Effects Of Biodiversity On Ecosystem Functioning: A Consensus Of Current Knowledge
dc.contributor.author | Hooper, D. U. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Chapin, F. S. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Ewel, J. J. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Hector, A. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Inchausti, P. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Lavorel, S. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Lawton, J. H. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Lodge, D. M. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Loreau, M. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Naeem, S. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Schmid, B. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Setälä, H. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Symstad, A. J. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Vandermeer, J. | en_US |
dc.contributor.author | Wardle, D. A. | en_US |
dc.date.accessioned | 2016-02-01T18:47:35Z | |
dc.date.available | 2016-02-01T18:47:35Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2005-02 | en_US |
dc.identifier.citation | Hooper, D. U.; Chapin, F. S.; Ewel, J. J.; Hector, A.; Inchausti, P.; Lavorel, S.; Lawton, J. H.; Lodge, D. M.; Loreau, M.; Naeem, S.; Schmid, B.; Setälä, H. ; Symstad, A. J.; Vandermeer, J.; Wardle, D. A. (2005). "Effects Of Biodiversity On Ecosystem Functioning: A Consensus Of Current Knowledge." Ecological Monographs 75(1): 3-35. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 0012-9615 | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1557-7015 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/116927 | |
dc.publisher | Ecological Society of America | en_US |
dc.publisher | Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | en_US |
dc.subject.other | species extinction | en_US |
dc.subject.other | biodiversity | en_US |
dc.subject.other | complementary resource use | en_US |
dc.subject.other | ecosystem goods and services | en_US |
dc.subject.other | ecosystem processes | en_US |
dc.subject.other | ecosystem properties | en_US |
dc.subject.other | functional characteristics | en_US |
dc.subject.other | functional diversity | en_US |
dc.subject.other | net primary production | en_US |
dc.subject.other | sampling effect | en_US |
dc.subject.other | species invasions | en_US |
dc.subject.other | species richness | en_US |
dc.subject.other | stability | en_US |
dc.title | Effects Of Biodiversity On Ecosystem Functioning: A Consensus Of Current Knowledge | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.rights.robots | IndexNoFollow | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevel | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | en_US |
dc.subject.hlbtoplevel | Science | en_US |
dc.description.peerreviewed | Peer Reviewed | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationum | Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | U.S. Geological Survey, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, 13000 Highway 244, Keystone, South Dakota 57751 USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | University of Helsinki, Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027 USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Laboratoire d'Ecologie, UMR 7625, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 369, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369 USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, UK | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université J. Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | CEBC-CNRS, 79360 Beauvoir-sur-Niort, France | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA | en_US |
dc.contributor.affiliationother | Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 323, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 USA | en_US |
dc.description.bitstreamurl | http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116927/1/ecm20057513.pdf | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1890/04-0922 | en_US |
dc.identifier.source | Ecological Monographs | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sankaran, M., and S. J. McNaughton. 1999. Determinants of biodiversity regulate compositional stability of communities. Nature 401: 691 – 693. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997a. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1300 – 1302. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., C. L. Lehman, and C. E. Bristow. 1998. Diversity–stability relationships: statistical inevitability or ecological consequence? American Naturalist 151: 277 – 282. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., C. L. Lehman, and K. T. Thomson. 1997b. Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 94: 1857 – 1861. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, J. Knops, D. Wedin, T. Mielke, and C. Lehman. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294: 843 – 845. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., D. Wedin, and J. Knops. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379: 718 – 720. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Trenbath, B. R. 1974. Biomass productivity of mixtures. Advances in Agronomy 26: 177 – 210. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Trenbath, B. R. 1999. Multispecies cropping systems in India. Pages 381–405 in E. C. Lefroy, R. J. Hobbs, M. H. O'Connor, and J. S. Pate, editors. Agriculture as a mimic of natural systems. Kluwer Academic, Dortrecht, The Netherlands. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Troumbis, A. Y., P. G. Dimitrakopoulos, A. S. Siamantziouras, and D. Memtsas. 2000. Hidden diversity and productivity patterns in mixed Mediterranean grasslands. Oikos 90: 549 – 559. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Troumbis, A. Y., and D. Memtsas. 2000. Observational evidence that diversity may increase productivity in Mediterranean shrublands. Oecologia 125: 101 – 108. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Valiela, I., G. Tomasky, J. Hauxwell, M. L. Cole, J. Cebrián, and K. D. Kroeger. 2000. Operationalizing sustainability: management and risk assessment of land-derived nitrogen loads to estuaries. Ecological Applications 10: 1006 – 1023. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Van Cleve, K., F. S. Chapin, III, C. T. Dryness, and L. A. Vireck. 1991. Element cycling in taiga forest: state-factor control. BioScience 41: 78 – 88. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | van der Heijden, M. G. A., J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boller, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396: 69 – 72. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | van der Heijden, M. G. A., J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boller, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1999. “Sampling effect”, a problem in biodiversity manipulation? A reply to David A. Wardle. Oikos 87: 408 – 410. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vandermeer, J. H. 1989. The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vandermeer, J. H. 1990. Intercropping. Pages 481–516 in C. R. Carrol, J. H. Vandermeer, and P. M. Rosset, editors. Agroecology. McGraw Hill, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vandermeer, J., and R. Carvajal. 2001. Metapopulation dynamics and the quality of the matrix. American Naturalist 158: 211 – 220. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vandermeer, J., D. Lawrence, A. Symstad, and S. Hobbie. 2002. Effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning in managed ecosystems. Pages 209–220 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vandermeer, J., M. van Noordwijk, J. Anderson, C. Ong, and I. Perfecto. 1998. Global change and multi-species agroecosystems: concepts and issues. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 67: 1 – 22. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Van der Putten, W. H. et al. 2000. Plant species diversity as a driver of early succession in abandoned fields: a multi-site approach. Oecologia 124: 91 – 99. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vander Zanden, M. J., J. M. Casselman, and J. B. Rasmussen. 1999. Stable isotope evidence for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes. Nature 401: 464 – 467. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | van Ruijven, J., and F. Berendse. 2003. Positive effects of plant species diversity on productivity in the absence of legumes. Ecology Letters 6: 170 – 175. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vitousek, P. M. 1986. Biological invasions and ecosystem properties: can species make a difference? Pages 163–176 in H. A. Mooney and J. A. Drake, editors. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vitousek, P. M. 1990. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57: 7 – 13. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vitousek, P. M., and D. U. Hooper. 1993. Biological diversity and terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry. Pages 3–14 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Vitousek, P. M., and L. R. Walker. 1989. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawai'i: plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem effects. Ecological Monographs 59: 247 – 265. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Waide, R. B., M. R. Willig, C. F. Steiner, G. Mittelbach, L. Gough, S. I. Dodson, G. P. Juday, and R. Parmenter. 1999. The relationship between productivity and species richness. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 257 – 300. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Walker, B. H. 1992. Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6: 18 – 23. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Walker, B., A. Kinzig, and J. Langridge. 1999. Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function: the nature and significance of dominant and minor species. Ecosystems 2: 95 – 113. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A. 1998. A more reliable design for biodiversity study? Nature 394: 30. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A. 1999. Is “sampling effect” a problem for experiments investigating biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships? Oikos 87: 403 – 407. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A. 2001a. Experimental demonstration that plant diversity reduces invasibility: evidence of a biological mechanism or a consequence of sampling effect? Oikos 95: 161 – 170. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A. 2001b. No observational evidence for diversity enhancing productivity in Mediterranean shrublands. Oecologia 129: 620 – 621. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A. 2002. Communities and ecosystems: linking the aboveground and belowground components. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., K. I. Bonner, and G. M. Barker. 2000a. Stability of ecosystem properties in response to above-ground functional group richness and composition. Oikos 89: 11 – 23. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., K. I. Bonner, G. M. Barker, G. W. Yeates, K. S. Nicholson, R. D. Bardgett, R. N. Watson, and A. Ghani. 1999. Plant removals in perennial grassland: vegetation dynamics, decomposers, soil biodiversity, and ecosystem properties. Ecological Monographs 69: 535 – 568. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., K. I. Bonner, and K. S. Nicholson. 1997a. Biodiversity and plant litter: experimental evidence which does not support the view that enhanced species richness improves ecosystem function. Oikos 79: 247 – 258. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., and J. P. Grime. 2003. Biodiversity and stability of grassland ecosystem functioning. Oikos 100: 622 – 623. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., G. Hörnberg, O. Zackrisson, M. Kalela-Brundin, and D. A. Coomes. 2003. Long-term effects of wildfire on ecosystem properties across an island area gradient. Science 300: 972 – 975. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., M. A. Huston, J. P. Grime, F. Berendse, E. Garnier, W. K. Laurenroth, H. Setälä, and S. D. Wilson. 2000b. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: an issue in ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 81: 235 – 239. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wardle, D. A., O. Zackrisson, G. Hörnberg, and C. Gallet. 1997b. The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science 277: 1296 – 1299. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Watson, J. W., and P. B. Eyzaguirre. editors 2002. Home gardens and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in farming systems. Proceedings of the Second International Home Gardens Workshop. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Witzenhausen, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wedin, D., and D. Tilman. 1993. Competition among grasses along a nitrogen gradient: initial conditions and mechanisms of competition. Ecological Monographs 63: 199 – 229. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Weiher, E., and P. Keddy. 1999a. Assembly rules as general constraints on community composition. Pages 251–271 in E. Weiher and P. Keddy, editors. Ecological assembly rules: perspectives, advances, retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Weiher, E., and P. Keddy. editors 1999b. Ecological assembly rules: perspectives, advances, retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Westoby, M. 1998. A leaf–height–seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil 199: 213 – 227. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Whittaker, R. J., and E. Heegaard. 2003. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 84: 3384 – 3389. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Williams, B. L. 1994. Interactions between tree species and their effects on nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in the forest floor. Pages 357–370 in T. J. B. Boyle and C. E. B. Boyle, editors. Biodiversity, temperate ecosystems, and global change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wilsey, B. J., and C. Potvin. 2000. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: importance of species evenness in an old field. Ecology 81: 887 – 892. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wilson, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. Norton, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wilson, E. O., and E. O. Willis. 1975. Applied biogeography. Pages 522–534 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wilson, J. B. 1999. Guilds, functional types and ecological groups. Oikos 86: 507 – 522. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wolters, V. et al. 2000. Effects of global changes on above- and belowground biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems: implications for ecosystem functioning. BioScience 50: 1089 – 1098. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Yachi, S., and M. Loreau. 1999. Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 1463 – 1468. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Zak, D. R., W. E. Holmes, D. C. White, A. D. Peacock, and D. Tilman. 2003. Plant diversity, soil microbial communities, and ecosystem function: are there any links? Ecology 84: 2042 – 2050. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Zhu, Y. et al. 2000. Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature 406: 718 – 722. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Zimov, S. A., V. I. Chuprynin, A. P. Oreshko, F. S. Chapin, III, J. F. Reynolds, and M. C. Chapin. 1995. Steppe–tundra transition: a herbivore-driven biome shift at the end of the Pleistocene. American Naturalist 146: 765 – 794. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Aarssen, L. W. 1997. High productivity in grassland ecosystems: affected by species diversity or productive species? Oikos 80: 183 – 184. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Aerts, R., F. Berendse, H. Decaluwe, and M. Schmitz. 1990. Competition in heathland along an experimental gradient of nutrient availability. Oikos 57: 310 – 318. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Alban, D. H., and E. C. Berry. 1994. Effects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon, and nitrogen of a forest soil. Applied Soil Ecology 1: 243 – 249. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Allison, G. W. 1999. The implications of experimental design for biodiversity manipulations. American Naturalist 153: 26 – 45. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Altieri, M. A. 1990. Why study traditional agriculture? Pages 551–564 in C. R. Carrol, J. H. Vandermeer, and P. M. Rosset, editors. Agroecology. McGraw Hill, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Andrén, O., M. Clarholm, and J. Benstsson. 1995. Biodiversity and species redundancy among litter decomposers. Pages 141–151 in H. A. Collins, G. P. Robertson, and M. J. Klug, editors. The significance and regulation of soil biodiversity. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Balmford,. et al. 2002. Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 297: 950 – 953. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Balser, T. C., A. Kinzig, and M. K. Firestone. 2002. Linking soil microbial communities and ecosystem functioning. Pages 265–293 in A. Kinzig, S. W. Pacala, and D. Tilman, editors. The functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Barbier, E. B. et al. 1995. The economic value of biodiversity. Pages 823–914 in V. Heywood and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), editors. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bardgett, R. D., and A. Shine. 1999. Linkages between plant litter diversity, soil microbial biomass and ecosystem function in temperate grasslands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31: 317 – 321. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bazzaz, F. A. 1987. Experimental studies on the evolution of niche in successional plant populations. Pages 245–272 in A. J. Gray, M. J. Crawley, and P. J. Edwards, editors. Colonization, succession and stability. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berendse, F. 1982. Competition between plant populations with different rooting depths III. Field experiments. Oecologia 53: 50 – 55. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berendse, F. 1983. Interspecific competition and niche differentiation between Plantago lanceolata and Anthoxanthum odoratum in a natural hayfield. Journal of Ecology 71: 379 – 390. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berendse, F., and W. T. Elberse. 1990. Competition and nutrient availability in heathland and grassland ecosystems. Pages 93–116 in J. B. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berendse, F., H. Oudhof, and J. Bol. 1987. A comparative study on nutrient cycling in wet heathland ecosystems I. Litter production and nutrient losses from the plant. Oecologia 74: 174 – 184. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berkowitz, A. R., C. D. Canham, and V. R. Kelly. 1995. Competition vs. facilitation of tree seedling growth and survival in early successional communities. Ecology 76: 1156 – 1168. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berlow, E. L. 1999. Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398: 330 – 334. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bertness, M. D., and R. Callaway. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 191 – 193. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Blair, J. M., R. W. Parmelee, and M. H. Beare. 1990. Decay rates, nitrogen fluxes, and decomposer communities of single- and mixed-species foliar litter. Ecology 71: 1976 – 1985. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bolker, B. M., S. W. Pacala, F. A. Bazzaz, C. D. Canham, and S. A. Levin. 1995. Species diversity and ecosystem response to carbon dioxide fertilization: conclusions from a temperate forest model. Global Change Biology 1: 373 – 381. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Box, E. O. 1996. Plant functional types and climate at the global scale. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 309 – 320. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bradford, M. A. et al. 2002. Impacts of soil faunal community composition on model grassland ecosystems. Science 298: 615 – 618. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Brown, B. J., and J. J. Ewel. 1987. Herbivory in complex and simple tropical successional ecosystems. Ecology 68: 108 – 116. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Brown, J. H., S. K. M. Ernest, J. M. Parody, and J. P. Haskell. 2001. Regulation of diversity: maintenance of species richness in changing environments. Oecologia 126: 321 – 332. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bruno, J. F., J. J. Stachowicz, and M. D. Bertness. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 119 – 125. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Callaway, R. M. et al. 2002. Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417: 844 – 848. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cannell, M. G. R., D. C. Malcolm, and P. A. Robertson. editors 1992. The ecology of mixed species stands. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cardinale, B. J., K. Nelson, and M. A. Palmer. 2000. Linking species diversity to the functioning of ecosystems: on the importance of environmental context. Oikos 91: 175 – 183. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cardinale, B. J., M. A. Palmer, and S. A. Collins. 2002. Species diversity enhances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation. Nature 415: 426 – 429. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Carpenter, S. R., and J. F. Kitchell. editors 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, P. A. Cochran, J. J. Elser, M. M. Elser, D. M. Lodge, D. Kretchmer, X. He, and C. N. von Ende. 1987. Regulation of lake primary productivity by food web structure. Ecology 68: 1863 – 1876. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Casperson, J. P., and S. W. Pacala. 2001. Successional diversity and forest ecosystem function. Ecological Research 16: 895 – 904. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Catovsky, S., M. A. Bradford, and A. Hector. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity: implications for carbon storage. Oikos 97: 443 – 448. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 233 – 260. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, K. Autumn, and F. Pugnaire. 1993. Evolution of suites of traits in response to environmental stress. American Naturalist 142: S78 – S92. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, S. M. Bret-Harte, S. E. Hobbie, and H. Zhong. 1996a. Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of arctic vegetation to global change. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 347 – 358. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, P. A. Matson, and H. Mooney. 2002. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, H. Reynolds, C. D'Antonio, and V. Eckhart. 1996b. The functional role of species in terrestrial ecosystems. Pages 403–428 in B. Walker and W. Steffen, editors. Global change in terrestrial ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, O. E. Sala, and E. Huber-Sannwald. editors 2001. Global biodiversity in a changing environment: scenarios for the 21st century. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, and G. R. Shaver. 1985. Individualistic growth response of tundra plant species to environmental manipulations in the field. Ecology 66: 564 – 576. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, M. S. Torn, and M. Tateno. 1996c. Principles of ecosystem sustainability. American Naturalist 148: 1016 – 1037. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, P. M. Vitousek, and K. Van Cleve. 1986. The nature of nutrient limitation in plant communities. American Naturalist 127: 48 – 58. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, B. H. Walker, R. J. Hobbs, D. U. Hooper, J. H. Lawton, O. E. Sala, and D. Tilman. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science 277: 500 – 504. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, L. R. Walker, C. L. Fastie, and L. C. Sharman. 1994. Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64: 149 – 175. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapin, F. S., III, E. S. Zavaleta, V. T. Eviner, R. L. Naylor, P. M. Vitousek, H. L. Reynolds, D. U. Hooper, S. Lavorel, O. E. Sala, S. E. Hobbie, M. C. Mack, and S. Diaz. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405: 234 – 242. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chapman, K., J. B. Whittaker, and O. W. Heal. 1988. Metabolic and faunal activity in litters of tree mixtures compared with pure stands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 24: 33 – 40. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chesson, P. L. 2000. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 343 – 366. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Chesson, P., S. Pacala, and C. Neuhauser. 2002. Environmental niches and ecosystem functioning. Pages 213–245 in A. Kinzig, D. Tilman, and S. Pacala, editors. Functional consequences of biodiversity: experimental progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Christensen, N. L. et al. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications 6: 665 – 691. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199: 1302 – 1310. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Connell, J. H., and R. O. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist 111: 1119 – 1144. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Connolly, J. 1986. On difficulties with replacement-series methodology in mixture experiments. Journal of Applied Ecology 23: 125 – 137. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Costanza, R. et al. 1998. Principles for sustainable governance of the oceans. Science 281: 198 – 199. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cottingham, K. C., B. L. Brown, and J. T. Lennon. 2001. Biodiversity may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems. Ecology Letters 4: 72 – 85. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cousens, R., and M. O'Neill. 1993. Density dependence of replacement series experiments. Oikos 66: 347 – 352. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Emmerson, M. C., M. Solan, C. Emes, D. M. Peterson, and D. Raffaelli. 2001. Consistent patterns and the idiosyncratic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. Nature 411: 73 – 77. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cramer, W. 1997. Using plant functional types in a global vegetation model. Pages 271–288 in T. M. Smith, H. H. Shugart, and F. I. Woodward, editors. Plant functional types: their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cushman, J. H., R. Dirzo, A. C. Janetos, J. Lubchenco, H. A. Mooney, and O. E. Sala. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: ecosystem analyses. Section 6.3, Conclusions. Pages 446–452 in United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Daily, G. editor 1997. Nature's services. Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | D'Antonio, C. M. 2000. Fire, plant invasions, and global changes. Pages 65–94 in H. A. Mooney and R. J. Hobbs, editors. Invasive species in a changing world. Island Press, Covelo, California, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass–fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 63 – 87. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | de Ruiter, P. C., B. Griffiths, and J. C. Moore. 2002. Biodiversity and stability in soil ecosystems: patterns, processes and the effects of disturbance. Pages 102–113 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | de Ruiter, P. C., A. M. Neutel, and J. C. Moore. 1994. Modelling food webs and nutrient cycling in agro-ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 378 – 383. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | de Ruiter, P. C., A. M. Neutel, and J. C. Moore. 1995. Energetics, patterns of interaction strengths, and stability in real ecosystems. Science 269: 1257 – 1260. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Dias, B., S. Díaz, M. McGlone, A. Hector, D. A. Wardle, G. Ruark, H. Gitay, H. Toivonen, I. Thompson, K. J. Mulongoy, P. Straka, and V. Burianek. 2003. Biodiversity: linkages to climate change. Pages 24–37 in R. Watson and O. Berghal, editors. Interlinkages between biological diversity and climate change and advice on the integration of biodiversity considerations into the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Díaz, S., and M. Cabido. 2001. Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 464 – 655. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Díaz, S., M. Cabido, and F. Casanoves. 1998. Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale. Journal of Vegetation Science 9: 113 – 122. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Díaz, S., M. Cabido, and F. Casanoves. 1999. Functional implications of trait–environment linkages in plant communities. Pages 338–362 in E. Weiher and P. Keddy, editors. Ecological assembly rules: perspectives, advances, retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Díaz, S., A. J. Symstad, F. S. Chapin, III, D. A. Wardle, and L. F. Huenneke. 2003. Functional diversity revealed by removal experiments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 140 – 146. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Doak, D. F., D. Bigger, E. K. Harding, M. A. Marvier, R. E. O'Malley, and D. Thomson. 1998. The statistical inevitability of stability–diversity relationships in community ecology. American Naturalist 151: 264 – 276. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Dodson, S. I., S. E. Arnott, and K. L. Cottingham. 2000. The relationship in lake communities between primary productivity and species richness. Ecology 81: 2662 – 2679. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Downing, A. L., and M. A. Leibold. 2002. Ecosystem consequences of species richness and composition in pond food webs. Nature 416: 837 – 841. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Drake, J. M. 2003. Why does grassland productivity increase with species richness? Disentangling species richness and composition with tests for overyielding and superyielding in biodiversity experiments. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 270: 1713 – 1719. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Duffy, J. E., and M. E. Hay. 2000. Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community. Ecological Monographs 70: 237 – 263. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Duffy, J. E., K. S. MacDonald, J. M. Rhode, and J. D. Parker. 