View Item 

Show simple item record

The management of imaging dose during imageâ guided radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Task Group 75
dc.contributor.authorMurphy, Martin J.
dc.contributor.authorBalter, James
dc.contributor.authorBalter, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorBenComo, Jose A.
dc.contributor.authorDas, Indra J.
dc.contributor.authorJiang, Steve B.
dc.contributor.authorMa, C.‐m.
dc.contributor.authorOlivera, Gustavo H.
dc.contributor.authorRodebaugh, Raymond F.
dc.contributor.authorRuchala, Kenneth J.
dc.contributor.authorShirato, Hiroki
dc.contributor.authorYin, Fang‐fang
dc.date.accessioned2017-01-06T20:46:15Z
dc.date.available2017-01-06T20:46:15Z
dc.date.issued2007-10
dc.identifier.citationMurphy, Martin J.; Balter, James; Balter, Stephen; BenComo, Jose A.; Das, Indra J.; Jiang, Steve B.; Ma, C.‐m. ; Olivera, Gustavo H.; Rodebaugh, Raymond F.; Ruchala, Kenneth J.; Shirato, Hiroki; Yin, Fang‐fang (2007). "The management of imaging dose during imageâ guided radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Task Group 75." Medical Physics 34(10): 4041-4063.
dc.identifier.issn0094-2405
dc.identifier.issn2473-4209
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/134823
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.publisherAmerican Association of Physicists in Medicine
dc.subject.otherRadiography
dc.subject.otherComputed radiography
dc.subject.otherFluoroscopy
dc.subject.otherEffects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
dc.subject.otherbiological effects of radiation
dc.subject.otherdosimetry
dc.subject.otherradiation therapy
dc.subject.otherDosimetry
dc.subject.otherMedical imaging
dc.subject.otherComputed tomography
dc.subject.otherMedical Xâ ray imaging
dc.subject.otherRadiation therapy
dc.subject.otherImage guided radiation therapy
dc.subject.otherImage sensors
dc.subject.otherAnatomy
dc.subject.otherCone beam computed tomography
dc.titleThe management of imaging dose during imageâ guided radiotherapy: Report of the AAPM Task Group 75
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelMedicine (General)
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.contributor.affiliationumDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University MedicalCenter, Durham, North Carolina 27710
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Virginia CommonwealthUniversity, Richmond, Virginia 23298
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartments of Medicine and Radiology, Columbia University MedicalCenter, New York, New York 10021
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiation Physics, M.D. Anderson CancerCenter, Houston, Texas 77030
dc.contributor.affiliationotherTomoTherapy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 53717
dc.contributor.affiliationotherSt. Joseph’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona 85013
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134823/1/mp5667.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1118/1.2775667
dc.identifier.sourceMedical Physics
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. J. Pisani, D. A. Jaffray, D. Lockman, D. Yan, and J. W. Wong, â A megaâ and kiloâ voltage radiographic guidance system: Calibration and clinical implementation,â EPI98 International Workshop on Electronic Portal Imaging, pp. 89 â 90 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Geinitz, F. B. Zimmermann, A. Kuzmany, and P. Knechaurek, â Daily CT planning during boost irradiation of prostate cancer: feasibility and time requirements,â Strahlenther. Onkol. STONE4 --> 0179‐7158 --> 176, 429 â 432 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. L. VandenBerge, M. DeRidder, and G. A. Storme, â Imaging in radiotherapy,â Eur. J. Radiol. EJRADR --> 0720â 048X 10.1016/S0720â 048X(99)00182â 5 36, 41 â 48 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. R. Adler, M. J. Murphy, S. D. Chang, and S. L. Hancock, â Imageâ guided robotic radiosurgery,â Neurosurgery 0148â 396X 44, 1299 â 1307 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. M. Balter et al., â Daily targeting of intrahepatic tumors for radiotherapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(01)01815â 6 52, 266 â 271 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. J. Murphy, J. R. Adler, M. Bodduluri, J. Dooley, K. Forster, J. Hai, Q. Le, G. Luxton, D. Martin, and J. Poen, â Imageâ guided radiosurgery for the spine and pancreas,â Comput. Aided Surg. 1092‐9088 --> 5, 278 â 288 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. E. Schewe, K. L. Lam, J. M. Balter, and R. K. TenHaken, â A roomâ based diagnostic imaging system for measurement of patient setup,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.598461 25, 2385 â 2387 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceF. F. Yin et al., â A technique of intensityâ modulated radiosurgery (IMRS) for spinal tumor,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1521722 29, 2815 â 2822 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. J. Keall, V. R. Kini, S. Vedam, and R. Mohan, â Motion adaptive xâ ray therapy: A feasibility study,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/46/1/301 46, 1 â 10 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. E. Antonuk and Y. Elâ Mohri, â Active matrix flatâ panel imagers for electronic portal imaging,â in Imaging in Radiotherapy, edited by J. D. Hazle and A. L. Boyer, AAPM Summer School, 1998.