SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A TECHNIQUE FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTANT FLOW NOZZLES by JACK H. RUPE Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Santa Monica Plant Prepared for the Conference on Fuel Sprays University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan March 30-31, 1949 Sponsored by The Air Materiel Command, USAF and The Engineering Research Institute of the University of Michigan

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A part of the experimental data which important than viscosity. Although the vishave been taken to date is presented here for cosity change may be fairly high on a pertwo reasons. First, to indicate the type of centage basis, the absolute change is quite data which may be obtained with the tech- small and has a comparatively small effect nique previously described, and second, to on the spray characteristics. show how this information may be correlated The surface tension of the sprayed with combustion phenomena. fluid was decreased to a minimum of 28 d/cm Drop-size distribution data were ob- by adding increasing quantities of n-Butyl tained on four different nozzles of the pres- alcohol to the standard solution - up to 5.5% sure atomizing type using 3.37% nigrocine alcohol by weight. Since this concentration in water as the sprayed fluid and covering a approaches the limit of solubility, some expressure range of 25 through 400 psi. Sev- trapolation is necessary to include values for eral different methods of analyzing the drop- gasoline, but the error incurred is probably size data were attempted but the plot of no greater than the spread of the experimental mean diameter, Do, versus pressure shown points. The small changes in kinematic visin Figure 12 was satisfactory for correlation cosity which accompany the changes in surpurposes and is a practical index to the va- face tension amount to less than 0.4 centiriation of drop-size distribution. This is stokes and are considered negligible. It true since the size distribution curves of should be noted that n-Butyl alcohol is slightthese nozzles are characteristically similar, ly soluble in the immersion fluid (kerosene) varying primarily in the size for maximum and the volume of the collected drops could number and the range of sizes produced. It decrease by as much as 5.5% but since the is further seen that these curves of Do ver- consequent change in diameter is less than sus pressure are basically similar, even 2%, no correction is made. though the nozzles differ considerably in Figure 13 shows the correlation of capacity and spray angle. The straight line the test data with changes in surface tension portion of these curves, obtained at pres- alone and includes data for three different sures above 100 psi, is significant since, as pressures (i.e., 25, 50 and 100 psi) for one will be shown later, it represents that region nozzle. Although the data are limited, the of operation wherein the effects of the physi- trend is definitely established and may be cal characteristics of the sprayed fluid are considered suitable for use with the nozzles negligible. tested in this investigation. Certain difficulties are encountered in establishing the effective surface tension of EFFECT OF SURFACE TENSION AND the fluid at the time the drops are formed. VISCOSITY If the additive used to vary the surface tension is a surface active agent, such as the In order to correlate the test data aerosals, a finite time is required to change obtained using dyed water as the sprayed the surface forces and the values of surface fluid with the spray characteristics to be ex- tension, which are obtained statically, are pected with the same nozzle spraying gaso- then meaningless. Since this same question line, it is necessary to investigate a range arises when spraying alcohol-water mixtures, of fluid physical characteristics which in- it is necessary to verify the change in effecclude these two fluids. Thus it is necessary tive surface tension. The marked difference to determine the effects of changing surface between the weight flow distribution curves tension from 67 d/cm (standard solution) to obtained on gasoline and the standard solution 22 d/cm (octane) and viscosity from 1.12 cen- from the same nozzle operating at 50 psi, led tistokes to about 0.70 centistokes. These to a convenient method of confirming the are the two most important fluid character- changes in the dynamic characteristics of the istics affecting atomization and within the various test solutions. Figure 14 shows the limits stated, surface tension is much more variation in weight flow distribution as the

