An Experiment in the COMPUTER GENERALIZATION OF MAPS Technical Report No. 1 ONR Task No. 389-137 Contract Nonr 1224 (48) Office of Naval Research Geography Branch W. R. Tobler Department of Geography University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan December, 1964 This report has been made possible through support and sponsorship by the United States Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research, under ONR Task Number 389-137, Contract Nonr 1224 (48). Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose by the United States Government.

REPORT AVAILABILITY NOTICE The following report has been issued by the University of Michigan under Contract Nonr-1224(48), ONR Task No. 389-137, sponsored by the Geography Branch of the Office of Naval Research. Copies are available from the Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information. AN EXPERIMENT IN THE COMPUTER GENERALIZATION OF MAPS By W. R. Tobler Technical Report Number 1 December, 1964 ABSTRACT A number of maps drawn by a computer - plotter combination from digitalized coastal outline information are employed to test various rules of map generalization. Tests include redrawing of information compiled from WAC charts and from 1/50000 Topographic map sheets at several reduced scales.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this report has been facilitated by the assistance of several individuals. Mr. A. V. Hershey, of the Naval Weapons Laboratory, and Mr. C. Bristor, of the Meteorological Satellite Laboratory, both made available world outlines stored on magnetic tape. Professor J. C. Sherman of the University of Washington provided digitalized information for the coast of Alaska. Mr. D. Kolberg prepared some of the detailed information for Kodiak Island. Mr. E. Franckowiak assisted on various aspects of the project. Mr. F. Rens, graduate student in the Department of Geography, did virtually all of the computer programming so vital to the project and carried the bulk of the attendant frustrations. Mr. F. Brock of the Meteorology Computation Laboratory graciously permitted the experiments to be performed on the laboratory's graphic plotter and provided the necessary assistance to make this instrument perform. The University of Michigan Computation Center contributed materially in the numerical processing of the data. The University's Office of Research Administration, and the Office of Naval Research, especially Mr. Robert Alexander of the Geography Branch, provided valuable administrative advice and support. Equipment manufactures, from several companies, supplied details of instruments and their operation. The project has also benefited greatly from conversations with Drs. J. D. Nystuen and J. C. Sherman.

INTRODUCTION The current revolution in data processing procedures is beginning to have an impact in the field of cartography. This is inevitable since map making characteristically requires manipulation of large volumes of information, numerous computations of a fairly complicated nature, and often (particularly in military situations) a sense of urgency. Digital computers initially are applied to the mechanization of operations already being performed but of a routine nature. These include algebraic manipulations in situations for which the mathematical steps are well known (e.g., triangulation adjustment, map projections) and accounting or administrative functions (preparation of alphabetical lists of place names, and so on). The advent of graphic plotters (instruments which will draw lines) extends this'process to operations which traditionally are considered non-mathematical. Map generalization is one such operation. It appears difficult to determine the exact nature of map generalization, in spite of a growing literature on the subject. The entire problem seems to relate to the question of map scale. It is difficult for laymen to appreciate the enormous reduction involved in the preparation of a map. Consider, for example, a toy automobile (a scale model). A typical reduction here is 1/24 (one inch represents two feet). Map scales range from roughly 1/24,000 to 1/40,000,000. The difference here is several orders of magnitude. As the scale decreases it becomes increasingly difficult to represent any features on the map, particularly as the minimum practical size for a mark on a map is on the order of 0.02 inches. This implies that a feature would need to be more than twelve miles across to be shown at all on a map at a scale of 1/40,000,000. This approach to cartography is rather mechanical, somewhat like the lines per inch resolution of imagery received from Tiros weather satellites. The cartographic tradition is more artistic and imaginative; strict adherence to positional accuracy is abandoned in favor of an approach which judiciously over-enlarges certain features. Consider the artisan producing smaller and smaller scale models of an automobile. If he attempts to adhere to a strict scale relation, but must eliminate features of less than a certain size, his model may eventually no longer look like an automobile. His objective is, however, that the model continues to be recognizable as, and to have the attributes of, an automobile. Somehow he must capture the essential characteristics of automobiles, as a class of objects, and preserve these characteristics during the reduction of scale. The objective of cartographic generalization appears to be similar. A few specific examples provide elaboration of the intricacies of the process. In the preparation of a small scale map of populated places it is necessary to eliminate some places or the map, with the over-enlarged symbols, would not be legible. It is relatively easy to eliminate all towns of less than a certain size. For most of the map this may work well, but a small isolated town may, because it is the only settlement in the area, be more important than its size would indicate. Often it would be represented on the map, in spite of its small size. To program this step for a computer one could specify a set of rules which eliminate all

2 settlements of less than a certain size, except (for example) if there is no settlement of comparable size within a certain radius. Another solution might be to employ a classification of settlements based on importance, rather than size.. Importance requires specification of "importance for what purpose", and so on. The entire logic (and this is what the computer programmer requires) utilized by the cartographer is complicated. As a further example, consider a once glaciated area containing many lakes. Typically these lakes are small but extremely numerous. Strict size criteria would require deletion of the majority of the lakes. To retain the character of the area, and to distinguish it from areas containing no lakes, a sprinkling of miniscule (but still larger than the scale would indicate) lakes seems appropriate. Perhaps programming a computer to recognize that the density of small lakes in this region is greater than average, with a feedback mechanism to locally modify the initial deletion criteria, can be achieved. Observe how this situation is almost the opposite of the previous example. Finally, it occurs frequently that a railroad runs along a narrow river bank, with a road adjacent to the railroad, both of these being at the foot of a steep hill. Strict positional accuracy (to scale) hardly leaves room for the contours and the river's edge, to say nothing of the transportation facilities. Typically everything is displaced slightly to provide the plotting space. This causes no serious problem to the map user, and, in fact is more likely to assist in identification (the metrical information is subordinate to the topological). This appears to represent a different class of problems than those previously cited. To require a computer to recognize when two symbols are about to be placed in the same position is not particularly difficult logically, but it does require a fairly large computer memory, especially if simultaneous juggling of several elements is required. Even as simple an operation as not printing two place names on top of each other becomes complicated. The foregoing situations are only a few selections from the available literature and are not intended as a comprehensive review of the subject. Generalization is a part of the "art" of cartography, and the majority opinion appears to be that this can never be performed by a computer. Such an opinion obscures the fact that the term generalization, as employed in cartography, appears to cover several classes of situations. It is quite probable that many of these are beyond the economic capabilities of current computers. It is possible, however, that some of them are not. Clarification of the several situations covered by the term generalization may assist in this determination. Two situations already discussed here are of the types "include - do not include" and "move - do not move". The cartographer of the future may sit at a desk all day doing no drawing at all but only making such decisions. A second consideration is that an increase in the number of computer produced maps is almost inevitable. The question really is not whether a computer can generalize maps, but rather how to instruct a computer to generalize maps, or perhaps, what is the current economic level of computer generalization? The existing computers are sterile in the sense that they

3 are unable to make judgments except when instructed in detail. The instructions presented to the computers, however, are prepared by clever programmers, and there are many advanced programming techniques (decision theory, learning theory, etc.) now being developed. The optimistic point of view is that these programmers will be able to prepare sets of instructions which cover many of the situations encountered in cartographic generalization. In order to evaluate the effectiveness with which this is done there should be some standards of comparison. At present these are only very loosely formulated. One can classify published maps as being either "poorly" generalized or as "effectively' generalized. Such classifications have been published and suggest that some criteria exist, though they may not be sufficiently explicit to produce instructions for a computer. The current existence of "poorly" generalized maps suggests four possibilities: (1) Computer generalized maps, being based on explicit instructions, may provide more consistent maps and may be an improvement (in several interpretations) over current maps; (2) They may, on the average only, be an improvement; (3) They may be only as good as some of the current poorly generalized maps; or (4) They may be even worse than those produced by the novice cartographer. Situations (1) and (2), and marginally (3), could be considered a net benefit given the current demand for maps. The experiment to be described is an attempt to provide answers to some of these questions. GENERALIZATION OF COASTLINES A simple example of map generalization occurs in the drawing of coastlines. As the map scale becomes smaller and smaller, less and less detail of the coast can be shown. This situation is discussed in some detail in the available literature. The generalization of coastlines is only a special case of the more general problem, and a simple case at that. It is anticipated that an analysis of this situation will lead to suggestions for the more general case. The assembled information relevent to the generalization of coastlines consists of sequential lists of latitude and longitude points stored in a form which can be accepted by data processirg equipment. In effect such information constitutes a digitalized outline map from which conventional maps can rapidly be prepared. Data of this type have been available for this experiment for the following areas: (1) World; entire world on one reel of magnetic tape. Approximately 8,200 points along the coastlines of the world at a spacing of circa thirty miles between points. The same tape contains another 10,000 points covering the United States in more detail. The information was collected from various map sources under the direction of A. V. Hershey. The details of this tape and its utilization are given in a published report by Hershey. (2) World; entire world on one reel of magnetic tape. Approximately 14,000 points along the coastlines. The information was collected under the direction of C. Bristor from 1:5,000,000 Global Navigation Charts and is intended for automatic super