2001. Grazer diversity, functional redundancy, and productivity in seagrass beds: an experimental test. Ecology 82: 2417 – 2434. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Dukes, J. S. 2001a. Biodiversity and invasibility in grassland microcosms. Oecologia 126: 563 – 568. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Dukes, J. S. 2001b. Productivity and complementarity in grassland microcosms of varying diversity. Oikos 94: 468 – 480. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Duncan, R. P., and J. R. Young. 2000. Determinants of plant extinction and rarity 145 years after European settlement of Auckland, New Zealand. Ecology 81: 3048 – 3061. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Elmqvist, T., C. Folke, M. Nyström, G. Peterson, J. Bengtsson, B. Walker, and J. Norberg. 2003. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: 488 – 494. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Elser, J. J., D. R. Dobberfuhl, N. A. MacKay, and J. H. Schampel. 1996. Organism size, life history and N:P stoichiometry. BioScience 46: 674 – 684. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Elton, C. S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Methuen, London, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Emmerson, M. C., and D. Raffaelli. 2000. Detecting the effects of diversity on measures of ecosystem function: experimental design, null models and empirical observations. Oikos 91: 195 – 203. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M. 2000. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: recent theoretical advances. Oikos 91: 3 – 17. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Engelhardt, K. A. M., and M. E. Ritchie. 2001. Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services. Nature 411: 687 – 689. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Engelhardt, K. A. M., and M. E. Ritchie. 2002. The effect of aquatic plant species richness on wetland ecosystem processes. Ecology 83: 2911 – 2924. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Enquist, B. J., J. H. Brown, and G. B. West. 1998. Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density. Nature 395: 163 – 165. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Enquist, B. J., J. P. Haskell, and B. H. Tiffney. 2002. General patterns of taxonomic and biomass partitioning in extant and fossil plant communities. Nature 419: 610 – 613. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Enquist, B. J., and K. J. Niklaus. 2001. Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities. Nature 410: 655 – 660. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Enserink, M. 1999. Predicting invasions: biological invaders sweep in. Science 285: 1834 – 1836. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ernest, S. K. M., and J. H. Brown. 2001a. Delayed compensation for missing keystone species by colonization. Science 292: 101 – 104. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ernest, S. K. M., and J. H. Brown. 2001b. Homeostasis and compensation: the role of species and resources in ecosystem stability. Ecology 82: 2118 – 2132. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, T. M. Williams, and D. F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282: 473 – 476. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Etterson, J. R., and R. G. Shaw. 2001. Constraint to adaptive evolution in response to global warming. Science 294: 151 – 154. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ewel, J. J. 1986. Designing agroecosystems for the humid tropics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 245 – 271. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ewel, J. J. 1991. Yes, we got some bananas. Conservation Biology 5: 423 – 425. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ewel, J. J. 1999. Natural systems as models for the design of sustainable systems of land use. Agroforestry Systems 45: 1 – 21. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ewel, J. J., M. J. Mazzarino, and C. W. Berish. 1991. Tropical soil fertility changes under monocultures and successional communities of different structure. Ecological Applications 1: 289 – 302. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fargione, J., C. S. Brown, and D. Tilman. 2003. Community assembly and invasion: an experimental test of neutral versus niche processes. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 8916 – 8920. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Field, C. B. 1995. Productive capacity and biomass accumulation. Pages 402–406 in United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Finkel, E. 1999. Australian biocontrol beats rabbits, but not rules. Science 285: 1842. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fischer, M., and J. Stöcklin. 1997. Local extinctions of plants in remnants of extensively used calcareous grasslands 1950–1985. Conservation Biology 11: 727 – 737. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fowler, N. 1986. The role of competition in plant communities in arid and semiarid regions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 89 – 110. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Frank, D. A., and S. J. McNaughton. 1991. Stability increases with diversity in plant communities: empirical evidence from the 1988 Yellowstone drought. Oikos 62: 360 – 362. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Freckleton, R. P., and A. R. Watkinson. 2000. On detecting and measuring competition in spatially structured plant communities. Ecology Letters 3: 423 – 432. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fridley, J. D. 2001. The influence of species diversity on ecosystem productivity: how, where and why? Oikos 93: 514 – 526. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fridley, J. D. 2002. Resource availability dominates and alters the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity in experimental plant communities. Oecologia 132: 271 – 277. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fridley, J. D. 2003. Diversity effects on production in different light and fertility environments: an experiment with communities of annual plants. Journal of Ecology 91: 396 – 406. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Frost, T. M., S. R. Carpenter, A. R. Ives, and T. K. Kratz. 1995. Species compensation and complementarity in ecosystem function. Pages 224–239 in C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, San Diego, California, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Fukami, T., S. Naeem, and D. A. Wardle. 2001. On similarity among local communities in biodiversity experiments. Oikos 95: 340 – 348. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Garnier, E., M.-L Navas, M. P. Austin, J. M. Lilley, and R. M. Gifford. 1997. A problem for biodiversity–productivity studies: how to compare the productivity of multispecific plant mixtures to that of monocultures? Acta Oecologica 18: 657 – 670. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gaston, K. J. editor 1996. Biodiversity. A biology of numbers and difference. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gido, K. B., and J. H. Brown. 1999. Invasion of North American drainages by alien fish species. Freshwater Biology 42: 387 – 399. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Giller, K. E., M. H. Beare, P. Lavelle, A. M. N. Izac, and M. J. Swift. 1997. Agricultural intensification, soil biodiversity and agroecosystem function. Applied Soil Ecology 6: 3 – 16. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Givnish, T. J. 1994. Does diversity beget stability? Nature 371: 113 – 114. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stone, R. 1999. Keeping paradise safe for the natives. Science 285: 1837. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gonzalez, A., J. H. Lawton, F. S. Gilbert, T. M. Blackburn, and I. Evans-Freke. 1998. Metapopulation dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem. Science 281: 2045 – 2047. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gordon, D. R. 1998. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. Ecological Applications 8: 975 – 989. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Greenberg, R., P. Bichier, A. C. Angon, and R. Reitsma. 1997. Bird populations in shade and sun coffee plantations in central Guatemala. Conservation Biology 11: 448 – 459. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Griffin, G. F., D. M. Stafford-Smith, S. R. Morton, G. E. Allan, K. A. Masters, and N. Preece. 1989. Status and implications of the invasion of tamarisk ( Tamarix aphylla ) on the Finke River, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 29: 297 – 315. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Griffiths, B. S., K. Ritz, R. D. Bardgett, R. Cok, S. Christensen, F. Ekelund, S. J. Sorenson, E. Baath, J. Bloem, P. C. De Ruiter, J. Dolfing, and B. Nicolardot. 2000. Ecosystem response of pasture soil communities to fumigation-induced microbial diversity reductions: an examination of the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship. Oikos 90: 279 – 294. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P. 1973a. Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242: 344 – 347. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P. 1973b. Control of species density in herbaceous vegetation. Journal of Environmental Management 1: 153 – 167. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P. 1998. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects. Journal of Ecology 86: 902 – 910. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P. 2001. Plant strategies, vegetation processes and ecosystem properties. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P., V. K. Brown, K. Thompson, G. J. Masters, S. H. Hillier, I. P. Clarke, A. P. Askew, D. Corker, and P. Kielty. 2000. The response of two contrasting limestone grasslands to simulated climate change. Science 289: 762 – 765. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P., J. G. Hodgson, and R. Hunt. 1988. Comparative plant ecology: a functional approach to common British species. Unwyn Hyman, London, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P., J. G. Hodgson, R. Hunt, K. Thompson, G. A. F. Hendrey, B. D. Campbell, A. Jalili, S. H. Hillier, S. Diaz, and M. J. W. Burke. 