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. S. Mageras and G. J. Kutcher, â The role of EPIDs in conformal therapy,â in Imaging in Radiotherapy, edited by J. D. Hazle and A. L. Boyer, AAPM Summer School, 1998.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. G. A. Gilhuijs, P. J. H. vandeVen, and M. vanHerk, â Automatic threeâ dimensional inspection of patient setup in radiation therapy using portal images, simulator images, and computed tomography data,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.597801 23, 389 â 399 ( 1996 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. G. A. Gilhuijs, K. Drukker, A. Touw, P. J. H. van deVen, and M. van Herk, â Interactive threeâ dimensional inspection of patient setup in radiation therapy using digital portal images and computed tomography data,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/0360â 3016(95)02183â 3 34, 873 â 885 ( 1996 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Meertens, M. van Herk, and J. Weeda, â A liquid ionization detector for digital radiography of therapeutic megavoltage photon beams,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/30/4/004 30, 313 â 321 ( 1985 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. E. Fitchard, J. S. Aldridge, K. Ruchala, G. Fang, J. Balog, D. W. Pearson, G. H. Olivera, E. A. Schloesser, D. Wenman, P. J. Reckwerdt, and T. R. Mackie, â Registration using tomographic projection files,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/44/2/015 44, 495 â 507 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. E. Fitchard, J. S. Aldridge, P. J. Reckwerdt, G. H. Olivera, T. R. Mackie, and A. Iosevich, â Six parameter patient registration directly from projection data,â Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A NIMAER --> 0168‐9002 --> 10.1016/S0168â 9002(98)01236â 4 A421, 342 â 351 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceB. Hesse, L. Spies, and B. Groh, â Tomotherapeutic portal imaging for radiation treatment verification,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/43/12/016 43, 3607 â 3616 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. J. Ruchala, G. H. Olivera, E. A. Schloesser, and T. R. Macki, â Megavoltage CT on a tomotherapy system,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/44/10/316 44, 2597 â 2621 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. J. Ruchala, G. H. Olivera, J. M. Kapatoes, E. A. Schloesser, P. J. Reckwerd, and T. R. Mackie, â Megavoltage CT image reconstruction during tomotherapy treatments,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/45/12/303 45, 3545 â 3562 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. J. Ruchala, G. H. Olivera, J. M. Kapatoes, E. A. Schloesser, P. J. Reckwerdt, and T. R. Mackie, â Megavoltage CT imaging as a byâ product of multileaf collimator leakage,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/45/7/401 45, N61 â N70 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. Seppi et al., â Megavoltage coneâ beam computed tomography using a high quantum efficiency image receptor,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(02)04155â X 55, 793 â 803 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Pouliot et al., â Lowâ dose megavoltage coneâ beam CT for radiation therapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.10.011 61, 552 â 560 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. C. Ford et al., â Coneâ beam CT with megavoltage beams and an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device: Potential for verification of radiotherapy of lung cancer,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1517614 29, 2913 â 2924 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. Pang and J. A. Rowlands, â Development of high quantum efficiency, flat panel, thick detectors for megavoltage xâ ray imaging: A novel directâ conversion design and its feasibility,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1803771 31, 3004 â 3016 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceB. A. Groh, J. H. Siewerdsen, D. G. Drake, J. W. Wong, and D. A. Jaffray, â MV and kV coneâ beam CT on a medical linear accelerator,â in ICCR: The use of computers in radiation therapy, edited by W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld ( Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2000 ), pp. 561 â 563.