4 imposition of coastal outlines on Tiros photographs. The tape was prepared by the Meteorological Satellite Laboratory of the U. S. Weather Bureau and differs from the Naval Weapons Laboratory tape in the density of detail and in the organization of the information on the tape. (3) United States; 678 sequential latitude and longitude points recorded on punched cards. Information taken from 1:2,500,000 USGS map of the United States. (4) Seward Peninsula; complete coastal outline appearing on World Aeronautical Chart #76, information collected to the nearest five minutes under the direction of J. C. Sherman and recorded on punched cards. (5) Kodiak Island; 480 points recorded on punched cards. Information taken from 1:1,000,000 World Aeronautical Chart #136. (6) Kodiak Island; Northeastern portion of island punched on cards. Information taken from Army Map Service 1:50,000 topographic map sheets. (series Q701, sheets 63361, 6336111, 6336IV). The method of recording differs slightly for each of these sets of data. A general classification might be along the following lines. 5sace sampling: A pair of coordinates is recorded every time the curve in question crosses an arbitrary coordinate line. This appears practical for large operations since coordinate recording machines are now available which will automatically digitalize a line being followed with a stylus. The interval between points can be very small (0.005 inch for example). The data covering Seward Peninsula (4) and Kodiak island (5) were recorded in a somewhat similar manner. A pair of coordinates was obtained for every intersection of the coastline with a five minute line of latitude or longitude. Time sampling: A pair of coordinates is recorded at a fixed time interval (e.g. 0.1 second) as a stylus is made to follow the curve. This has the advantage that easily followed (and presumably less intricate) lines result in fewer coordinates. Data recorded in this manner have not been available for the experiment. Amplitude sampling: A pair of coordinates is recorded whenever the curve departs from a straight line by more than some predetermined amount. The distance between points is then a function of the curvature of the curve. The Kodiak Island information obtained from 1/50,000 topographic maps was collected in this manner. In practice this required a straight line of a specified width drawn on a sheet of transparent plastic. This is superimposed on the coastline with one end on the previous coordinate point, and is then rotated until the first emergence of the coastline from under the inked straight line is as far as possible from the initial data point. This point of first emergence becomes the next data point. The process is then repeated with this new initial data point. In this instance the line width was approximately 0.026 inches (a No. 2 leroy pen).

5 visual sampling: A coordinate point is recorded at intervals which seem appropriate to the individual performing the recording. Data sets 1, 2, and 3 were obtained in this manner. The net effect appears to be a form of amplitude sampling, perhaps with a conscious or unconscious bias toward inclusion of geographically important features. A detailed comparison of a portion of the data for Seward Peninsula from data sets 1 and 2 indicates general agreement but individual differences. The source maps for these data were not identical which may explain some of the differences. A general difficulty throughout is the definition of "Coastline", particularly in areas of marsh or offshore sand bars, spits, and so on. Equidistant spacing: A coordinate point is recorded at approximately equidistant spacings, as determined on a map with the aid of a compass or a circle of predetermined radius drawn on transparent plastic. Priority assignment: Any of the above methods of data recording might be employed but with different points assigned a rating as to importance. Generalization might then be by classes of like (or greater) rating. This has the advantage of allowing insertion of a subjective element into the data recording process. Recording of priorities, however, obviously complicates and retards the data collection procedure. Priority assignment might be especially necessary for the relational aspects of coastal information with other types of information, for example, a point where a river intersects a coast, if both categories are to be generalized together. A detailed examination of the information contained on the two magnetic tapes (supra) has indicated that, while undoubtedly satisfactory for the purposes intended, this information is not well suited to the research objectives of the current contract. The complexity of the outline of Kodiak Island, for example, makes it an excellent choice for the study of problems of coastline generalization. On the Naval Weapons Laboratory tape, however, Kodiak Island is represented by only twelve points. The entire island is omitted by the Meteorologiaal Satellite Laboratory tape. Given a set of coastline information as sequential list of coordinate points, it is possible to begin to formulate rules for generalization. One wonders immediately to what extent the success of generalization depends on the method employed to record the coastline information. Three distinct methods of recording coastal information have been employed in this experiment. On a priori grounds it also appears that it is possible to distinguish between a cognitive generalization and a statistical generalization. In terms of coastlines, a cognitive generalization would, on the basis of topical information, designate certain categories of points as being essential - not to be eliminated - with deletion of other points being optional, whereas, the simplest statistical generalization might randomly eliminate points while maintaining certain statistical properties of the parent population. In terms of specific computer rules for coastline generalization one might: (1) Plot all points, which amounts to no generalization. (2) Eliminate every, nth point where n is a function of the reduction in scate from the original compilation scale.

6 (3) Randomly eliminate l/nth of the points, where n is again a function of the reduction in scale from the original compilation scale. (4) As above except that points of priority n (or greater) are retained. (5) Eliminate points if the absolute value of the angle between the legs meeting at the point in question lies within some predetermined interval. (6) Eliminate points if, after conversion to scaled map projection coordinates, their distance apart is less than some function of the line width produced by the drawing instrument. This is the approach employed with considerable success by Hershey. It takes advantage of rapid computational facilities and requires that the sometimes complicated projection transformations be applied to each point before it is decided whether or not to include the point. Hershey's maps also raise the question of whether an extrapolation procedure might not be desirable if the points are too far apart. Each of these rules is relatively easy to program for a computer and only procedure (4) requires more than coordinates of the coastal points. An additional method of generalization, based on the work of Polish mathematicians, has recently been discussed by Maling. Here the curve in question is replaced by the envelope of circles of a predetermined radius centered on the curve. The net effect is replacement of the curve by a somewhat smoother curve. The amount of generalization depends on the radius of the system of circles, which of course can be quite small (on the order of the line drawn by the plotting instrument). Programming of this procedure is somewhat more intricate but could be effected, one disadvantage being that two different generalizations are possible, since there is an interior and an exterior envelope. No matter which generalization procedure is employed some type of evaluation must be applied. It is not at all clear how this can be done. If the problem were the generalization of contours, one might randomly sample a large number of points and compare the average elevation and its variance before and after generalization. The approach adopted here is to visually compare the computer - plotter produced maps with reference tracings taken from published maps. Equipment and Programming Considerations A computer program was employed to convert the latitude and longitude values into map projection coordinates (Lambert Conformal Conic) at the requisite scale and, more critically, incorporated a set of rules which performed the actual generalization of the information to be mapped. Generalization rules (1), (2), and (3) from the above list were employed. This procedure required approximately one second per thirty points (IBM 7090), including storing of the results on magnetic tape. Data from this tape were then plotted by a Calcomp digital incremental plotter under the

7 control of a CDC-160A computer. Drawing of the individual maps took be. tween five and fifteen minutes. Details of the programs and computers are relatively unimportant, but characteristics of the specific plotter are of considerable relevance. The instrument draws straight lines between coordinate points in eight cardinal directions. In any other direction a straight line is approximated by steps, 0.01 inch in length, in one of the eight cardinal directions. The result is that some lines appear slightly jagged. This is not of serious consequence for the experiment. Plotters drawing smoother lines are commercially available and can be employed for final map drawing. The Calcomp plotter, however, automatically rejects all points which are less than 0.01 inch from the previous points. In effect, then, the plotter automatically adds generalization rule (6). The consequences of this equipment characteristic are difficult to evaluate. The drawing pens used in the experiment consisted of an ink pen (circa 0.45 mm line width) and a ball point pen (circa 0.2 ma). Disscussion of Results Examination of the machine maps is revealing. Data recording errors are blatently obvious. These are of no consequence for this experiment, and have been ignored, but would cause difficulty in actual practice. The data in this case were recorded by hand and the errors constitute only a small, but readily noticed, percentage of all the data points. Comparison of the Maps of Seward Peninsula and of the Great Lakes region, compiled by somewhat different methods, do not display any detectable differences which could be attributed to differences in compilation. These maps also illustrate the large reductions from compilation scale which appear feasible without any generalization beyond that introduced by the Calcomp plotter. These maps appear somewhat better than comparable photoreductions, though the comparison is not quite appropriate. A machine drawn map of Kodiak Island at the original compilation scale indicates the crudity of the map at this size. The map does not begin to appear comparable to hand drawn maps until the data points are less than 0.1 inch apart. Further reduction, with no generalization other than that introduced by the plotter, leads to illegible maps with no reduction in pen size. For Kodiak Island, a relatively complex shape and therefore well suited to the study, this occurs at a tenfold reduction over the compilation scale. Changing to a smaller pen size naturally permits further reduction. Comparison of the maps, at all scales, with deletion of every other point, every fifth point, a random half of the points, and a random fifth of the points, suggest that these methods of generalization are not appreciably better than drawings including all points except those deleted by the plotting instrument. This argues for the

8 effectiveness of this relatively simple method of generalization (rule #6). Random deletion of coastal points yields the least appealing map generalization of all the methods attempted. The generalization illustrated for the detail from the northwestern portion of Kodiak Island includes a reasonable approximation at a reduction factor of 100. This suggests that it is entirely feasible to compile coastal data from topographic sheets onto magnetic tape and then produce drawings for maps at scales as small as 1/5,000,000. Any such effort, however, would need to consider the use of data reduction equipment (coordinate recorders). In this event it is likely that the coordinate points would be much closer together than is the case with manual recording and the data would be obtained in map projection coordinates rather than latitude and longitude. The method of generalization given by rule (6) is such that adjacent, or at least sequential, points are compared. This is a local rule for generalization and does not consider the consequences of points which are spatially close but widely separated in terms of position in a sequential list. Such points will occur at U-shaped inlets or when islands are close to the mainland. The difficulties of generalization occur at these places. It is not known to what extent these situations can be anticipated during the data collection phases of computerized cartography or by more complicated rules of computer generalization. One of the advantages of storing map information on computer tapes is that the map projection can be changed. For certain situation the speed of scale change may be important, but in every day operations reasonable solutions to this problem can be obtained by conventional procedures. Map projection transformations are more time consuming and costly. In changing from one projection to another it can occur (because of the local projection distortion) that points which initially appeared close together will appear too far apart on the new projection. In an attempt to remedy this situation a computer interpolation of latitude and longitude points between the initially recorded coastal points was attempted. This consisted of converting all of the given points for Kodiak Island into coordinates on a local gnomonic map projection, followed by linear interpolation in the gnomonic plane, with subsequent reconversion of the interpolated (and given) points into latitude and longitude. This yields interpolated points which lie on the great circle connecting the two given points. Two maps were then plotted on a Mercator projection with an equatorial scale of 1/2,000,000. The local scale in the vicinity of Kodiak Island is therfore approximately 1/1,000,000. One map consisted of the original data and the other of the original data plus the interpolated points. This appears to have been an insufficiently drastic example since the two maps are almost indistinguishable. The length of the lines (five minutes) connecting the data points was sufficiently small so that the great circles are

9 are virtually straight lines on both the Lambert Conformal Conic projection (from which the data were compiled) and the Mercator projection. A more severe test of the interpolation procedure might have been the plotting of Kodiak Island on an oblique azimuthal equidistant projection centered near South Africa. Examination of the tabulated interpolated points, however, did indicate a satisfactory insertion of supplementary data points approximately halfway between the given points. This procedure therefore can be employed for interpolation when required. As a final conclusion, it is clear from the examples presented that a great deal of map generalization is feasible using computer techniques. It is also clear that a great deal of additional work needs to be performed. It is hoped that the short comings of the materials presented here will stimulate others to improve upon these experiments.