2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS surface tension is decreased and includes the motion being produced by the aspirating action curve obtained with 100 octane gasoline. of the spray. Thus, it would follow that the This investigation of the effect of vis- droplets themselves are formed very close to cosity is limited to one nozzle and'to a the nozzle orifice -- or more specifically, comparatively narrow absolute range in order near the edge of the liquid sheet formed by to make the extrapolation of the data from the nozzle -- and that the secondary atomizthe standard solution to gasoline as accurate ing forces due to a velocity differential are as possible. Since the viscosity of both dissipated within a comparatively short space. liquids is low, doubling the viscosity of the The drop-size distribution data obtained test solution in order to establish any effects for distances of 2, 3, 4 and 6 inches from the within the required range, results in a com- nozzle orifice, consistently indicate that the paratively small increase of slightly more drops actually increase in size as the collecthan 1.0 centistoke. The viscosity changes tion distance increases. This increase with are obtained by adding various proportions distance is difficult to analyze, but, within of glycerine to the standard solution. This the accuracy of the technique, the data repalso produced small changes in surface ten- resent the size distribution for a given point sion and in order to obtain the effect of within the spray and therefore is satisfactory viscosity alone, a small correction based on for this work. the known effect of surface tension is made Figures 16 and 17 show data which and these data are plotted in Figure 15. The are typical of these nozzles in that the peak data are not conclusive but would indicate of the curve flattens out and moves toward that the mean diameter decreases as the the larger sizes as the distance from the viscosity decreases, even though the change nozzle increases. For otherwise constant is small in the region of interest. operating conditions, this size shift is more The physical characteristics of the pronounced as the distance from the nozzle various test fluids are given in Table II. increases and as pressure and/or flow rate decreases. The effects of evaporation and the tendency for the small drops to follow EFFECT OF DISTANCE spray induced air currents toward the edges of the spray are undoubtedly included here The theory proposed by Casteleman but on the basis of the information available (4) to explain the processes of atomization in the literature on evaporation of water dropsuggests that disintegration continues for lets, it was impossible to predict any signifsome time after injection of a liquid into an icant change in the curve and most certainly air stream, i.e., until the relative velocity not the secondary peak near 10 microns. between the two fluids has decreased to the The movement of the small drops away from point where disintegration is no longer pos- the region of maximum weight flow could not sible. For atomization processes which are be corroborated by any weighting method dependent upon this relative velocity as the designed to compensate for the varying perprimary atomizing force, the change in size centages of total weight flow represented by distribution with distance is undoubtedly quite an individual cell because the local size dispronounced. However, in the case of the tributions were essentially identical. Howpressure atomizing nozzle this condition does ever, it is assumed that drops of all sizes not necessarily exist, since the forces due to are formed at about the same point relative the relative velocity of the two fluids are to the nozzle, and further, that their initial secondary to the turbulence and directional velocities are essentially the same, then the control created by the mixing chamber, tan- large drops will overtake and combine with gential slots and orifice of the nozzle. The some of the smaller drops in their paths, drops formed are quite small, their maxi- causing the subsequent shift of the primary mum theoretical velocities are relatively low peak toward larger sizes. The fact that the and it can be shown that they reach their secondary peak occurs near 10 microns interminal velocities within a very short dis- dicates that some of the drops are small tance in still air. For normal operation of enough to follow the airstream flowing around a nozzle, this distance is effectively in- the drops overtaking them and, therefore, creased due to the movement of the air in are not "swept out." the general direction of the spray; such air If this sweeping-out action is allowed

PfYSICAL PROPPPTITS OF'SPRAYED FLUTI Comronents Surface 1 SpcefIo Kinematic Viscosity Per Cent by Weight Tension Gravity Centistokes Use of Fluid'ater Nigrocine Additive d/cm 200 C 200/200 C 20~ C 25~C 30~ C.Stdard 96.63 3.37 6700 1.003 1.1550 1.0163.9173. Efect of Viscosity 86.93 3.37 9.70 63.3 1.029 21.49 1.328 1.182 a. Glycerol Solutions 79.92 3.37 16.71 62.6 1.048 1.847 1.622 1.423 73.00 3.37 23.63 59.4 1.068 2.370 2.052 1.813 3. Effect of Surface Tension 95.33 3.37 1.50 46.0 1.008 1.273 1.126 1.022 a. -Butyl Alcohol Solutions 93.63 3.37 3.00 38.0 1.001.283 1.129 1.021 90.36 3.34 6.30 28.0.996 1.435 1.257 1.108 b. Methyl Alcohol. Solutions 75.22 3.4 21.34 44.8 0.968 1.966 1.698 1.489 Note: Drop Size Data on this Solution not 56.44 3. 3.96 35.9 0.938 2.277 1.913 1.707 Reliable. 12.45 3.97 83.58 24.7 0.821 1.360 1.231.132