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceB. A. Groh, J. H. Siewerdsen, D. G. Drake, J. W. Wong, and D. A. Jaffray, â A performance comparison of flatâ panel imagerâ based MV and KV coneâ beam CT,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1477234 29, 967 â 975 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. Loose and K. W. Leszczynski, â On fewâ view tomographic reconstruction with megavoltage photon beams,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1387273 28, 1679 â 1688 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Siewerdsen and D. Jaffray, â NEQ description of 3D imaging performance in flatâ panel coneâ beam CT,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 29, 1321 â 1321 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceY. Aoki, A. Akanuma, P. M. Evans, D. G. Lewis, E. J. Morton, and W. Swindell, â A dose distribution evaluation utilizing megavoltage CT imaging system,â Radiat. Med. 0288‐2043 --> 8, 107 â 110 ( 1990 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. Brahme, B. Lind, and P. Nafstadius, â Radiotherapeutic computed tomography with scanned photon beams,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 13, 95 â 101 ( 1987 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Guan and Y. Zhu, â Feasibility of megavoltage portal CT using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and a multiâ level scheme algebraic reconstruction technique,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/43/10/018 43, 2925 â 2937 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. G. Lewis, W. Swindell, E. J. Morton, P. M. Evans, and Z. R. Xiao, â A megavoltage CT scanner for radiotherapy verification,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/37/10/013 37, 1985 â 1999 ( 1992 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. Midgley, R. Millar, and J. Dudson, â A feasibility study for megavoltage cone beam CT using a commercial EPID,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/43/1/010 43, 155 â 169 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Moslehâ Shirazi, P. Evans, W. Swindell, S. Webb, and M. Partridge, â A coneâ beam megavoltage CT scanner for treatment verification in conformed radiotherapy,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/S0167â 8140(98)00042â 5 48, 319 â 328 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Partridge, P. M. Evans, and M. A. Mosleyâ Shirazi, â Linear accelerator output variations and their consequences for megavoltage imaging,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.598318 25, 1443 â 1452 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. G. T. Simpson, C. T. Chen, E. A. Grubbs, and W. Swindell, â A 4â MV CT scanner for radiation therapy: The prototype system,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.595102 9, 574 â 579 ( 1982 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Spies, M. Ebert, B. Groh, B. Hesse, and T. Bortfeld, â Correction of scatter in megavoltage coneâ beam CT,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/46/3/316 46, 821 â 833 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceW. Swindell, â A 4â MV CT scanner for radiation therapy: Spectral properties of the therapy beam,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.595280 10, 347 â 351 ( 1983 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceW. Swindell, R. G. Simpson, and J. R. Oleson, â Computed tomography with a linear accelerator with radiotherapy applications,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.595391 10, 416 â 420 ( 1983 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. Mutic and D. A. Low, â Wholeâ body dose from tomotherapy delivery,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(98)00199â 0 42, 229 â 232 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEuropean Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Computed Tomography ( http://www.drs.dk ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. Suzuki and M. N. Susuki, â Use of a pencilâ shaped ionization chamber for measurement of exposure resulting from a computed tomography scan,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.594445 5, 536 â 539 ( 1978 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. C. Shrimpton et al., â Survey of CT practice in the UK: Part 2; Dosimetric aspects,â National Radiological Protection Board Report Râ 249, London: HMSO ( 1991 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. F. McNittâ Gray, â Radiation Dose in CT,â Radiographics 0271‐5333 --> 22, 1541 â 1553 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. C. Ford et al., â Respirationâ correlated spiral CT: A method of measuring respiratoryâ induced anatomic motion for radiation treatment planning,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1531177 30, 88 â 97 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Court et al., â Evaluation of mechanical precision and alignment uncertainties for an integrated CT/LINAC system,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1573792 30, 1198 â 1209 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. W. Cheng, J. R. Wong, L. Grimm, M. Chow, and M. Uematsu, â Commissioning and clinical implementation of a CT scanner installed in an existing treatment room for precise tumor localization and early clinical experience,â Am. J. Clin. Oncol. AJCODI --> 0277‐3732 --> 26, e28 â e36 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Wong et al., â