Seward Peninsula as shown on WAC 76 compared with the digital record as produced by Naval Weapons Laboratory. Y\ --------— ^ ^ ^ Scale of this drawing is approximately 1:1,700,000

Seward Peninsula as shown on WAC 76 compared with the digital record as produced by Meteorological Satellite Laboratory. Scale of this drawing is approximately 1:1,700,000

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h~~~~~~l~~ ~~~~~~~~~~t~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ YI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~X ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q) ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~,~~~~~L ~~~~~~~~~~~.~~)~~.~~~.~~~~..~~\~.~~.~~~ ~~~~~ ~ cr ~ ~ ~.~' ~ ~ rrr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ tr Q, ~ ~rr, ~ r ~ ~ r ~ ~ I ~ r I ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L. ~ ~ ~,~~/~~~~(~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~.~.~.~~.~~~;;~;;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........,,..i.......................i........................................p, ~ r A~ ~ ~ ~ i c ~ I \ r I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ ~CC ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ L CC-\ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ I~ ~ a O ~ ~~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~ ~~LI~~~U~~.~~~ICCI~~CI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~i~~.~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~.~~~! ~, I ~ ~ ~I r ~ ~ II I ~ ~ II II ~ ~ ~ ~ VI ~ Lc\ ~ 1Cr I~~Y ~ ~ ~ L- --- m — \~ i ~ r ~ ~ ~I ) ~~ r ~ ~ ~ ~~ _I U i - ~ h ~ ~ ~ IIY. ~ I I1 r ~ ~ ~ LI r'Y ~ ~ ~ ~ i 1 a, ~ i.. CY I, ~ ~ _c ~,, ~ ~~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~I~ I ~ 1~~~~~~~~H~~~~Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rr~r,~~~ ~~r ~~rr~~~~~~r ~~~~~~r~~~~~ur~ ~~~r~~~r~~ ~~~H ~ ~ C ~I I ~ I r ~ ~ ~ gr ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.II ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:. r ~1 ~ CI ~ i L, c5 ~\ ~ ~ r r ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~,~~ ~~U~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ -o ~.. ~ ~ o ~ II r r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ II ~ ~ ~ ~ r I..,,. I: ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~\~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~~ ~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ i~ U ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1CI II ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X ~ 1 Q ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ C ~~~~ ~r~r~~~~~~~~~r~~~~~rr~u~~~r~~~r~~,~rrr~ rr~~r,~~~~rrrw~rr~~~~,~,~rrrr~~~~~rr~~ ~r~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cr ~ ~,, ~ e ~ II I ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ r ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~~~~~~~F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~~~~C~~r~~~~r~rr~~~~r~~~~~~~~u~~~~~r~~ ~~~~~Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~,~)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CI~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ LIL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ wt ~ ~ i r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~lr~~r~~~~~~~~~r~~~i~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~r~~~~r~~~~~r~~~~~~~r~r~~r~~~~ ~~r~,~r~r~~c~rr~~~~r~r~~~r~~~r~~~~~~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~ r ~ I ~ ~: ct i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~~~~.~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~..~~~~~.~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HI~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~.~ ~~..~...~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ Z.I I\.,.. i a % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~~,r~~~~~~Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~.,A.~~~~~~~~~~~h~~~~~~~,~~~~rr~r~~~~~~rr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r~r~~r~r~r~~~~rr~~r~r~,~

SEWARD PENINSULA Machine drawn, all points included 1/2,000,000 Q'tm-.Em

SEWARD PENINSULA Machine drawn, all points included ~> "/0 1/10,000,000 1/25,000,000 1/50,000,000

GREAT LAKES Machine drawn, all points included 1/10,000,000 1/50,000,000 1/100,000,000

KODIAK ISLAND 1/1,000,000 \ L4~J Q3-) Tracing from World Aeronautical Chart number 76 i'CA

KODIAK ISLAND 1/1,000,000 l ~ ~ ~~~~I~~al ponsicue Machine drawn, all points included

1/20,000,000 1/10,000,000 1/10,000,00 KODIAK ISLAND,0 ~ Machine drawn with 1/5,000,000 ink pen, all points -included 1/4,000,000 1/3,000,000 1/2,000,000 1/1,500,000 O f~~~~~~~~~ 7l

KODIAK ISLAND 1/2,000,000 0 Machine drawn, Tracing from af If points Jet Navigation Chart all Points C3 / ^/' /r wn/ Machine drawn, every other point ( random half of points ^ ^P<a~~JK7

KODIAK ISLAND Machine drawn in ink and ball point pen 1/10,000,000 all points 44 _",7,~~' ~" #" random fifth of points every fifth point 1/20,000,000 4and omfi~h randomhalf everyother all points random fifth random half every other all points

KODIAK ISLAND 1/5,000,000 Machine drawn in ink and ball point pen all points Tracing a" P0-' Tracing 4er7 <y random half of points -every other point random fifth of points every fifth point

DETAIL OF KODIAK ISLAND Machine drawn from data compiled at 1/50,000 all points 1/5,000,000 1/1,000,000 1/500,000 i~~ 1/250,000 J Tracing from 1/5,000,000 Jet Navigation Chart showing area involved

SELECT REFERENCES A. S. Basile, "The Key to Automated Cartography - A Precision Digital Plotter System', paper presented at the Regional Convention, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Kansas City, 1964. D. Bickmore, "The Oxford System of Automated Cartography", paper presented at the International Cartographic Association, Ed inburgh, 1964. F. H. Collins, "Coordinate Transformation", Technical Report NAVTRADEVCEN 1907-7315, 1963. A. V. Hershey, The Plotting of Maps on CRT Printer, NWL Report #1844, June 1963. G. Lundqvist, "Generalization -- A Preliminary Survey of an Important Subject". Chicago, 2nd International Cartographic Conference, 1958. D. H. Maling, "Some Quantitative Ideas about Cartographic Generalization", Unpublished manuscript, 1962. A. J. Pannekoek, "Generalization of Coastlines and Contours". International Yearbook of Cartography, Vol. II, 1962, pp. 55-74. Pennsylvania Research Associates, Investigation of the Compilation of Digital Maps, manuscript, 1963.. "Statistics on Approximatin Contours by Linear Segments". manuscript, 1963. J. Perkal, "Proba Obiektywnej Generalizacji", Geodezja i Kartografia, VII, 2(1958), pp. 131-142. W. Pillewizer and F. Topfer, "Das Auswahlgesetz; ein Mittel zur kartographischen Generalisierung, Kartographische Nachrichten, 14, 4(Aug. 1964), pp. 117-121. W. R. Tobler, "Automation and Cartography", The Geographical Review, XLIX (1959), pp. 526-534. J. K. Wright, "Map Makers are Human: Comments on the Subjective in Maps", The Geographical Review, 32 (1942).

