View Item 

Show simple item record

HIV and adolescents: focus on young key populations
dc.contributor.authorBekker, Linda‐gail
dc.contributor.authorHosek, Sybil
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Leigh
dc.contributor.authorWallace, Melissa
dc.contributor.authorPettifor, Audrey
dc.contributor.authorNguyen, Nadia L
dc.contributor.authorCelum, Connie
dc.contributor.authorCowan, Frances M
dc.contributor.authorGo, Vivian
dc.contributor.authorHightow‐weidman, Lisa
dc.contributor.authorKurth, Ann E
dc.contributor.authorLally, Michelle A
dc.contributor.authorChoko, Augustine T
dc.contributor.authorInwani, Irene W
dc.contributor.authorFortenberry, J Dennis
dc.contributor.authorDelany‐moretlwe, Sinead
dc.contributor.authorBusza, Joanna
dc.contributor.authorBolton‐moore, Carolyn
dc.contributor.authorKelley, Karen
dc.contributor.authorFairlie, Lee
dc.contributor.authorLall, Priya
dc.contributor.authorLim, Sin How
dc.contributor.authorKhairuddin, Norliana
dc.contributor.authorKamarulzaman, Adeeba
dc.contributor.authorMutumba, Massy
dc.contributor.authorHarper, Gary W
dc.contributor.authorDellar, Rachael C
dc.contributor.authorDlamini, Sarah
dc.contributor.authorKarim, Quarraisha Abdool
dc.contributor.authorKrug, Anita
dc.contributor.authorHildebrand, Mikaela
dc.contributor.authorSun, Nina
dc.contributor.authorConner, Brendan
dc.contributor.authorBaggaley, Rachel
dc.contributor.authorArmstrong, Alice
dc.contributor.authorDodd, Zoe
dc.contributor.authorNgoksin, Ed
dc.date.accessioned2017-10-05T18:19:05Z
dc.date.available2017-10-05T18:19:05Z
dc.date.issued2015-02
dc.identifier.citationBekker, Linda‐gail ; Hosek, Sybil; Bekker, Linda‐gail ; Johnson, Leigh; Wallace, Melissa; Hosek, Sybil; Pettifor, Audrey; Nguyen, Nadia L; Celum, Connie; Cowan, Frances M; Go, Vivian; Hightow‐weidman, Lisa ; Kurth, Ann E; Lally, Michelle A; Choko, Augustine T; Inwani, Irene W; Fortenberry, J Dennis; Delany‐moretlwe, Sinead ; Cowan, Frances M; Busza, Joanna; Bolton‐moore, Carolyn ; Kelley, Karen; Fairlie, Lee; Lall, Priya; Lim, Sin How; Khairuddin, Norliana; Kamarulzaman, Adeeba; Mutumba, Massy; Harper, Gary W; Dellar, Rachael C; Dlamini, Sarah; Karim, Quarraisha Abdool; Krug, Anita; Hildebrand, Mikaela; Sun, Nina; Conner, Brendan; Baggaley, Rachel; Armstrong, Alice; Dodd, Zoe; Ngoksin, Ed; Krug, Anita (2015). "HIV and adolescents: focus on young key populations." Journal of the International AIDS Society 18: n/a-n/a.
