A phylogenetic study of atheriniform fishes with a systematic revision of the South American silversides (Atherinomorpha: Atherinopsinae: Sorgentinini). (Volumes I and II).
Dyer, Brian Spencer
1993
Abstract
Atheriniformes is monophyletic, and can be diagnosed by six characters (larval: short preanal length, single mid-dorsal row of melanophores; adult: vomerine ventral face concave, long A1 muscle tendon to lacrimal, pelvic-rib ligament, and pelvic median plate short). Relationships among atheriniforms are: (Atherinopsidae (Notocheiridae (Atherionidae (Melanotaeniidae (Phallostethidae, Atherinidae))))). Major conclusions include: (1) Atherinopsidae (Menidiinae, Atherinopsinae), diagnosed by twenty characters (e.g., premaxillary alveolar arm broadly dilated), is sister of Atherinoidei; (2) Notocheiridae (Iso, Notocheirus) is sister to remaining atherinoids; (3) Melanotaeniidae (Bedotiinae (Melanotaeniinae (Telmatherinini, Pseudomugilini))) is diagnosed by five characters (e.g., absence of second dorsal-fin spine, sexual dimorphism in body color and median-fin development); (4) Dentatherina is in Phallostethidae; (5) Atherinidae (Atherininae (Craterocephalinae, Atherinomorinae)) is diagnosed by four characters (e.g., lacrimal notch, preopercular-infraorbital sensory canals connected). Atherinopsinae (Atherinopsini, Sorgentinini) is diagnosed by eight characters. Atherinopsini (Atherinops, Atherinopsis, Colpichthys, Leuresthes) is diagnosed by six features (e.g., paired posterodorsal vomerine laminae, haemal-hypophysis funnel) but intrarelationships are unresolved herein. Sorgentinini (Basilichthys, Odontesthes) is diagnosed by seven characters (e.g., basioccipital fenestrated, palatorostral ligament). Basilichthys, diagnosed by 23 characters (e.g., dorsal head scales with reversed imbrication), is comprised of the microlepidotus species group (Chile: B.microlepidotus, B.australis) and the semotilus species group (Peru: B.semotilus, B.archaeus, undescribed species from northern Chile). Odontesthes, diagnosed by seven features (e.g., trigeminal foramen enclosed by prootic, pleurosphenoid, and sphenotic), is comprised of about 20 species with following proposed relationships: (hatcheri (humensis ((perugiae, retropinnis) (bonariensis (argentinensis (Cauque ((incisa, nigricans) (platensis, Austromenidia)))))))). The perugiae species group includes O.perugiae, O.orientalis, and undescribed species from southeastern Brazil. Subgenus Cauque (O.mauleanum, O.brevianalis) is diagnosed by seven characters (e.g., pelvic median plate extended to anterior tip). Subgenus Austromenidia (O.smitti (O.regia, O.gracilis)) is diagnosed by five characters (e.g.: enlarged lacrimal condyle, anteroposterior projections of haemal-arch funnel). Biogeographic analysis reveals Sorgentinini to be primitively a freshwater group, with the marine species of Odontesthes as derived. A Mid-late Miocene uplifting of the Andes mountains is proposed as the vicariance event splitting Basilichthys and Odontesthes. Analysis of meristic characters of O.regia and O.smitti reveals that only vertebrae, anal-fin rays, and gill rakers increase with latitude. Gill raker counts of the lower branch also vary with body size.Subjects
American Atheriniform Atherinomorpha Atherinopsinae Fishes Ii Phylogenetic Revision Silversides Sorgentinini South Study Systematic Volumes
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