APPENDIX I COORDI NATE OF KODIAK ISLAND GROUP COMPILED FROM WAC CHART LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IN DECIMAL DEGREES (14X98F7.3) DECK NO9.ISLANDSEQUENCE NO., 4*(LATLON) REMARKS 2 1 1 + 58000-1-53267+ 57950-153250+ 57917-153183+ 57900-153167KODIAK IS 2 1 2 + 57850-153083+ 57833-153067+ 57817-153083+ 57833-153100WAC 2 1 3 + 57867-153167+ 57833-153200+ 57750-153200+ 57750-153217 2 1 4 + 57783-153250+ 57800-153333+ 57833-153433+ 57783-153417 2 1 5 + 57750-153333+ 57700-153333+ 57750-153400+ 57767-153417 2 1 6 + 57750-153500+ 57733-153500+ 57700-153500+ 57683-153500 2 1 7 + 57633;-153500+ 57667-153517+ 57750-153567+ 57833-153583 2 1 8 + 57883-153667+ 57883-153750+ 57867-i53833+ 57833-153900 2 1 9 + 57800-153917+ 57750-153933+ 57717-153917+ 57700-153833 2 1 10 + 57683-153750+ 57667-153667+ 57600-153583+ 57583-153583 2 1 1 + 57633-153667+ 57650-153750+ 57650-153833+ 57600-153833 2 1 12 + 57550-153750+ 57533-153667+ 57533-153750+ 57583-153833 2 1 13 + 57583-153850+ 57550-153833+ 57500-153817+ 57417-153817 2 1 14 + 57333-153750+ 57300-153667+ 57283-153667+ 57'300-153750 2 1 15 + 57333-153800+ 57383-153833+ 57417-153867+ 57500-153917 2 1 16 + 57533-154000+ 57533-154083+ 57550-154000+ 57583-153967 2 1 17 + 57633-154000+ 57650-154083+ 57667-154200+ 57650-154250 2 1 18 + 57633-154333+ 57583-154417+ 57567-154500+ 57533-154500 2 1 19 + 57533-154500+ 57500-154633+ 57467-154667+ 57417-154717 2 1 20 + 57350-154750+ 57333-154767+ 57283 —154750+ 57267-154750 2 1 21 + 57267-154667+_57250-154583+ 57167-154533+ 57083-154517 2 1 22 + 57000-154517+ 56983-154500+ 56967-154417+ 56917-154300 2 1 23 + 56833-154300+ 56867-154250+ 56917-154200+ 56933-154250 2 1 24 + 56950-154167+ 57000-154150+ 57083-154100+ 57100-154083 2 1 2... 5 + 57117-154167+.57117-154250+ 57083-154333+ 57050-154417 2 1 26 + 57083-154450+' 57117-154417+ 57150-154333+ 57133-154250 2 1 27 + 57133-154167+ 57117-154083+ 57117-154000+ 57083-154067 2 1 28 + 57000-154133+ 56967-154083+ 57000-154050+ 57033-154000 2 1. 29 + 57083-152933+ 57133-153833+ 57167-153800+ 57133-153750 2 1 30 + 57100-153833+ 57083-153883+ 57050-153167+ 57000-153967 2 1 31 + 56950-153917+ 57000-153520+ 57016-153833+ 57000-153833 2 1 32 + 56983-153833+ 57000-153767+ 56967-153833+ 56917-153917 2 1 33 + 56867-154000+ 56833-154083+ 56750-154133+ 56750-154083 2 1 34 + 56750-15400'0+ 56767-153917+ 56833-153850+ 56850-153750 2 1 35 + 56867-153750+ 56883-153750+ 56917-153700+ 56933-153667 2 1 36 + 56950-153583t 57000-153550+ 57017-153583+ 57017-153667 2 1 37 + 57033-153583+\57050-153667+ 57050-153750+ 57083-153667 2 1 38 + 57083-153583+ 57067-153500+ 57083-153483+ 57117-153500 2 1 39 + 57150-153500+ 57167-153483+ 57167-153550+ 57183-153500 2 1 40 + 57167-153467+ 57117-153417+ 57167-153367+ 57183-15333 2 1 41 + 57217-153417+ 57217-153167+ 57217-153083+ 57233-153000 2 1 42 + 57250-152950+ 57283-153000+ 57283-153083+ 57300-153167 2 1 43 + 57333-153100+ 57333-153150+ 57317-153083+ 57333-153000 2 1 44 + 57333-152917+ 57333-152883+ 57317-152917+ 57267-152833 2 1 45 + 57300-152750+ 57283-152667+ 57333-152633+ 57400-152667 2 1 46 + 57417-152733+ 57433-152750+ 57450-152833+ 57450-152917 2 1 47 + 57433-153000+ 57467-153000+ 57467-152917+ 57500-152917 2 1 48 + 57517-152917+ 57500-152833+ 57500-152750+ 57450-152583 2 1 49 + 57450-152500+ 57417-152467+ 57433-152417+ 57417-152333 2 1 50 + 57500-152317+ 57533-152250+ 57583-152167+ 57617-152167 2 1 51 + 57617-152250+ 57633-152333+ 57600-152417+ 57667-152417

2 1 52 + 57683-152417+ 57667-152450+ 57650-152500+ 57667-152500 2 1 53 + 57717-152500+ 57750-152467+ 57783-152417+ 57817-152333 2 1 54 + 57817-152417+ 57833-152417+ 57900-152500+ 57900-152583 2 1 55 + 57917-152583+ 57917-152633+ 57833-152633+ 57867-152667 2 1 56 + 57833-152717+ 57817-152750+ 57833-152767+ 57833-152833 2 1 57 + 57750-152850+ 57440-152833+ 57750-152917+ 57833-152900 2 1 58 + 57883-152833+ 57917-152833+ 57950-152917+ 57950-153000 2 1 59 + 57917-153000+ 57933-153083+ 57967-153167+ 58000-153267 + 95000 2 2 1 + 58467-152667+ 58417-152683+ 58417-152717+ 58433-152750AFOGNAK 2 2 2 + 58417-152783+ 58400-152833+ 58367-152833+ 58333-152750ISLAND 2 2 3 + 58333-152800+ 58267-152750+ 58283-152500+ 58283-152917WAC 136 2 2 4 + 58300-153000+ 58267-153083+ 58250-153100+ 58233-153083 2 2 5 + 58200-153000+ 58167-152917+ 58183-153000+ 58183-153083 2 2 6 + 58200-153167+ 58167-153233+ 58100-153167+ 58100-153083 2 2 7 + 58083-153083+ 58033-153000+ 58000-152867+ 57983-152833 2 2 8 + 58000-152767+ 58050-152750+ 58067-152667+ 58083-152617 2 2 9 + 58167-152583+ 58167-152550+ 58083-152550+ 58083-152517 2 2 10 + 58117-152500+ 58133-152417+ 58100-152333+ 58167-152333 2 2 11 + 58250-152267+ 58250-152233+ 58167-152167+ 58150-152083 2 2 12 + 58167-152067+ 58200-152000+ 58250-151967+ 58333-151967 2 2 13 + 58350-152000+ 58333-152017+ 58267-152083+ 58317-152083 2 2 14 + 58250-152117+ 58250-152150+ 58333-152117+ 58367-152083 2 2 15 + 58367-152167+ 58350-152250+ 58300-152250+ 58417-152267 2 16 + 58417-152333+ 58333-152367+ 58300-152417+ 58333-152400 2 2 17 + 58367-152417+ 58333-152500+ 58400-152500+ 58417-152517 2 2 18 + 58433-152500+ 58467-152500+ 58450-152583+ 584'67-152667 + 95000 2 3 1 + 57967-153500+ 57917-153533+ 57900-153500+'57867-153417UGANIK 2 3 2 + 57833-153333+ 57800-153250+ 57833-153200+ 57867-153250ISLAND 2 3 3 + 57917-153333+ 57950-153417+ 57967-153500+ 95000 WAC 136 2 4 1 + 59417-153433+ 59383-153500+ 59333-153583+ 59317-153583AUGUSTINE 2 4 2 + 59300-153500+ 59317-153417+ 59333-153367+ 59367-153333ISLAND 2 4 3 + 59417-153383+ 59417-153433+ 95000 WAC 136 2 5 1 + 55917-155583+ 55867-155667+ 55833-155750+ 55817-155750CHIRIKOF 2 5 2 + 55783-155667+ 55767-155583+ 55833-155567+ 55917-155567ISLAND 2 5 3 + 55917-155583+ 95000 WAC 136 2 6 1 + 56600-154500+ 56583-154567+ 56567-154583+ 56533-154667TUGIDAK 2 6 2 + 56500-154733+ 56483-154750+ 56417-154767+ 56400-154750ISLAND 2 6 3 + 56417-154717+ 56450-154667+ 56500-154583+ 56517-154500WAC 136 2 6 4 + 56533-154500+ 56583-154533+ 56600-154500+ 56583-154433 2 6 5 + 56533-154417+ 56583-154400+ 56600-154417+ 56600-154500 + 95000 2 7 1 + 56617-154083+ 56600-154167+ 56600-154250+ 56583-154300SITKINAK 2 7 2 + 56567-154333+ 56517-154333+ 56500-154250+ 56517-154167ISLAND 2 7 3 + 56550-154083+ 56583-154067+ 56617-154083+ 95000 WAC 136 2 8 1 + 57217-153250+ 57167-153300+ 57133-153333+ 57100-153333SITKALIDAK 2 8 2 + 57083-153383+ 57083-153333+ 57083-153317+ 57067-153333ISLAND 2 8 3 + 57050-153333+ 57017-153333+ 57000-153317+ 57000-153267WAC 136 2 8 4 + 57083-153183+ 57100-153167+ 57100-153083+ 57117-153083 2 8 5 + 57117-153000+ 57117-152917+ 57167-152917+ 57183-153000 2 8 6 + 57167-153083+ 57100-153083+ 57167-153067+ 57183-153083 2 8 7 + 57167-153117+ 57150-153167+ 57183-153167+ 57217-153250 + 95000 2 9 1 + 58100-153333+ 58083-153367+ 58067-153417+ 58033-153333RASPBERRY 2 9 2 + 58033-153250+ 58050-153250+ 58083-153333+ 58067-153250ISLAND 2 9 3 + 58017-153167+ 58000-153083+ 57983-153000+ 57967-152917WAC 136 2 9 4 + 58000-152917+ 58017-153000+ 58083-153083+ 58083-153167 2 9 5 + 58133-153250+ 58100-153333+ 95000

2 10 1 + 58600-152583+ 58567-152583+ 58583-152617+ 58550-152583SHUYAK 2 10 2 + 58517-152667+ 58500-152617+ 58483-152583+ 58467-152500ISLAND 2 10 3 + 58500-152433+ 58517-152417+ 58583-152333+ 58633-152333WAC 136 2 10 4 + 58600-152417+ 58583-152433+ 58600-152500+ 58600-152550 2 10 5 + 58600-152583+ 98000

