Work Description

Title: Data and Code Set for "Measuring the Earth's Synchrotron Emission from Radiation Belts with a Lunar Near Side Radio Array" Open Access Deposited

h
Attribute Value
Methodology
  • The Salammbo code is a physical model of the dynamics of the three-dimensional phase-space electron densities in the radiation belts, allowing the prediction of 1 keV to 100 MeV electron distributions trapped in the belts. This information is put into a synchrotron emission simulator which provides the brightness distribution of the emission up to 1 MHz from a given observation point. These brightness maps are included in the distribution for a Lunar vantage point. Using Digital Elevation Models from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data, we select a set of locations near the Lunar sub-Earth point with minimum elevation variation over various sized patches where we simulate radio receivers to create a synthetic aperture. We consider all realistic noise sources in the low frequency regime. We then use a custom CASA code to image and process the data from our defined array, using SPICE to align the lunar coordinates with the Earth. The scripts in this repository do the analysis and array simulation to output the noiseless and noisy dirty images that the Lunar array recovers of the Synchrotron emission.
Description
  • This is the README for the LunarSynchrotronArray package, maintained by Dr. Alex Hegedus  alexhege@umich.edu This code repository corresponds to the Hegedus et al. 2020 (accepted) Radio Science paper, "Measuring the Earth's Synchrotron Emission from Radiation Belts with a Lunar Near Side Radio Array". The arxiv link for the paper is  https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04482. The DOI link is  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RS006891

  • The Earth's Ionosphere is home to a large population of energetic electrons that live in the balance of many factors including input from the Solar wind, and the influence of the Earth's magnetic field. These energetic electrons emit radio waves as they traverse Earth's magnetosphere, leading to short‐lived, strong radio emissions from local regions, as well as persistent weaker emissions that act as a global signature of the population breakdown of all the energetic electrons. Characterizing this weaker emission (Synchrotron Emission) would lead to a greater understanding of the energetic electron populations on a day to day level. A radio array on the near side of the Moon would always be facing the Earth, and would well suited for measuring its low frequency radio emissions. In this work we simulate such a radio array on the lunar near side, to image this weaker synchrotron emission. The specific geometry and location of the test array were made using the most recent lunar maps made by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. This array would give us unprecedented day to day knowledge of the electron environment around our planet, providing reports of Earth's strong and weak radio emissions, giving both local and global information.

  • This set of codes should guide you through making the figures in the paper, as well as hopefully being accessible enough for changing the code for your own array. I would encourage you to please reach out to collaborate if that is the case! Requirements:

  • CASA 4.7.1 (or greater?) built on python 2.7 Example link for Red Hat 7  https://casa.nrao.edu/download/distro/casa/release/el7/casa-release-4.7.1-el7.tar.gz Users may follow this guide to download and install the correct version of CASA for their system  https://casa.nrao.edu/casadocs/casa-5.5.0/introduction/obtaining-and-installing CASA executables should be fairly straightforward to extract from the untarred files. gcc 4.8.5 or above (or below?) GCC installation instructions can be found here:  https://gcc.gnu.org/install/ SPICE (I use cspice here)  https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/toolkit_C.html As seen in lunar_furnsh.txt which loads the SPICE kernels, you also must download KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_pa_de421_1900-2050.bpc' '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_080317.tf' '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_assoc_me.tf' '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/pck00010.tpc' '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/naif0008.tls' '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/de430.bsp' ) All of which can be found at  https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/ SLDEM2015_128_60S_60N_000_360_FLOAT.IMG for the lunar surface data by LRO LOLA found at  http://imbrium.mit.edu/DATA/SLDEM2015/GLOBAL/FLOAT_IMG/
Creator
Depositor
  • alexhege@umich.edu
Contact information
Discipline
Funding agency
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
ORSP grant number
  • F048330
Citations to related material
  • Hegedus, A., Nenon, Q., Brunet, A., Kasper, J., Sicard, A., Cecconi, B., MacDowall, R., & Baker, D. (2019). Measuring the Earth's Synchrotron Emission from Radiation Belts with a Lunar Near Side Radio Array. https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04482
  • Hegedus, A., Nenon, Q., Brunet, A., Kasper, J., Sicard, A., Cecconi, B., MacDowall, R., & Baker, D. (2020). Radio Science. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RS006891
Resource type
Last modified
  • 11/18/2022
Published
  • 01/24/2020
Language
DOI
  • https://doi.org/10.7302/sc7r-0111
License
To Cite this Work:
Hegedus, A. M. (2020). Data and Code Set for "Measuring the Earth's Synchrotron Emission from Radiation Belts with a Lunar Near Side Radio Array" [Data set], University of Michigan - Deep Blue Data. https://doi.org/10.7302/sc7r-0111

Relationships

This work is not a member of any user collections.

