bubble chamber experiments studying proton-proton inelastic scattering in the energy range 2-3 GeV have reported

105 angular distributions of nucleons produced in final states containing two and three pions. It is interesting to compare them with the results of this experiment. At 2 GeV, the distributions of nucleons produced with two pions show sharp peaking in the forward and backward directions. For example, in the reaction p + p p + n + rr + +rr, approximately four times as many nucleons are formed with a c.m. angle whose cosine lies between.8 and 1.0 as between 0 and.2. In the final states containing three pions, the nucleons emerge almost isotropically. At 2.85 GeV,5 the distributions of nucleons from both two and three pion final states are more sharply peaked forward and backward than they are at 2 GeV. A similarity exists in the results from this experiment. Sharp peaking is observed in the c.m. differential cross section at large deuteron c.m. momenta where phase space arguments indicate that final states containing two pions are dominant. At lower momenta, as the final states containing three pions become increasingly important, the differential cross section becomes more nearly isotropic. But even at high momenta, the peaking does not appear to be as sharp as that observed in the distributions of unbound nucleons produced with two pions. Triple pion final states play a more important role in deuteron production than in general proton-proton inelastic scattering. For example, at 2 GeV, the ratio of the number of pnrr+o to pnrr rr rr final states is..10:1, whereas the

106 ratio of drr rr to drr+rr is only -2:1. The experiments on proton-proton inelastic scattering gave no indication of structure, such as suppression of nucleon production in the extreme forward or backward direction,at either 2 or 2.85 GeV. The number of events in most of the angular distributions was small, however, and the data were averaged in intervals too broad to reveal fine details. C. Comparison with Statistical Model A prediction can be made on the basis of the statistical model for the ratio of the total deuteron production cross section to the total proton-proton inelastic cross section at a given energy. Hagedorn7 has calculated this ratio for an incident proton kinetic energy of 2.3 GeV. If we take the total proton-proton inelastic cross section to be 27 mb29 at this energy, the total deuteron production cross section should lie between 160 and 340 jpb depending on the value chosen for Od' the integral of the normalized deuteron wave function over the interaction volume. The interpolated value at 2.3 GeV from the data of Fig. 36 is 190 + 30 kb, which is within the predicted range. A prediction was also made for the ratio of the cross section for the reaction p + p- -d + rr to the total proton-proton inelastic cross section. At 2.3 GeV, the cross section for the reaction should fall between 10 and 1,2 20 fb. The interpolated experimental value from Heinz et al. is 40 + 2 pb, in definite disagreement with the theory. It is encouraging, however, that the proper order of magnitude was

107 predicted for the cross section. No calculation was made for the deuteron momentum distribution at this energy. Do Pion Resonances A search for pion resonances of unit isotopic spin in the mass range 400 - 1000 MeV yielded evidence for p production. Upper limits were set for the production of the C(560) and X+(960) in this reaction. The results are given in Table VIII. The conclusions were drawn from the graphs of the differential cross section plotted against the invariant mass, MX, of the system of pions formed with the deuteron (Figs. 37-45). Phase space distributions for d+hr~ and dr+ + ~ final states are given in Fig. 46 for a beam energy of 2.5 GeV and in Fig. 47 for 1.55 GeV. A discussion of the results concerning each resonance follows. 1) The p An enhancement centered at 760 MeV appears in the three spectra where that mass value was covered at 2.5 GeV (see Figs. 40-42). For example, in Fig. 41, the cross section is s36 pb/sr at M = 650 MeV and also in the neighborhood of 875 MeV, while between 700 and 800 MeV, the average is 4o0 pb/sr. The fact that the enhancement occurs in all spectra with a position and width consistent with the accepted values for the p meson led to the conclusion that the effect was caused by that particle. The spectrum of Fig. 42 is particularly convincing, since the background seems to be slowly

TABLE VIII RESONANCE DATA Beam Deuteron Approximate da Resonance Energy Production Mass cos9* d0: GeV Angle (lab) Resolution p(760) 2.5 00 20 MeV -1.00.36 +.16 b Sr p(760) 2.5 5.9 40 -.95.7 +.4 p(760) 2.5 11.55 40 -.75.6 +.4 C(56o) 1.55 00 20 -1.00 <.15t C(560) 1.55 5.9 30 -.88 <.3 C(56o) 2.5 11.55 70 -.91 <.5 X+(960) 2.9 5.9 50 -.9 <.7 t Deduced from the data of Turkot, et al.12

109 Fig. 4$b. Lorent4 invariant momentum space distributions33 for drr n and dnTT r rr final states formed in proton-proton collisions at 2.5 GeV. The abcissa is the invariant mass of the pion system. The relative normalization of the two distributions is arbitrary. The d. r0r TT distribution differs only slightly from that of drrTT T. Fig. )43. Lorent4 invariant momentum space distributions33 for d7rr iT and dT n n final states formed in proton-proton collisions at 1.55 GeV. The abcissa is the invariant mass of the pion system. The relative n rmalization of the two distributions is arbitrary. The +d norr~ distribution differs only slightly from that of dn nT -.

LORENTZ INVARIANT MOMENTU SN SPACE 0 (~rARBTRAR UNITS) LORENTZ INVARIANT MOMENTUM SPA(C (ARBITRAI0Y (ARBITRARy UNITS) N) ~~~~~ UNITS)0UNTS 0~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 II~~~~I O~~~~~ OW 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I N 0> H-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O0~~~~~~~~~~~ 0~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 0)

111 varying in the region of the p. The fact that the enhancement is so small is not unusual in proton-proton scattering. For example, Hart et al.5 report no evidence of the p in 414 events of the type p + prrp + p + v + + at 2.'85 GeV. The differential cross section for p production is difficult to determine from these spectra because the size and shape of the nonresonant background is unknown. Both two and three pion final states would be expected to contribute significantly to it at this energy. Also, the c.m. production angle varies with Mx in the spectra taken in this experiment, so the general angular dependence of the differential cross section will contribute to the variation. The resonance contribution was estimated by finding a function consisting of a Breit-Wigner distribution of 120 MeV width plus a smoothly varying background which was consistent with the data. The differential cross section for p production found in this manner was.7 ~.4 ib/sr at cose*= -.95 and.6 ~.4 [b/sr at cos6*= -.75. The result at cose*= -1.0 from Turkot et al. 12 was.36 +.16 pb/sr. Although the errors are large, the data indicate that the differential cross section for the reaction p + p+-d + p+ is not sharply peaked in the forward direction at 2.5 GeV. No data were obtained with sufficiently small statistical errors in the region of the p to allow an estimate for the production cross section to be made at 2.9 GeV. 2) The C

112 The experiment of Sechi Zorn6'7 at 2.05 GeV showed + evidence for the reaction p + p —o d + C, where C is a narrow two pion resonance with isotopic spin equal to one and a mass of 560 MeV. (see Chapter I, Section B). The total cross section, based on 10 events, was 8 + 3 rib. Subsequently, Turkot et al.13 found no convincing evidence for C production in spectra of deuterons produced at 0~ in protonproton collisions at 1.55, 1.93, 2.11, and 2.50 GeV, although total cross sections - 1 ib could not be excluded. Some reactions2 involving deuterons seem to be suppressed at 0~ in this energy range, so it was of interest to search for the C at nonzero production angles, as was done in this experiment. No evidence for C formation was seen. Upper bounds on the total cross section at a 90% level of confidence are 4 ib at 1.55 GeV and 6 ib at 2.5 GeV if we assume the particles are produced isotropically. 3) The X A neutral rmr resonance of narrow width has been seen at a mass of 960 MeV.34 It is called the X~, and is generally believed to have isotopic spin zero, although its quantum numbers have not been determined conclusively, and an assignment with an isotopic spin of one is possible. For this reason, we decided to look for a charged particle with a mass near 960 MeV. A special run at 2.9 GeV with improved statistics was made in the mass region 900-1000 MeV. The results (Figs. 44 and 45) show a small peak at a mass of 940 MeV, but it is not statistically significant. An upper

113 limit at a 90 level of confidence for the production of the hypothetical X is.7 pb/sr. A recent experiment of Kienzle et al.35 reports evidence of the formation of a narrow multipion resonance with a mass of 962 + 5 MeV and an isotopic spin of one or two. The particle, X, was produced in pion-proton collisions with incident pion momenta in the range 3-5 GeV/c. The total production cross section was very small: 15 i 5 ib. Since the p, which is produced with a large cross 36 section in pion-proton collisions, is barely seen in our experiment, the fact that we do not observe an X does not indicate disagreement with the experiment of Kienzle et al. E. Comparison with Deuteron Production in Proton-Nucleus Collisions Deuteron production by 2.9 GeV protons incident on beryllium and platinum has been studied in a recent experiment by Piroue and Smith.15 The deuteron yield was measured as a function of momentum at angles of 13~, 30~, 60P, and 930 with respect to the beam direction in the laboratory. The results at 130for beryllium are compared with those from this experiment at 11.55~ and 2.9 GeV in Table IXo The elementary interaction may make an important contribution to high momentum (>2 GeV/c) deuteron emission. Here, the differential cross section for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions at 11.55~ approaches that observed per nucleon in the 13~ proton-beryllium data. Also, the high momentum deuteron yield from proton-nucleus

114 TABLE IX COMPARISON OF MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTIONS OF DEUTERONS PRODUCED IN PROTON - PROTON AND PROTON - NUCLEUS COLLISIONS Deuteron d2 mb Laboratory dO dp Lsr GeV/c Momentum a - Be9 _(GeV/c) (per nucleon)b.7 0.29 1.0 0.47 1.5.o6 ~.02.38 1.7.15 ~.05.32 2.0.15 ~.o4.27 2.1.23 ~.04.23 2.2.18 ~.06.19g 2.3.21 ~.06 2.4.22 ~.07 a Data from this experiment at 2.9 GeV, 11.55~ b Approximate values from Piroue and Smith15 at 2.9 GeV, 13~. The values shown are 1/9 x the Be9 cross sections. c Extrapolated value.