APPENDIX II COORDINATES OF SEWARD PENINSULA COMPILED FROM WAC CHART NO. 76 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IN DECIMAL DEGREES (14X98F7.3) DECK NO.,ISLAND,SEQUENCE NO., 4*(LATLON) REMARKS 3 1 1 + 68000-165250+ 67967-165167+ 67950-165083+ 67917-165033SEWARD 3 1 2 + 67900-165000+ 67883-164917+ 67850-164833+ 67867-164833PENINSULA 3 1 3 + 67833-164800+ 67817-164750+ 67783-164667+ 67750-164583WAC 76 3 1 4 + 67750-164567+ 67717-164500+ 67700-164417+ 67683-164333 3 1 5 + 67667-164283+ 67650-164250+ 67633-164167+ 67600-164083 3 1 6 + 67583-164050+ 67550-164000+ 67500-163950+ 67467-163917 3 1 7 + 67417-163867+ 67383-163833+ 67333-163800+ 67250-163750 3 1 8 + 67167-163717+ 67 -13 671 3667+67100-163583+ 67083-163500 3 1 9 + 67083-163450+ 67083-163417+ 67067-163333+ 67067-163250 3 1 10 + 67050-163167+ 67033-163083+ 67033-163000+ 67017-162917 3 1 11 + 67000-162833+ 67017-162833+ 67017-162917+ 67050-162917 3 1 12 + 67050-162833+ 67050-162750+ 67050-162667+ 67033-162667 3 1 13 + 67017-162583+ 67017-162500+ 67000-162467+ 66983-162417 3 1 14 + 67000-162333+ 67000-162250+ 67000-162217+ 67017-162167 3 1 15 + 67033-162083+ 67033-162000+ 67050-161917+ 67050-161833 3 1 16 + 67033-161750+ 67000-161717+ 67017-161667+ 67000-161617 3 1 17 + 66983-161583+ 66983-161500+ 66950-161500+ 66950-161583 3 1 18 + 66950-161667+ 66917-161733+ 66900-161750+ 66833-161800 3 1 19 + 66817-161833+ 66750-161867+ 66683-161833+ 66667-161783 3 1 20 + 66650-161450+ 66617-161667+ 66583-161583+ 66550-161500 3 1 21 + 66533-161417+ 66533-161333+ 66550-161250+ 66583-161217 3 1 22 + 66617-161167+ 66633-161083+ 66633-161000+ 66650-160917 3 1 23 + 66650-160833+ 66633-160750+ 66600-160667+ 66583-160583 3 1 24 + 66583-160500+ 66617-160500+ 66633-160417+ 66600-160333 3 1 25 + 66583-160300+ 66550-160250+ 66500-160200+ 66417-160217 3 1 26 + 66383-160250+ 66383-160333+ 66383-160417+ 66367-160500 3 1 27 + 66367-160583+ 66367-160667+ 66367-160750+ 66367-160833 3 1 28 + 66400-160917+ 66417-160933+ 66450-161000+ 66483-161083 3 1 29 + 66500-161167+ 66550-161167+ 66583-161250+ 66500-161317 3 1 30 + 66483-161333+ 66467-161417+ 66450-161500+ 66450-161583 3 1 31 + 66483-161667+ 66500-161750+ 66533-161833+ 66567-161917 3 1 32 + 66583-161933+ 66633-162000+ 66667-162067+ 66700-162083 3 1 33 + 66750-162033+ 66800-162083+ 66833-162167+ 66833-162250 3 1 34 + 66917-162283+ 66950-162333+ 66933-162333+ 66933-162417 3 1 35 + 66917-162500+ 66900-162583+ 66833-162583+ 66833-162567 3 1 36 + 66783-162500+ 66750-162483+ 66733-162500+ 66733-162417 3 1 37 + 66733-162333+ 66717-162250+ 66683-162167+ 66667-162133 3 1 38 + 66600-162083+ 66583-162000+ 66550-161917+ 66500-161867 3 1 39 + 66417-161867+ 66350-161917+ 66333-161933+ 66317-161917 3 1 40 + 66267-161833+ 66283-161833+ 66333-161917+ 66367-161833 3 1 41 + 66383-161750+ 66400-161667+ 66400-161583+ 66400-161500 3 1 42 + 66383-161417+ 66383-161333+ 66367-161250+ 66350-161167 3 1 43 + 66333-161133+ 66300-161083+ 66250-161000+ 66200-161000 3 1 44 + 66200-161083+ 66250-161083+ 66217-161167+ 66233-161250 3 1 45 + 66250-161317+ 66267-161333+ 66283-161333+ 66283-161417 3 1 46 + 66267-161500+ 66250-161550+ 66217-161583+ 66167-161633 3 1 47 + 66133-161667+ 66083-161750+'66083-161767+ 66067-161750 3 1 48 + 66000-161817+ 65983-161833+ 66000-161867+ 66033-161833 3 1 49 + 66050-161917+ 66067-162000+ 66067-162083+ 66083-162133 3 1 50 + 66067-162167+ 66050-162250+ 66033-162333+ 66050-162417 3 1 51 + 66050-162500+ 66050-162583+ 66067-162667+ 66083-162733

3 1 52 + 66100-162750+ 66083-162833+ 661 0-1 17+ 66083-162967 3 1 53 + 66067-163000+ 66067-163083+ 66067-1631 7+ 66067-163250 3 1 54 + 66083-163317+ 66083-163333+ 66083-163417+ 66083-163500 3 1 55 + 66067-163583+ 66067-163667+ 66083-163750+ 66100-163833 3 1 56 + 66167-163867+ 66200-163917+ 66217-163917+ 66250-163883 3 1 57 + 66267-163833+ 66300-163833+ 66333-163867+ 66417-163850 3 1 58 + 66417-163833+ 66450-163750+ 66500-163717+ 66567-163750 3 1 59 + 66583-163750+ 66567-163667+ 66583-163667+ 66600-163750 3 1 60 + 66600-163833+ 66600-163917+ 66600-164000+ 66600-164083 3 1 61 + 66600-164167+ 66583-164250+ 66583-164333+ 66583-164417 3 1 62 + 66567-164500+ 66567-164583+ 66550-164667+ 66533-164750 3 1 63 + 66583-164833+ 66517-164917+ 66500-165000+ 66483-165083 3 1 64 + 66467-165167+ 66450-165250+ 66433-165333+ 66417-165417 3 1 65 + 66400-165500+ 66383-165583+ 66367-165667+ 66350-165450 3 1 66 + 66333-165783+ 66317-165833+ 66300-165917+ 66283-166000 3 1 67 + 66267-166083+ 66250-166100+ 66250-166083+ 66267-166000 3 1 68 + 66283-165917+ 66300-165833+ 66267-165833+ 66250-165867 3 1 69 + 66217-165833+ 66217-165750+ 66200-165667+ 66183-165583 3 1 70 + 66167-165500+ 66133-1'65583+ 66117-165667+ 66117-165750 3 1 71 + 66117-165833+ 66117-165917+ 66117-166000+ 66117-166083 3 1 72 + 66167-166167+ 66167-166250+ 66200-166250+ 66217-166167 3 1 73 + 66217-166250+ 66200-166333+ 66167-166417+ 66150-166500 3 1 74 + 66117-166583+ 66100-166667+ 66083-166700+ 66067-166750 3 1 75 + 66050-166833+ 66017-166917+ 66017-166983+ 66000-167000 3 1 76 + 65967-167083+ 65933-167167+ 65917-167233+ 65900-167250 3 1 77 + 65883-167333+ 65850-167417+ 65833-167500+ 65800-167583 3 1 78 + 65800-167667+ 65783-167750+ 65767-167833+.65750-167867 3 1 79 + 65733-167917+ 65717-168000+ 65683-168083+ 65667-168117 3 1 80 + 65600-168083+ 65583-168067+ 65567-168000+ 65550-167917 3 1 81 + 65533-167833+ 65517-167750+ 65500-167700+ 65483-167667 3 1 82 + 65450-167583+ 65433-167500+ 65417-167467+ 65400-167417 3 1 83 + 65400-167333+ 65400-167250+ 65383-167167+ 65383-167083 3_ 1 84,+ 65383-167000+ 65367-166917+ 65350-166833+ 65333-166750 3 1 85 + 65333-166667+ 65333-166583+ 65367-166500+ 65333-166483 3 1 86 + 65317-166417+ 65317-166333+ 65300-166250+ 65300-166167 3 1 87 + 65283-166083+ 65250-166033+ 65233-166083+ 65250-166167 3 1 88 + 65267-166250+ 65267-166333+ 65250-166400+ 65233-166417 3 1 89 + 65167-166467+ 65150-166500+ 65117-166583+ 65117-166667...1 90 + 65117-166750+ 65133-166833+ 65167-166917+ 65200-166917 3 1 91 + 65250-166850+ 65283-166833+ 65250-166883+ 65217-166917 3 1 92 + 65167-166950+ 65133-166917+ 65083-166833+ 65067-166750 3 1 93 + 65000-166700+ 64983-166667+ 64967-166583+ 64933-166500 3 1 94 + 64917-166467+ 64883-166417+ 64833-166383+ 64800-166417 3 1 95 + 64750-166467+ 64683-166417+ 64667-166400+ 64633-166333 3 1 96 + 64600-166250+ 64583-166167+ 64567-166083+ 64567-166000 3 1 97 + 64567-165917+ 64550-165833+ 64550-165750+ 64533-165667 3 1 98 + 64667-165583+ 64517-165500+ 64500-165417+ 64500-165367 3 1 99 + 64500-165333+ 64483-165250+ 64467-165167+ 64450-165083 3 1 100 + 64433-165000+ 64450-164917+ 64450-164833+ 64467-164750 3 1 101 + 64483-164667+ 64500-164633+ 64517-164583+ 64533-164500 3 1 102 + 64550-164417+ 64567-164333+ 64567-164250+ 64567-164167 3 1 103 + 64567-164083+ 64567-164000+ 64567-163917+ 64583-163833 3 1 104 + 64567-163750+ 64567-163667+ 64567-163583+ 64550-163500 3 1 105 + 64533-163417+ 64500-163333+ 64483-163250+ 64417-163200 3 1 106 + 64400-163167+ 64417-163100+ 64450-163083+ 64467-163083 3 1 107 + 64500-163033+ 64517-163083+ 64533-163167+ 64550-163250 3 1..108 + 64583-16-3333+ 64617-163250+ 64650-163167+ 64600-163083 3 1 109 + 64583-163017+ 64550-163000+ 64550-162917+ 64500-162833 3 1 110 + 64483-162833+ 64450-162833+ 64417-162800+ 64333-162783

