Postural Control in Older Adults
dc.contributor.author | Alexander, Neil B. | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2015-05-04T20:37:13Z | |
dc.date.available | 2015-05-04T20:37:13Z | |
dc.date.issued | 1994-01 | en_US |
dc.identifier.citation | Alexander, Neil B. (1994). "Postural Control in Older Adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42(1). | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 0002-8614 | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1532-5415 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/111262 | |
dc.publisher | Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | en_US |
dc.publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | en_US |
dc.title | Postural Control in Older Adults | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.rights.robots | IndexNoFollow | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevel | Geriatrics | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbtoplevel | Health Sciences | en_US |
dc.description.peerreviewed | Peer Reviewed | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Michigan, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. | en_US |
dc.description.bitstreamurl | http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111262/1/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06081.x.pdf | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06081.x | en_US |
dc.identifier.source | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Guitton D, Kearney RE, Wereley N, et al. Visual, vestibular, and voluntary contributions to human head stabilization. Exp Brain Res 1986; 64: 59 – 69. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rutherford OM, Jones DA. The role of learning and coordination in strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55: 100 – 105. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: S135 – S145. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rutherford OM, Greig CA, Sargeant AJ, et al. Strength training and power output: transference effects in the human quadriceps muscle. J Sports Sci 1986; 4: 101 – 107. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Aniansson A, Ljungberg P, Rundgren A, Wetterqvist W. Effect of a training programme for pensioners on condition and muscular strength. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1984; 3: 229 – 241. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nashner LM, Cordo PJ. Relation of automatic postural responses and reaction‐time voluntary movements of human leg muscles. Exp Brain Res 1981; 43: 395 – 405. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Haines RF. Effect of bed rest and exercise on body balance. J Appl Physiol 1974; 36: 323 – 327. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Brandt T, Buchele W, Krafozyk S. Training effects on experimental postural instability: A model for clinical ataxia therapy. In: Bles W, Brandt T, eds. Disorders of Posture and Gait. New York: Elsevier, 1986, pp 353 – 365. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Telian SA, Shepard NT, Smith‐Wheelock M, et al. Habituation therapy for chronic vestibular dysfunction: Preliminary results. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 103: 89 – 95. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Norre ME, Beckers A. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly: Treatment by habituation exercises. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 425 – 429. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Horak FB, Jones‐Rycewicz C, Black FO, et al. Effects of vestibular rehabilitation on dizziness and imbalance. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 106: 175 – 180. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bhala RP, O'Donnell J, Thoppil E. Ptophobia: Phobic fear of falling and its clinical management. Phys Ther 1982; 62: 187 – 190. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fansler CL, Poff CL, Shepard KF. Effects of mental practice on balance in elderly women. Phys Ther 1985; 65: 1332 – 1338. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Winstein C, Gardner ER, McNeal DR, et al. Standing balance training: effect on balance and locomotion in hemiparetic adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 755 – 762. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bigland‐Ritchie B. EMG/force relations and fatigue of human voluntary contractions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1981; 9: 75 – 117. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Winter DA. Concerning the scientific basis for the diagnosis of pathological gait and for rehabilitation protocols. Physiother Can 1985; 37: 245 – 252. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1701 – 1707. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fenie GR, Gryfe CI, Holliday PJ, et al. The relationship of postural sway in standing to the incidence of falls in geriatric subjects. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 11 – 16. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ring C, Nayak USL, Isaacs, B. Balance function in elderly people who have and have not fallen. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 261 – 264. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wolfson LI, Whipple R, Amerman P, et al. Stressing the postural response: A quantitative method for testing balance. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 845 – 850. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med 1986; 80: 429 – 434. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lipsitz LA, Jonsson PV, Kelley MM, et al. Causes and correlates of recurrent falls in ambulatory frail elderly. J Gerontol 1991; 46: M114 – 121. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lord SR, Clark RD, Webster IW. Physiological factors associated with falls in an elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 1194 – 1200. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Studenski S, Duncan PW, Chandler J. Postural responses and effector factors in persons with unexplained falls: Results and methodologic issues. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 229 – 234. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Robbins AS, Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, et al. Predictors of falls among elderly people: results of two population‐based studies. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1628 – 1633. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sixt E, Landahl S. Postural disturbances in a 75‐year‐old population: ***I. Prevalence and functional consequences. Age Ageing 1987; 16: 393 – 398. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gerson LW, Jarjoura D, McCord G. Risk of imbalance in elderly people with impaired hearing or vision. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 31 – 34. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Horak FB. Clinical measurement of postural control in adults. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 1881 – 1885. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lee WA. A control systems framework for understanding normal and abnormal posture. Am J Occup Ther 1989; 43: 291 – 301. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McCollum G, Leen TK. Form and exploration of mechanical limits in erect stance. J Motor Behav 1989; 21: 225 – 244. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shumway‐Cook A, Horak FB. Rehabilitation strategies for patients with vestibular deficits. Neurol Clin 1990; 8: 441 – 457. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schultz AB, Alexander NB, Ashton‐Miller JA. Biomechanical analyses of rising from a chair. J Biomech 1992; 25: 1381 – 1391. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mathias A, Nayak USL, Isaacs B. Balance in elderly patients: The “get‐up and go” test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986; 67: 387 – 389. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tinetti ME. Performance‐oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 119 – 126. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lichtenstein MJ, Burger MC, Shields SL, et al. Comparison of biomechanics platform measures of balance and videotaped measures of gait with a clinical mobility scale in elderly women. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M49 – 54. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berg K, Wood‐Dauphinee S, Williams JI, et al. Measuring balance in the elderly: Preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can 1989; 41: 304 – 311. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, et al. Functional reach: A new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M192 – 197. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS. Assessment of balance control in humans. Med Prog Technol 1990; 16: 31 – 51. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bohannon RW, Larkin PA, Cook AC, et al. Decrease in timed balance test scores with aging. Phys Ther 1984; 64: 1067 – 1070. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Alexander NB, Shepard N, Gu MJ, et al. Postural control in young and elderly adults when stance is perturbed: Kinematics. J Gerontol 1992; 47: M79 – 87. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shumway‐Cook A, Horak FB. Assessing the influence of sensory interaction on balance. Phys Ther 1986; 66: 1548 – 1550. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anacker SL, DiFabio RP. Influence of sensory inputs on standing balance in community‐dwelling elders with a recent history of falling. Phys Ther 1992; 72: 575 – 584. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ledin T, Kronhed AC, Moller C, et al. Effects of balance training in elderly evaluated by clinical tests and dynamic posturography. J Vestib Res 1991; 1: 129 – 138. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shepard NT, Schultz A, Alexander NB, et al. Postural control in young and elderly adults when stance is challenged clinical versus laboratory measurements. Ann Oto Rhino Laryngol 1993; 102: 508 – 517. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Horak FB, Mirka A, Shupert CL. The role of peripheral vestibular disorders in postural dyscontrol in the elderly. In: Woollacott MH, Shumway‐Cook A, eds. Development of Posture and Gait Across the Life Span. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989, pp 253 – 279. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Graybiel A, Fregley AR. A new quantitative ataxia test battery. Acta Otolaryngol 1966; 61: 292 – 312. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Studenski SA. Balance performance on the postural stress test: Comparison of young adults, healthy elderly, and fallers. Phys Ther 1990; 70: 410 – 415. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shepard NT, Telian SA, Smith‐Wheelock M, et al. Vestibular and balance rehabilitation therapy. Ann Oto Rhinol Laryngol 1993, in press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Black FO, Shupert CL, Peterka RJ, et al. Effects of unilateral loss of vestibular function on the vestibulo‐ocular reflex and postural control. Ann Oto Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98: 884 – 889. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, et al. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 1073 – 1080. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ekdahl C, Jarnio GB, Andersson SI. Standing balance in healthy subjects. Scand J Rehabil Med 1989; 21: 187 – 195. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hasselkus BR, Shambes GM. Aging and postural sway in women. J Gerontol 1975; 30: 661 – 667. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Luchies CW, Alexander NB, Schultz AB, et al. Stepping responses of young and old adults to postural disturbances: Kinematics. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993, in press. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Fernie GR. Aging and postural control: a comparison of spontaneous‐ and induced‐sway balance tests. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 1 – 9. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Manchester D, Woollacott M, Zederbauer‐Hylton N, et al. Visual, vestibular and somatosensory contributions to balance control in the older adult. J Gerontol 1989; 44: M118 – 127. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Murray MP, Wood AAS, Sepic SB. Normal postural stability and steadiness: Quantitative assessment. J Bone Joint Surg 1975; 57: 510 – 516. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ring C, Mathews R, Nayak USL, et al. Visual push: A sensitive measure of dynamic balance in man. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 256 – 260. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ring C, Nayak USL, Isaacs B. The effect of visual deprivation and proprioceptive change on postural sway in healthy adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 745 – 749. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stelmach GE, Phillips J, DiFabio RP, et al. Age, functional postural reflexes and voluntary sway. J Gerontol 1989; 44: B100 – 106. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stelmach GE, Teasdale N, DiFabio RP, et al. Age‐related decline in postural control mechanisms. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1989; 29: 205 – 223. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Straube A, Botzel K, Hawken M, et al. Postural control in the elderly: Differential effects of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory input. In: Amblard B, Berthoz A, Clarac F, eds. Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation, and Modulation. New York: Elsevier, 1988, pp 105 – 114. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Teasdale N, Stelmach GE, Breunig A. Postural sway characteristics of the elderly under normal and altered visual and support surface conditions. J Gerontol 1991; 46: B238 – 244. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Teasdale N, Stelmach GE, Breunig A, et al. Age differences in visual sensory integration. Exp Brain Res 1991; 85: 691 – 696. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Woollacott MH, Shumway‐Cook A, Nashner LM. Aging and posture control: Changes in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1986; 23: 97 – 114. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Bootz F, Dichgans J, et al. Variability of postural “reflexes” in humans. Exp Brain Res 1983; 52: 423 – 428. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kirby RL, Price NA, MacLeod DA. The influence of foot position on standing balance. J Biomech 1987; 20: 423 – 427. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mauritz KH, Dietz V. Characteristics of postural instability induced by ischemic blocking of leg afferents. Exp Brain Res 1980; 38: 117 – 119. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Dichgans J, Guschlbauer B, et al. The significance of proprioception on postural stabilization as assessed by ischemia. Brain Res 1984; 296: 103 – 109. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nashner LM. Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture. Exp Brain Res 1976; 26: 59 – 72. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Era P, Heikkinen E. Postural sway during standing and unexpected disturbance of balance in random samples of men of different ages. J Gerontol 1985; 40: 287 – 295. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pykko I, Jantti P, Aalto H. Postural control in elderly subjects. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 215 – 221. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Briggs RC, Gossman MR, Birch R, et al. Balance performance among noninstitutionalized elderly women. Phys Ther 1989; 69: 748 – 756. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Dichgans J, Bootz F, et al. Early stabilization of human posture after a sudden disturbance: Influence of rate and amplitude of displacement. Exp Brain Res 1984; 56: 126 – 134. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Horak FB, Nashner LM. Central programming of postural movements: Adaptation to altered support‐surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 1986; 35: 1369 – 1381. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nashner LM. Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp Brain Res 1977; 30: 13 – 24. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Keshner EA, Woollacott MH, Debu B. Neck, trunk, and limb muscle responses during postural perturbations in humans. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71: 455 – 466. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Allum JHJ, Pfaltz CR. Visual and vestibular contributions to pitch sway stabilization in the ankle muscles of normals and patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular deficits. Exp Brain Res 1985; 58: 82 – 94. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Allum JHJ, Keshner EA. Vestibular and proprioceptive control of sway stabilization. In: Bles W, Brandt T, eds. Disorders of Posture and Gait. New York: Elsevier, 1986, pp 19 – 40. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Keshner EA, Allum JHJ, Pfaltz CR. Postural coactivation and adaptation in the sway stabilizing responses of normals and patients with bilateral vestibular deficit. Exp Brain Res 1987; 69: 77 – 92. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Horak FB, Nashner LM. Influence of stimulus parameters on human postural responses. J Neurophysiol 1988; 59: 1888 – 1905. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Dichgans J, Guschlbauer B, et al. Role of visual and static vestibular influences on dynamic postural control. Hum Neurobiol 1986; 5: 105 – 113. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Keshner EA, Cohen H. Current concepts of the vestibular system reviewed: 1. The role of the vestibulospinal system in postural control. Am J Occup Ther 1989; 43: 320 – 330, 1989. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Dichgans J, Guschlbauer B, et al. The coordination of posture and voluntary movement in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Movement Disord 1992; 7: 14 – 22. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | LLinas R, Walton K. Vestibular compensation: A distributed property of the central nervous system. In: Asanyma H, Wilson VT, eds. Integration in the Nervous System. Tokyo: Igaku‐Shoin, 1979, pp 145 – 166. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Keshner EA, Allum JHJ. Plasticity in pitch sway stabilization: normal habituation and compensation for peripheral vestibular deficits. In: Bles W, Brandt T, eds. Disorders of Posture and Gait. New York: Elsevier, 1986, pp 289 – 314. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Larsson L, Grimsby G, Karlsson J. Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol 1979; 46: 451 – 456. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lord SR, Clark RD, Webster IW. Postural stability and associated physiological factors in a population of aged persons. J Gerontol 1991; 46: M69 – 76. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Faulkner JA, Brooks SV, Zerba E. Skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue in old age: Underlying mechanisms. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 1990; 10: 147 – 166. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Curcio CA, Buell SJ, Coleman PD. Morphology of the aging central nervous system: Not all downhill. In: Mortimer J, Pirozzolo F, Maletta G, eds. The Aging Motor System. New York: Praeger, 1982, pp 7 – 35. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schaumberg HH, Spencer PS, Ochoa J. The aging human peripheral nervous system. In: Katzman R, Terry R. eds. The Neurology of Aging. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1983. pp 111 – 122. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lord SR, Clark RD, Webster IW. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in relation to falls in an elderly population. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 175 – 181. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Kidd S, et al. Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls: A prospective study. JAMA 1989; 261: 2663 – 2668. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tobis JS, Reinsch S, Swanson JM, et al. Visual perception dominance of fallers among community‐dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 330 – 333. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Hannan MT, et al. Impaired vision and hip fracture: the Framingham study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 495 – 500. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF. Risk factors for falls in a community‐based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 1989; 44: M112 – 117. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Amblard B, Cremieux J, Marchand AR, et al. Lateral orientation and stabilization of human stance: Static versus dynamic cues. Exp Brain Res 1985; 61: 21 – 37. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nashner LM, Berthoz A. Visual contribution to rapid motor responses during postural control. Brain Res 1978; 150: 403 – 407. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sekuler R, Hutman LP, Owsley CJ. Human aging and spatial vision. Science 1980; 209: 1255 – 1256. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Carter JH. The effects of aging on selected visual functions: Color vision, glare sensitivity, field of vision, and accommodation. In: Sekuler R, Kline D, Dismukes K, eds. Aging and Human Visual Function. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1982, pp 121 – 130. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pitts DG. The effects of aging on selected visual functions: dark adaptation, visual acuity, stereopsis, and brightness contrast. In: Sekuler R, Kline D, Dismukes K, eds. Aging and Human Visual Function. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1982, pp 131 – 159. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Owen DH. Maintaining posture and avoiding tripping. Optical information for detecting and controlling orientation and locomotion. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1: 581 – 599. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Simoneau GG, Leibowitz HW, Ulbrecht JS, et al. The effects of visual factors and head orientation on postural steadiness in women 55 to 70 years of age. J Gerontol 1990; 47: M151 – M158. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pykko I, Aalto A, Hytonen M, et al. Effect of age on postural control. In: Amblard B, Berthoz A, Clarac F, eds. Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation, and Modulation. New York: Elsevier, 1988, pp 95 – 104. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kokmen E, Bossemeyer RW, Williams WJ. Quantitative evaluation of joint motion sensation in an aging population. J Gerontol 1978; 33: 62 – 67. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Skinner HB, Barrack RL, Cook SD. Age‐related decline in proprioception. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1984; 184: 208 – 211. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Thornbury JM, Mistretta CM. Tactile sensitivity as a function of age. J Gerontol 1981; 36: 34 – 39. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mauritz KH, Dietz V, Haller M. Balancing as a clinical test in the differential diagnosis of sensory disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1980; 43: 407 – 412. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Magnusson M, Enborn H, Johansson R, et al. Significance of pressor input from the human feet in lateral postural control. Acta Otolaryngol 1990; 100: 321 – 327. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rosenhall U. Degenerative patterns in the aging human vestibular neuroepithelia. Acta Otolaryngol 1973; 76: 208 – 220. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Peterka RJ, Black FO, Schoenhoff MB. Age‐related changes in human vestibulo‐ocular reflexes: Sinusoidal rotation and caloric tests. J Vestib Res 1990; 1: 49 – 59. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pozzo T, Berthoz A, Lefort L. Head stabilization during various locomotor tasks in humans. I. Normal subjects. Exp Brain Res 1990; 82: 97 – 106. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Viviani P, Berthoz A. Dynamics of head‐neck systems in response to small perturbations: Analysis and modeling in the frequency domain. Biol Cybern 1975; 19: 19 – 37. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wyke B. Cervical articular contributions to posture and gait: Their relation to senile disequilibrium. Age Ageing 1979; 8: 251 – 258. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Richmond FJR, Abrahams VC. What are the proprioceptors of the neck? In: Granit R, Pompeiano O, eds. Progress in Brain Research Reflex Control of Posture and Movement Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1979, pp 245 – 254. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Dichgans J. On the role of vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information for dynamic postural control in humans. In: Pompeiano O, Allum JHJ, eds. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 76. New York: Elsevier, 1988, pp 253 – 262. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jackson RT, Epstein CM. Effects of head extension on equilibrium in normal subjects. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100: 63 – 67. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Barin K, Seitz CM, Welling DB. Effects of head orientation on the diagnostic sensitivity of posturography in patients with compensated unilateral lesions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 106: 355 – 362. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nashner LM, Black FO, Wall C. Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance: Patients with vestibular deficits. J Neuroscience 1982; 2: 536 – 544. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bronstein AM. Suppression of visually evoked responses. Exp Brain Res 1986; 63: 655 – 658. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Whipple RH, Wolfson LI, Amerman PM. The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in nursing home residents: An isokinetic study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987; 35: 13 – 20. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vandervoort AA, Chesworth BM, Cunningham DA, et al. Age and sex effects on mobility of the human ankle. J Gerontol 1992; 47: M17 – 21. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Makrides L, Heigenhauser GJF, McCartney N, et al. Maximal short term exercise capacity in healthy subjects aged 15–70 years. Clin Sci 1985; 69: 197 – 205. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bassey EJ, Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, et al. Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women. Clin Sci 1992; 82: 321 – 327. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hakkinen K, Hakkinen A. Muscle cross‐sectional area force production and relaxation characteristics in women at different ages. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 62: 410 – 414. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Such CH, Unsworth A, Wright V, et al. Quantitative study of stiffness in the knee joint. Ann Rheum Dis 1975; 34: 286 – 291. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | (Deleted in press). | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Buchner DM, de Lateur BJ. The importance of skeletal muscle strength to physical function in older adults. Ann Behav Med 1991; 13: 91 – 98. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Iverson BD, Gossman MR, Shaddeau SA, et al. Balance performance, force production, and activity levels in noninstitutionalized men 60–90 years of age. Phys Ther 1990; 70: 348 – 355. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Salthouse TA, Somberg BL. Time‐accuracy relationships in young and old adults. J Gerontol 1982; 37: 349 – 353. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Baylor AM. Plasticity and exercise effects on aging motor function. In: Woollacott MH, Shumway‐Cook A, eds. Development of Posture and Gait Across the Life Span. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989, pp 202 – 225. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rabbit P. How old and young subjects monitor and control responses for accuracy and speed. Br J Psychol 1979; 70: 305 – 311. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stelmach GE, Worringham CJ. Sensorimotor deficits related to postural stability. Implications for falling in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1: 679 – 694. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Clarkson PM. The effect of age and activity level on simple and choice fractionated response time. Eur J Appl Physiol 1978; 40: 17 – 25. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | (Deleted in press). | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Botwinick J. Disinclination to venture response versus cautiousness in responding: age differences. J Genet Psych 1969; 115: 55 – 62. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Okun MA. Adult age and cautiousness in decision: A review of the literature. Hum Dev 1976; 19: 220 – 233. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tanaka Y, Takeya T, Ohno Y, et al. The influence of psychological stress on fine body movement. Agressologie 1979; 20: 165 – 166. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hallam RS, Hinchcliffe R. Emotional stability: Its relationship to confidence in maintaining balance. J Psychosoma Res 1991; 35: 421 – 430. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jacob RG. Panic disorder and the vestibular system. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1988; 11: 361 – 374. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol 1990; 45: P239 – 243. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Topper AK. Fear of falling and postural performance in the elderly. J Gerontol 1991; 46: M123 – 131. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Greenwood R, Hopkins A. Muscle responses during sudden falls in man. J Physiol 1976; 254: 507 – 518. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Woollacott MH, von Hosten C, Rosblad B. Relation between muscle response onset and body segmental movements during postural perturbations in humans. Exp Brain Res 1988; 72: 593 – 604. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Badke MB, Duncan PW, DiFabio RP. Influences of prior knowledge on automatic and voluntary postural adjustments in healthy and hemiplegic subjects. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 1495 – 1500. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cordo PJ, Nashner LM. Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. J Neurophysiol 1982; 47: 287 – 302. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Horak FB, Esselman P, Anderson ME, et al. The effects of movement velocity, mass displaced, and task certainty on associated postural adjustments made by normal and hemiplegic individuals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1984; 47: 1020 – 1028. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rogers MW, Kukulka CG, Soderberg GL. Age‐related changes in postural responses preceding rapid self‐paced and reaction time movements. J Gerontol 1992; 47: M159 – M165. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Inglin B, Woollacott M. Age‐related changes in anticipatory postural adjustments associated with arm movements. J Gerontol 1988; 43: M105 – 113. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Woollacott MH, Manchester DL. Anticipatory postural adjustments in older adults: Are changes in response characteristics due to changes in strategy? J Gerontol 1993; 48: M64 – M70. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stelmach GE, Populin L, Muller F. Postural muscle onset and voluntary movement in the elderly. Neurosci Lett 1990; 117: 188 – 193. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Horak FB, Diener HC, Nashner LM. Influence of central set on human postural responses. J Neurophysiol 1989b; 62: 841 – 853. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Geurts ACH, Mulder T, Nienhuis B, et al. Dual‐task assessment of reorganization of postural control in persons with lower limb amputation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 1059 – 64. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bienhold H, Abeln W, Flohr Drug effects on vestibular compensation. In: Flohr H, Precht W eds. Lesion‐induced Neuronal Plasticity in Sensorimotor Systems. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1981, pp 265 – 273. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Badke MB, Duncan PW. Patterns of rapid motor responses during postural adjustments when standing in healthy and hemiplegic patients. Phys Ther 1983; 63: 13 – 20. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | DiFabio RP. Lower extremity antagonist muscle response following standing perturbation in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Brain Res 1987; 406: 43 – 51. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | DiFabio RP, Badke MB, McEvoy A, et al. Kinematic properties of voluntary postural sway in patients with unilateral primary hemispheric lesions. Brain Res 1990; 513: 248 – 254. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shumway‐Cook A, Anson D, Haller S. Postural sway biofeedback: Its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 395 – 400. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Diener HC, Dichgans J. Pathophysiology of posture. In: Amblard B, Berthoz A, Clarac F, eds. Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation, and Modulation. New York: Elsevier, 1988, pp 229 – 235. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Beckley DJ, Bloem BR, van Dijk JG, et al. Electrophysiological correlates of postural instability in Parkinson's disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neuropsychol 1991; 81: 263 – 268. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Dietz V, Berger W, Horstmann GA. Posture in Parkinson's disease: Impairment of reflexes and programming. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 660 – 669. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rogers MW, Kukulka CG, Soderberg GL. Postural adjustments preceding rapid arm movements in Parkinsonian subjects. Neurosci Lett 1987; 75: 246 – 251. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Traub MM, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD. Anticipatory postural reflexes in Parkinson's disease and other akinetic‐rigid syndromes and in cerebellar ataxia. Brain 1980; 103: 393 – 412. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fernie GF, Holliday PJ. Postural sway in amputees and normal subjects. J Bone Joint Surg 1978; 60: 895 – 898. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Isakov E, Mizrachi J, Ring H, et al. Standing sway and weight‐bearing distribution in people with below‐knee amputations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 174 – 178. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Geurts ACH, Mulder T, Nienhuis B, et al. Postural reorganization following lower limb amputation. Scand J Rehabil Med 1992; 24: 83 – 90. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lichtenstein MJ, Shields SL, Shiavi RG, et al. Clinical determinants of biomechanics platform measures of balance in aged women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 996 – 1002. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jonsson PV, Lipsitz LA, Kelley M, et al. Hypotensive responses to common daily activities in institutionalized elderly: A potential risk for recurrent falls. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1518 – 1524. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Robin DW, Hasan SS, Lichtenstein MJ, et al. Dose‐related effect of triazolam on postural sway. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 49: 581 – 588. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Buchner DM, Beresford SAA, Larson EB, et al. Effects of physical activity on health status in older adults. II: Intervention studies. Annu Rev Public Health 1992; 13: 469 – 488. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lichtenstein MJ, Shields SL, Shiavi RG, et al. Exercise and balance in aged women: A pilot clinical controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 138 – 143. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hopkins DR, Murrah B, Hoeger WWK, et al. Effect of low‐impact aerobic dance on the functional fitness of elderly women. Gerontologist 1990; 30: 189 – 192. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Crilly RG, Willems DA, Trenholm KJ, et al. Effect of exercise on postural sway. J Gerontol 1989; 35: 137 – 143. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stones MJ, Kozma A. Balance and age in the sighted and blind. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987; 68: 85 – 89. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan DT, et al. High intensity strength training in nonagenarians. JAMA 1990; 263: 3029 – 3034. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Moritani T, DeVries HA. Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain. Am J Phys Med 1979; 58: 115 – 130. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Moritani T, DeVries HA. Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men. J Gerontol 1980; 35: 672 – 682. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sale DG. Influence of exercise and training on motor unit activation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1987; 15: 95 – 151. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jones DA, Rutherford OM, Parker DF. Physiological changes in skeletal muscle as a result of strength training. Q J Exp Physiol 1989; 74: 233 – 256. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jones DA, Rutherford OM. Human muscle strength training: The effects of three different regimes and the nature of the resultant changes. J Physiol 1987; 391: 1 – 11. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rasch PJ, Morehouse LE. Effect of static and dynamic exercises on muscular strength and hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol 1957; 11: 29 – 34. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Enoka RM. Muscle strength and its development. Sports Med 1988; 6: 146 – 168. | en_US |
dc.owningcollname | Interdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed |
Files in this item
Remediation of Harmful Language
The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.
Accessibility
If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.