dc.identifier.issn1758-2652
dc.identifier.issn1758-2652
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/138345
dc.publisherWorld Health Organization
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.subject.otherharm reduction
dc.subject.othercommercial sexual exploitation of children
dc.subject.othersexually exploited children
dc.subject.otherjuvenile prostitution
dc.subject.otheryoung sex workers
dc.subject.otheryoung people
dc.subject.otherminimum intervention
dc.subject.otherHIV/AIDS
dc.subject.otheryoung key populations
dc.subject.otherHIV
dc.subject.otherPrevention and treatment
dc.subject.otherHIV
dc.subject.otherkey populations
dc.subject.othercombination prevention
dc.subject.otherpre exposure prophylaxis
dc.subject.otherHIV testing
dc.subject.otherHIV continuum of care
dc.subject.otheryouth
dc.subject.otheradolescents
dc.subject.otherkey populations
dc.subject.otherdevelopment
dc.subject.otheradolescent
dc.subject.otheryouth
dc.subject.otherinjecting drug use
dc.subject.otherMSM
dc.subject.othersex workers
dc.subject.otherrisk
dc.subject.otherintegrated services
dc.subject.otherhuman immunodeficiency virus
dc.subject.otheryoung key populations
dc.subject.otheradherence
dc.subject.otherretention in HIV care
dc.subject.otherantiretroviral therapy
dc.subject.otheryouth
dc.subject.otheradolescents
dc.subject.otherpsychiatric disorders
dc.subject.otherpsychosocial
dc.subject.othertreatment
dc.subject.otherprogrammes
dc.subject.otherHIV prevention
dc.subject.otheradolescent girls
dc.subject.otheryoung women
dc.subject.otherprevention interventions
dc.subject.otheryoung people
dc.subject.otheradolescents
dc.subject.otherdrugs
dc.subject.otherinjecting drug use
dc.subject.otherharm reduction
dc.subject.otherHIV
dc.subject.otheryoung key populations
dc.subject.otheradolescent key populations
dc.subject.otheryoung drug users
dc.titleHIV and adolescents: focus on young key populations
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelMicrobiology and Immunology
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.contributor.affiliationumDepartment of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationumCenter for Sexuality and Health Disparities, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherThe Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherInternational Clinical Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherSchool of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Psychiatry, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCentre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherYouth Research Information Support Education (Youth RISE), Melbourne, Australia
dc.contributor.affiliationotherGlobal Network of People Living with HIV, Cape Town, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherInternational Network of People Who Use Drugs, Toronto, Canada
dc.contributor.affiliationotherHIV Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
dc.contributor.affiliationotherTechnical Advisor, HIV Young Leaders Fund
dc.contributor.affiliationotherUNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland
dc.contributor.affiliationotherYouth RISE, London, UK
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCentre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZuluâ Natal, Durban, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherJoint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCentre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCentre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCeSHHAR Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe;
dc.contributor.affiliationotherWits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherKenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
dc.contributor.affiliationotherMalawiâ Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
dc.contributor.affiliationotherAlpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherLifespan Hospital System, Providence, VA, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCollege of Nursing and Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
dc.contributor.affiliationotherDepartment of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
dc.contributor.affiliationotherCentre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138345/1/jia20076.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138345/2/jia20076-sup-0001.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.7448/IAS.18.2.20076
dc.identifier.sourceJournal of the International AIDS Society
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE, Valente E. Social informationâ processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995; 104 ( 4 ): 632.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKigozi G, Wawer M, Ssettuba A, Kagaayi J, Nalugoda F, Watya S, et al. Foreskin surface area and HIV acquisition in Rakai, Uganda (size matters). AIDS. 2009; 23: 2209 â 13.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJain R, Muralidhar S. Contraceptive methods: needs, options and utilization. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2011; 61: 626 â 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFish EN. The Xâ files in immunity: sexâ based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8: 737 â 44.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceProdger JL, Gray R, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Galiwango R, Hirbod T, et al. Foreskin Tâ cell subsets differ substantially from blood with respect to HIV coâ receptor expression, inflammatory profile, and memory status. Mucosal Immunol. 2012; 5: 121 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcKinnon LR, Nyanga B, Chege D, Izulla P, Kimani M, Huibner S, et al. Characterization of a human cervical CD4+ T cell subset coexpressing multiple markers of HIV susceptibility. J Immunol. 2011; 187: 6032 â 42.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStanley M. Early age of sexual debut: a risky experience. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2009; 35: 118 â 20.