115 collisions falls off rapidly with increasing angle, as is observed for proton-proton collisions. The low momentum deuterons from proton-nucleon collisions do not display this marked an angular dependence. The most striking feature of the data of Piroue and Smith is the large number of deuterons produced at momenta too low or angles too great to be kinematically allowed in elementary proton-proton collisions. Moreover, the total deuteron production cross section per nucleon in protonberyllium collisions was found to be -1 mb, compared with.14 mb in proton-proton collisions at 2.9 GeV (see Fig. 36). The dominant role in deuteron emission from proton-nucleus reactions must therefore be played by specifically nuclear processes.

APPENDIX I BEAM MONITOR CALIBRATION The beam monitor telescopes (see p. 19) recorded a number of counts proportional to the total number of protons passing through the target in each experimental run. The radioactive foil technique was used to determine the constant of proportionality between the number of monitor counts and the actual proton flux. At some point during the series of experimental runs at each energy, a thin polyethylene foil 10 cm square was exposed in the beam for one minute at a flux of 2-5x109 protons per burst. The radioactive isotope C11 was produced in the foil through the reaction C 2(p,pn)C. C1 decays through positron emission with a half-life of 20.5 min. The number of C11 nuclei produced by the beam was determined by measuring the activity of the foil at a known time after the activation. Since the cross section for the reaction C 12(p,pn)C11 is known,37 the number of protons which passed through the foil could be determined. The ratio of the proton flux to the number of counts recorded by the beam monitors during the foil activation was then calculated and used to determine the absolute proton flux in the experimental runs at the same beam energy. 116

117 The following formula was used to determine the proton flux, F, by the radioactive foil technique: 1030 M to dN O (1-n) a(E) s e l-e -to dtt=to where M = gram molecular weight of the foil (14.03 gm for polyethylene) = Avogadro's number (6.02x1023) a(E) = cross section for C12(p,pn)C11 at the energy of the activation (a 26 mb in the energy range 1-3 GeV 37) s - thickness of the foil in mg/cm2 determined by carefully measuring the area and mass of the individual foils (typically 9 mg/cm2) C = fractional efficiency of the NaI well counter used in measuring the activation of the foil (.90) to = time at the end of the activation period (in minutes; t = 0 at the beginning of the activation) dN = C decay rate in counts per minute X decay constant for C11 (3.39x10- 2 min-1) = fraction of C atoms lost due to formation with sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the foil (.142 for a polyethylene foil of thickness.004 in.38 ). The decay rate at t = to was given by dN X e X(t-to) t=to l-e -x(t2-tl)

118 where t1 = time at beginning of counting period to determine the C11 activity (t = 0 at the beginning of the foil activation) t - time at end of counting period Nc = number of counts (background subtracted). t2 - tl was typically 10 min. The derivation of the formula for F is described in detail in references 2 and 39. Analysis of the errors involved shows that the flux is determined to an accuracy of ~8% in this manner.2

APPENDIX II TABLES AND GRAPHS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTION In the tables that follow (Tables X-XX), differential cross section distributions for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions are given for all incident proton kinetic energies and deuteron laboratory production angles covered in this experiment. The symbols used have the following meanings: p = deuteron laboratory momentum p* = deuteron c.m. momentum Mx = invariant mass of the system of particles produced with the deuteron cose* = cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle = differential cross section for deuteron d~2dp production in the laboratory system d2it = differential cross section for deuteron production in the c.m. system d2a - spectrum of differential cross section vs. M d*dM x The power of ten multiplying the values listed for the differential cross sections are given following the E. That is,.327E-02 means.327 x 10 2. Graphs of the differential cross section in the c.m. are given in Figs. 48-64 for incident proton kinetic energies of 2.5 and 2.9 GeV. The graphs at 1.55 GeV are given in Chapter IV, Section B. In the captions of these figures, 119

120 T is the incident proton kinetic energy and Ed is the deuteron laboratory production angle.

TABLE X DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 1.55 GeV, 5.90 d2 d2 2 pPdo P#d M do da d p d*dp* x acosQ* GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV i.084.i51E 00 ~.550E-C1.524.392E-[ ~i.143E-01.268.154E-01.561E-02 -.9771 1.123.171E 00.385E-%1.491.367E-J1.827E-32.340.194E-01.438E-02 -.9719 1.172.271E 00.381E-J1.451.461EF-l.64TE-02.406.315F-01.443E-02 -.9636 1.215.522E 00.352E-C1.417.714E-01.483E-02.451.586E-01.396E-02 -.9541 1.269.693E O0.364E-C1.376.721E-%i.378E-02.496.71E-COL.377E-C2 -.9380 1.316.784E 30.385E-!1.341.632E-J1.31OE-02.529.737E-01.362E-02 -.9179 1.371.925E 30.391E-'1.303.553E-31E-.234E-32 559.764F-01.323E-02 -.8855 1.420.954E 30.379E-O1.272.434E-01.172E-02.580.692E-01.274E-02 -.8434 1.472.111E 01.51001-Ol.242.377E-1.173E-C, 2.598.695E-01.320E-02 -.7802 t.517.121E 01.692E-J1.218.320E-C1.183E-32.609.666E-01.381E-02 -.7001 1.568.139E 31.951E-01.197.286E-;1.195E-3Z.619.666E-01.455E-02 -.571 1.621.148E 01.810E-01.18a.246E-G1.146E-02.625.62TE-O0.373E-02 -.4058 1.672.154E 01.114E 00.176.226E-A1.167E-02.628.601E-01.444E-02 -.2061 1.719.176E 91.108E 00.177.25'2E-JL.154E-32.627.664E-01.406E-02 -.0073 1.772.176E 01.105L O0.186.265E-C1.158E-C2.624.660E-01.393E-02.1992 1.825.153E 01.943E-01.202.256E-01.16CE-02.617.581E-C1.364E-C2.3709 1i.8A.151E Cl.92SE-31.219.289E-01.178E-02.609.601E-01.369E-02.4786 1.919.149E C1.756E-31.242.336E-01.171E-02.597.618E-01.314E-02.5802 1.968.138E 31.625E-31.267.364E-31.165E-32.583.594E-01.269E-02.6525 2.022.127E 01.736E-01.296.395E-O1.239E-02.564.562E-01.327E-02.7127 2.11E 6301.E l.879E-.414E-1.309E-02.546.531t-01.397E-02.7482 2.114.111E 01.841E-n1.349.449E-81.339E-02.522.506E-01.382E-02.7826 2.172.957E 00.749E-31.383.447E-01.350E-02.489.430E-01.337E-02.8129 2.22t;.853E 90.888E-01.412.444E-41l.462E-)2.458.374E-01.389E-02.8323 2.270.602E 20.576E-31.4.348,1E-Uk.333E-02.419.251E-Cl.240E-02.8490 2.317.633E 30.928E-0.1.47t.402E-C1.589E-02.376.245E-01.359E-02.8621 2.367.665E 30.824E-01.5CO.462E-01.572E-02.321.227E-01.281E-02.8737 2.41Q.967E 00.179E 00.526.722E-01.134E-1O.262.277E-01.513E-02.88Z1

