Design in the age of information: The impact of computers on the practice of architectural design.

Abstract

This research is concerned with the impact of computer-aided design (CAD) systems on the practice of architectural design. It is an attempt to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the development and implementation of CAD systems in architectural design. It aims to uncover, to understand, and to reflect on the day-to-day experiences of architects and firms who use CAD systems in design. For the most part, computer-aided design tools have been used merely to replace traditional, manual design activities and have ignored the social dimension of design. As a result, the potential payoff of computers in significantly enhancing the design process has been lost. This research suggests that the introduction of computers in design offices has sometimes had a negative influence on the design process. This research utilizes a qualitative research method to demonstrate that computers can be implemented more effectively in the practice of architectural design only if their unique capabilities are successfully integrated in the design process. These unique capabilities include computer's ability to process information and to improve the communication of this information. Two concepts are used to explain the computer's use in architectural firms: automate and informate. In the automate concept, computers are used according to the dominant industrial concepts such as division of labor. This concept ignores the social dimension of design and results in numerous problems, such as deskilling of the architect, and the creation of severe communication problems. In contrast, the implementation of computer technology using the informate concept takes into account both the potential to manipulate and communicate information, as well as the human, social aspects of the design process. This approach results in a restructuring of the design process as well as the functions and responsibilities of the design professional. The research concludes that the design skills which were traditionally action-centered should become intellect-centered in order to effectively use computer-aided design systems. Additionally, the nature of the changes that accompany the implementation of computers differs from one situation to another depending on the design context. Thus, the implementation of computers into the practice of architectural design should be based on "situational" needs rather than generalized organizational blueprints and programming concepts.