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHwang LY, Scott ME, Ma Y, Moscicki AB. Higher levels of cervicovaginal inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines in healthy young women with immature cervical epithelium. J Reprod Immunol. 2011; 88: 66 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGhanem KG, Shah N, Klein RS, Mayer KH, Sobel JD, Warren DL, et al. Influence of sex hormones, HIV status, and concomitant sexually transmitted infection on cervicovaginal inflammation. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191: 358 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLevinson P, Kaul R, Kimani J, Ngugi E, Moses S, MacDonald KS, et al. Levels of innate immune factors in genital fluids: association of alpha defensins and LLâ 37 with genital infections and increased HIV acquisition. AIDS. 2009; 23: 309 â 17.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRottingen JA, Cameron DW, Garnett GP. A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: how much really is known? Sex Transm Dis. 2001; 28: 579 â 97.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCohen MS. HIV and sexually transmitted diseases: lethal synergy. Top HIV Med. 2004; 12: 104 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNagot N, Ouedraogo A, Foulongne V, Konate I, Weiss HA, Vergne L, et al. Reduction of HIVâ 1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 790 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWald A, Link K. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2â seropositive persons: a metaâ analysis. J Infect Dis. 2002; 185: 45 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMorrison CS, Turner AN, Jones LB. Highly effective contraception and acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009; 23: 263 â 84.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLow N, Chersich MF, Schmidlin K, Egger M, Francis SC, van de Wijgert JH, et al. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and HIV infection in women: individual participant data metaâ analysis. PLoS Med. 2011; 8: e1000416.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcClelland RS, Lavreys L, Hassan WM, Mandaliya K, Ndinyaâ Achola JO, Baeten JM. Vaginal washing and increased risk of HIVâ 1 acquisition among African women: a 10â year prospective study. AIDS. 2006; 20: 269 â 73.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMavedzenge SN, Luecke E, Ross DA. Effectiveness of HIV prevention, treatment and care interventions among adolescents: a systematic review of systematic reviews. UNICEF technical brief. New York: UNICEF; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYankah E, Aggleton P. Effects and effectiveness of life skills education for HIV prevention in young people. AIDS Educ Prev. 2008; 20: 465 â 85.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMichielsen K, Chersich MF, Luchters S, de Koker P, van Rossem R, Temmerman M. Effectiveness of HIV prevention for youth in subâ Saharan Africa: systematic review and metaâ analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials. AIDS. 2010; 24: 1193 â 202.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarrison A, Newell ML, Imrie J, Hoddinott G. HIV prevention for South African youth: which interventions work? A systematic review of current evidence. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 102.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAgbemenu K, Schlenk EA. An integrative review of comprehensive sex education for adolescent girls in Kenya. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2011; 43: 54 â 63.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNapierala Mavedzenge SM, Doyle AM, Ross DA. HIV prevention in young people in subâ Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2011; 49: 568 â 86.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, et al. The effectiveness of groupâ based comprehensive riskâ reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: two systematic reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2012; 42: 272 â 94.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePaulâ Ebhohimhen VA, Poobalan A, van Teijlingen ER. A systematic review of schoolâ based sexual health interventions to prevent STI/HIV in subâ Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8: 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRobin L, Dittus P, Whitaker D, Crosby R, Ethier K, Mezoff J, et al. Behavioral interventions to reduce incidence of HIV, STD, and pregnancy among adolescents: a decade in review. J Adolesc Health. 2004; 34: 3 â 26.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSales JM, Milhausen RR, Diclemente RJ. A decade in review: building on the experiences of past adolescent STI/HIV interventions to optimise future prevention efforts. Sex Transm Infect. 2006; 82: 431 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGallant M, Matickaâ Tyndale E. Schoolâ based HIV prevention programmes for African youth. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 58: 1337 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMorrisonâ Beedy D, Nelson LE. HIV prevention interventions in adolescent girls: what is the state of the science? Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2004; 1: 165 â 75.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA. Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. J Adolesc Health. 2007; 40: 206 â 17.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSpeizer IS, Magnani RJ, Colvin CE. The effectiveness of adolescent reproductive health interventions in developing countries: a review of the evidence. J Adolesc Health. 2003; 33: 324 â 48.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L. Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2002; 324: 1426.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDoyle AM, Ross DA, Maganja K, Baisley K, Masesa C, Andreasen A, et al. Longâ term biological and behavioural impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention in Tanzania: followâ up survey of the communityâ based MEMA kwa Vijana Trial. PLoS Med. 2010; 7: e1000287.