TABLE XI DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 1.55 GeV, 11.550 dda do a d2 8f) p eose- P* p GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.G90 *226E 00 ~.507E-01.572.689E-Q1 *.154E-01.060.564E-02 + *126E-02 -.9243 1.100.858E 00.117E 00.565.251E 40.342E-01.119.410E-01.559E-02 -.9208 1.113.139E 01.16SE 00.557.391E 03.464E-01.157.849E-01.101E-01 -.9171 1.120.116E 01.123E 00.550.312E 00.332E-01.186.815E-01.868E-02 -.9132 1.130.106E 01 *139E 00.543.274E 03.281E-01.211.820E-01.843E-02 -.9092 1.140.505E 00.514E-01.536.126E 03.128E-01.233.421E-01 o429E-02 -.9050 1.156.141E 00.320E-01.526.330E-01.753E-02.263.1Z7E-01.288E-02 -.8979 1.176.951E-01.253E-01.512.205E-01.545E-02.296.909E-02.242E-02 -.8880 1.196.122E 00.195E-01.500 *244E-01.390E-02.323.120E-01.193E-02 -.8778 1.214.201E 00.294E-01.488 o374E-01.547E-02.345.202E-01.296E-02 -.8670 1.231 -256E 00.447E-al.477.445E-01.779E-02.364.259E-01.453E-02 -.8563 1.255.268E 00.332E-01.463.427E-01.529E-OZ.387.272E-01.336E-02 -.8402 1.275.282E 00.326E-01.452.417E-31.48LE-02.404 *284E-01 o328E-02 -.8253 1.295 o375E 00.365E-01.441.51SE-OL.SOlE-02.420 *372E-01.362E-02 -.8090 1.313.444E 30.467E-O0.432.570E-01.600E-02.433.434E-01.456E-02 -.7929 1.340.551E 00.853E-01.418.644E-01 o996E-OZ.450.525E-01.812E-02 -.7671 1.356.490E 00.529E-01.411 *543E-01.586E-02.458.459E-OL.495E-02 -.7508 r'c 1.373.555E 00.560E-01.403.579E-01.585E-02.468.508E-01.513E-02 -.7311 1.393.654E 00.636E-01.395 *640E-01 592E-02.477.584E-01.541E-02 -.7075 1.413.698E 00.637 E-01.386.640E-01 *556E-02.486.608E-01.528E-02 -.6810 1.436.705E 00.625E-01.378.603E-01.S35E-02.494.595e-01.5ZSE-02 -.6493 1.474.699E 30.454E-01.366.539E-01.350E-02.506.562E-01.3655-02 -.5923 1.519.803E 00.535E-01.355.553E-01.369E-02.517.6075-01.4055-02 -.5141 1.571.7835 00.477E-01.346.4865-01.296E-02.525.555E-01.3385-02 1.618.762E 00.581E-01.342.442E-01.3375-02.528.513E-01.3925-02 -.3183 1.669.773E 00 o458E-01.342.427E-01.-253-02.528.496E-01.2945-02 -.2104 1.721.748E 00.547E-01.346.404E-01.296E-02.524.460E-01.3375-02 -.1019 1.769.690E 00.454E-01.354.374E-01.246E-02.517.411-01.270-02 - 1.823.6475 00.432E-01.367.358E-01.239E-02.506.3725-01.249E-02.0987 1.875.6695 00.462E-01.382.385E-01.266E-02.490.373E-01.2585-02.1887 1.917.6505 00.514-01.397.390E-OL.308E-02.475.352E-0L.279E-02.2535 1.973.573E 00.324E-01.419.365E-01.207E-02.449.2975-01.1685-02.3301 2.027.555E 00.3835-01 442 378E-0.2605-02.419.2725-01.185-02.940 2.373.4935 00.432E-01.462.3555-01.2895-02.389.2275-01.1855-02.4403 2.117.377E 00.3305-31.483.287E-01.2515-02 354.1605-01.141-02 80 2.170.3965 00.293E-01.510.3225-01.239E-02.302.146E-01.085E-02.5225 2.211.462E 00.467E-01.530.3955-31.400-02.2.144-01.146-02.5506 2.263.5595 00.542E-01.05s.e10E-vl.4945-02.155.110E-OL.1065-02.5829

TABLE XII DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 1.55 GeV, 15.720 2 2 2 dp d l d daos8 GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.210.155E 01:.213E 00.560.379E J ~.522E-01.142.741E-01.102E-01 -.8111 1.223.184E 31.233E 00.556.438E 33.553E-01.165.100E 00.127E-01 -.8038 1.230.156E 01.198E 00.551.359E 00.454E-31.185.928E-01.11E-01 -.7962 1.243.106E 01.145E 00.546.238E 00.325E-01.202.677E-01.925E-02 -.7883 1.253.530E 00.940E-01.541.115E 0'.204E-OL.21.355E-01.630E-02 -.7803 1.26C.286E 00.660E-01.537.601E-J1.139E-01.231.199E-01.460E-02 -.7720 1.270.150E 30.534E-01.533.306E-01.103E-01.244.108E-01.363E-02 -.7634 1.280.134E 00.558E-01.528.266E-01.lllE-01.256.989E-02.412E-02 -.7545 1.3t7.413E-01.306E-01.518.762E-02.564E-02.283.319E-02.236E-02 -.7298 1.325.644E-01.270E-01.511.113E-01.475E-02.299.507E-02.213E-02 -.7112 1.346.355E-01.391E-01.503.591E-32.650E-02.315.283E-02.311E-02 -.6892 1.364.112E 00.304E-01.498.178E-01.484E-02.326.892E-02.243E-02 -.6703 1.390.235E 00.522E-01.490.352E-31.781E-02.341.187E-01.416E-02 -,6399 1.405.121E 00.335E-01.486 o176E-01.442E-02.349.964E-02.242E-02 -.6219 1.425.297E 00.344E-081i.413E-31.77E-02.357.234E-01.270E-02 -.5973 1.446.280E 00.3BOE-01.477.373E-01.505E-02.365.218E-01.295E-02 -.5700 P 1.460.288E 00.424E-01.474.373E-01.548E-02.370.222E-01.326E-02 -.5508 W 1.484.250E 00.347E-01.470.310E-01.431E-02.376.189E-01.263E-02 -.5183 1.523.313E 00.199E-31.465.365E-01.232E-02.384.230E-01.146E-02 -.4612 1.573.302E 00.217E-01.462.330E-01.237E-02.389.212E-01.152E-02 -,3859 1.618.273E 00.238E-01.462.286E-01.217E-02.389.183E-01.139E-02 -.3173 1.668.251E 00.204E-01.465.254E-G1.206E-02.384.160E-01.129E-02 -.2401 1.718.155E 00.169E-01.472.154E-01.167E-02.373.927E-02.101E-02 -.1630 1,772.203E 00.237E-01.482.200E-01.233E-02.356.113E-01.132E-02 -,0836 1.821.158E 00.186E-01.493.156E-31.184E-02.335.811E-02.956E-03 -.0152 1.872.117E 00.179E-01.508.llSE-01.180E-02.305.541E-02.828E-03.0530 1.910.890E-01.20TE-01.520.907E-02.211E-02.277.371E-02.863E-03.0991 1.930.116E 00.239E-01.527.120E-01.246E-02.260.455E-02.931E-03.1225 1,950.144E 00.315E-01 3 150E-01 534 15E-01 328E-02.240.520E-02 o114E-02.1452 1.966.159E 00.212E-01.540.167E-01.223E-02.223.532E-02.708E-03.1623 1.990.241E 00 o447E-01.549.257E-01.476E-02.192.692E-02.128E-02.1880 2.000.274E 00.408E-01.553.294E-01.437E-02.177.723E-02.108E-02.1983 2.020.332E 00.351E-01.561.360E-01.381E-02.140.696E-02.735E-03.2181 2.050.483E 00.456E-01.57.534E-01.505E-02.040.291E-02.274E-03.2465

TABLE XIII DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.5 GeV, 5*90 2 2 2 do do M do closO GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.145.336E 00 *.810E-01.806.179E % f.432E-01.173.274E-01 ~.661E-02 -.9893 1.165.6i;5E 00.935E-31.788.300E iC.464E-01.266.719E-01 oILIE-01 -.9884 1.186.o21E 03.411E-31.770.975E-1.193E-f3.29YE-01 o579E-02 -.9874 1.o24 o887E-01.330E-31.754.384E-jl o143E-01.380.136E-01.508E-02 -.9864 1.225 o3d4E-01.353E-31.736.154E-C1 ol4lE-01.428 o629E-02.o57E-02 -.9853 1.244.154E 30 *417E-11.720 o578E-AL.156E-01.465.262E-01 o708E-02 -.9841 1.265.874E-01.319E-31.o72.304E-31 oILE-01.502 ol52E-01 o555E-02 -.9827 1.284.568E-31.363E-31.686.185E-01.118E-01.532 1.OOOE-02.638E-02 -.9813 1.317.llOE 00.231E-31.659 o3i7F-J1.664E-32.580.193E-01.405E-02 -.9787 1.370.198E 00.2431-01.616 o471E-01.578E-02.644.340E-01 o4l6E-02 -.9735 1.420.242E 00.223E-31.577.479E-01.436E-02.695.395E-01 o360E-02 -.9675 1.470 o246E 00 *238E-01.539.403E-Cl.390E-02.739 o376E-01 *364E-02 -09599 1.521 o294E 00 o249E-01.501.397E-31.336E-02.776 o416E-01.353E-02 -.9531 1.569 o3O4E 33 o265E-01.468.342E-1.298E-02.807.398E-01 o347E-O2 -.9387 1.618.266E Co.235E-01.434.246E-1.218E-02.835.318E-01.281E-02 -.9236 1.667.357E 00.274E-01.402.272E-01.209E-02.858.388E-01 o298E-02 -.9048 1.718 o340E 00 o314E-31.371.211E-1.194E-32.879 o333E-01.308E-02 -.871 1.768 o407E 00.421E-01.342.205E-31.213E-02.896.359E-01 o371E-02 -.8469 1.816.468E 00.573E-01.316.194E- I.238E-02.911.372E-01 o455E-02 -.8065 1.869 o393E 00.55CE-31.290 ol32E-31.184E-02.924.278E-01 o389E-02 -.7483 1.921.468E 00.684E-01.267.129E-01.188E-02.934 o297E-01.433E-02 -.6743 1.969.496E 00 o562E-01.250.115E-01.131E-32.941.286E-01.324E-02 -.5892 20018.526E 00.643E-01.237.196E-01 o129E-02.946.279E-01 o340E-02 -.4841 2.066.533E 00 o592E-01.228.957E-32 o106E-02.949 o263E-01 o292E-02 -.3604 2.119.537E 00.746E-01.223 o891E-02 o124E-02.951.251E-01.348E-02 -.2132 2.174.585E 00.628E-01.224.941E-02.oO1E-02.951.264E-01 o283E-02 -.0526 2.223.554E 30 o796E-01.229.908E-02.130E-32.949.,248E-01.356E-02.0862 2.270.472E 00 o628E-C1.238.812E-02.138E-02.945.212E-01.282E-02.2072 2.317 0508E 00 o817E-01.251.937E-02.1o1E-02.941.232E-01.373E-02.3141 2.368 o532E 00 o636E-01.261.108E-31.129E-02.934.249E-01 o298E-02.4142 2.420.870E 00.148E 00.287.197E-01.336E-02.925.421E-01.717E-02.496 2.461.354E 00.911E-01.333.875E-32.225E-02.917.175E-01.452E-02.5514