3 1 111 + 64350-162750+ 64383-162667+ 64417-162617+ 64500-162583 3 1 112 + 64550-162500+ 64567-162417+ 64583-162367+ 64600-162333 3 1 113 + 64617-162250+ 64667-162200+ 64683-162167+ 64700-162083 3 1 114 + 64700-162000+ 64700-161917+ 64750-161867+ 64767-161833 3 1 115 + 64783-161750+ 64783-161667+ 64767-161583+ 64750-161533 3 1 116 + 64750-161517+ 64767-161500+ 64767-161417+ 64817-161333 3 1 117 + 64833-161317+ 64867-161250+ 64917-161183+ 64933-161167 3 1 118 + 64917-161133+ 64530-161083+ 64850-161000+ 64833-160967 + 95000 3 2 1 + 65667-170933+ 65667-170917+ 65617-170833+ 65617-170750USSR 3 2 2 + 65617-170667+ 65600-170583+ 65667-170517+ 65750-170533WAC 76 3 2 3 + 65783-170500+ 65850-170500+ 65850-170583+ 65833-170617 3 2 4 + 65833-170633+ 65850-170583+ 65883-170500+ 65917-170417 3 2 5 + 65950-170333+ 65967-170250+ 66000-170183+ 66017-170167 3 2 6 + 66033-170083+ 66033-170000+ 66033-169917+ 66017-169833 3 2 7 + 66050-169667+ 66083-169633+ 66133-169667+ 66150-169750 3 2 8 + 66167-169800+ 66183-169833+ 66183-169917+ 66200-170000 3 2 9 + 66183-170000+ 66167-169917+ 66167-169833+ 66133-169833 3 2 10 + 66150-169917+ 66167-170000+ 66167-170050+ 66183-170083 3 2 11 + 66167-170117+ 66133-170167+ 66167-170200+ 66183-170167 3 2 12 + 66200-170083+ 66217-170083+ 66250-170150+ 66267-170167 3 2 13 + 66300-170250+ 66283-170333+ 66283-170417+ 66250-170500 3 2 14 + 66217-170583+ 66250-170583+ 66250-170533+ 66283-170500 3 2 15 + 66317-170417+ 66333-170417+ 66333-170467+ 66350-170500 3 2 16 + 66367-170583+ 66417-170667+ 66450-170750+ 66483-170833 3 2 17 + 66500-170883+ 66517-170917+ 66550-180000+ 95000 3 3 1 + 65733-169083+ 65750-169050+ 65783-169000+ 65800-169000BIGDIOMEDE 3 3 2 + 65800-169050+ 65750-169117+ 65733-169083+ 95000 ISWAC 76 3 4 1 + 65750-168950+ 65733-168550+ 65750-168883+ 65767-168917LITDIOMEDE 3 4 2 + 65750-168950+ 98000 ISWAC 76

APPENDIX III COORDINATES OF DETAIL OF KODIAK ISLAND COMPILED FROM 1/50,000 TOPOGRAPHIC SHEETS LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IN DEGREES,MINUTES, AND SECONDS (15X,3(F3.0,F2.OF2.0,F40-,F2.0,F2.0)) DECK NO.,ISLAND,SEQUENCE NO., 3*(LATLON) REMARKS 4 1 +573753-1522000 +573740-1522012 +573738-1522037 4 2 +573725-1522009 +573715-1522036 +573715-1522042 4 3 +573713-1522054 +573713-1522158 +573710-1522158 4 4 +573710-1522220 +573705-1522206 +573700-1522215 4 5 +573700-1522232 +573657-1522240 +573655-1522251 4 6 +573652-152250 +573649-1522317 +573645-1522337 4 7 +573639-1522344 +573635-1522402 +573633-1522409 4 8' +573634-1522430 +573624-1522435 +573624-1522431 4 9 +573624-1522426 +573619-1522424 +573620-1522427 4 10 +57361 9-1522434 +573615-1522432 +573605-1522442 4 11 +573557-1522454 +573557-1522500 +573551-1522514 4 12 +573539-1522524 +573537-1522530 +573535-1522553 4 13 +573533-1522555 +573535-1522602 +573529-1522625 4 14 +573525-1522628 +573526-1522622 +573530-1522634 4 15 +573533-1522656 +573542-1522736 +573556-1522800 ZL 16 +573606-1522804-+573610-1522800 +573620-1522740 4 17 +573631-1522727 +573644-1522702 +573654-1522651 4 18 +573705-1522644 +573807-1522544 +573816-1522539 4 19 +573819-1522541 +573821-1522539 +573826-1522539 4 20 -573833-1522528 +573835-1522527 +573836-1522542 4 21 +573842-1522556 +573845-1522557 +573848-1522554 4 22 +573852-1522601 +573852-1522609 +573900-1522618 4 23 +573908-1522613 +573914-1522601 +573918-1522544 4 24 +573924-1522537 +573926-1522530 +573952-1522504 4 25 +574002-1522459 +574008-1522447 +574018-1522433 4 26 +574024-1522437 +574036-1522737 +574048-1522418 4 27 +574054-1522355 +574100-1522342 +574113-1522334 4 28 +574120-1522340 +574119-1522357 +574111-1522412 4 29 +574102-1522439 +574101-1522445 +574053-1522455 4 30 +574046-1522510 +574036-1522516 +574031-1522534 4 31 +574024-1522552 +574016-1522610 +574011-1522618 4 32 +574003-1522641 +573956-1522646 +573948-1522706 4 33 +573937-1522724 +573933-1522725 +573929-1522735 4 34 +573928-1522746 +573930-1522801 +573912-1522752 4 35 +573906-1522806 +573857-1522844 +573851-1522858 4 36 +573848-1522918 +573850-1522941 +573855-1522954 4 37 +573913-1523016 +573909-1523022 +573902-1523029 4 38 +573856-1523019 +573853-1523026 +573853-1523021 4 39 +573850-1523031 +573902-1523039 +573900-1523143 4 40 +573902-1523047 +573902-1523051 +573906-1523054 4 41 +573907-1523100 +573910-1523059 +573910-1523107 4 42 +573913-1523107 +573913-1523104 +573918-1523056 4 43 +573919-1523059 +573920-1523056 +573924-1523056 4 44 +573934-1523033 +573936-1523020 +573932-1523023 4 45 +573928-1523040 +573930-1523021 +573927-1523023 4 46 +573931-1523019 +573941-1522959 +573950-1522930 4 47 +573956-1522924 +573958-1522917 +574003-1522915 4 48 +574008-1522909 +574012-1522841 +574022-1522825 4 49 +574026-1522815 +574042-1522805 +574053-1522754 4 50 +574100-1522749 +574103-1522810 +574105-1522808

4 51 +574107-1522816 +574118-1522827 +574128-1522817 4 52 +574138-1522808 +574147-1522807 +574154-1522800 4 53 +574158-1522800 +574210-1522753 +574213-1522756 4 54 +574216-1522755 +574218-1522757 +574221-1522757 4 55 +574223-1522818 +574226-1522819 +574227-1522825 4 56 +574230-1522828 +574247-1522817 +574248-1522813 4 57 +574253-1522813 +574253-1522801 +574256-1522801 4 58 +574257-1522756 +574305-1522747 +574308-1522737 4 59 +574311-1522744 +574315-1522738 +574316-1522716 4 60 +5743.7-1522718 +574313-1522710 +574316-1522707 4 61 +574319-1522701 +574320-1522637 +574327-1522627 4 62 +574345-1522630 +574339-1522644 +574333-1522654 4 63 +574330-1522656 +574329-1522702 +574332-1522711 4 64 +574331-1522723 +574332-1522736 +574334-1522742 4 65 +574332-1522747 +574329-1522750 +574320-1522819 4 66 +574321-1522829 +574323-1522827 +574323-1522822 4 67 +574324-1522822 +574328-1522844 +574326-1522847 4 68 +574321-1522847 +574318-1522849 +574313-1522856 4 69 +574312-1522906 +574311-1522908 +574311-1522915 4 70 +574312-1522920 +574310-1522918 +574301-1522920 4 71 +574257-1522938 +574255-1522938 +574255-1522946 4 72 +574244-1523004 +574235-1523017 +574222-1523046 4 73 +574217-1523055 +574213-1523058 +574149-1523143 4 74 +574153-1523158 +574147-1523148 +574144-1523215 4 75 +574145-1523124 +574153-1523236 +574153-1523241 4 76 +574156-1523243 +574203-1523238 +574205-1523241 4 77 +574154-1523256 +574154-1523309 +574149-.1523310 4 78 +574146-1523317 +574148-1523313 +574152-1523313 4 79 +574154-1523317 +574149-1523320 +574154-1523322 4 80 +574151-1523328 +574154-1523324 +574157-1523337 4 81 +574157-1523334 +574158-1523335 +574156-1523352 4 82 +574159-1523354 +574200-1523356 +574206-1523402 4 83 +574212-1523400 +574215-1523404 +574213-1523358 4 84 +574222-1523408 +574222-1523404 +574220-1523404 4 85 +574219-1523352 +574223-1523349 +574222-1523357 4 86 +574222-1523406 +574225-1523406 +574220-1523357 4 87 +574220-1523347 +574232-1523454 +574235-1523356 4 88 +5742.33-1523349 +574234-1523345 +574236-1523347 4 89 +574236-1523349 +574238-1523349 +574237-1523344 4 90 +574240-1523345 +574238-1523340 +574240-1523340 4 91 +574246-1523325 +574251-1523324 +574252-1523325 4 92 +574257-1523321 +574251-1523313 +574247-1523316 4 93 +574246-1523309 +574254-1523252 +574256-1523257 4 94 +574251-1523309 +574253-1523313 +574305-1523324 4 95 +574310-1523322 +574316-1523257 +574318-1523238 4 96 +574326-1523210 +574333-1523159 +574339-1523144 4 97 +574341-1523143 +574343-1523131 +574346-1523135 4 98 +574351-1523131 +574404-1523102 +574406-1523106 4 99 +574417-1523033 +574406-1523013 +574351-1523040 4 100 +574337-1523049 +574316-1523126 +574339-1523101 4 101 +574311-1523057 +574319-1523039 +574321-1523039 4 102 +574329-1523034 +574334-1523020 +574343-1523012 4 103 +574345-1523004 +574353-1522947 +574354-1522936 4 104 +574359-1522930 +574412-1522939 +574423-1522925 4 105 +574426-1522920 +574429-1522918 +574428-]522913 4 106 +574431-1522906 +574439-1522904 +574443-1522855 4 107 +574441-1522848 +574442-1522843 +574443-1522844 4 108 +574447-1522838 +574451-1522841 +574455-1522839 4 109 +574456-1522845 +574500-1522845 +574505-1522843