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoss DA, Changalucha J, Obasi AI, Todd J, Plummer ML, Cleophasâ Mazige B, et al. Biological and behavioural impact of an adolescent sexual health intervention in Tanzania: a communityâ randomized trial. AIDS. 2007; 21: 1943 â 55.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCowan FM, Pascoe SJ, Langhaug LF, Mavhu W, Chidiya S, Jaffar S, et al. The Regai Dzive Shiri project: results of a randomized trial of an HIV prevention intervention for youth. AIDS. 2010; 24: 2541 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDick B, Ferguson J, Chandraâ Mouli V, Brabin L, Chatterjee S, Ross DA. Review of the evidence for interventions to increase young people’s use of health services in developing countries. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2006; 938: 151 â 204; discussion 317â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDenno DM, Chandraâ Mouli V, Osman M. Reaching youth with outâ ofâ facility HIV and reproductive health services: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 51: 106 â 21.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZuurmond MA, Geary RS, Ross DA. The effectiveness of youth centers in increasing use of sexual and reproductive health services: a systematic review. Stud Fam Plann. 2012; 43: 239 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMatickaâ Tyndale E, Brouillardâ Coylea C. The effectiveness of community interventions targeting HIV and AIDS prevention at young people in developing countries. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2006; 938: 243 â 85; discussion 317â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJewkes R, Nduna M, Levin J, Jama N, Dunkle K, Puren A, et al. Impact of stepping stones on incidence of HIV and HSVâ 2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008; 337: a506.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, MacPhail C, Nguyen N, Rosenberg M. Can money prevent the spread of HIV? A review of cash payments for HIV prevention. AIDS Behav. 2012; 16: 1729 â 38.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBjörkmanâ Nyqvist M, Corno L, de Walque D, Svensson J. Evaluating the impact of short term financial incentives on HIV and STI incidence among youth in Lesotho: a randomized trial. TUPDC0106 â Poster Discussion Session, IAS 7th International AIDS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention; June 30â July 3 2013. Kuala Lumpur: STI (BMJ); 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaird SJ, Garfein RS, McIntosh CT, Ozler B. Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2012; 379: 1320 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, Bekker LG, Hosek S, DiClemente R, Rosenberg M, Bull SS, et al. Preventing HIV among young people: research priorities for the future. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013; 63 (Suppl 2 ): S155 â 60.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnited Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Word drug report 2014. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.14.XI.7. New York: United Nations; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarrett D, Hunt N, Stoicescu C. Harm Reduction International. Injecting drug use among under 18s: a snapshot of available data [Internet]. [cited 2014 Dec 28]. Available from: http://www.ihra.net/files/2014/08/06/injecting_among_under_18s_snapshot_WEB.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Unpublished estimates; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCook C, Fletcher A. Youth drugâ use research and the missing pieces in the puzzle: how can researchers support the next generation of harm reduction approaches. In: Barret D, editor. Children of the drug war: perspectives on the impact of drug policies on young people. New York: International Debate Press; 2011, p. 175 â 85.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKissin DM, Zapata L, Yorick R, Vinogradova EN, Volkova GV, Cherkassova E, et al. HIV seroprevalence in street youth, St Petersburg, Russia. AIDS. 2007; 21 ( 17 ): 2333 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAtkinson J, McCurdy S, Williams M, Mwambo J, Kilonzo J. HIV risk behaviours, perceived severity of drug use problems and prior treatment experiences in a sample of young heroin injectors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud. 2011; 10 ( 1 ): 1 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceInterâ Agency Working Group on Key Populations. HIV and young people who inject drugs [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan 8] Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/briefs_pwid_2014.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFennema JSA, Ameijden EJCV, Hoek AVD, Coutinho RA. Young and recentâ onset injecting drug users are at higher risk for HIV. Addiction. 1997; 92: 1457 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFHI. Young People Most at Risk of HIV: A Meting Report and Discussion Paper form the Interagency Youth Working Group, US Agency for International Development, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Interâ Agency Task Team on HIV and Young People, and FHI. Research Triangle Park, NC: FHI; 2010.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerkinaite S, Grund JP. Young people and injecting drug use in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Vilnius: Eurasian Harm Reduction Network; 2009.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKral A, Lorvick J, Edlin B. Sexâ and drugâ related risk among populations of younger and older injection drug users in adjacent neighborhoods in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000; 24 ( 2 ): 162 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCurth N, Hansson L, Storm F, Lazarus J. Select barriers to harm reduction services for IDUs in Eastern Europe. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2009; 17: 191 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerkinaite S, Grund JP, Frimpong A. Young people and drugs: next generation of harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 2010; 21 ( 2 ): 112 â 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDebeck K, Wood E, Zhang R, Buxton J., Montaner J, Kerr T. A doseâ dependent relationship between exposure to a streetâ based drug scene and healthâ related harms among people who use injection drugs. J Urban Health. 2011; 88: 724 â 35.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNODC, UNAIDS. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users: 2012 revision. WHO: Geneva; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Securing the future today: synthesis of strategic information on HIV and young people. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2011.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDickert N, Sugarman J. Ethical goals of community consultation in research. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95 ( 7 ): 1123 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarm Reduction International. The global state of harm reduction 2012. Towards an integrated response [Internet]. [cited 2014 Dec 17]. Available from: http://www.ihra.net/files/2012/07/24/GlobalState2012_Web.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. HIV testing and counselling: age of consent to test [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jan 8]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/adolescent/secondâ decade/section8/page6/policiesâ canâ blockâ access.html
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNESCO, UNFPA, UNAIDS, UNDP, Youth LEAD. Young people and the law in Asia and the Pacific. A review of laws and policies affecting young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health and HIV services [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 Jan 8]. Available from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002247/224782E.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFox K, Ferguson J, Ajose W, Singh J, Marum E, Baggaley R, World Health Organization. HIV and adolescents: guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV. Annex15: Adolescent consent to testing: a review of current policies and issues in subâ Saharan Africa [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 Jan 8]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/95147/1/WHO_HIV_2013.141_eng.pdf?ua=1
dc.identifier.citedreferencePatton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGuest G, Macqueen K, Namey E. Applied thematic analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Patterns and trends of amphetamineâ type stimulants and other drugs; challenges for Asia and the Pacific. A report from the Global SMART Programme. United Nations; 2013 [cited 2015 Feb 2]. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific//Publications/2013/atsâ 2013/2013_Regional_ATS_Report_web.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceColfax G, Santos GM, Chu P, Vittinghoff E, Pluddermann A, Kumar S, et al. Amphetamineâ group substances and HIV. Lancet. 2010; 376: 458 â 74.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnited Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Preventing amphetamineâ type stimulant use among young people: a policy and programming guide. Vienna: United Office of Drugs and Crime; 2007.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organisation. Technical brief 2: harm reduction and brief intervention for ATS users, Technical Briefs on amphetamineâ type stimulants (ATS). Manila: World Health Organisation, Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2011. FAO’s International Year of Soils 2015.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWerb D, Buxton J, Shoveller J, Richardson C, Rowell G, Wood E. Interventions to prevent initiation of injection drug use: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 133: 669 â 76.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBusza J, Douthwaite M, Bani R, Scutelniciuc O, Preda M, Simic D. Injecting behavior and service use among young injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia. Int J Drug Policy. 2013; 24: 423 â 1.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFletcher A, Krug A. â Excluding youth? A global review of harm reduction services for young people who use drugs’, in the 2012 Global State of Harm Reduction. London: Harm Reduction International; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLoxley W. Double risk: young injectors and sexual relationships. Sex Relationsh The. 2000; 15 ( 3 ): 297 â 310.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEvans J, Hahn J, Pageâ Shafer K, Lum P, Davidson P, Moss A. Gender differences in sexual and injection risk behavior among active young injection drug users in San Francisco. J Urban Health. 2003; 80: 137 â 46.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGyarmathy V, Li N, Tobin K, Hoffman I, Sokolov N, Levchenko J, et al. Injecting equipment sharing in Russian drug injecting dyads. AIDS Behav. 2010; 14: 141 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEurasian Harm Reduction Network. Women and drug policy in Eurasia. Vilnius: EHRN; 2010.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS, IAWG. HIV and young people who sell sex: a technical brief. Draft report. Report no: UNAIDS/JC2666, WHO/HIV/2014.16. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS, IAWG. HIV and young people who sell drugs: a technical brief. Draft report. Report no: UNAIDS/JC2666, WHO/HIV/2014.17. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS, Interâ Agency Working Group on Key Populations (â IAWGâ ). HIV and young men who have sex with men: a technical brief. Draft report. Report no: UNAIDS/JC2666, WHO/HIV/2014.14. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS, IAWG. HIV and young transgender people: a technical brief. Draft report. Report no: UNAIDS/JC2666, WHO/HIV/2014.18. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGlobal Commission on HIV and the Law. HIV and the law: risks, rights and health. Final report. Geneva: UN Development Programme; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRahman F. Legal and policy considerations in reaching young key populations. 20th International AIDS Conference; 2014 Jul 20â 25; Melbourne, Australia: International AIDS Society.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarrett D, Veerman P. Article 33: protection from narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConner B, Mago A, Middletonâ Lee S. Sexual and reproductive health needs and access to health services for adolescents under 18 engaged in selling sex in Asia Pacific. Amsterdam: HIV Young Leaders Fund; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYouth Voices Count. Policy brief on selfâ stigma among young men who have sex with men and young transgender women and the linkages with HIV in Asia. Bangkok: Youth Voices Count; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNESCO, UNFPA, UNAIDS, UNDP, Youth Lead. Young people and the law in Asia and the Pacific: a review of laws and policies affecting young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health and HIV services. Final report. Bangkok: UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcClure C, Chandler C, Bissell S. Responses to HIV in sexually exploited children or adolescents who sell sex. Lancet. 2014. pii: S0140â 6736(14) 60933.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNFPA, UNAIDS, NSWP. Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in lowâ andâ middleâ income countries: recommendations for a public health approach. Final report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNODC, UNAIDS. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUN Convention on the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, UN Doc. A/44/49 ( 1989 ), entered into force Sept. 2, 1990.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchabas W, Sax H. Article 37: prohibition of torture, death penalty, life imprisonment and deprivation of liberty. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 2006.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. General Comment No. 5: general measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/5 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. General Comment No. 13: right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/13 ( 2011 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. General Comment No. 3: HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/3 ( 2003 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOptional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, adopted by G.A. Res. 54/263, opened for signature 25 May 2000 (entered into force 18 January 2002).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMuntarbhorn V. Article 34: sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of children. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff; 2007.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReport of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Assembly, Sixtyâ third Session, Supplement No. 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. General Comment No. 4: adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC/GC/2003/4, July 2003.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. Treatyâ specific guidelines regarding form and content of periodic reports to be submitted by States parties under article 44, paragraph 1(b) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN Doc. CRC/C/58/Rev.2 ( 2010 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. Revised guidelines regarding initial reports to be submitted by States parties under Article 12, Paragraph 1 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, UN Doc. CRC/C/OPSC/2 ( 2006 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCRC Committee. General Comment No. 15: right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/15 ( 2009 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEide A, Eide B. Article 24: the right to health. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 2006.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS, MSMGF, UNDP. Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and transgender people: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFletcher A, Krug A. Excluding youth? A global review of harm reduction services for young people. In: Stoicescu C, editor. The global state of harm reduction 2012: towards an integrated response. London: Harm Reduction International; 2012. p. 137 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Adolescentâ friendly health services: an agenda for change. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Making health services adolescent friendly: developing national quality standards for adolescent friendly health services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Quality assessment guidebook. A guide to assessing health services for adolescent clients. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConner B. â First, do no harmâ : an advocacy brief on sexual and reproductive health needs and access to health services for adolescents 10â 17 engaged in selling sex in the Asia Pacific. Amsterdam: HIV Young Leaders Fund; Forthcoming.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGeneral Comment No. 12: right of the child to be heard, UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/12 ( 2009 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceInternational Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, opened for signature Dec. 16, 1996, 993 U.N.T.S. 3, 6 I.L.M. 360 (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCommittee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (â CESCRâ ), General Comment No. 14: the right to the highest attainable standard of health, UN Doc. E/C.12/2000/4 ( 2000 ).