Files (Count: 14; Size: 7.59 MB)

Thumbnailthumbnail-column Title Original Upload Last Modified File Size Access Actions
README.md 2019-12-31 2020-01-22 7.05 KB Open Access
snrCalc.py 2019-12-31 2020-01-22 7.85 KB Open Access
createArrayConfig.py 2019-12-31 2020-01-22 8.34 KB Open Access
eqArrOverTimeEarth.c 2019-12-31 2020-01-22 56.7 KB Open Access
lunar_furnsh.txt 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 631 Bytes Open Access
eqArrOverTimeEarth 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 1.67 MB Open Access
RAs.txt 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 624 Bytes Open Access
Decs.txt 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 624 Bytes Open Access
eqEarthAngs.txt 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 624 KB Open Access
eqSolAngs.txt 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 624 KB Open Access
eqXYZ_EarthCentered.txt 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 2.14 MB Open Access
LunarEarthPicFreqIntegration.py 2019-12-31 2020-01-22 26 KB Open Access
EarthSynchrotronMapVsFrequency.zip 2019-12-31 2019-12-31 2.43 MB Open Access
noiseCopies.py 2019-12-31 2020-01-22 17.3 KB Open Access

LunarSynchrotronArray

This is the README for the LunarSynchrotronArray package, maintained by Dr. Alex Hegedus alexhege@umich.edu I am currently a post-doctoral research fellow at University of Michigan looking to branch out and make connections with people interested in designing distributed sensor arrays.

This code repository corresponds to the Hegedus et al. 2019 (in review) Radio Science paper, "Measuring the Earth's Synchrotron Emission from Radiation Belts with a Lunar Near Side Radio Array". The arxiv link for the paper is https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04482
The DOI link is https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RS006891

This set of codes should guide you through making the figures in the paper, as well as hopefully being accessible enough for changing the code for your own array. I would encourage you to please reach out to collaborate if that is the case!

Requirements:

CASA 4.7.1 (or greater?) built on python 2.7
Example link for Red Hat 7
https://casa.nrao.edu/download/distro/casa/release/el7/casa-release-4.7.1-el7.tar.gz

Users may follow this guide to download and install the correct version of CASA for their system
https://casa.nrao.edu/casadocs/casa-5.5.0/introduction/obtaining-and-installing

CASA executables should be fairly straightforward to extract from the untarred files.

gcc 4.8.5 or above (or below?)
GCC installation instructions can be found here
https://gcc.gnu.org/install/

SPICE (I use cspice here)
https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/toolkit_C.html
As seen in lunar_furnsh.txt which loads the SPICE kernels, you also must download
KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_pa_de421_1900-2050.bpc'
'/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_080317.tf'
'/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_assoc_me.tf'
'/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/pck00010.tpc'
'/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/naif0008.tls'
'/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/de430.bsp' )

All of which can be found at
https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/

SLDEM2015_128_60S_60N_000_360_FLOAT.IMG for the lunar surface data by LRO LOLA
Found at
http://imbrium.mit.edu/DATA/SLDEM2015/GLOBAL/FLOAT_IMG/

Codes within this package in order of use in pipeline:

  1. snrCalc.py
    This regular python script creates the noise budget plots with frequency, not necessary for pipeline. Information about the frequency dependence of the November 1st 2016 stormy synchrotron brightness as a function of frequency is also contained here.