1997a. Functional types: testing the concept in Northern England. Pages 122–152 in T. M. Smith, H. H. Shugart, and F. I. Woodward, editors. Plant functional types: their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Grime, J. P. et al. 1997b. Integrated screening validates primary axes of specialization in plants. Oikos 79: 259 – 281. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Haggar, J. P., and J. J. Ewel. 1995. Establishment, resource acquisition, and early productivity as determined by biomass allocation patterns of three tropical tree species. Forest Science 41: 689 – 708. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Haggar, J. P., and J. J. Ewel. 1997. Primary productivity and resource partitioning in model tropical ecosystems. Ecology 78: 1211 – 1221. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hanson, A. J., T. A. Spies, F. J. Swanson, and J. L. Ohmann. 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests. BioScience 41: 382 – 392. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Harper, J. L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | He, J.-S, F. A. Bazzaz, and B. Schmid. 2002. Interactive effects of diversity, nutrients and elevated CO 2 on experimental plant communities. Oikos 97: 337 – 348. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A. 1998. The effect of diversity on productivity: detecting the role of species complementarity. Oikos 82: 597 – 599. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A. 2002. Biodiversity and the functioning of grassland ecosystems: multi-site comparisons. Pages 71–95 in A. Kinzig, D. Tilman, and S. Pacala, editors. Functional consequences of biodiversity: experimental progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A., E. Bazeley-White, M. Loreau, S. Otway, and B. Schmid. 2002. Overyielding in plant communities: testing the sampling effect hypothesis with replicated biodiversity experiments. Ecology Letters 5: 502 – 511. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A., A. Beale, A. Minns, S. Otway, and J. H. Lawton. 2000a. Consequences of loss of plant diversity for litter decomposition: mechanisms of litter quality and microenvironment. Oikos 90: 357 – 371. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A., K. Dobson, A. Minns, E. Bazeley-White, and J. H. Lawton. 2001a. Community diversity and invasion resistance: an experimental test in a grassland ecosystem and a review of comparable studies. Ecological Research 16: 819 – 831. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A., J. Joshi, S. P. Lawler, E. Spehn, and A. Wilby. 2001b. Conservation implications of the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Oecologia 129: 624 – 628. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A. et al. 1999. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286: 1123 – 1127. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hector, A. et al. 2000b. No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity? Response. Science 289: 1255a. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hiremath, A. J., and J. J. Ewel. 2001. Ecosystem nutrient use efficiency, productivity, and nutrient accrual in model tropical communities. Ecosystems 4: 669 – 682. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hobbie, S. E. 1992. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 336 – 339. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hobbie, S. E., A. Shevtsova, and F. S. Chapin, III. 1999. Plant responses to species removal and experimental warming in Alaskan tussock tundra. Oikos 84: 417 – 434. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Holling, C. S. 1986. Resilience of ecosystems: local surprise and global change. Pages 292–317 in W. C. Clark and R. E. Munn, editors. Sustainable development of the biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Holt, R. D., and M. Loreau. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: the role of trophic interactions and the importance of system openness. Pages 246–262 in A. P. Kinzig, S. W. Pacala, and D. Tilman, editors. The functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D. U. 1998. The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem responses to variation in plant diversity. Ecology 79: 704 – 719. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D. U. et al. 2000. Interactions between aboveground and belowground biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems: patterns, mechanisms, and feedbacks. BioScience 50: 1049 – 1061. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D. U., and J. S. Dukes. 2004. Overyielding among plant functional groups in a long-term experiment. Ecology Letters 7: 95 – 105. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D., D. Hawksworth, and S. Dhillion. 1995. Microbial diversity and ecosystem processes. Pages 433–443 in United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D. U. et al. 2002. Species diversity, functional diversity and ecosystem functioning. Pages 195–208 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D. U., and P. M. Vitousek. 1997. The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1302 – 1305. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hooper, D. U., and P. M. Vitousek. 1998. Effects of plant composition and diversity on nutrient cycling. Ecological Monographs 68: 121 – 149. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hughes, J. B., and J. Roughgarden. 1998. Aggregate community properties and the strength of species' interactions. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95: 6837 – 6842. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hulot, F. D., G. Lacroix, F. Lescher-Moutoue, and M. Loreau. 2000. Functional diversity governs ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment. Nature 405: 340 – 344. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hunter, M. D., and P. W. Price. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders: heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73: 724 – 732. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Huston, M. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113: 81 – 101. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Huston, M. A. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110: 449 – 460. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Huston, M. A., L. W. Aarssen, M. P. Austin, B. S. Cade, J. D. Fridley, E. Garnier, J. P. Grime, J. Hodgson, W. K. Lauenroth, K. Thompson, J. H. Vandermeer, and D. A. Wardle. 2000. No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity. Science 289: 1255. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Huston, M. A., and A. C. McBride. 2002. Evaluating the relative strengths of biotic versus abiotic controls on ecosystem processes. Pages 47–60 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ingham, R. E., J. A. Trofymow, E. R. Ingham, and D. C. Coleman. 1985. Interactions of bacteria, fungi, and their nematode grazers: effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth. Ecological Monographs 55: 119 – 140. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ives, A. R., K. Gross, and J. L. Klug. 1999. Stability and variability in competitive communities. Science 286: 542 – 544. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Janssens, F., A. Peeters, J. R. B. Tallowin, J. P. Bakker, R. M. Bekker, F. Fillat, and M. J. M. Oomes. 1998. Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity. Plant and Soil 202: 69 – 78. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of soil formation. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jenny, H. 1980. Soil genesis with ecological perspectives. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Johnson, K. H. 2000. Trophic-dynamic considerations in relating species diversity to ecosystem resilience. Biological Reviews 75: 347 – 376. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jolliffe, P. A. 1997. Are mixed populations of plant species more productive than pure stands? Oikos 80: 595 – 602. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jones, C. G., and J. H. Lawton. editors 1995. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Jonsson, L., M. C. Nilsson, D. A. Wardle, and O. Zackrisson. 2001. Context dependent effects of ectomycorrhizal species richness on tree seedling productivity. Oikos 93: 353 – 364. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Joshi, J. et al. 2001. Local adaptation enhances performance of common plant species. Ecology Letters 4: 536 – 544. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kaiser, J. 1999. Stemming the tide of invading species. Science 285: 1836 – 1841. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Petchey, O. L. 2002. Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecology Letters 5: 402 – 411. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kenkel, N. C., D. A. Peltzer, D. Baluta, and D. Pirie. 2000. Increasing plant diversity does not influence productivity: empirical evidence and potential mechanisms. Community Ecology 1: 165 – 170. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kennedy, T. A., S. Naeem, K. M. Howe, J. M. H. Knops, D. Tilman, and P. Reich. 2002. Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion. Nature 417: 636 – 638. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kinzig, A. P., S. W. Pacala, and D. Tilman. editors 2002. The functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Klironomos, J. N., J. McCune, M. Hart, and J. Neville. 2000. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecology Letters 3: 137 – 141. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Knops, J. M. H., D. Tilman, N. M. Haddad, S. Naeem, C. E. Mitchell, J. Haarstad, M. E. Ritchie, K. M. Howe, P. B. Reich, E. Siemann, and J. Groth. 1999. Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity. Ecology Letters 2: 286 – 293. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Korthals, G. W., P. Smilauer, C. Van Dijk, and W. H. Van der Putten. 2001. Linking above- and belowground diversity: abundance and trophic complexity in soil as a response to experimental plant communities on abandoned arable land. Functional Ecology 16: 506 – 514. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Kunin, W. E., and J. H. Lawton. 