4 110 +574509-1522842 +574514-1522847 +574523-1522843 4 111 +574552-1522822 +574557-1522812 +574605-1522802 4 112 +574608-1522754 +574610-1522750 +574615-1522735 4 113 +574623-1522730 +574625-1522724 +574628-1522717 4 114 +574627-1522706 +574625-1522705 +574635-1522643 4 115 +574640-1522640 +574637-1522648 +574635-1522656 4 116 +574640-1522700 +574646-1522642 +574647-1522636 4 117 +574646-1522627 +574704-1522545 +574707-1522505 4 118 +574713-1522457 +574720-1522425 +574716-1522418 4 119 +574714-1522408 +574716-1522359 +574717-1522359 4 120 +574721-1522349 +574734-1522312 +574733-1522300 4 121 +574739-1522239 +574749-1522228 +574749-1522225 4 122 +574751-1522220 +574750-1522214 +574753-152221.8 4 123 +574759-1522159 +574800-1522157 +574759-1522158 4 124 +574749-1522142 +574806-1522129 +574805-1522114 4 125 +574818-1522107 +574821-1522054 +574820-1522048 4 126 +574822-1522045 +574827-1522040 +574830-1522030 4 127 +574846-1522017 +574851-1522005 +574857-1522000 4 128 +574916-1521944 +574926-1521932 +574931-1521926 4 129 +574935-1521929 +574928-1522000 +574917-1522021 4 130 +574910-1522039 +574913-1522051 +574951-1522107 4 131 +574920-1522110 +574927-1522023 +574931-1522101 4 132 +574941-1522052 +574947-1522029 +574955-1522046 4 133 +575000-1522040 +575002-1522037 +575006-1522041 4 134 +575007-1522049 +575009-1522051 +575013-1522059 4 135 +575017-1522100 +575019-1522110 +575016-1522122 4 136 +575015-1522120 +575018-1522125 +575015-1622129 4 137 +575011-1522130 +574958-1522151 +574953-1522148 4 138 +574942-1522215 +574943-1522222 +574942-1522228 4 139 +574945-1522238 +574944-1522248 +574942-1522247 4 140 +574939-1522253 +574938-1522305 +574937-1522317 4 141 +574933-1522322 +574931-1522332 +574935-1522339 4 142 +574922-1522406 +574918-1522403 +574912-1522404 4 143 +574910-1522420 +574908-1522427 +574908-1522433 4 144 +574902-1522451 +574900-1522450 +574942-1522456 4 145 +574859-1522500 +574956-1522501 +574952-1522508 4 146 +574854-1522521 +574851-1522622 +574858-1522529 4 147 +574904-1522530 +574911-1522522 +574915-1522530 4 148 +574919-1522536 +574923-1522542 +574932-1522559 4 149 +574952-1522608 +574955-1522602 +574958-1522608 4 150 +575000-1522623 +575003-1522629 +575008-1522623 4 151 +575009-1522623 +575011-1522627 +575015-1522625 4 152 +575022-1522630 +575027-1522620 +575018-1522548 4 153 +575023-1522534 +575023-1522525 +575025-1522501 4 154 +575030-1522454 +575033-1522447 +575040-1522438 4 155 +575043-1522429 +575051-1522425 +575054-1522407 4 156 +575056-1522409 +575058-1522403 +575102-1522402 4 157 +575104-1522359 +575112-1522358 +575115-1522351 4 158 +575122-1522356 +575125-1522403 +575121-1522403 4 159 +575118-1522410 +575120-1522422 +575127-1522424 4 160 +575128-1522435 +575126-1522446 +575126-1522504 4 161 +575132-1522517 +575138-1522514 +575149-1522518 4 162 +575152-1522509 +575154-1522508 +575155-1522515 4 163 +575159-1522516 +575200-1522520 +575202-1522519 4 164 +575204-1522536 +575206-1522537 +575205-1522605 4 165 +575207-1522620 +575212-1522652 +575211-1522706 4 166 +575217-1522716 +575217-1522721 +575224-1522732 4 167 +575232-1522728 +575231-1522736 +575234-1522738 4 168 +575238-1522746 +575246-1522738 +575249-1522730

4 169 +575252-1522728 +575304-1522742 +575305-1522740 4 170 +575309-1522743 +575311-1522742 +575318-1522800 4 171 +575328-1522804 +575329-1522759 +575331-1522758 4 172 +575332-1522754 +575338-1522747 +575339-1522752 4 173 +575340-1522752 +575343-1522759 +575352-1522817 4 174 +575350-1522829 +575300-1522849 +575403-1522850 4 175 +575407-1522903 +575408-1522913 +575413-1522918 4 176 +575414-1522923 +575420-1522932 +575419-1522941 4 177 +575425-1522958 +575423-1523009 +575430-1523036 4 178 +575435-1523044 +575438-1523039 +575434-1523100 4 179 +575415-1523123 +575417-1523126 +575429-1523132 4 180 +575431-1523138 +575440-1523140 +575442-1523153 4 181 +575438-1523156 +575435-1523152 +575430-1523158 4 182 +575427-1523157 +575423-1523203 +575425-1523210 4 183 +575422-1523217 +575418-1523218 +575414-1523237 4 184 +575409-1523243 +575409-1523248 +575406-1523253 4 185 +575404-1523250 +575402-1523253 +575356-1523253 4 186 +575355-1523259 +575358-1523258 +575357-1523308 4 187 +575359-1523312 +575356-1523323 +575345-1523327 4 188 +575342-1523323 +575340-1523316 +575333-1523315 4 189 +575330-1523313 +575332-1523318 +575328-1523317 4 190 +575321-1523317 +575326-1523323 +575330-1523336 4 191 +575338-1523337.+575342-1523345 +575348-1523345 4 192 +575350-1523350 +575356-1523347 +575358-]523349 4 193 +575402-1523345 +575403-1523338 +575408-1523328 4 194 +575414-1523329 +575408-1523331 +575404-1523340 4 195 +575406-1523404 +575410-1523408 +575417-1523419 4 196 +575422-1523417 +575426-1523421 +575420-1523440 4 197 +575424-1523432 +575422-1523446 +575426-1523457 4 198 +575531-1523457 +575436-1523507 +575252-1523505 4 199 +575504-1523503 +575507-1523507 +575532-1523509 4 200 +575535-1523517 +575534-1523522 +575531-1523522 4 201 +575530-1523527 +575517-1523526 +575513-1523530 4 202 +575507-1523550 +575458-1523553 +575451-1523556 4 203 +575448-1523608 +575450-1523620 +575502-1523620 4 204 +575515-1523627 +575528-1523632 +575521-1523652 4 205 +575515-1523706 +575512-1523708 +575510-1523723 4 206 +575512-1523740 +575506-1523803 +575457-1523808 4 207 +575455-1523813 +575454-1523814 +575452-1523810 4 208 +575441-1523812 +575440-1523816 +575426-1523820 4 209 +575422-1523818 +575413-1523820 +575411-1523828 4 210 +575407-1523826 +575340-1523743 4575337-1523730 4 211 +575318-1523724 +575316-1523727 +575309-1523722 4 212 +575300-1523724 +575258-1523726 +575254-1523715 4 213 +575243-1523710 +575236-1523713 +575228-1523709 4 214 +575223-1523714 +575215-1523713 +375213-1523717 4 215 +575156-1523711 +575147-1523715 +575134-1523703 4 216 +575119-1523708 +575114-1523704 +575109-1523712 4 217 +575103-1523713 +575052-1523705 +575049-1523659 4 218 +575048-1523702 +575035-1523706 +575029-1523658 4 219 +575025-1523658 +575025-1523702 +575029-1523702 4 220 +575032-1523708 +575029-1523720 +575031-1523722 4 221 +575032-1523726 +575030-1523728 +575017-1523726 4 222 +575018-1523726 +575031-1523731 +575032-1523735 4 223 +575028-1523731 +575029-1523735 +575033-1]523737 4 224 +575033-1523743 +575030-1523740 +575029-1523746 4 225 +575027-1523742 +575024-1523746 +575022-1]23749 4 226 +575027-1523749 +575026-1523757 +575032-1523753 4 227 +575036-1523759 +575110-1523742 +575135-1523739

4 228 +575139-1523704 +575143-1523800 +575141-1523806 4 229 +575142-1523811 +575141-1523818 +575150-1523820 4 230 +575149-1523817 +575154-1523810 +575157-1523817 4 231 +575201-1523821 +575203-1523826 +575205-1523829 4 232 +575211-1523820 +575219-1523832 +575218-1523836 4 233 +575219-1523839 +575217-1523843 +575214-1523856 4 234 +575212-1523856 +575206-1523840 +575207-1523845 4 235 +575204-1523848 +575159-1523857 +575157-1523852 4 236 +575148-1523858 +575149-1523911 +575151-1523908 4 237 +575154-1523906 +575155-1523916 +575158-1523912 4 238 +575202-1523916 +575203-1523920 +575201-1523935 4 239 +575206-1523948 +575206-1524000 +990000-1522400

