Show simple item record

When Coverage Expands: Children's Health Insurance Program as a Natural Experiment in Use of Health Care Services

dc.contributor.authorHaggins, Adrianneen_US
dc.contributor.authorPatrick, Stephenen_US
dc.contributor.authorDemonner, Sonyaen_US
dc.contributor.authorDavis, Matthew M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLewis, Lawrence M.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2013-11-01T19:00:57Z
dc.date.available2014-11-03T16:20:37Zen_US
dc.date.issued2013-10en_US
dc.identifier.citationHaggins, Adrianne; Patrick, Stephen; Demonner, Sonya; Davis, Matthew M.; Lewis, Lawrence M. (2013). "When Coverage Expands: Children's Health Insurance Program as a Natural Experiment in Use of Health Care Services." Academic Emergency Medicine (10): 1026-1032. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100287>en_US
dc.identifier.issn1069-6563en_US
dc.identifier.issn1553-2712en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100287
dc.description.abstractBackground Expanding insurance coverage is designed to improve access to primary care and reduce use of emergency department ( ED ) services. Whether expanding coverage achieves this is of paramount importance as the United States prepares for the Affordable Care Act. Objectives Emergency and outpatient department use was examined after the State Children's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) coverage expansion, focusing on adolescents (a major target group for CHIP ) versus young adults (not targeted). The hypothesis was that coverage would increase use of outpatient services, and ED use would decrease. Methods Using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey ( NAMCS ) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey ( NHAMCS ), the years 1992–1996 were analyzed as baseline and then compared to use patterns in 1999–2009, after the CHIP launch. Primary outcomes were population‐adjusted annual visits to ED versus nonemergency outpatient settings. Interrupted time series were performed on use rates to ED and outpatient departments between adolescents (11 to 18 years old) and young adults (19 to 29 years old) in the pre‐ CHIP and CHIP periods. Outpatient‐to‐ ED ratios were calculated and compared across time periods. A stratified analysis by payer and sex was also performed. Results The mean number of outpatient adolescent visits increased by 299 visits per 1,000 persons (95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 140 to 457), while there was no statistically significant increase in young adult outpatient visits across time periods. There was no statistically significant change in the mean number of adolescent ED visits across time periods, while young adult ED use increased by 48 visits per 1,000 persons (95% CI  = 24 to 73). The adolescent outpatient‐to‐ ED ratio increased by 1.0 (95% CI  = 0.49 to 1.6), while the young adults ratio decreased by 0.53 across time periods (95% CI  = –0.90 to –0.16). Conclusions Since CHIP , adolescent non‐ ED outpatient visits have increased, while ED visits have remained unchanged. In comparison to young adults, expanding insurance coverage to adolescents improved use of health care services and suggests a shift to non‐ ED settings. Expanding insurance through the Affordable Care Act of 2010 will likely increase use of outpatient services, but may not decrease ED volumes. Resumen Cuando la Cobertura se Amplia: Programa de Seguro Sanitario de Niños como un Experimento Natural en el Uso de los Servicios Sanitarios Introducción La ampliación de la cobertura del seguro se diseñó para mejorar el acceso a la atención primaria y reducir el uso de los servicios de urgencias ( SU ). El que esta ampliación de la cobertura lo consiga es de una importancia capital ya que Estados Unidos se prepara para la Ley del Cuidado de Salud Asequible (Affordable Care Act). Objetivos Se examinó el uso del servicio ambulatorio y de urgencias tras la ampliación de la cobertura del Programa de Seguro Sanitario de los Niños (Children's Health Insurance Program, CHIP ), por parte de los adolescentes (un gran grupo contemplado por el CHIP ) frente a los adultos jóvenes (no contemplado). La hipótesis fue que la cobertura incrementaría el uso de los servicios ambulatorios y disminuiría el de los SU . Metodología Utilizando la National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey y la National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, se analizaron los años 1992–1996 como basal y después se compararon con los patrones de uso en 1999–2009, tras la introducción del CHIP . Los resultados principales fueron las visitas anuales a los SU frente a los servicios ambulatorios no urgentes ajustadas por la población. Se realizaron series temporales interrumpidas en las tasas de uso de los SU y los servicios ambulatorios entre adolescentes (11 a 18 años) y adultos jóvenes (19 a 29 años) en los periodos pre‐ CHI y CHIP . Se calcularon los porcentajes ambulatorio‐ SU y se compararon a través de los periodos de tiempo. Se realizó también un análisis estratificado por sexo y pagador. Resultados El número medio de visitas ambulatorias de adolescentes se incrementó 299 visitas por 1.000 personas ( IC 95% = 140 a 457), mientras que no hubo un incremento significativo en las visitas ambulatorias de adultos jóvenes a lo largo de los periodos de tiempo. No hubo cambio estadísticamente significativo en la media de número de visitas al SU de adolescentes a lo largo de los periodos de tiempo, mientras que se incrementó el uso de los SU de los adultos jóvenes, 48 visitas por 1.000 personas ( IC 95% = 24 a 73). La proporción ambulatorio‐ SU del adolescente se incrementó un 1,0 ( IC 95% = 0,49 a 1,6), mientras que la proporción de los adultos jóvenes descendió un 0,53 a lo largo de los periodos de tiempo ( IC 95% = –0,90 a –0,16). Conclusiones Desde el CHIP , las visitas ambulatorias no urgentes de los adolescentes se han incrementado, mientras que las visitas a los SU permanecen sin cambios. En comparación con los adultos jóvenes, la ampliación de la cobertura del seguro a los adolescentes mejoró el uso de los servicios sanitarios y sugiere un cambio hacia los servicios no relacionados con el SU . La ampliación del seguro a través de la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible de 2010 incrementará probablemente el uso de los servicios ambulatorios, pero puede no disminuir los volúmenes del SU .en_US
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.en_US
dc.titleWhen Coverage Expands: Children's Health Insurance Program as a Natural Experiment in Use of Health Care Servicesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollowen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelMedicine (General)en_US
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciencesen_US
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Revieweden_US
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100287/1/acem12236.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/acem.12236en_US