Imageâ guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer by CTâ linear accelerator combination: Prostate movements and dosimetric considerations,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.06.010 61, 561 â 569 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. D. Nawfel, P. F. Judy, A. R. Schleipman, and S. G. Silverman, â Patient radiation dose at CT urography and conventional urography,â Radiology RADLAX --> 0033‐8419 --> 232, 126 â 132 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. L. Morin, T. C. Gerber, and C. H. McCollough, â Radiation dose in computed tomography of the heart,â Circulation CIRCAZ --> 0009‐7322 --> 10.1161/01.CIR.0000048965.56529.C2 107, 917 â 922 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. S. Reft, R. Runkelâ Muller, and L. Myrianthopoulos, â In vivo and phantom measurements of the secondary photon and neutron doses for prostate patients undergoing 18 MV IMRT,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.2349699 33, 3734 â 3742 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. Lin et al., â Protocols for the radiation safety surveys of diagnostic radiological equipment,â AAPM Report No. 21988.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. G. A. Aird, â Second cancer risk, concomitant exposures, and IRMER(2000),â Br. J. Radiol. BJRAAP --> 0007‐1285 --> 10.1259/bjr/56613233 77, 983 â 985 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. J. Murphy, â Tracking moving organs in real time,â Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1053‐4296 --> 14, 91 â 100 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. S. Mageras, â Management of target localization uncertainties in externalâ beam therapy,â Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1053‐4296 --> 15, 133 â 135 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Jaffray, â Emergent technologies for 3â dimensional imageâ guided radiation delivery,â Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1053‐4296 --> 15, 208 â 216 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Xing, B. Thorndyke, E. Schreibmann, Y. Yang, T.â F. Li, G.â Y. Kim, G. Luxton, and A. Koong, â Overview of imageâ guided radiation therapy,â Med. Dosim. 0739‐0211 --> 31, 91 â 112 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceF. J. Lagerwaard et al., â Multiple â slowâ CT scans for incorporating lung tumor mobility in radiotherapy planning,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(01)01716â 3 51, 932 â 937 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceT. R. Mackie, T. Holmes, S. Swerdloff, P. Reckwerdt, J. O. Deassy, J. Yang, B. Paliwal, and T. Kinsella, â Tomotherapy: A new concept for the delivery of dynamic conformal radiotherapy,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.596958 20, 1709 â 1719 ( 1993 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceT. R. Mackie â Helical tomotherapy: Imageâ guided IMRT,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 29, 1332 â 1324 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceT. Bortfeld and G. Chen, â High precision radiation therapy of moving targets,â Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1053‐4296 --> 14, 1 â 100 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. J. Keall, G. S. Mageras, J. M. Balter, R. S. Emery, K. M. Forster, S. B. Jiang, J. M. Kapatoes, D. A. Low, M. J. Murphy, B. R. Murray, C. R. Ramsey, M. B. Van Herk, S. S. Vedam, J. W. Wong, and E. Yorke, â The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.2349696 33, 3874 â 3900 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Shirato et al., â Physical aspects of a realâ time tumorâ tracking system for gated radiotherapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(00)00748â 3 48, 1187 â 1195 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. K. Wagner, P. J. Eifel, and R. A. Geise, â Potential biological effects following high xâ ray dose interventional procedures,â J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 1051‐0443 --> 5, 71 â 81 ( 1994 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceT. B. Shope, â Radiationâ induced skin injuries from fluoroscopy,â Radiographics 0271‐5333 --> 16, 1195 â 1199 ( 1996 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Followill, P. Geis, and A. Boyer, â Estimates of wholeâ body dose equivalent produced by beam intensityâ modulated conformal therapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(97)00012â 6 38, 667 â 672 ( 1997 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. J. Hall and C. S. Wuu, â Radiationâ induced second cancers: The impact of 3Dâ CRT and IMRT,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(03)00073â 7 56, 83 â 88 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Brenner, â Induced cancers after prostateâ cancer radiotherapy: No cause for concern? â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.02.044 65, 637 â 639 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBEIR, Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR V), National, Research Council, â Health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR V â ( National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1990 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. J. Brenner, â Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: Going from the qualitative to the quantitative,â Pediatr. Radiol. PDRYA5 --> 0301‐0449 --> 10.1007/s00247â 002â 0671â 1 32, 228 â 231 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNCRP, â Medical xâ ray, electron beam and gammaâ ray protection for energies up to 50 MeV (Equipment design, performance and use),â NCRP Report 102, 1989.