APPENDIX IV R GNOMONIC PROJECTION AND INVERSE $ COMPILE MAD EXTERNAL FUNCTION (LTtLG.LATtLON.XYIN) R FOR GNOMONIC PROJECTION SET IN=+1 RFOR INVERSE SET IN =-1 RALL VALUES IN RADIANS INTEGER IN V'S PI=31415926536E-10 V'S TPI=62831853072E-10 ENTRY TO GNOMOM. W'R (LT.NE.PHI) OR.(LG.NE.LAM) RCOMPUTE CONSTANTS SLTSIN. (LT) CLTCOS. (LT) SLGSIN. (LG) CLGCOS. (LG) E'L W'R ING.O0 R GNOMONIC COORDINATES DELON=LON-LG SDEL=SIN.(DELON) CDEL=COS (DELON) SLAT=SIN.(LAT) CLATSCOS.(LAT) NUMsSLT*SLAT+CLT*CLAT*CDEL W'R(.ABS.NUM) L.1E-10 F'N E'L X=CLAT*SDEL/NUM YC(CLT*SLAT-SLT*CLAT*CDEL)/NUM O'E R INVERSE COMPUTATION LAT=ARCSINL((SLT+Y*CLT)/SQRT*(1.+X.Pe2+YeP-2)) DEN=CLT*SLG+X*CLG-Y*SLT*SLG NUM=CLT*CLGXLGXSLG-YSLT*CLG LON ATN1 ( DEN NUM) W'R LON.G.PILON=LON-TPI E'L PHI=LT LAM=LG FIN E'N

DISTRIBUTION LIST (One copy unless otherwise noted) Chief of Naval Research 2 Commanding Officer Office of Naval Research Army Map Service Washington 25, D.C. 6500 Brooks Lane Attn: Geography Branch Washington 25, D.C. Defense Documentation Center 20 Dr. Reid A. Bryson Cameron Station Department of Meteorology Alexandria, Virginia 22314 University of Wisconsin Madison 6, Wisconsin Director 6 Naval Research Laboratory Mr. Robert Leland Washington 25, D.C. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Attn: Tech. Info. Officer P. O. Box 235 Buffalo 21, New York Director 2 Central Intelligence Agency Dr. Richard J. IRussell Washington 25, D.C. Coastal Studies Institute Attn: Map Division Louisiana State University Baton Rouge 3, Louisiana Commanding Officer Office of Naval Research Dr. Charles B. Hitchcock Branch Office American Geographical Society 230 N. Michigan Avenue Broadway at 156th Street Chicago, Illinois 60601 New York 32, New York Commanding Officer Dr. Edward B. Espenshade Office of Naval Research Department of Geography Navy No. 100 Northwestern University Fleet Post Office Evanston, Illinois New York, New York Dr. Brian J. L. Berry The Oceanographer Department of Geography U. S. Navy Oceanographic Office University of Chicago Washington 25, D.C. Chicago 37, Illinois Commanding Officer Dr. William L. Garrison U. S. Naval Photo Interpretation Department of Geography Centre Northwestern University 4301 Suitland Road Evanston, Illinois Washington 25, D.C. Dr. William C. Krumbein Geography Division Department of Geology Bureau of the Census Northwestern University Washington 25, D.C. Evanston, Illinois

DISTRIBUTION LIST (Concluded) Dr. Ruth M. Davis Professor John D. Nystuen Office of Director of Defense Department of Geography Research and Engineering The University of Michigan Department of Defense Ann Arbor, Michigan Washington 25, D.C. Professor M. F. Dacey Dr. Leslie Curry Department of Regional Science Department of Geography University of Pennsylvania Arizona State College Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania Tempe, Arizona Professor Edwin Thomas Dr. M. Gordon Wolman Department of Geography Department of Geography Arizona State College Johns Hopkins University Tempe, Arizona Baltimore 18, Maryland Professor Forrest R. Pitts Dr. Richard C. Kao Department of Geography Economics Department University of Oregon The RAND Corporation Eugene, Oregon 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, California Professor Edwin Taaffe Department of Geography U. S. Navy Oceanographic Office The Ohio State University Washington 25, D.C. Columbus 10, Ohio Attn: Code 5005 Dr. Lewis T. Reinwald' Professor J. Ross Mackay 10002 Cedar Lane Department of Geography Kensington, Maryland University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Dr. Duane F. Marble Department of Geography Professor William Bunge Northwestern University Department of Geography Evanston, Illinois Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan Dr. John C. Sherman Department of Geography Dr. Allen V. Hershey, Head University of Washington Mathematical Physics Branch Seattle 5, Washington Computation and Analysis Laboratory U. S. Naval Weapons Laboratory Dahlgren, Virginia

Unclassified Security Classification DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D (Security claasification of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is claesilied) 1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2.. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION The University of Michigan Unclassified Ann Arbor, Michigan 2b. GROUP 3. REPORT TITLE AN EXPERIMENT IN THE COMPUTER GENERALIZATION OF MAPS 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Typo of report and incfusive datae) Technical Report No. 1 5. AUTHOR(S) (Laet namoe firat name, intialn) Tobler, W. R. 6. REPORT DATE 7i. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. OF REFS December 1964 38 13 8a. CONTRACT#OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) Nonr 1224(48) 05824-1-T b. PROJECT NO. c. Task No. b-. OTHER RI PORT NO(S) (Any othr numbere that maybe aalilned Jto r./)orlI 389-137 d. 10. AVA IL ABILITY/LIMITAtION NOTICES Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC. 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY Office of Naval Research Geography Branch Washington, D. C. 13. ABSTRACT A number of maps drawn by a computer - plotter combination from digitalized coastal outline information are employed to test various rules of map generalization. Tests include redrawing of information compiled from WAC charts and from 1/50000 Topographic map sheets at several reduced scales. DD I JAN64 1473 Unclassified Security Classification

Unclassified Security Classification 14.'. L'AK A LINK B LINK C KEY WORDS ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT Geography Maps Generalization Computer Coastlines INSTRUCTIONS 1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY: Enter the name and address imposed by security classification, using standard statements of the contractor, subcontractor, grantee, Department of De- such as: fense activity or other organization (corporate author) issuing (1) "Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this the report. report from DDC." 2a.: REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION: Enter the over (2) "Foreign announcement and dissemination of- this all security classification of the report. Indicate whether report by DDC is not authorized." "Restricted Data" is included. Marking is to be in accordance with appropriate security regulations. (3) "U. S. Government agencies may obtain copies of 2b. G ROU.P: Automatic downgrading iS specified in DoD Di — this report directly from DDC. Other qualified DDC 2b. GROUP: Automatic downgrading is specified in DoD Di -users shall request through rective 5200.10 and Armed Forces Industrial Manual. Enter the group number. Also, when applicable, show that optional. markings have been used for Group 3 and Group 4 as author- (4) "U. S. military agencies may obtain copies of this ized. report directly from DDC Other qualified users 3. REPORT TITLE: Enter the complete report title in all shall request through capital letters. Titles in all cases should be unclassified.,, If a meaningful title cannot be selected without classifica-. tion, show title classification in all capitals in parenthesis (5) "All distribution of this report is controlled.' Qualimmediately following the title. ified DDC users shall request through 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES: If. appropriate, enter the type of __.__... _~.- " report, e.g., interim, progress, summary, annual, or final. If the report has been furnished to the Office of Technical Give the inclusive dates when a specific reporting period is Services, Department of Commerce, for sale to the public, indicovered. cate this fact and enter the price, if known. 5. AUTHOR(S): Enter the name(s) of author(s) as shown on.11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: Use for additional explanaor in the report. Enter last name, first name, middle initial. tory notes. If mnlitary, show rank and branch of service. The name of the principal author is an absolute minimum requirement. 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY: Enter the name of the departmental project office or laboratory sponsoring (pay6. REPORT DATE: Enter the date of the report as day, in for) the research and development. Include address. month, year; or month, year. If more than one date appears on the report, use date of publication, 13. ABSTRACT: Enter an abstract giving a brief and factual summary of the document indicative of the report, even though 7a. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: The total page count it may also appear elsewhere in the body of the technical reshould follow normal pagination procedures, i.e., enter the port. If additional space is required, a continuation sheet shall number of pages containing information be attached. 7b. NUMBER OF REFERENCES: Enter the total number of It is highly desirable that the abstract of classified reports references cited in the report. be unclassified. Each.paragraph of the abstract shall end with 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER: If appropriate, enter an indication of the military security classification of the inthe applicable number of the contract or grant under which formation in the paragraph, represented as (TS). (S), (C), or (U) the report was written. There is no limitation on the length of the abstract. How8b, 8c, & 8d. PROJECT NUMBER: Enter the appropriate ever, the suggested length is from 150 to 225 words. military department identification, such as project number, 14. KEY WORDS: Key words are technically meaningful terms subproject number, system numbers, task number, etc. subprojet n, s m, tk n, or short phrases that characterize a report and may be used as 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S): Enter the offi- index entries for cataloging the report. Key words must be cial report number by which the document will be identified selected so that no security classification is required. Identiand controlled by the originating activity, This number must fiers, such as equipment model designation, trade name, military be unique to this report.' project code name, geographic location, may be used as key 9b. OTHER REPORT NUMBER(S): If the report has been words but will be followed by an indication of technical conassigned any other reprt numbers (eit her by the originator text. The assignment of links, rules, and weights is optional. or by the sponsor), also enter this number(s). 10. AVAILABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES: Enter any limitations on further dissemination of the report, other than those Unclassified Securiy Classification