TABLE XIV DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.5 GeV, 11.550 ddcr docr d2 c 0* pa a P* a GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.210.399E 00 ~.121E 00.8C3.193E 00'.581E-01.190.325E-01 ~.981E-02 -.9534 1.226.263E Co.575E-01.791.120E OC.263E-11.253.274E-01.599E-02 -.9506 1.245.855E-01.417E-01.777.369E-01.180E-CI.309.104E-01.507E-02 1.266.140E 00.318E-01.761.567E-31.129E-01.359.189E-01.428E-02 -.943C 1.288.405E-01.323E-01.745.153E-01.122E-O1.403.583E-02.464E-Oz -.9383 1.3Q6 o557E-01.244-01.732.99E-.870E-02.437 o833E-02.365E-02.9340 1.324.491E-01.2l8E-01.719.1b6E-jI.736E-02.466.751E-02.334E-02 -.9296 1.346.665E-01 o231E-0l.774 o210E-1.728E-02.498 oIC4E-01.360E-02 -.9238 1.365.859E-01.193E-01.691 o256E-id.575E-02.523.135E-01.304E-02 -.9185 1.388.771E-01 o219E-01.676.2L4E-1.61E-02.551.121E-01.345E-02 -.9117 1.406.908E-01.183E-311.665.239E-3L.482E-02.571.143E-01 287E-02 909 1.425 o665E-01 o173E-01.652 o165E-i.430F-32.590 104E- 2E-02 -.8993 1.461.124E 00.134E-01.630 o278E-Cl.300E-02.624.190E-01.205E-02 -.8857 1.509.136E 00.160E-01.602.264E-C1 o312E-32.663.200E-01.236E-02 -.6650 kJ1 1.557 o156E'00.158E-01.516.265E-01.270E-02.696.219E-01 -223E-02 -.8409 1.609.196E 00.141E-1.549.290E-01.208E-02.727.261E-01 t188E-02 -.8101 1.660.240E 00.127E-01.526.310E-%A.164E-02.752.301E-01.159E-02 -.749 1.110.252E 00.139E-01.505.287E-31.159E-02.773.298E-01.165E-02 -.7349 1.757.260E 00.138E-01.481.2b5E-l1.141E-32.790.290E-01.154E-02 -.6921 1.809.263E 00.143E-O1.411 o240E-31.131E-02.804.276E-01.151E-02 -.6395 1.853.269E 00.174E-01.458.222E-1.144E-02.815.266E-01.173E-OZ -.5822 1.906.243E 00.247E-01.448.186E-.s1.189E-02.823.230E-01.234E-02 -.5233 1.959.264E 00.236E-01.44C o187E-.1.168E-02.830 0237E-0l.213E-02 -.4522 2.038 o314E 30.287E-Q1.435.210E-1.192E-02.833 271E-1.247E-02 829 2.059 o237E 00 o253E-01.433.152E-01.162E-02.835.196E-O1.ZIOE-02 -.3097 2.106.321E 30.316E-31.434.200E-31 *197E-02.834.258E-01.254E-02 9 2.159.291E 30.269E-01.438.178E-01.165E-32.831 -227E-01.210E-02 -.1618 2.o23.309E 00.320E-1.443 o188E-01.195E-02.827.Z36E-01.244E-O2 -.0976 2.257.295E 00.261E-01.452.180E-31.159E-32.820.22OE-01.195E-02 -.0225 2.303.289E 00.294E-01.461.179E-01.182E-02.812.21ZE-01.216E-02.0383 2.356.281E 30.264E-01.474.L78E-JI.167E-02.801.203E-01 *190E-02.1036 2.405.234E 00.310E-C1.4 88 *151E-C.201E-02.789 *166E-01.219E-02.1607 2.459.258E 00.353E-01.504.173E-01.237E-02.774.180E-01.246E-02.2173

TABLE XV DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.5 GeV, 15.720 2 2 2 do do d2 pd l P* m 8 dU —Np- dD~~~~~~~dFW ~x dosO GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.310.297E 00 ~.652E-51.798.124E ~~ ~.272E-01.218.241E-01 ~.529E-02 -.8957 1.326.107E 00.306E-31.783 *426E-.jl.122E-31.264.101E-01.290E-02 -.8900 1.350.245E-01.364E-J1.715 0917E-.'2.137E-31.316.265E-02.395E-02 -.8815 1.365.421E-01.186E-31.766.152E-31.670E-02.344.482E-02.213E-02 -.87 1.387.157E-31.199E-01.754.536E-32.680E-02.380.191E-02.2422-02 -.8669 1.421.663C-31.9422-02.736.208F-01.295E-32.427.848E-02.120E-02 -.8523 1.471.777E-31.J2 E-CI.711.216E-Al.283E-32.484.103E-01.134E-02 -.82 1.523.886E-01.955E-32.687.218E-1.235E-02.530.117E-01.127E-02 -.7997 1.571.906E-G1.1182-01.663.201E-31.2622-02.565.118E-01.154E-02 -.7704 1.616.833E-?l.123E-01.651.169E-1.249E-32.592.1C6-01.157E-02 -.7404 1.669.124E 33.133E-01.634.226E-31.243E-02.619.153E-01.164E-02 -.7009 1.718.121E D3.18E-31.620.203E-Al.317E-02.638.1442-01.225E-02 -.6614 1.770.116E 03.137E-01.608.179E-01.212E-02.655.132E-01.157E-02 -.6152 1.817.137E 00.213E-01.600.199E-A.304E-32.666.152E-01.232E-02 -.5720 1.73.123E 00.194E-31.593.166E-31.262E-32.676.130E-01.205E-02 -.5160 1.920.169E 00.239E-01.589.216E-31.306E-02.681.1722-01.243E-02 -.4676 1.965.173E 00.219E-)1.587.213E-1.2692-02.683.170E-01.2152-02 -.4207 2.322.122E 30.149E-31.587.145E-01.1762-02.683.115E-01.140E-02 -.3590 2.070.972E-01.276E-01.589.112E-J1.318E-02.680.8862-02.2512-02 -.3073 2.123.136E 00.148E-01.594 154E-l.1672-02.674.120E-01.1302-02 -.2502 2.176.119E 33.105E-01.601.133E-31.1162-02.665.1012-01.884E-03 2.220.1626 Co.130E-1.608.1172-01.1442-02.655.8702-02.107E-02 -.192 2.263.749E-01.868E-02.61?.828E-C2.960E-03.644.596E-02.690E-03 -.1065 2.322.977E-31.114E-31.630.1092-31.127E-J2.625.7432-02.870E-03 -.0507 2.373.879E-31.110E-01.644.986E-.2.123E-02.603.638E-02.7982-03.00C2 2.420.721E-31.18OE-31.656.8172-02.2C3E-02.585.5042-02.126E-02.0360 2.462.866E-1.146E-01.669.993E-02.168E-02.564.5822-02.982E-03.0701

