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Ocular pharmacology
dc.contributor.authorNovack, Gary D.
dc.contributor.authorRobin, Alan L.
dc.date.accessioned2017-05-10T17:48:03Z
dc.date.available2017-07-10T14:31:43Zen
dc.date.issued2016-05
dc.identifier.citationNovack, Gary D.; Robin, Alan L. (2016). "Ocular pharmacology." The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56(5): 517-527.
dc.identifier.issn0091-2700
dc.identifier.issn1552-4604
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/136697
dc.description.abstractOphthalmic diseases include both those analogous to systemic diseases (eg, inflammation, infection, neuronal degeneration) and not analogous (eg, cataract, myopia). Many anterior segment diseases are treated pharmacologically through eye drops, which have an implied therapeutic index of local therapy. Unlike oral dosage forms administered for systemic diseases, eyedrops require patients not only to adhere to treatment, but to be able to accurately perform—ie, instill drops correctly.Anatomical and physiological barriers make topical delivery to the anterior chamber challenging—in some cases more challenging than absorption through the skin, nasal passages, or gut. Treatment of the posterior segment (eg, vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve) is more challenging due to additional barriers. Recently, intravitreal injections have become a standard of care with biologics for the treatment of macular degeneration and other diseases. Although the eye has esterases, hydroxylases, and transporters, it has relatively little CYP450 enzymes. Because it is challenging to obtain drug concentrations at the target site, ocular clinical pharmacokinetics, and thus pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic interactions, are rarely available. Ophthalmic pharmaceuticals require consideration of solubility, physiological pH, and osmolarity, as well as sterility and stability, which in turn requires optimal pharmaceutics. Although applied locally, ocular medications may be absorbed systemically, which results in morbidity and mortality (eg, systemic hypotension, bronchospasm, and bradycardia).
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.subject.othermacular degeneration
dc.subject.otherophthalmology
dc.subject.otherpharmacology
dc.subject.otherglaucoma
dc.titleOcular pharmacology
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPediatrics
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPharmacy and Pharmacology
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136697/1/jcph634_am.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136697/2/jcph634.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/jcph.634
dc.identifier.sourceThe Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
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dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


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