1996. Does biodiversity matter? Evaluating the case for conserving species. Pages 283–308 in K. Gaston, editor. Biodiversity: a biology of numbers and differences. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Laakso, J., and H. Setälä. 1999. Sensitivity of primary production to changes in the architecture of belowground food webs. Oikos 87: 57 – 64. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Landsberg, J. 1999. Response and effect: different reasons for classifying plant functional types under grazing. Pages 911–915 in D. Eldridge and D. Freudenberger, editors. People and rangelands: building the future. Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland Congress. VI International Rangeland Congress, Townsville, Australia. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lauck, T., C. W. Clark, M. Mangel, and G. R. Munro. 1998. Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecological Applications 8: S72 – S78. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lavorel, S. 1999. Ecological diversity and resilience of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance. Diversity and Distributions 5: 1 – 2. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lavorel, S., and E. Garnier. 2001. Aardvarck to Zyzyxia: functional groups across kingdoms. New Phytologist 149: 360 – 364. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lavorel, S., and E. Garnier. 2002. Predicting the effects of environmental changes on plant community composition and ecosystem functioning: revisiting the Holy Grail. Functional Ecology 16: 545 – 556. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lavorel, S., S. McIntyre, J. Landsberg, and T. D. A. Forbes. 1997. Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 474 – 478. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lawton, J. H. 1994. What do species do in ecosystems? Oikos 71: 367 – 374. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lawton, J. H., and V. K. Brown. 1993. Redundancy in ecosystems. Pages 255–270 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lehman, C. L., and D. Tilman. 2000. Biodiversity, stability, and productivity in competitive communities. American Naturalist 156: 534 – 552. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lehman, J. T., D. B. Botkin, and G. E. Likens. 1975. The assumptions and rationales of a computer model of phytoplankton population dynamics. Limnology and Oceanography 20: 343 – 364. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Leibold, M. A. 1995. The niche concept revisited: mechanistic models and community context. Ecology 76: 1371 – 1382. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lep&scaron, J. et al. 2001. Separating the chance effect from the other diversity effects in the functioning of plant communities. Oikos 92: 123 – 134. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lep&scaron, J., J. Osbornova-Kosinoa, and K. Rejmanek. 1982. Community stability, complexity and species life-history strategies. Vegetatio 511: 53 – 63. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Levine, J. M. 2000. Species diversity and biological invasions: relating local process to community pattern. Science 288: 852 – 854. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Levine, J. M., and C. M. D'Antonio. 1999. Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility. Oikos 87: 15 – 26. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Levine, J. M., M. Vilà, C. M. D'Antonio, J. S. Dukes, K. Grigulis, and S. Lavorel. 2003. Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 270: 775 – 781. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Liiri, M., H. Setälä, J. Haimi, T. Pennanen, and H. Fritze. 2002. Relationship between soil microarthropod species diversity and plant growth does not change when the system is disturbed. Oikos 96: 137 – 149. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lodge, D. M., C. A. Taylor, D. M. Holdich, and J. Skurdal. 2000. Nonindigenous crayfishes threaten North American freshwater biodiversity: lessons from Europe. Fisheries 25: 7 – 20. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M. 1998a. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: a mechanistic model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 95: 5632 – 5636. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M. 1998b. Separating sampling and other effects in biodiversity experiments. Oikos 82: 600 – 602. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M. 2001. Microbial diversity, producer–decomposer interactions and ecosystem processes: a theoretical model. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 268: 303 – 309. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M., A. Downing, M. C. Emmerson, A. Gonzalez, J. Hughes, P. Inchausti, J. Joshi, J. Norberg, and O. Sala. 2002a. A new look at the relationship between diversity and stability. Pages 79–91 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M., and A. Hector. 2001. Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412: 72 – 76. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M., S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti. editors 2002b. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Loreau, M., S. Naeem, P. Inchausti, J. Bengtsson, J. P. Grime, A. Hector, D. U. Hooper, M. A. Huston, D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman, and D. A. Wardle. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294: 804 – 808. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lubchenco, J. et al. 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72: 371 – 412. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lyons, K. G., and M. W. Schwartz. 2001. Rare species loss alters ecosystem function: invasion resistance. Ecology Letters 4: 358 – 365. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | MacArthur, R. H. 1955. Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology 36: 533 – 536. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | The Integrated Screening Programme Team. 1995. Testing predictions of the resistance and resilience of vegetation subjected to extreme events. Functional Ecology 9: 640 – 649. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mäder, P., and A. Fliessbach. 2002. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296: 1694 – 1697. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Malakoff, D. 1999. Fighting fire with fire. Science 285: 1841 – 1843. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | May, R. M. 1974. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McCann, K. S. 2000. The diversity–stability debate. Nature 405: 228 – 233. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McGrady-Steed, J., P. M. Harris, and P. J. Morin. 1997. Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability. Nature 390: 162 – 165. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McKane, R. B., L. C. Johnson, G. R. Shaver, K. J. Nadelhoffer, E. B. Rastetter, B. Fry, A. E. Giblin, K. Kielland, B. L. Kwiatkowski, J. A. Laundre, and G. Murray. 2002. Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra. Nature 415: 68 – 71. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McNaughton, S. J. 1977. Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. American Naturalist 111: 515 – 525. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55: 259 – 294. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McNaughton, S. J. 1993. Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystems. Pages 361–383 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mikola, J., R. D. Bardgett, and K. Hedlund. 2002. Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and soil decomposer food webs. Pages 169–180 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mikola, J., and H. Setälä. 1998a. No evidence of trophic cascades in an experimental microbial-based soil food web. Ecology 79: 153 – 164. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mikola, J., and H. Setälä. 1998b. Relating species diversity to ecosystem functioning: mechanistic backgrounds and experimental approach with a decomposer food web. Oikos 83: 180 – 194. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | the BIODEPTH Project. 2001. The functioning of European grassland ecosystems: potential benefits of biodiversity to agriculture. Outlook on Agriculture 30: 179 – 185. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mittelbach, G., S. M. Scheiner, and C. F. Steiner. 2003. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Reply. Ecology 84: 3390 – 3395. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mittelbach, G. G., C. F. Steiner, S. M. Scheiner, K. L. Gross, H. L. Reynolds, R. B. Waide, M. R. Willig, S. I. Dodson, and L. Gough. 2001. What is the observed relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology 82: 2381 – 2396. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mooney, H. A. 2002. The debate on the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning. Pages 12–17 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mooney, H. A., and J. A. Drake. editors 1986. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Morin, P. J., and J. McGrady-Steed. 2004. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in aquatic microbial systems: a new analysis of temporal variation and species richness–predictability relations. Oikos 104: 458 – 466. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mouquet, N., J. L. Moore, and M. Loreau. 2002. Plant species richness and community productivity: why the mechanism that promotes coexistence matters. Ecology Letters 5: 56 – 65. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mulder, C. P. H., A. Jumpponen, P. Högberg, and K. Huss-Danell. 2002. How plant diversity and legumes affect nitrogen dynamics in experimental grassland communities. Oecologia 133: 412 – 421. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mulder, C. P. H., J. Koricheva, K. Huss-Danell, P. Högberg, and J. Joshi. 1999. Insects affect relationships between plant species richness and ecosystem processes. Ecology Letters 2: 237 – 246. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mulder, C. P. H., D. D. Uliassi, and D. F. Doak. 2001. Physical stress and diversity–productivity relationships: the role of positive species interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 98: 6704 – 6708. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Muller, P. E. 1884. Studier over skovjord, som bidrag til skovdyrkningens theori. II Om muld og mor i egeskove og paa heder. Tidsskrift for Skovbrug 7: 232. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nabhan, G. P., and S. L. Buchmann. 1997. Services provided by pollinators. Pages 133–150 in G. Daily, editor. Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S. 1998. Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conservation Biology 12: 39 – 45. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S. 2001. Experimental validity and ecological scale as tools for evaluating research programs. Pages 223–250 in R. H. Gardner, W. M. Kemp, V. S. Kennedy, and J. E. Petersen, editors. Scaling relationships in experimental ecology. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S. 2002a. Disentangling the impacts of diversity on ecosystem functioning in combinatorial experiments. Ecology 83: 2925 – 2935. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S. 2002b. Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss: the evolution of a paradigm. Ecology 83: 1537 – 1552. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S., D. R. Hahn, and G. Schuurman. 2000a. Producer– decomposer co-dependency influences biodiversity effects. Nature 403: 762 – 764. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S., J. M. H. Knops, D. Tilman, K. M. Howe, T. Kennedy, and S. Gale. 2000b. Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. Oikos 91: 97 – 108. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S., and S. Li. 1997. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390: 507 – 509. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368: 734 – 737. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 347: 249 – 262. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Naylor, R. L., and P. R. Ehrlich. 1997. Natural pest control services and agriculture. Pages 151–174 in G. Daily, editor. Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nijs, I., and I. Impens. 2000. Underlying effects of resource use efficiency in diversity–productivity relationships. Oikos 91: 204 – 208. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Nijs, I., and J. Roy. 2000. How important are species richness, species evenness and interspecific differences to productivity? A mathematical model. Oikos 88: 57 – 66. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Niklaus, P. A., E. Kandeler, P. W. Leadley, B. Schmid, D. Tscherko, and C. Körner. 2001a. A link between plant diversity, elevated CO 2 and soil nitrate. Oecologia 127: 540 – 548. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Niklaus, P. A., P. W. Leadley, B. Schmid, and C. Körner. 2001b. A long-term study on biodiversity × elevated CO 2 interactions in grassland. Ecological Monographs 71: 341 – 356. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Noble, I. R., and I. C. Burke. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: ecosystem analyses. Section 6.2.5: the influence of biodiversity on landscape structure. Pages 422–427 in United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Norberg, J. 1999. Linking nature's services to ecosystems: some general ecological concepts. Ecological Economics 29: 183 – 202. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Norberg, J. 2000. Resource–niche complementarity and autotrophic compensation determines ecosystem-level responses to increased cladoceran species richness. Oecologia 122: 264 – 272. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ong, C. K., and C. R. Black. 1994. Complementarity of resource use in intercropping and agroforestry systems. Pages 255–278 in J. L. Monteith, R. K. Scott, and M. H. Unswerth, editors. Resource capture by crops. Proceedings of 52nd University of Nottingham Easter School. Nottingham University Press, Loughborough, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ong, C., and P. Huxley. editors 1997. Tree–crop interactions: a physiological approach. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ostfeld, R. S., and F. Keesing. 2000. The function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 2061 – 2078. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pacala, S. W., and D. H. Deutschman. 1995. Details that matter: the spatial distribution of individual trees maintains forest ecosystem function. Oikos 74: 357 – 365. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Paine, R. T. 2002. Trophic control of production in a rocky intertidal community. Science 296: 736 – 739. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pearson, T. H., and R. Rosenberg. 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 16: 229 – 311. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Perfecto, I., R. Rice, R. Greenberg, and M. V. d Voolt. 1996. Shade coffee as refuge of biodiversity. BioScience 46: 598 – 608. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Petchey, O. L. 2000. Species diversity, species extinction, and ecosystem function. American Naturalist 155: 696 – 702. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Petchey, O. L. 2003. Integrating methods that investigate how complementarity influences ecosystem functioning. Oikos 101: 323 – 330. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Petchey, O. L., P. T. McPhearson, T. M. Casey, and P. J. Morin. 1999. Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function. Nature 402: 69 – 72. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Peterson, G., C. R. Allen, and C. S. Holling. 1998. Ecological resilience, biodiversity and scale. Ecosystems 1: 6 – 18. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pfisterer, A. B., J. Joshi, B. Schmid, and M. Fischer. 2004. Rapid decay of diversity–productivity relationships after invasion in experimental plant communities. Basic and Applied Ecology 5: 5 – 14. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pfisterer, A. B., and B. Schmid. 2002. Diversity-dependent production can decrease the stability of ecosystem functioning. Nature 416: 84 – 86. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pimentel, D., U. Stachow, D. A. Takacs, H. W. Brubaker, A. R. Dumas, J. J. Meaney, J. A. S. O'Neil, D. E. Onsi, and D. B. Corzilius. 1992. Conserving biological diversity in agricultural/forestry systems. BioScience 42: 354 – 362. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pimm, S. L. 1984. The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature 307: 321 – 326. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Planty-Tabacchi, A.-M, E. Tabacchi, R. J. Naiman, C. Deferrari, and H. Décamps. 1996. Invasibility of species-rich communities in riparian zones. Conservation Biology 10: 598 – 607. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Polley, H. W., B. J. Wilsey, and J. D. Derner. 2003. Do species evenness and plant density influence the magnitude of selection and complementarity effects in annual plant species mixtures? Ecology Letters 6: 248 – 256. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Postel, S. 1999. Pillar of sand: can the irrigation miracle last? W. W. Norton, New York, New York, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Power, M. E., D. Tilman, J. A. Estes, B. A. Menge, W. J. Bond, L. S. Mills, G. Daily, J. C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R. T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46: 609 – 620. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Prieur-Richard, A.-H, and S. Lavorel. 2000. Invasions: the perspective of diverse plant communities—a review. Australian Ecology 25: 1 – 7. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Prieur-Richard, A.-H, S. Lavorel, A. Dos Santos, and K. Grigulis. 2002a. Mechanisms of resistance of Mediterranean annual communities to invasion by Conyza bonariensis: effects of native functional composition. Oikos 99: 338 – 346. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Prieur-Richard, A.-H, S. Lavorel, Y. B. Linhart, and A. Dos Santos. 2002b. Plant diversity, herbivory and resistance of a plant community to invasion in Mediterranean annual communities. Oecologia 130: 96 – 104. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Purvis, A., and A. Hector. 2000. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature 405: 212 – 219. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Raffaelli, D., W. H. v. d Putten, L. Persson, D. A. Wardle, O. L. Petchey, J. Koricheva, M. G. A. v. d Heijden, J. Mikola, and T. Kennedy. 2002. Multi-trophic dynamics and ecosystem processes. Pages 147–154 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ratcliffe, D. A. 1984. Post medieval and recent changes in British vegetation: the culmination of human influence. New Phytologist 98: 73 – 100. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Reich, P. B. et al. 2001. Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO 2 and nitrogen deposition. Nature 410: 809 – 812. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Root, R. B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 37: 317 – 350. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Rosenzweig, M. L., and Z. Abramsky. 1993. How are diversity and productivity related? Pages 52–65 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schulter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ruesink, J. L., and D. S. Srivastava. 2001. Numerical and per capita responses to species loss: mechanisms maintaining ecosystem function in a community of stream insect detrivores. Oikos 93: 221 – 234. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sala, O. E. et al. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770 – 1774. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sala, O. E., R. A. Golluscio, W. K. Lauenroth, and A. Soriano. 1989. Resource partitioning between shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian steppe. Oecologia 81: 501 – 505. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sala, O. E., W. K. Lauenroth, S. J. McNaughton, G. Rusch, and X. Zhang. 1996. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in grasslands. Pages 129–149 in H. A. Mooney, J. H. Cushman, E. Medina, O. E. Sala, and E.-D. Schulze, editors. Functional roles of biodiversity: a global perspective. John Wiley, Chichester, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sax, D. F., and J. H. Brown. 