TABLE XVI DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.5 GeV, 200 2 2 2 do dGodma cose* GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV ) 1.460.934E-31 ~.326E-O1.818.341E-.1 +.119E-31.045.133-02.464E-03 -.7922 1.484.223E 0s.283E-31.810.777E-01.987E-02.147.101E-01.128E-02 -.7790 1.510.278E CO.436E-C1.801.924E-1.*145E-01.203.167E-01.261E-02 -.7644 1.533.245E 03.411E-01.795.784E-01.132E-01.235.165E-01.277E-02 -.7526 1.540.140E C3.223E-31.792.443E-Jl.702E-32.249.984E-02 S157E-02 -.7466 1.565.693E-31.130E-01.785.208E-01.393E-02.279.525E-02.990E-03 -.7314 1.588.452E-01.133E-01.778.134E-01.386E-02.302.370E-02.106E-02 -.7162 1.621.230E-01.973t-02.770.635E-'2.269E-32.330.192E-02.814E-03 -.6943 1.669.196E-01.755E-32.761.53,4E-32.195E-02.360.169E-C2.651E-03 -.6611 1.717.193E-31.102E-)1.75.466E-J2.248E-02.383.167E-02.889E-03 -.6257 l.771.358E-01.792E-02.746.812E-C2.l80E-02.401.30TE-02.681E-03 -.5843 1.822.194E-31.891E-02.742.4~7E-02.192E-3L.411.163E-02.748E-03 -.5435 1.869.197E-C1.725E-02.741.406E-02.150OE-02.416.160E-02.590E-03 -.5053 1.925.141E-01.805E-02.741.279E-2.159E-02.415.110E-02.627E-03 -.4586 1.966.190E-Al.565E-32.742.365E-0.2.109E-32.411.142E-02.423E-03 -.4240 2.019.264E-01.553E-02.746.493E-:2.103E-02.400.186E-02.390E-03 -.3794 2.067.172E-01.542E-02.752.315E-32.990E-03.387.Il4E-02.359E-03 -.3400 2Z117.220E-31.520E-02.759.394E-C2.934E-03.367.135E-02.319E-03 -.2988 2.174.167E-31.447E-02.768.296E-32.791E-03.336.918E-03.245E-03 -.2530 2.226.235E-31.551E-32.779.361E-32.96TE-33.300.985E-03.264E-03 -.2i25 2.Y73.133E-301.419E-2.789.241E-:2.733E-03.260.564E-03.172E-03 -.1788 2.316.122E-01.608E-02.801.212E-02.1O6E-02.205.387E-03.193E-03 -.1450 2.364.27CE-31.668E-02.814.471E-32.11T1E-2.113.466E-03.115E-03 -.1114

TABLE XVII DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.9 GeV, 5.90 2 2d2 d o d 9 41 odo P d*dp df*dp# M* d22dp xc GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.210 -.189E 00 ~.253E 00.863 -.104E GO.139E 00.343 -.285E-01 +.381E-01 -.9896 1.243 -.816E-01.900E-01.834 -.403E-v1.445E-01.435 -.144E-01.159E-01 -.9882 1.291.777E-01.910E-C1.793.327E-C1.383E-01.538.151E-01.177E-01 -.9859 1.338.458E-91.102E 00.754.166E-01.368E-01.614.913E-02.203E-01 -.9832 1.380.261E 00.921E-01.712.80DE-G1.282E-01.684.515E-01.182E-01 -.9797 1.437.197E 00.858E-01.673.512E-31.223E-C1.741.375E-01.164E-01 -.9756 1.480.732E-31.126E 00.64L.165E-Ol.284E-01.784.134E-01.230E-01 -.9713 1.551.266E 00.136E 30.587.471E-01.241E-01.845.446E-01.228E-01 -.9624 l.59.209E 00.907E-01.558.323E-01.140E-01.875.331E-01.144E-01 -.9560 1.638.172E 00.107E 00.524.225E-J1.139E-01.906.253E-01.157E-01 -.9470 1.683.220E OC.816E-'1.49i.245E-S1.910E-02.932.300E-C1.111E-Ol -.9364 1.742.275E 30.815E-31.454.248E-01.735E-32.962.338E-01.100E-01 -.9190 1.790.219E 00.904E-01.424.166E-1L.685E-02.983.247E-01.102E-01 -.9012 1.842.340E O0.765E-01.394.213E-21.479E-02 1.0C3.347E-01.781E-02 -.8767 1.396.336E 00.102E 00.363.172E-G1.520E-02 1.021.309E-C1.933E-02 -.8437 1.946.409E O0.100E 00.337.174E-01.427E-%2 1.035.34CE-01.835E-02 -.8048 1.979.357E 30.129E 00.321.135E-J1.487E-02 1.C42.278E-01.100E-01 -.7742 2.029.466E 00.162E 00.299.148E-01.514E-02 1.053.330E-01.115E-01 -.7173 2.092.439E 00.115E 00.276.113E-01.296E-32 1.063.276E-01.722E-02 -.6265 2.135.409E 00.993E-01.263.931E-02.226E-02 1.068.239E-01.580s-02 -.55C3 2.183.311 30.877E-31.252.628E-02.177E-02 1.072.169E-01.477E-02 -.4519 2.241.271E 00.722E-[1.243.491E-02.131E-02 1.C76.137E-01.366E-02 -.3149 2.290.425E 00.954E-01.24Z.729E-02.164E-02 1.077.207E-01.464E-02 -.1887 2.334.301E 30.102E 03.241.506E-02.172E-02 1.076.143E-01.485E-02 -.0766 2.380.339E 03.177E 00.245.575E-02.300E-32 1.075.160E-01.833E-02.041G

TABLE XVIII DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.9 GeV, 11.55~ d2a 2 2 dfi dp dC* dp* dGo dpFM co s O* GeV/c mb/(br GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV 1.279.147E 00 i.830E-01.862.7335E1 348.204E-01 ~.ll1E-01 -.9549 1.317.613E-01.603E-01.833.274E-GI.269E-01.439.988E-02.972E-02 -.9486 1.370 -.lCIE-01.482E-01.794 -.348E-.2.185E-01.533 -.177E-02.844E-02 -.9385 1.428.851E-01.418E-01.754.277E-31.136E-C1.613.152E-01.747E-02 -.9254 1.467.344E-01.272E-01.729.101E-01.795E-02.658.610E-02.482E-02 -.9152 1.520.546E-01.225E-01.695.138E-Cl.569E-32.710.941E-02.388E-02 -.8992 1.575.860E-01.279E-01.663.187E-01.6C8E-02.755.142E-01.460E-02 -.8796 1.618.101E 00.458E-01.639.197E-Jl.892E-02.786.160E-01.726E-02 -.8619 1.670.238E 03.395E-01.611.405E-01.673E-02.818.357E-01.593E-02 -.8372 1.718.154E 00.539E-01.588.234E-A[.771E-02.844.220E-01.727E-02 -.8108 1.77C0.23E 00.480E-01.564.298E-01.642E-02.868.300E-01.646E-02 -.7780 1.819.134E 00.669E-01.545.161E-O1.8C2E-02.887.171E-01.852E-02 -.7434 1.873.149E 00.699E-01.526.161E-51.753E-02.904.180E-01.841E-02 -.7024 1.921.185E 00.520E-01.510.1SE-Ol.536E-02.918.211E-01.591E-02 -.6563 1.965.145E 00.403E-01.498.130E-01.362E-02.928.158E-01.437E-02 -.6134 2.015.198E 00.329E-01.487.164E-J1.273E-02.937.235E-01.340E-02 -.5597 2.062.178E 00.35CE-01.479.138E-01.272E-02.944.176E-01.347E-02 -.5059 2.112.226E 00.390E-01.472.165E-01.285E-02.949.214E-01.370E-02 -.4442 2.172.196E 00.384E-01.468.135E-31.264E-02.952.177E-01.347E-02 -.3682 2.214.175E 00.575E-01.467.117E-01.384E-02.953.154E-01 ~506E-02 -.3138 2.267.206E 00.594E-31.468.133E-J1.385E-02.952.175E-01.506E-02 -.2438 2.320.143E 00.809E-01.472.915E-02.516E-02.949.119E-01.671E-02 -.1742 2.379.203E 00.472E-01.479.129E-01.299E-02.944.164E-01.381E-02 -.0987 2.420.215E 30.739E-01.485.137E-J31.45CE-02.939.171E-01.564E-02 -.0482 2.461.233E 00.533E-01.493.149E-J1.341E-02.932.183E-01.418E-02.0006

