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Wave climatology in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior
dc.contributor.authorAnderson, Joshua D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorWu, Chin H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSchwab, David J.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2015-09-01T19:30:29Z
dc.date.available2016-08-08T16:18:39Zen
dc.date.issued2015-07en_US
dc.identifier.citationAnderson, Joshua D.; Wu, Chin H.; Schwab, David J. (2015). "Wave climatology in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120(7): 4869-4890.en_US
dc.identifier.issn2169-9275en_US
dc.identifier.issn2169-9291en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/113131
dc.description.abstractThe wave climate of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior for 35 year (1979–2013) was hindcast and examined using a third‐generation spectral wave model. Wave measurements within the Apostle Islands and offshore NOAA buoys were used to validate the model. Statistics of the significant wave height, peak wave period, and mean wave direction were computed to reveal the spatial variability of wave properties within the archipelago for average and extreme events. Extreme value analysis was performed to estimate the significant wave height at the 1, 10, and 100 year return periods. Significant wave heights in the interior areas of the islands vary spatially but are approximately half those immediately offshore of the islands. Due to reduced winter ice cover and a clockwise shift in wind direction over the hindcast period, long‐term trend analysis indicates an increasing trend of significant wave heights statistics by as much as 2% per year, which is approximately an order of magnitude greater than similar analysis performed in the global ocean for areas unaffected by ice. Two scientific questions related to wave climate are addressed. First, the wave climate change due to the relative role of changing wind fields or ice covers over the past 35 years was revealed. Second, potential bluff erosion affected by the change of wave climate and the trend of lower water levels in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior was examined.Key Points:Wave climate of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior for 35 year was hindcastStatistics of the wave climate reveal the spatial variability of wave propertiesAn increasing trend of SWH is found due to climate changeen_US
dc.publisherSpringeren_US
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.en_US
dc.subject.otherclimate changeen_US
dc.subject.otherbluff erosionen_US
dc.subject.otherGreat Lakesen_US
dc.subject.otherwave modelingen_US
dc.subject.otherwave climateen_US
dc.titleWave climatology in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superioren_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollowen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelGeological Sciencesen_US
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelAtmospheric and Oceanic Sciencesen_US
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelScienceen_US
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Revieweden_US
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113131/1/jgrc21305.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/2014JC010278en_US
dc.identifier.sourceJournal of Geophysical Research: Oceansen_US
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dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


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