dc.identifier.sourceAcademic Emergency Medicineen_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRand CM, Shone LP, Albertin C, Auinger P, Klein JD, Szilagyi PG. National health care visit patterns of adolescents: implications for delivery of new adolescent vaccines. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007; 161: 252 – 9.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. NAMCS/NHAMCS Survey Methodology. Scope and Sample Design. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ahcd/ahcd_scope.htm#namcs_scope. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. NAMCS Estimation Procedures. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ahcd/ahcd_estimation_procedures.htm#namcs_procedures. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenter for Disease Control and Prevention. NHAMCS Estimation Procedures. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ahcd/ahcd_estimation_procedures.htm#nhamcs_procedures. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmerican Medical Association. GAPS Recommendations Monograph. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org//resources/doc/ad-hlth/gapsmono.pdf. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicaid and CHIP Program Information By Population: Children. Available at: http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Population/Children/Children.html. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNewacheck PW, McManus MA, Gephart J. Health insurance coverage of adolescents: a current profile and assessment of trends. Pediatrics. 1992; 90: 589 – 96.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNewacheck PW, Brindis CD, Cart CU, Marchi K, Irwin CE. Adolescent health insurance coverage: recent changes and access to care. Pediatrics. 1999; 104: 195 – 202.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZiv A, Boulet JR, Slap GB. Utilization of physician offices by adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 1999; 104: 35 – 42.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThe Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA). Available at: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7863.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Ross‐Degnan D. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002; 27: 299 – 309.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNewacheck PW, Stoddard JJ, Hughes DC, Pearl M. Health insurance and access to primary care for children. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 513 – 9.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLieu TA, Newacheck PW, McManus MA. Race, ethnicity, and access to ambulatory care among US adolescents. Am J Public Health. 1993; 83: 960 – 5.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSmulowitz PB, Lipton R, Wharam JF, et al. Emergency department utilization after the implementation of Massachusetts health reform. Ann Emerg Med. 2011; 58: 225 – 34.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller SM. The effect of insurance on outpatient emergency room visits: an analysis of the 2006 Massachusetts health reform. Soc Sci Res Netw. 2012; 96: 893 – 908.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFinkelstein A, Taubman S, Wright B, et al. The Oregon health insurance experiment: evidence from the first year. Q J Econ. 2012; 127: 1057 – 106.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaicker K, Finkelstein A. The effects of Medicaid coverage ‐ learning from the Oregon experiment. N Engl J Med. 2011;25; 365: 683 – 5.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLong SK, Stockley K, Dahlen H. Massachusetts health reforms: uninsurance remains low, self‐reported health status improves as state prepares to tackle costs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012; 31: 444 – 51.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFortuna RJ, Robbins BW, Mani N, Halterman JS. Dependence on emergency care among young adults in the United States. J Gen Intern Med. 2010; 25: 663 – 9.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceU.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Ways and Means. Hearing on the President's Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Proposal with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius. Available at: http://waysandmeans.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=230472. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLi M, Baughman R. Coverage, utilization, and health outcomes of the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Inquiry. 2010; 47: 296 – 314.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUrban Institute. Children's Insurance Coverage and Service Use Improve. Available at: http://www.urban.org/publications/310816.html. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDubay L, Guyer J, Mann C, Odeh M. Medicaid at the ten‐year anniversary of SCHIP: looking back and moving forward. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007; 26: 370 – 81.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHudson JL, Selden TM, Banthin JS. The impact of SCHIP on insurance coverage of children. Inquiry. 2005; 42: 232 – 54.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKenney G, Yee J. SCHIP at a crossroads: experiences to date and challenges ahead. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007; 26: 356 – 69.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceQuinn A, Rosenbach M. Beyond Coverage: SCHIP Makes Strides Toward Providing a Usual Source of Care to Low‐income Children. Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Available at: http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/pdfs/schipstrides.pdf. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSlifkin RT, Freeman VA, Silberman P. Effect of the North Carolina state children's health insurance program on beneficiary access to care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002; 156: 1223 – 9.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKenney G. The impacts of the state children's health insurance program on children who enroll: findings from ten states. Health Serv Res. 2007; 42: 1520 – 43.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSzilagyi PG, Dick AW, Klein JD, Shone LP, Zwanziger J, McInerny T. Improved access and quality of care after enrollment in the New York state children's health insurance program (SCHIP). Pediatrics. 2004; 113: e395 – 404.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDuderstadt KG, Hughes DC, Soobader MJ, Newacheck PW. The impact of public insurance expansions on children's access and use of care. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 1676 – 82.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHoilette LK, Clark SJ, Gebremariam A, Davis MM. Usual source of care and unmet need among vulnerable children: 1998‐2006. Pediatrics. 2009; 123: e214 – 9.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Table 1. Total Utilization and Mean Expenses per Visit by Type of Ambulatory Health Care Service, 2009. Available at: http://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/summ_tables/hc/mean_expend/2009/table1.pdf. Accessed Jul 27, 2013.en_US
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGinde AA, Lowe RA, Wiler JL. Health insurance status change and emergency department use among US adults. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172: 642 – 7.en_US
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.