TABLE XIX DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.9q GeV, 15.72 ~~~~~~daP* d a~ cl: dfl*dp* M oO Ge'v/c rob/( sr GeV/c) GeV/c r ob/( sr GeV/c) GeV rob/( sr GeV 1.321 -1.22E O0:::6,66E-O]1,897 -,b20E-il:1:3,39E-01,1.78 -,854.E-02 o%66E-02 - 916 1.369.4.27k-%'1.438E-01.868. 193E-il.198E -.)1.328.532E-C2.515E-C2 -94 L1.416 -.3IZE-3 I.426E-01,839 -. 529E-:,42.I?}E-01.421 -. 18E-02,589E-02 -,89 1.4,60 -190 E O 3.151E CO. 8/5 -.667E-:i'. 546E-]1. 486 -.Z60~-01.223E-01 -84 1. 523.549E-0.1. 408E-01.? 82. 172E-,.'.126E-01L.559.836E-02.621E-O0-.49 1.569.357E-31.5L4E-3.760. lOIE-Jl. 146E-3.603.543E-O 7 1-2 - 88 1.611. IO4E O0. 467E-91. 742.2TOE-G!l IZIE-31.636 ~ 156E-Ol.701E-02-.88 1.666. 268E O0 ~ 726t-01.719.623E —il ~ 169E-31l. 673. 391k-01 ~ 1O6E-Cl.78 1.723. 198E-O1.316E-01.699.414E-)2.786F-02.705.279E-02 0533E-G2 -74 1.77L.630E-31.409E-31. 683.I21E-'L.787E-32.727.860E-02.558E-02 -.a1 1.l5.659E-31.398E-01.672 ellSE-01.715E-02.743.871E-02.526E-02. 1.878 ~ 132E-01.688E-01. 657. 216E-:'2.112E-31.763.166e-O2.866E-02 -62 L.4121. 154ee 0. t4L4E-:!O. 649.238E-:I0. 639E-02.713. 88E-Gl. 505E-02-.57 1.965.116E O0. 367E-01, 6%Z ~ I 70E- L. 536E-02.781 ~ 137E-01. 432E-02 -59 2.017.147E 00.330E-01. 636 o204E-ZI*&.456E-02.788.167E-91.374E-O0-.2Z 1.082.115E Oa.465E-O1.632 ~ 150E-Oi ~ 608E-02. 793 L 25E-01. 504E-02 -%2 2.130.562E-01.33LE-01.632. 709E-0'i.417E-02. 794.589E-02.346E-02 -46 2. 1] ~' 104,E 30.42Z3E-01. 632. 129E-4'1.521E-02.793.107E-01.432E-02 Z.i3[. 788E-31.233E-01. 63&6 ~ 942E-G2. 278E-02.789. 774~-02.22SE-02 -3~ 2.27,5.528E-01.149E-11. 640~.621E-OZ.175E-02.784. 504E-02. L42E-02 2.322 ~ 774,E-01. 197E-01. 645. go1I -:Z.0 ZZV 2E-32.777..719E-02. 182E-OZ-.24 2.367.757E-01. 1 53E - "?1.652. 874E-02.177E-02.769.683E-02 ~ 138E-02 -13 2.42.0. 245E-31.337E-01.662. 2 8IE - J-2. 38dE-0.l2.756.214E-O2.295E-02 -15 2.46-4.961E-01.Z68E-0!. 67L.111E-U'l. 309E-02, 74.4..8176-02.228E-C2

TABLE XX DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AT 2.9 GeV, 200 d2 a2a d2 p ~~~do0TP dDo~ M dO csO GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV/c mb/(sr GeV/c) GeV mb/(sr GeV) 1.630.289E-31 ~.594E-u-l.d153.953E-.-12 ~.196E-01.380.292E-02 ~.601E-02 -76 1.673.992E-02.245E-01.841.3C7E-%."2.756E-02.416.104E-02.257E-02 -73 1.72.0.52 7 E-.1.259E-01.830.152E-i1.749E-02.448.563E-02.277E-02 -75 1.769.132E-31.121E —V1.820.3 i8 F-2.327E-02.474.142E-02.130E-02 -64 1.8i22.247E-01. 13 3E-i""1.811.626E-,J2.337E-02.496.261E-02.140E-02 -60 1.861.194E-Cl.120E-%"l.806.472E-~2.292E-02.507.2C2E-02.125E-02 -63 1.918.161E-31.134E-01.801.368Ec)2.3C7E02.519.163E-02.136E-02.53 1.967.277E-001.133E-01.798.6~o9E-~2.226E-02.525.273E-02.101E-02 -58 2. 1 4.362E-01.984E-02.797.767E-C2.208E-02.527.345E-C2.937E-03 -53 2.060.212E-01.112E-IM.798.435E-2'2.229E-02.525.195E-02.103E-02 -49 2.119.292E-51.913E-C2.801.579E-C2.181E-02.519.255E-02 *799E-03 -45 2.177.233E-31.790CE-r)2.806 o449E-%)2.15CE-32.5C8.193E-02.646E-03 -32 2.223.137E-31.87bE-02.811.2bOE-02.166E-02.495.108E-02.691E-03 -38 2.268.216E-01.662JE-02.8183.404E-Qj2.123E-02.480.162E-02.494E-03 -36 2.322.2nZ1E-01.827E-02.827.370E-02.153E-02.456.14"'E-02 *577E-03.27 2.371.149E-31.637E-Z)2.836.273E-02.111E-02.430 *964E-03.392E-03 -23 2.420.938E-02.10CE-31.847.1?1E-~,z.182E-32.399.554E-03.591E-03 -20 2.462.2013E-31.821E-02.856.368E-32.149E-02.368.109E-02.441E-03 -13

~C ~ 1Y0.20.30 A40.5, 0.70 80, o,,.........I.. I. J............ Tp = 2.5 GeV p 0~ C) d =0 CD C) C_ _ A Turkot, et al. Least Squares Fitting Function CD o C)C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o oc;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ""- i — = *PC) b0 rd ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rdc ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rd C) C) 4.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.90 _ M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 48. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum from Turkot, et al.12 T = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab) = 00. - p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__

o o 0C. 10,20.30,40.50.0.70.8Q.. -. I -' I 1 o Tp = 2.5 GeV Tp 5 =5.9 d 1 0 1 0 J-t - * This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function ~~~~~~~~~~C\J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CD C,,I. (3Ch C: C).00 C.O 1 0.20.3C0 40.50. 0.70.30.90 C. M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 49. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. T = 2.5 GeV, d(lab) = 5.90. p. e 8la 59

C.., 0a. 20 s30.40..50. 70.80 o1' i.I I II.. II 1 I - I,!.. I, r, I,i Tp = 2.5 GeV Tp ot ed = 11.55 o o o C_ * This Experiment _) Least Squares Fitting Function C; C CC rd -- ) 2- C) f | i;.f I 1 - - I -- -....... -.! - I I..I..-I.-.1- I _, I... t..,- c,.00.10.20.30.40.50.0.70.80 90 C. M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 50. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab) = 11.55~.

o 0 ~. 00 o.10.20.3 0.40.50.60.70.80so 9 Tp = 2.5 GeV 0 - ed = 15.72 do o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ * This Experiment 0 Least Squares Fitting Function 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o2 o t C)e-i 0't 0'~~~~~~~-1 CDtO O Od.o0 0.20.30 *40 so 60.70.80 90 C, M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 51. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab) = 15.720. brd~~~~~~

o 0 o.. O0 t..0.0.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9 o 0..I-I..... LC)~~~~~~~~~-.Ul.:~I.,-...I-: I,.. T = 2.5 GeV P = 20 ed o oo _ + * This Experiment - Least Squares Fitting Function N,$|* OU|) b rd C.) CM * ~~~~~~~~oL C. M.w MOMENTUM ( GEV/C ) Fig. 52. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collision v deuteron c.m. momentum. T p = 2.5 GeV, 0d (lab) = 20~. 000 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ c'. O0 ~ 10 ~ 20. 30. 40 o 50. 60. 70 ~ ~~80 ~ 90' C. M. MOMENIUM 11GEV/C) Fig. 52. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collision vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab) = 200.

o o.-1.0 0 -. o 80 -.6 -. 40 - 20. CO.20.40.60.80 1. o 0 -.4 -.2 a X, I I, II I I' I Tp =2.5 GeV -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o eDd = 5.9 | CD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ d o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o~d * This Experiment Least Squares _t~~~~~~~~~ ~~~Fitting Function' o C:) ~coo CDCOS~~O I Fig. 53. C0 -. differential cros ~eto for deteo 2rdcto in p-p coli0o v.0' the cosine of the deuteronNcOm. p. TNL.5e E Fig. 53. the i'-.00 -.60 -.60 -.40 -20.00.20.40.60.so10 COSINE OF C. M. RNGL.E Fig. 53. C.rn. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisionvs the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. T =25GV ed~lb *

o -1. 00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -. 20.00.20.40.60.80 1. d L IdO Tp = 2.5 GeV d 11.55~ CD C t X* This Experiment -- Least Squares Fitting Function b o r 0d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ rd -.I.'I I I II I I I I I - -'-1.00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40,60.80 I.oo' COS I NE OF C. M. RNGLE Fig. 54. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. Tp = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab) = 11.550 angle. p=2~Geedlb

L O.1.00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60.8 1.i O.....I't~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' I I' I....I''~ I i' I..... I, T = 2.5 GeV p ed = 15.72~._ * This Experiment._ Least Squares Fitting Function i~o UJ - 1. 00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60 80 1. 00 COSINE OF C. M. RNGLE Fig. 55. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. Tp = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab) =15.720 p~~~edlb 57~

1.00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.0.40.60.80 T = 2.~5 GeV 20 ed=2 CD *This Experiment -Least Squares Fitting Function C)D rCD) rdc c'so -.60 ~-40 -.0.00.20.40.60 so 100 COSINE OF C. M. PNGLE Fig. 56. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisionsvs the cosine of the deuteron c.ni. production angle. T = 2.5 GeV, ed(lab)= 200.

o o 00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9. Tp = 2.9 GeV o o ed. Lunt* This Experiment -. Least Squares Fitting Function rdc rd o00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.90 C. M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 57. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.9 GeV, d(lab) = 5.90. p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F

o c c C0, 1 0.30 40.50. 60..70.80 Tp = 2.9 GeV 8ed =11.55T O o do I ~* This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function C1C CO. *P co 0 CI CC 0 00 deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.9 GeV, ed(lab) = 11.55. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.9 GeV, 8d(lab) =11.55~.