2000. The paradox of invasion. Global Ecology and Biogeography 9: 363 – 371. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sax, D. F., and S. D. Gaines. 2003. Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 561 – 566. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schenk, H. J., and R. B. Jackson. 2002. Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and belowground/aboveground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 90: 480 – 494. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schindler, D. E., S. R. Carpenter, J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell, and M. L. Pace. 1997. Influence of food web structure on carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere. Science 277: 248 – 251. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schindler, D. W., M. A. Turner, M. P. Stainton, and G. A. Linsey. 1986. Natural sources of acid neutralizing capacity in low alkalinity lakes of the Precambrian shield. Science 232: 844 – 847. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schläpfer, F., and J. D. Erikson. 2001. A biotic control perspective on nitrate contamination of groundwater from agricultural production. Agriculture and Resource Economics Review 30: 113 – 126. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schläpfer, F., M. Tucker, and I. Seidl. 2002. Returns from hay cultivation in fertilized low diversity and non-fertilized high diversity grassland. Environmental and Resource Economics 21: 89 – 100. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schmid, B. 2002. The species richness–productivity controversy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 113 – 114. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schmid, B., A. Hector, M. A. Huston, P. Inchausti, I. Nijs, P. W. Leadley, and D. Tilman. 2002a. The design and analysis of biodiversity experiments. Pages 61–75 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schmid, B., J. Joshi, and F. Schläpfer. 2002b. Empirical evidence for biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Pages 120–150 in A. Kinzig, D. Tilman, and S. Pacala, editors. Functional consequences of biodiversity: experimental progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schmid, B., and A. B. Pfisterer. 2003. Species vs. community perspectives in biodiversity experiments. Oikos 100: 620 – 621. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schmid, K. A., and R. S. Ostfeld. 2001. Biodiversity and the dilution effect in disease ecology. Ecology 82: 609 – 619. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schulze, E. D., and H. A. Mooney. editors 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Schwartz, M. W., C. A. Brigham, J. D. Hoeksema, K. G. Lyons, M. H. Mills, and P. J. van Mantgem. 2000. Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology. Oecologia 122: 297 – 305. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Scurlock, J. M., K. Johnson, and R. J. Olson. 2002. Estimating net primary productivity from grassland biomass dynamics measurements. Global Change Biology 8: 736 – 753. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Shea, K., and P. Chesson. 2002. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 170 – 176. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Silver, W. L., S. Brown, F. N. Scatena, and J. J. Ewel. 2001. Managed ecosystems deserve greater attention. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 82: 91 – 93. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Simberloff, D., and T. Dayan. 1991. The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 115 – 143. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Smith, T. M., H. H. Shugart, and F. I. Woodward. editors 1997. Plant functional types: their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sousa, W. P. 1979. Experimental investigation of disturbance and ecological succession in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 49: 227 – 254. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Spaèková, I., and J. Lep&scaron. 2001. Procedure for separating the selection effect from other effects in diversity–productivity relationships. Ecology Letters 4: 585 – 594. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Spehn, E. M., J. Joshi, B. Schmid, M. Diemer, and C. Körner. 2000. Above-ground resource use increases with plant species richness in experimental grassland ecosystems. Functional Ecology 14: 326 – 337. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Spehn, E. M. et al. 2002. The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross-European study of grassland biomass nitrogen. Oikos 98: 205 – 218. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stachowicz, J. J., R. B. Whitlatch, and R. Osman. 1999. Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. Science 286: 1577 – 1579. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Steffen, W. L. 1996. A periodic-table for ecology: a chemists view of plant functional types. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 425 – 430. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Steiner, K. 1982. Intercropping in tropical smallholder agriculture with special reference to West Africa. German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stephan, A., A. H. Meyer, and B. Schmid. 2000. Plant diversity positively affects soil bacterial diversity in experimental grassland ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 88: 988 – 998. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stevens, M. H. H., and W. P. Carson. 2001. Phenological complementarity, species diversity, and ecosystem function. Oikos 92: 291 – 296. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stocker, R., C. Körner, B. Schmid, P. A. Niklaus, and P. W. Leadley. 1999. A field study of the effects of elevated CO 2 and plant species diversity on ecosystem-level gas exchange in a planted calcareous grassland. Global Change Biology 5: 95 – 105. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stöcklin, J., and M. Fischer. 1999. Plants with longer-lived seeds have lower local extinction rates in grassland remnants 1950–1985. Oecologia 120: 539 – 543. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stohlgren, T. J., D. Binkley, G. W. Chong, M. A. Kalkhan, L. D. Scheli, K. A. Bull, Y. Otsuki, G. Newman, M. Bashkin, and Y. Son. 1999. Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity. Ecological Monographs 69: 25 – 46. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stokstad, E. 1999. Vanquishing nutria: where there's a will, there's a way. Science 285: 1838. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stoll, P., and D. Prati. 2001. Intraspecific aggregation alters competitive interactions in experimental plant communities. Ecology 82: 319 – 327. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Strong, D. R. 1992. Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor-control in speciose ecosystems. Ecology 73: 747 – 754. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Suding, K. N., D. E. Goldberg, and K. M. Hartman. 2003. Relationships among species traits: separating levels of response and identifying linkages to abundance. Ecology 84: 1 – 16. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Swift, M. J., and J. M. Anderson. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agricultural systems. Pages 15–41 in E.-D. Schulze and H. A. Mooney, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Symstad, A. J. 2000. A test of the effects of functional group richness and composition on grassland invasibility. Ecology 81: 99 – 109. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Symstad, A. J., and D. Tilman. 2001. Diversity loss, recruitment limitation, and ecoystem functioning: lessons learned from a removal experiment. Oikos 92: 424 – 435. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Symstad, A. J., D. Tilman, J. Willson, and J. M. H. Knops. 1998. Species loss and ecosystem functioning: effects of species identity and community composition. Oikos 81: 389 – 397. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Thébault, E., and M. Loreau. 2003. Food-web constraints on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 14949 – 14954. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Thompson, J. et al. 2001. Frontiers in ecology. BioScience 51: 15 – 24. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Thompson, K. 1994. Predicting the fate of temperate species in response to human disturbance and global change. Pages 61–76 in T. J. B. Boyle and C. E. B. Boyle, editors. Biodiversity, temperate ecosystems and global change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 1987. Secondary succession and the pattern of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecological Monographs 57: 189 – 214. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 1988. Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77: 350 – 363. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 1997a. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78: 81 – 92. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 1997b. Distinguishing between the effects of species diversity and species composition. Oikos 80: 185. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80: 1455 – 1474. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D. 2001. Effects of diversity and composition on grassland stability and productivity. Pages 183–207 in M. C. Press, N. J. Huntley, and S. Levin, editors. Ecology: achievement and challenge. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., and J. A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367: 363 – 365. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., J. A. Downing, and D. A. Wedin. 1994. Does diversity beget stability? Reply. Nature 371: 114. | en_US |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, and P. Reich. 2002. Experimental and observational studies of diversity, productivity, and stability. Pages 42–70 in A. Kinzig, S. Pacala, and D. Tilman, editors. Functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. | en_US |
dc.owningcollname | Interdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed |
Files in this item
Remediation of Harmful Language
The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.
Accessibility
If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.