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Beaulieu, L. M. Girouard, S. Aubin, J. F. Aubry, L. Brouard, L. Royâ Lacroix, J. Dumont, D. Trembley, E. Vigneault, and J. Laverdiere, â Performing Daily Prostate Targeting with a Standard Vâ EPID and an Automated Radioâ Opaque Marker Detection Algorithm,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.06.006 73, 61 â 64 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Wolfsberger, R. Tishler, A. Allen, S. James, J. Killoran, and L. Court, â Importance of Daily Portal Imaging for Head and Neck IMRT Treatments â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 33, 2039 â 2039 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. R. Tremains, G. M. Georgiadis, and M. J. Dennis, â Radiation exposure with use of the inverted Câ arm technique in upperâ extremity surgery,â J. Bone Jt. Surg. JBJSB4 --> 0021‐9355 --> 83A, 674 â 768 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNCRP, â Implementation of the principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for medical and dental personnel,â NCRP Report 107, 1990.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. E. Gray et al., â Reference values in diagnostic radiology; application and impact,â Radiology RADLAX --> 0033‐8419 --> 10.1148/radiol.2352020016 235, 354 â 358 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. H. McCollough and B. A. Schueler, â Calculation of effective dose,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.598948 27, 828 â 837 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceW. Jacobi, â The concept of effective dose: A proposal for the combination of organ doses,â J. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 12, 101 â 109 ( 1975 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceF. F. Yin (unpublished, private communication).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. L. Perkins, T. Fox, E. Elder, D. A. Kooby, C. A. Staley III, and J. Landry, â Imageâ guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in gastrointestinal tumors,â JOP: Journal of the Pancreas (online) 7, 372 â 381 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceV. S. Khoo, D. P. Dearnaley, D. J. Finnign, A. Padhani, S. F. Tanner, and M. O. Leach, â Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Considerations and applications in radiotherapy treatment planning,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/S0167â 8140(96)01866â X 42, 1 â 15 ( 1997 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceI. J. Kalet and M. M. Austinâ Seymour, â The use of medical images in planning and delivery of radiation therapy,â J. Am. Med. Inform Assoc. 1067‐5027 --> 4, 327 â 339 ( 1997 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. L. Kessler and R. K. Ten Haken, â Use of MRl data for treatment planning,â in Imaging in Radiation Therapy, edited by J. D. Hazle and A. L. Boyers ( Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI, 1998 ), pp. 313 â 316.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. A. Ezzell et al., â Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and implementation of IMRT, Report of the IMRT subcommittee of the AAPM radiation therapy committee,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1591194 30, 2089 â 2115 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRadiation Exposure in Computed Tomography, edited by H. D. Nagel ( CTB Publications, Hamburg, Germany, 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceR. Y. L. Chu, J. Fisher, B. R. Archer, B. J. Conway, M. M. Goodsitt, S. Glaze, J. E. Gray, and K. J. Strauss, â Standardized methods for measuring diagnostic xâ ray exposures,â AAPM Report 31, 1990.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. Diederich and H. Lenzen, â Radiation exposure associated with imaging of the chest: Comparison of different radiographic and computed tomography techniques,â Cancer 0008â 543X 89, 2457 â 2460 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. J. Keall et al., â Acquiring 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/49/10/015 49, 2053 â 2067 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. A. Low et al., â A method for the reconstruction of fourâ dimensional synchronized CT scans acquired during free breathing,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1576230 30, 1254 â 1263 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Chen, O. Morin, M. Aubin, M. K. Bucci, C. F. Chuang, and J. Pouliot, Doseâ guided radiation therapy with megavoltage coneâ beam CT,â Br. J. Radiol. BJRAAP --> 0007‐1285 --> 10.1259/bjr/60612178 79, S87 â S98 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Jaffray and J. H. Siewerdsen, â Coneâ beam computed tomography with a flatâ panel imager: Initial performance characterization,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.599009 27, 1311 â 1323 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Letourneau, J. Wong, M. Oldham, M. Gulam, L. Watt, D. A. Jaffray, J. H. Siewerdson, and A. A. Martinez, â Coneâ beamâ guided radiation therapy: Technical implementation,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.03.001 75, 279 â 286 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. Thilmann et al., â Correction of patient positioning errors based on inâ line cone beam CTs: Clinical implementation and first experiences,â Radiat. Oncol. 1, 1 â 16 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. K. Islam, T. G. Purdie, B. D. Norrlinger, H. Alasti, D. J. Moseley, M. B. Sharpe, J. H. Siewerdsen, and D. A. Jaffray, â Patient dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography imaging in radiation therapy,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.2198169 33, 1573 â 1582 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. Amer et al., â Doses from cone beam CT integrated to a radiotherapy treatment machine,â United Kingdom Radiation Oncology Conference, April 2005.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. H. Cossmann, A. Stuessl, and C. von Briel, â Coneâ beam CT experience in Aarau,â ESTRO Workshop on Imageâ Guided Radiotheraphy, S9, ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Endo et al., â Image characteristics and effective dose estimation of a coneâ beam CT using a videoâ fluoroscopic system,â IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. IETNAE --> 0018‐9499 --> 10.1109/23.775599 46, 686 â 690 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. Nakagawa, Y. Aoki, M. Tago, A. Terahara, and K. Ohtomo, â Megavoltage CTâ assisted stereotactic radiosurgery for thoracic tumors: Original research in the treatment of thoracic neoplasms,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(00)00617â 9 48, 449 â 457 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. H. McCollough and F. E. Zink, â Performance evaluation of a multiâ slice CT system,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.598777 26, 2223 â 2230 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. Sillanpaa, J. Chang, and G. Mageras, â Developments in megavoltage cone beam CT with an amorphous silicon EPID: Reduction of exposure and synchronization with respiratory gating,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1861522 32, 819 â 829 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. P. Winston and D. B. Gilley, â Patient Exposure and Dose Guide 2003,â Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, CRCPD publication Eâ 03â 2 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. J. Moore et al., â Developments in and experience of kilovoltage xâ ray cone beam imageâ guided radiotherapy,â J. Radiol. 0221‐0363 --> 79, S66 â S78 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. Shimizu et al., â Use of an implanted marker and realâ time tracking of the marker for the positioning of prostate and bladder cancers,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(00)00809â 9 48, 1591 â 1597 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. Shimizu et al., â Detection of lung tumor movement in realâ time tumorâ tracking radiotherapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(01)01641â 8 51 304 â 310 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceY. Seppenwoolde, H. Shirato, K. Kitamura, S. Shimizu, M. van Herk, J. V. Lebesque, and K. Miyasada, â Precise and realâ time measurement of 3D tumor motion in lung due to breathing and heartbeat, measured during radiotherapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(02)02803â 1 53, 822 â 834 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. Kitamura, H. Shirato, Y. Seppenwoolde, R. Onimaru, M. Oda, K. Fujita, S. Shimizu, N. Shinohara, T. Harabayashi, and K. Miyasaka, â Threeâ dimensional intrafractional movement of prostate measured during realâ time tumorâ tracking radiotherapy in supine and prone treatment positions,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(02)02882â 1 43, 1117 â 1123 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. Kitamura, H. Shirato, Y. Seppenwoolde, T. Shimizu, Y. Kodama, H. Endo, R. Onimaru, M. Oda, K. Fujita, S. Shimizu, and K. Miyasaka, â Tumor location, cirrhosis, and operation history contribute to tumor movement in the liver, as measured during stereotactic irradiation using a realâ time tumorâ tracking radiation therapy system,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(03)00082â 8 56, 221 â 228 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Shirato, Y. Seppenwoolde, K. Kitamura, R. Onimura, and S. Shimizu, â Intrafractional tumor motion: Lung and liver,â Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1053‐4296 --> 14, 10 â 18 