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS to continue long enough, it is quite likely evident in the shape of the sheet of liquid that the variation in local size distribution, appended to the orifice and from which atomshown by S. M. Doble (1), would be attained. ization actually occurs. At low pressure, However, in combustion problems, it is im- where the centrifugal forces imparted to the portant that ignition should occur as soon fluid by the tangential slots are low comafter injection as enough fuel is atomized to pared to the surface tension, the liquid may give a combustible mixture (excluding the re- take the form of an elongated hollow bulb quirements of other factors). This require- which is closed at both ends with the drops ment greatly depreciates the value of drop- forming at or below the closure point. Under size distribution data obtained at distances this condition, the direction of movement perfrom the nozzle greater than the six (6) inch pendicular to the orifice axis when compared limit of the apparatus. to the direction of flow at exit from the orifice, is actually reversed before atomization occurs. This component of motion is CORRELATION WITH COMBUSTION retained in the spray to produce the socalled reverse-flow hollow cone spray. This Utilizing the information thus far pre- phenomena is more readily apparent in sented, it is possible to predict the mean nozzles designed to give high spray angles, drop diameter of the spray produced by these but nozzles designed for low spray angles nozzles when spraying 100 octane gasoline may produce two such bulbs, one appended to and obtain the curves shown in Figure 18. the other, if the pressure is sufficiently low. The limits shown do not necessarily include As the pressure is increased, the bulb gradthe entire series of nozzles of this type, but ually opens up until atomization is occurring in order to attempt a first correlation of approximately half way up the "bulb," but mean droplet diameter with combustion, it the tangent at that point is nearly parallel is necessary to assume that it is possible to to the axis of the nozzle orifice. Under interpolate between these limits to obtain the these conditions, the weight flow, distribution mean diameter produced by a series of noz- attains a solid cone center peak condition. zles of varying flow rates or of the same Further increases in pressure cause the flow rate and varying spray angles. "bulb" of liquid to open still further until it The combustion efficiency of a burner stabilizes itself as a hollow cone which is is not necessarily a criteria of the effect of relatively thick at top and tapers to a fine varying the drop-size distribution, so it is edge at the open end. At this point the necessary to evaluate such effects by some weight flow distribution also becomes relacriteria of the reaction rate or by compari- tively stable, showing only slight changes son with vaporized fuel. Figure 19 is such for comparatively large pressure increments. a comparison and Figure 20 shows the "ad- It is seen that this pressure represents the ditional" chamber length which would be re- point at which the physical properties of the quired to complete combustion. It is not sprayed fluid have little effect on the shape intended to present these data as the finish- of the weight flow distribution curve, due to ed product but rather as conclusive evidence the comparatively high centrifugal forces of the trend that may be expected in com- imparted to the fluid by the nozzle compobustion chambers equipped with poor atom- nents. izing systems which are required to operate Figure 21 shows the variation in at low temperatures. weight flow distribution as the pressure changes from 10 to 400 psi. These data were obtained at three (3) inches from the WEIGHT FLOW DISTRIBUTION orifice, when spraying dyed water, and are typical of these nozzles. The rapid changes The weight flow distribution curves in distribution, which are invariably obtained obtained on the pressure atomizing nozzles through the low pressure region, are clearly are related to the physical properties of the shown. It is noted that a minimum pressure sprayed fluid, nozzle operating pressure, and of approximately 100 psi is required in order to the physical dimensions and configuration to obtain a stable spray. This can be imof the internal components of the nozzle. portant if changes in local fuel/air ratios The combined effects of these factors become nozzle supply pressure changes are detrimental.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 5 EFFECT OF DISTANCE EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY Changes in weight flow distribution The investigation of the effect of air with increasing distance from the nozzle, velocity on weight flow distribution has just which are shown in Figure 22, are relatively been initiated and only the results of the small within the region of interest. The first configuration tested are shown in Figure comparatively gentle curve obtained at six 25. In this set-up, a single nozzle was (6) inches is the result of droplet dispersion mounted in the center of the tube spraying and a change in the percentage of the total downstream. It is seen that air velocities spray represented by each tube -- particu- up to 87 ft/sec have a negligible effect on larly those near the outer edge of the cone. the fuel distribution, except at very low This eliminates the possibility of using a nozzle pressures. small and simple mixing chamber in order to obtain a uniform distribution of the liquid in the air and tends to complicate the design of the mixing section. COMBUSTION EFFECTS It is doubtful that the weight flow disEFFECT OF FLUID CHARACTERISTICS tribution of a nozzle has any appreciable effect on the local combustion reaction; howSince the weight distribution histo- ever, several secondary factors, resulting grams may be obtained for most liquids, it from the initial fuel distribution pattern, must was possible to obtain a direct comparison be considered in the design of a combustion between gasoline and the standard fluid. chamber. Once again, the distribution curves change In any flow system the first of these very rapidly in the low pressure region but is the relative constancy of the fuel distribecome quite similar at higher pressures. bution curve supplied to the combustion zone. This is shown in Figure 23. Comparing the Even though this may not be a uniform disgasoline curves to those obtained with dyes tribution, it is still possible to control local water, it is' seen that the only basic differ- fuel/air ratios in the reaction zone and supence between the two sets of data is the ply near optimum mixtures to the ignition nozzle supply pressure, and further, that the under all operating conditions. The actual spray angle at which stability is attained is distribution curve is also important, since essentially the same, even though the physical in combination with the velocity distribution properties of the two liquids are different. it determines the variation of local air fuel Although the actual histogram is the ratios and what might be called combustion only true representation of the weight flow chamber "space efficiency." distribution, it is possible to approximate this It is suggested here that the optimum curve for a symmetrical spray by means of condition may be obtained when the local two basic criteria, i.e., spray angle and the fuel/air ratios across the combustion cham"peak to center ratio."* When plotted as a ber inlet are constant and that the velocity function of pressure, these two variables limit may be increased when the fuel disproduce curves such as are shown in Figure tribution and air velocity profiles are uni24, which compares gasoline with the stand- form. Several configurations which incorard fluid and includes three dotted curves porate these conditions are being built and which were approximated from test data ob- will be tested. tained with liquids having different values of surface tension. * Peak to center ratio is tentatively defined as the ratio of the maximum unit flow rate to the unit flow rate at the center of the spray.