_ 0 10 320 30 40 50 60 70 09 T = 2.9 GeV Tp ed = 15.72 o ~ 0 0 Ln | * This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function.I0 410 50 600 C. M.~ MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 59. Cm. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisionsv deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp =29GV d(lab) = 15.720. r O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _2 _ ffIJ( I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ _0 I I Ii~~~~~~c.00.10.20.30.40.50.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 270 ~~~~~~~~0.00~~~f 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~C MOETMoGVO Fig 590~.dfeeta rs eto o etrnpouto nppcliin s Fi.5.Cm ifrnilcosscinfrdeuteron prdcti omntm Tin2. GeVp colab)io= 15.70 deutern c~m mometum. p =29GV dlb 57

Co o 00. 10.20.30.40.50.60. 70.80 Tp = 2.9 GeV CI 200 o e = 20~ o c d o * This Experiment Least Squares CI m, |Fitting Function 0 C 0 rd rI t ~~~~~~~~Ci ~~~~ I 0I0 J I,I I a,, I,, I I I I I I...00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70. 8.90 C. M. MOMENTUM (GEV/C) Fig. 60. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. deuteron c.m. momentum. Tp = 2.9 GeV, d (lab) = 20.

o C I-. O -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60.80 I.|-| ~~~~~~~~~~Tp = 2.9 GeV 0 0 1 d 5 Ln) * This Experiment Least Squares ~~~~~~~~~~~o | | ~Fitting Function U - ~1 ~5-j o r;d0 b rd rd 0 0 C\1,,,,'-.0oo -. 80 -.60 -.40 -.20.oo.20.40.60.80 COSINE OF C. M. RNGLE Fig. 61. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. T = 2.9 GeV, 8 (lab) = 5.9. The error bars have been omitted from some points for the sake of clartty.

O O -. 00 -. 80 -. 60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60 80 ot' - ~ I I | i I f......I i.: r _1 r I. o T 2.9 GeV o | | gd = 11.55 LO t* This Experiment Least Squares COSINE OF C. M. NGLE Fi.6.Cm ifreta rs eto frdueo rdcFit ting Fun ctionoll the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. T 2.9 GeV 1 *' -- 5 i iIf - i 0 l the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. o~~~~~~~~~~~~T -0. e~0~lb 15

0 0.-1.00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60.80 o..I I I..I I I~ - I I - | I I I I T = 2.9 GeV ~~~~~~o ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~e 15.720 d 0 od 0~o LO t This Experiment - Least Squares Fitting Function 0 iOi CO~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ rd0 *0 0 rdO i IId o 0 o 0 0 0 -1d0teo -.40 -,20,.0. 20 740.60 80,o COSINE OF C. M. ANGLE Fig, 63. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. T 2.9 GeV, lab) = 15 p d(

o o ~;-1.-00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60.80 et, ~I |, -,t i - I,,,,, | I CO Tp = 2.9 GeV o 9d = 20~ o 0 o 0d * This Experiment Least Squares Fitting Function o 0 M o C\J rdcr b 1.00.80 -.40 -.20 -00.20.40.60 COSINE OF C. M. RNGLE Fig. 64. C.m. differential cross section for deuteron production in p-p collisions vs. the cosine of the deuteron c.m. production angle. Tp = 2.9 GeV, ed(lab) = 200. p =

149 LIST OF REFERENCES 1. O.E. Overseth, R.M. Heinz, L.W. Jones, M.J. Longo, D.E. Pellett, M.L. Perl, and F. Martin, Phys. Rev. Letters 13, 59(1964). 2. R.M. Heinz, "A Study of the Reaction p + p — d + 7 from 1 to 2.8 BeV" (Thesis), University of Michigan Technical Report No. 18, October 1964 (unpublished). 3. A.M. Eisner, E.L. Hart, R.I. Louttit, and T.W. Morris, Phys. Rev. 138, B670(1965). 4. E. Pickup, D.K. Robinson, and E.O. Salant, Phys. Rev. 125, 2091(1962). 5. E.L. Hart, R.I. Louttit, D. Luers, T.W. Morris, W.J. Willis, and S.S. Yamamoto, Phys. Rev. 126, 747(1962). 6. B. Sechi Zorn, Phys. Rev. Letters 8, 282(1962). 7. B. Sechi Zorn, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 7, 349(1962). 8. R. Barloutaud, J. Heughebaert A. Leveque, J. Meyer, and R. Omnes, Phys. Rev. Letters 8, 32(1962). 9. A.R. Erwin, R. March, W.D. Walker, and E. West, Phys. Rev. Letters 6, 628(1961). 10. C.C. Peck, L.W. Jones, and M.L. Perl, Phys. Rev. 126, 1836(1962). 11. D.V. Bugg, A.J. Oxley, J.A. Zoll, J.G. Rushbrooke, V.E. Barnes, J.B. Kinson, W.P. Dodd, G.A. Doran, and L. Riddiford, Phys. Rev. 133, B1017(1964). 12. F. Turkot, G.B. Collins, T. Fujii, M.A.R. Kemp, J. Menes, J. Oostens, R.A. Carrigan, R.M. Edelstein, and N.C. Hien, "Deuteron Production in P-P Collisions in the Range 1.5 to 2.5 GeV," Sienna International Conference on Elementary Particles, September 1963 (unpublished). 13. F. Turkot, G.B. Collins, and T. Fujii, Phys. Rev. Letters 11, 474(1963). 14. A.N. Diddens, W. Galbraith, E. Lillethun, G. Manning, A.G. Parham, A.E. Taylor, T.G. Walker, and A.M. Wetherell, Nuovo Cimento 31, 961(1964).

150 15. R.A. Piroue and A.J.S. Smith, "Particle Production by 2.9-BeV Protons Incident on Beryllium and Platinum," Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator Report No. PPAD-589E, March 1966 (unpublished). 16. A.E Glassgold, Conference on Direct Interactions and Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms, Padua, 1962 (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1963), pp. 1114-1133. 17. R. Hagedorn, Phys. Rev. Letters 5, 276(1960). R. Hagedorn, Nuovo Cimento 15, 434(1960). 18. R.M. Sternheimer and S.J. Lindenbaum, Phys. Rev. 123, 333(1961). S.J. Lindenbaum and R.M. Sternheimer, Phys. Rev. 105, 1874(1957). 19. T. Yao, Phys. Rev. 134, B454(1964). 20. G.W. Bennett, "Cosmotron Proton Energy Measurement," Cosmotron Internal Report No. GWB-2, August 1962 (unpublished). 21. F. Eisler, "Magnet Characteristics," Cosmotron Internal Report No. FE-4, Rev. I, April 1963 (unpublished). 22. D.M. Ritson, Techniques of High Energy Physics, (Interscience Publishers, Ltd., London and New York, 1961), pp. 330, 449, 450. 23. R. Sugarman, F.C. Merritt, and W.A. Higinbotham, "Nanosecond Counter Circuit Manual, "Brookhaven National Laboratory Report BNL 711(T-248), February 1962 (unpublished). 24. W.T. Scott, Phys. Rev. 76, 212(1949). 25. A. Ashmore, "Multiple Scattering of Charged Particles" (Sec. VIII, High Energy and Nuclear Physics Data Handbook, The National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science, Rutherford High Energy Laboratory, Chilton (1963)). 26. H.A. Bethe, Phys. Rev. 89, 1256(1953). 27. G.Z. Moliere, Z. Naturforsch. 3a, 78(1948). 28. F.F. Chen, C.P. Leavitt, and A.A. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. 103, 211(1956). 29. D.V. Bugg, D.C. Salter, G.H. Stafford, R.F George, K.F. Riley, and R.J. Tapper, Phys. Rev. 146, 980(1966).