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. H. Siewerdsen and D. A. Jaffray, â Coneâ beam computed tomography with a flatâ panel imager: Magnitude and effects of xâ ray scatter,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1339879 28, 220 â 231 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. S. Mageras, â Interventional strategies for reducing respiratoryâ induced motion in external beam therapy,â ICCR 2000, Heidelberg, 514 â 516 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. E. Rosenzweig et al., â The deep inspiration breatheâ hold technique in the treatment of inoperable nonâ smallâ cell lung cancer,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(00)00583â 6 48, 81 â 87 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. A. Barnes, B. R. Murray, D. M. Robinson, L. J. Underwood, J. Hanson, and W. H. Roa, â Dosimetric evaluation of lung tumor immobilization using breath hold at deep inspiration,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(01)01592â 9 50, 1091 â 1098 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. J. Murphy, D. Martin, R. Whyte, C. Ozhasoglu, J. Hai, and Q.â T. Le, â The effectiveness of breathholding to stabilize lung and pancreas tumors during radiosurgery,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(01)02822â X 53, 475 â 482 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. W. Wong et al., â The use of active breathing control (ABC) to reduce margin for breathing motion,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(99)00056â 5 44, 911 â 919 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. H. Klaus, D. Jurgen, L. Frank, F. Peter, B. Malte, R. Bernhard, M. Johann, K. Jurgan, S. Wolfgang, and W. Michael, â Extracranial stereotactic conformal radiation treatment of tumors in the liver and the lung,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 42, 214 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. D. Kubo and B. C. Hill, â Respiration gated radiotherapy treatment: A technical study,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/41/1/007 41, 83 â 91 ( 1996 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. Schweikard G. Glosser, M. Bodduluri, M. Murphy, and J. R. Adler, â Robotic motion compensation for respiratory movement during radiosurgery,â Comput. Aided Surg. 1092‐9088 --> 5, 263 â 277 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceF. A. Siebert, P. Kohr, and G. Kovacs, â The design and testing of a solid phantom for the verification of a commercial 3D seed reconstruction algorithm,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.10.016 74, 169 â 175 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Herman, â Clinical use of electronic portal imaging,â Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 1053‐4296 --> 15, 157 â 167 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. P. Waddington and A. L. McKensie, â Assessment of effective dose from concomitant exposures required in verification of the target volume in radiotherapy,â Br. J. Radiol. BJRAAP --> 0007‐1285 --> 10.1259/bjr/67235257 77, 557 â 561 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. H. Siewerdsen et al., â Volume CT with a flatâ panel detector on a mobile, isocentric Câ arm: Preâ clinical investigation in guidance of minimally invasive surgery,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.1836331 32, 241 â 254 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. J. Murphy, S. D. Chang, and I. C. Gibbs, â Patterns of patient movement during frameless imageâ guided radiosurgery,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(02)04597â 2 55, 1400 â l408 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Shirato, M. Oita, K. Fujita, Y. Watanabe, and K. Miyasaka, â Feasibility of synchronization of realâ time tumorâ tracking radiotherapy and intensityâ modulated radiotherapy from viewpoint of excessive dose from fluoroscopy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.04.028 60, 335 â 341 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNational Institutes of Health, â Interventional fluoroscopy: Reducing radiation risks for patients and staff,â NIH Publication 05â 5286 (March, 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. C. Le Heron, â Estimation of effective dose to the patient during medical xâ ray examinations from measurements of the doseâ area product,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/37/11/008 37, 2117 â 2126 ( 1992 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Galanski, H. D. Nagel, and G. Stamm, â Expositionsâ dosis bei CTâ untersuchungen: Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten umgfrage,â Fortschr. Rontgenstr. 