6 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS APPENDIX INDEX A. Definition of Spray Characterics B. Cell Coatings and Immersion Fluids (Depth of Imm. Fluid) C. Group Size Limits REFERENCES (1) Design of Spray Nozzles S. M. Doble Engineering, Jan. 12, 1945 (2) Report on Fuel-Atomizer Nozzles Microfilm Reel 2132, Frame 694 Feb. 40. Germ. Secret (3) Fuel Oil Atomization Longwell, J. P. Thesis, M.I.T. 1940 (4) Mechanism of Atomization of Liquids Castleman Jour. of Res. of Bureau of Standards, 6, 369, 1931

PHOTOGRAPHS, CURVES, AND CHARTS Fig. No. Title 1 Droplet Collection Apparatus 2 Microphotographic Set-up 3 Spray Sample Negative 4 Differentiating Drop Counter - General View 5 Drop Counter Indexing, Heads - Closeup 6 Block Diagram - Drop Counter Electronic Circuit 7 Drop Size Distribution vs Nozzle Pressure (25 through 100 psi) 8 Drop Size Distribution vs Nozzle Pressure (150 through 400 psi) 9 Weight Flow Distribution Apparatus 10 Weight Flow Distribution - Nozzle No. 3-A 3 Inch Collector; Axis A-E 11 Weight Flow Distribution - Nozzle No. 3-A 3 Inch Collector; Axis C-G 12 Mean Drop Diameter vs Nozzle Pressure (Standard Solution) 13 Effect of Surface Tension on Mean Drop Diameter 14 Effect of Surface Tension on Weight Flow Distribution 15 Effect of Viscosity on Mean Drop Diameter 16 Drop Size Distribution - Effect of Distance from Nozzle - 50 psi 17 Drop Size Distribution - Effect of Distance from Nozzle - 150 psi 18 Mean Diameter vs Nozzle Pressure for Gasoline Sprays 19 Effect of Mean Drop Diameter on Burner Performance 20 Effect of Mean Drop Diameter on Burner Performance (continued) 21 Weight Flow Distribution - Effect of Pressure 22 Weight Flow Distribution - Effect of Distance 23 Weight Flow Distribution - Gasoline vs Standard Solution 24 Effect of Fluid Physical Characteristics on Weight Flow Distribution 25 Weight Flow Distribution - Effect of Air Velocity B-l Vertical Profiles of Water Drops 7

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