Historical Perspective of Title IX and the Affirmative Action Laws Concerning Women and Higher Education and the Composition of Women Before the Public Policy and at the Present

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the education amendment of affirmative action referred to as Title IX and what achievements have transpired since the implementation of this law. A historical perspective of Title IX and the affirmative action laws concerning women and higher education as students and the composition of women before the public policy and at the presen t time will be presented. Given the advances achieved by women over the past 30 years, some observers argue that women’s educational equity is no longer an urgent issue. Observers cite the achievement of higher rates of job promotion and college enrollment by women than by men. Others maintain that equity has yet to be achieved, stating that women continue to score lower grades on college entrance exams, earn lower salaries, struggle with a “glass ceiling,” and receive less attention than males from classroom teachers. Women’s educational history will be explored beginning before the American Revolution to the end of the twentieth century. The results of Title IX, progress to date, and other factors that influenced the increase of women attaining post secondary education will be examined. The population of women who will be candidates for higher education in the 21st century will also be explored. The application of Title IX, changes in degree attainment, and the task ahead for women in education will be the summary.