  2. createArrayConfig.py
    This regular python script sets your array configurations (currently log spaced circular for 1024 elements). Reads the SLDEM data and saves the longitude, latitude, and altitude of each antenna.
    Also you must update the variable lunarPath to the current location of the SLDEM file

  3. eqArrOverTimeEarth.c
    This is runs the SPICE kernel, taking in the Long Lat and Alt data from the first script, as well as the period of time you want to observe. This will align the frame of the antenna on the Lunar Surface to the area of the sky containing the targeted Earth overhead. This saves a number of variables as output files, most important being the XYZ position of each antenna in J2000 coordinates, and the J2000 coordinates of the Earth from the Moon’s perspective.

    You also must update lunar_furnsh.txt with the new path names for the required frame and ephemeris files. Update below in lunar_furnsh.txt with the directory you installed the files to.
    KERNELS_TO_LOAD = ( '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_pa_de421_1900-2050.bpc'
    '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_080317.tf'
    '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/moon_assoc_me.tf'
    '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/pck00010.tpc'
    '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/naif0008.tls'
    '/home/alexhege/SPICE/LunarEph/de430.bsp' )

Currently, you also must copy paste any new Long Lat Alt data into the C script manually, as I have not implemented a dynamic routine for C that can read in variable length arrays from a file. Currently has 10 km logarithmic circular array loaded in.
Then compile the script with
gcc eqArrOverTimeEarth.c -o eqArrOverTimeEarth -I/home/alexhege/SPICE/cspice/include /home/alexhege/SPICE/cspice/lib/cspice.a -lm -std=c99
update the included directories to wherever you have installed the SPICE libraries

This will create the executable file eqArrOverTimeEarth
Then run with ./eqArrOverTimeEarth which will create the output files:

RAs.txt - List of Right Ascension coordinates of the Earth's position in the sky as seen form the Lunar Surface. Currently at a nearly weekly cadence with 48 points over a year.
Decs.txt - List of Declination coordinates of the Earth's position in the sky as seen form the Lunar Surface. Currently at a nearly weekly cadence with 48 points over a year.
eqEarthAngs.txt - Angle between the surface normal vector (zenith) and vector to the Earth. Currently at a nearly weekly cadence with 48 points over a year.
eqSolAngs.txt - Angle between the surface normal vector (zenith) and vector to the Sun. Currently at a nearly weekly cadence with 48 points over a year.
eqXYZ_EarthCentered.txt - (x,y,z) meters in earth centered j2000 frame for each receiver for each time. Currently 1024x48x3 values. Later reshaped into an np array with dimensions (1024, 48, 3)

The files in the repository currently are the output for the 1024 element array with a 10 km diameter, centered at its corresponding lowest variance altitude location near the sub-Earth point, (Long, Lat) = (-1.04, -0.43).

  1. Run LunarEarthPicFreqIntegration.py This is the CASA script that does the work of simulating the radio array now that everything is defined. It reads in the array position data and the position of the target in the sky. To run within casa run this command:

%run LunarEarthPicFreqIntegration.py -outDir . -correlate True -numSC 1024

or in terminal
casa --nologger --nologfile --nogui --agg -c LunarEarthPicFreqIntegration.py -outDir . -correlate True -numSC 1024| tee out.out
nohup casa --nologger --nologfile --nogui --agg -c LunarEarthPicFreqIntegration.py -outDir . -correlate True -numSC 1024 | tee earth.out &

It reads in the .dat files of the synchrotron emission maps in the EarthSynchrotronMapVsFrequency subfolder and converts them into a CASA ground truth file that is given to the virtual array. Currently, only the ~0.75 MHz image is used as an average for the 0.5 – 1.0 MHz range.

It uses CASA routines to create a synthetic array using the J2000 data calculated from the SPICE kernel in the previous script. It then feeds the truth image into the simulated array to create the visibility data and puts it into a Measurement Set (MS) file. This MS file is the main output of this script.

  1. Run noiseCopies.py This file takes the newly created MS file and creates a noiseless image of the recovered emission. It then makes copies of the MS file and adds noise according to the set integration time and SEFD noise level. Currently makes images for a range of integration times up to 24 hours and over several robust weighting scheme values.

Download All Files (To download individual files, select them in the “Files” panel above)

Best for data sets < 3 GB. Downloads all files plus metadata into a zip file.



Best for data sets > 3 GB. Globus is the platform Deep Blue Data uses to make large data sets available.   More about Globus

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.