172, M164 â M168 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceE. G. Fiberg, â Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Department of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety,â à sterÃ¥s, Norway, 193 â 196 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceICRPâ 60, The International Commission on Radiological Protection, Recommendations on Radiation Protection, ICRP Publication 60 ( Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. D. Chang, D. P. Martin, and J. R. Adler, â Treatment of spinal AVMs and vascular tumors with frameless imageâ based radiosurgery,â J. Neurosurg. JONSAC --> 0022‐3085 --> 88, 201A ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceS. D. Chang, M. Marcellus, M. P. Marks, R. P. Levy, H. M. Do, and G. K. Steinberg, â Multimodality treatment of giant intracranial arteriovenous malformations,â Neurosurgery 0148â 396X 53, 1 â 14 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. C. Flickinger, D. Kondziolka, A. Niranjan, and L. D. Lunsford, â Results of acoustic neuroma radiosurgery: An analysis of 5 years experience using current methods,â J. Neurosurg. JONSAC --> 0022‐3085 --> 94, 1 â 6 ( 2001 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Lim, A. T. Villavicencio, S. Burneikiene, S. D. Chang, P. Romanell, L. Mcneely, M. McIntyre, J. J. Thramann, and J. R. Adler, â Cyber knife radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia,â Neurosurg. Focus 18, article E9, 1 â 7 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Mitsumori, D. C. Shrieve, E. Alexander III, U. B. Kaiser, G. E. Richardson, P. M. Black, and J. S. Loeffler, â Initial clinical results of Linacâ based stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(98)00256â 9 42, 573 â 580 ( 1998 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceP. N. Plowman, â Pituitary adenoma radiotherapyâ when, who and how,â Clin. Endocrinol. CLECAP --> 0300‐0664 --> 51, 265 â 271 ( 1999 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. P. Sheehan, D. Kondziolka, J. Flicklinger, and L. D. Lundsford, â Radiosurgery for residual and recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma,â J. Neurosurg. JONSAC --> 0022‐3085 --> 97, 408 â 414 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceI. Diallo, A. Lamon, A. Shamsaldin, E. Grimaud, F. de Vathaire, and J. Chavaudra, â Estimation of the radiation dose delivered to any point outside the target volume per patient treated with external beam radiotherapy,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 38, 269 â 271 ( 1996 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceA. A. Cigna, D. Nassisi, D. Masenga, R. Raffo, and P. Rotta, â Dose due to scattered radiation in external radiotherapy: A prostate cancer case history,â Radiat. Prot. Dosim. RPDODE --> 0144‐8420 --> 108, 27 â 32 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceH. Ing, W. R. Nelson, and R. A. Shore, â Unwanted photon and neutron radiation resulting from collimated photon beams interacting with the body of radiotherapy patients,â Med. Phys. MPHYA6 --> 0094‐2405 --> 10.1118/1.595137 9, 27 â 33 ( 1982 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceK. Sheng, R. Jeraj, R. Shaw, T. R. Mackie, and B. R. Paliwal, â Imaging dose management using multiâ resolution in CTâ guided radiation therapy,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/50/6/011 50, 1205 â 1219 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceM. Oldham, D. Letourneau, L. Watt, G. Hugo, D. Yan, D. Lockman, L. H. Kim, P. Y. Chen, A. Martinez, and J. W. Wong, â Coneâ beamâ Tâ guided radiation therapy: A model for onâ line application,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.03.026 75, 271 â 278 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceC. Ozhasoglu and M. J. Murphy, â Issues in respiratory motion compensation during externalâ beam radiotherapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 10.1016/S0360â 3016(01)02789â 4 52, 1389 â 1399 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceG. C. Sharp, S. B. Jiang, S. Shimizu, and H. Shirato, â Prediction of respiratory tumour motion for realâ time imageâ guided radiotherapy,â Phys. Med. Biol. PHMBA7 --> 0031‐9155 --> 10.1088/0031â 9155/49/3/006 49, 425 â 440 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJ. M. Balter et al., â Accuracy of a wireless localization system for radiotherapy,â Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. IOBPD3 --> 0360‐3016 --> 6l, 933 â 937 ( 2005 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceB. W. Raaymakers et al., â Integrating a MRI scanner with a radiotherapy accelerator: A new concept of precise onâ line radiotherapy guidance and treatment monitoring,â 14th Proceedings International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy (Seoul, South Korea), pp. 89 â 92 ( 2004 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD. Hart and B. F. Wall, â Radiation exposure of the UK population from medical and dental xâ ray examinations,â National Radiological Protection Board NRPbâ W4 ( 2002 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceL. Bruni, S. Lavalle, J. Troccaz, P. Cinquin, and M. Bolla, â Preâ and intraâ irradiation multiâ modal image registration: Principles and first experiments,â Radiother. Oncol. RAONDT --> 0167‐8140 --> 10.1016/0167â 8140(93)90254â 6 29, 244 â 252 ( 1993 ).
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Name:
mp5667.pdf
Size:
548.7KB
Format:
PDF
View/Open

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.