151 30. J. Orear, "Notes on Statistics for Physicists," University of California Radiation Laboratory Report UCRL-8417, August 1958 (unpublished). 31. J.R. Holt, J.C. Kluyver, and J.A. Moore, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 71, 781(1958). 32. H.A. Neal, Jr., "The Polarization Parameter in Elastic Proton-Proton Scattering from.75 to 2.84 GeV" (Thesis), University of Michigan Technical Report No. 23, April 1966 (unpublished), p. 19. 33. G. Moneti, "DALPS. A 7090 Program to Calculate the Boundary of Dalitz Plots and the Invariant Momentum Space for Three Particle Systems," Brookhaven National Laboratory Report No. F-96, August 1962 (unpublished). T.E. Kalogeropoulos, "LIMS. A 7090 IBM Program for Effective Mass Distributions, Energy Spectra, and Angular Correlations, from the Invariant Momentum Space," Brookhaven National Laboratory Report No. F-89, August 1962 (unpublished). 34. P.M. Dauber, W.E. Slater, L.T. Smith D.H. Stork, and H.K. Ticho, Phys. Rev. Letters 13, ~)49(1964). 35. W. Kienzle, B.C. Maglic, B. Levrat, F. Lefebvres, D. Freytag, and H.R. Blieden, Physics Letters 19, 438(1965). 36. L.B. Auerbach, T. Elioff, W.B. Johnson, J. Lach, C.E. Wiegand, and T. Ypsilantis, Phys. Rev. Letters 9, 173 (1962). H.R. Blieden, D. Freytag, J. Geibel, A.R.F. Hassan, W. Kienzle, F. Lefebvres, B. Levrat, B.C. Maglic, J. Seguinot, and A.J. Smith, Physics Letters 19, 444(1965). 37. A.M. Poskanzer, L.P. Remsberg, S. Katcoff, and J.B. Cumming, Phys. Rev. 133, B 1507(1964). J.B. Cumming, G. Friedlander, and C.E. Swartz, Phys. Rev. 111, 1386(1958). 38. J.B. Cumming, A.M. Poskanzer, and J. Hudis, Phys. Rev. Letters 6, 484(1961). J.B. Cumming, J. Hudis, A.M. Poskanzer, and S. Kaufman, Phys. Rev. 128, 2392(1962). 39. W.H. Moore, "Absolute Polyethylene Foil Counting," Cosmotron Internal Report No. WHM-13, December 1963 (unpublished).

Unclassified Security Classification DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D (Security classificatlon of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is cleeoified) IORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) _ a. REPORT SEClURITY CLASSIFICATION The University of Michigan Unclassified Department of Physics 2ab GROUP Ann Arbor, Michigan 3. REPORT TITLL DEUTERON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS FROM 1.5 TO 3 GeV 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTS (Type of report and Inclueive datee) Technical Report S. AUTHOR(S) (Lost name firt name, Initial) Pellett, David E. 6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PACGES 7b. NO. OF REFS August 1966 151 1 39 ea. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) Nonr-1224(23) 03106-26-T b. PROJECT NO. NR-022-274 c. 9. OTHER R PORT NO(S) (A ny other nrubere that may be aseigned thie report) d. Technical Report No. 26 10. A V A IL ABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICIS Distribution of this document is unlimited. 11. SUPPL -MENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY Department of the Navy Office of Naval Research Washington, D. C. 13. ABSTRACT The differential cross section for deuteron production in proton-proton collisions was measured for incident proton kinetic energies of 1.55, 2.5, and 2.9 GeV. Measurements were made at laboratory angles of 5.9~, 11.550, 15.720, and at the two higher energies, at 20 relative to the beam direction for deuteron laboratory momenta in the range 1.0-2.4 GeV/c. The experiment was performed in an external proton beam of ithe cosmotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A system of scintillation and Cerenkov counters was used to identify deuterons by momentum analysis and time-of-flight techniques. The differential cross sections are presented in the laboratory and center of mass (c.m) systems. Plots are given of the cross section versus the invariant mass of the system of particles formed with the deuteron in the collisions. Total cross sections were obtained by integrating a smooth function fitted to the c.m. data at each energy. The deuteron distributions in the laboratory system were peaked at small angles relative to the beam direction. All deuterons were formed with momenta > 1.0 GeV/c. The c.m. differential cross section distributions obtained at the three energie of this experiment showed a general similarity to one another. The cross section (Concluded on next page) D DJAN864 1473 Unclassified Security Classification

Unclassified Security Classification 14. KLINK A LINK B LINK C KEY WORDS ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT Deuteron production Proton-proton collisions INSTRUCTIONS 1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY: Enter the name and address imposed by security classification, using standard statements of the contractor, subcontractor, grantee, Department of De- such as: fense activity or other organization (corporate author) issuing (1) "Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this the report.;s of hi report from DDC." 2a. REPORT SECURTY CLASSIFICATION: Enter the. over- (2) "Foreign announcement and dissemination of this all security classification of the report. Indicate whether "Restricted Data" is included Marking is tort by DDC is not authorized. ance with appropriate security regulations. (3) "U. S. Government agencies may obtain copies of this report directly from DDC. Other qualified DDC 2b. GROUP: Automatic downgrading is specified in DoD Di- users shall request through rective 5200. 10 and Armed Forces Industrial Manual. Enter the group number. Also, when applicable, show that optional. markings have been used for Group 3 and Group 4 as author- (4) "U. S. military agencies may obtain copies of this ized. report directly from DDC Other qualified users 3. REPORT TITLE: Enter the complete report title in all shall request through capital letters. Titles in all cases should be unclassified.,, If a meaningful title cannot be selected without classification, show title classification in all capitals in parenthesis (5) "All distribution of this report is controlled. Qualimmediately following the title. ified DDC users shall request through 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES: If appropriate, enter the type of.i report, e.g., interim, progress, summary, annual, or final. If the report has been furnished to the Office of Technical Give the inclusive dates when a specific reporting period is Services, Department of Commerce, for sale to the public, indicovered. cate this fact and enter the price, if known. 5. AUTHOR(S): Enter the name(s) of author(s) as shown on 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: Use for additional explanaor in the report. Enter last name, first name, middle initial. tory notes. If military, show rank and branch of service. The name of the principal author is an absolute minimum requirement. 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY: Enter the name of the departmental project office or laboratory sponsoring (pay6. REPORT DATE: Enter the date of the report as day, in; for) the research and development. Include address. month, year; or month, year. If more than one date appears on the report, use date of publication. 13. ABSTRACT: Enter an abstract giving a brief and factual summary of the document indicative of the report, even though 7a. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: The total page count paginatii.. it may also appear elsewhere in the body of the technical reshould follow normal pagination procedures, i.e. enter the port. If additional space is required, a continuation sheet shall number of pages containing information. be attached. 7b. NUMBER OF REFERENCES: Enter the total number of It is highly desirable that the abstract of classified reports references cited in the report. be unclassified. Each paragraph of the abstract shall end with 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER: If appropriate, enter an indication of the military security classification of the inthe applicable number of the contract or grant under which formation in the paragraph, represented as (TS), (s). (C), or (U) the report was written. There is no limitation on the length of the abstract. How8b, 8c, & 8d. PROJECT NUMBER: Enter the appropriate ever, the suggested length is from 150 to 225 words. military department identification, such as project number, subproject number, system numbers, task number, etc. meaningful terms or short phrases that characterize a report and may be used as 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S): Enter the offi- index entries for cataloging the report. Key words must be cial report number by which the document will be identified selected so that no security classification is required. Identiand controlled by the originating activity, This number must fiers, such as equipment model designation. trade name, military be unique to this report. project code name, geographic location, may be used as key 9b. OTHER REPORT NUMBER(S): If the report has been words but will be followed by an indication of technical conassigned any other report numbers (either by the oiinaor text. The assignment of links, rules, and weights is optional. or by the sponsor), also enter this number(s). 10. AVAILABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES: Enter any limitations on further dissemination of the report, other than those Unclassified Security Classification

DD Form 1473 ABSTRACT (Concluded) was sharply peaked in the forward and backward directions for large c.m. momenta. The maximum became more broad as the momentum decreased until the cross section was almost isotropic. There was evidence of structure in the broad maximum at intermediate momenta. The total deuteron production cross section decreased monotonically with incident proton kinetic energy from 310 ~ 25 [lb at 1.5 GeV to 137 ~ 21 fib at 2.9 GeV. The interpolated value at 2.3 GeV was consistent with the statistical model prediction. The cross section for production of deuterons associated with two or more pions had a maximum near 2 GeV. A search for pion resonances of unit isotopic spin in the mass range 400-1000 MeV through reactions of the form p + p + d + x+ yielded evidence for p production. At 2.5 GeV, the p production cross section was small (ctotal < 9 [b) and did not appear to be sharply peaked in the forward and backward directions. Upper limits were set for the production of the G (560 MeV) and the X+ (960 MeV) resonances. The laboratory distributions in momentum and angle of deuterons produced in proton-proton collisions at 2.9 GeV were found to be much different from those arising from proton-beryllium and proton-platinum collisions at the same energy. The total deuteron production cross section per nucleon was approximately six times greater in collisions of protons with beryllium than in collisions with other protons, indicating that specifically nuclear processes are at work in the former case.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9011111111111111 0490 3 9015 03095 0490