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS. Ethical engagement of people who inject drugs in HIV prevention trials. Meeting report of the consultation for Eastern Europe and Central Asia; 2010 Jun 16â 18; Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO, UNAIDS. Ethical engagement of people who inject drugs in HIV prevention trials. Meeting report of the consultation for Latin America and the Caribbean; 2011 Apr 27â 29; Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHirnschall G, Baggaley R, Verster A. WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Proceedings of the International AIDS Conference; 2014 Jul 20â 25; Melbourne, Australia. Geneva: International AIDS Society; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNESCO. In or out: Asiaâ Pacific review of young key populations in national AIDS strategic plans. Bangkok: UNESCO; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCommission on AIDS in Asia. Redefining AIDS in Asia. Crafting an effective response. New Delhi: Oxford University Press; 2008.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKoblin B, Chesney M, Coates T. EXPLORE Study Team. Effects of a behavioural intervention to reduce acquisition of HIV infection among men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE randomised controlled study. Lancet. 2004; 364 ( 9428 ): 41 â 50.
dc.identifier.citedreferencevan Griensven F, de Lind van Wijngaarden JW. A review of the epidemiology of HIV infection and prevention responses among MSM in Asia. AIDS. 2010; 24 (Suppl 3 ): S30 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceClatts MC, Colónâ López V, Giang le M, Goldsamt LA. Prevalence and incidence of HCV infection among Vietnam heroin users with recent onset of injection. J Urban Health. 2009; 87 ( 2 ): 278 â 91.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShannon K, Bright V, Gibson K, Tyndall MW. Sexual and drugâ related vulnerabilities for HIV infection among women engaged in survival sex work in Vancouver, Canada. Can J Public Health. 2007; 98: 465 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilson EC, Garofalo R, Harris RD, Herrick A, Martinez M, Martinez J, et al. Transgender female youth and sex work: HIV risk and a comparison of life factors related to engagement in sex work. AIDS Behav. 2009; 13 ( 5 ): 902 â 13.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Global report. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in lowâ and middleâ income countries 2000â 2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007; 4 ( 12 ): e339.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNICEF. Opportunity in crisis: preventing HIV from early adolescence to early adulthood. New York: UNICEF; 2011.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among youth in the US: protecting a generation, in CDC vital signs. Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV surveillance in adolescents and young adults. Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchulden JD, Song B, Barros A, Maresâ DelGrasso A, Martin CW, Ramirez R, et al. Rapid HIV testing in transgender communities by communityâ based organizations in three cities. Public Health Rep. 2008; 123 (Suppl 3 ): 101 â 14.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNemoto T, Operario D, Keatley J, Han L, Soma T. HIV risk behaviors among maleâ toâ female transgender persons of color in San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94 ( 7 ): 1193 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGarofalo R, Deleon J, Osmer E, Doll M, Harper GW. Overlooked, misunderstood and atâ risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority maleâ toâ female transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38: 230 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOperario D, Soma T, Underhill K. Sex work and HIV status among transgender women: systematic review and metaâ analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008; 48 ( 1 ): 97 â 103.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYouth Research Information Support Education (Youth RISE) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Experiences of young people who inject drugs and their challenges in accessing harm reduction services. Cited in 2014 Young PWID technical brief as â Youth RISE consultationâ . Annex 6.3. [cited 2014 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/keypopulations/en/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBusza JR, Balakireva OM, Teltschik A, Bondar TV, Sereda YV, Meynell C, et al. Streetâ based adolescents at high risk of HIV in Ukraine. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011; 65 ( 12 ): 1166 â 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Figures from www.aidsdatahub.org based on National behavioural surveillance reports; Global aids response progress reports: country reports 2012. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAsian Human Rights Commission. Bangladesh’s child sex workers: no place to go. Hong Kong: Asian Human Rights Commission; 2002.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. HIV and adolescents: guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV ANNEX 15: adolescent consent to testing: a review of current policies and issues in subâ Saharan Africa. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceInteragency Youth Working Group. Young people most at risk of HIV: a meeting report and discussion paper from the Interagency Youth Working Group, U.S. Agency for International Development, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Interâ Agency Task Team on HIV and Young People, and FHI. Research Triangle Park, NC: FHI; 2010.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users. 2009 [cited 2014 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/idu/targetsetting/en/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users 2012 revision. 2012 [cited 2014 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/idu/targets_universal_access/en
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenter for Strategic & International Studies. The global youth wellbeing index [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan 3]. Available from: http://www.youthindex.org/contact/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization (WHO). Health for the world’s adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFact sheet on adolescent health. Geneva: WHO [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/factsheet/2012/20120417_FS_adolescentsyoungpeoplehiv_en.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). The gap report â July 2014. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnited Nations Children’s Fund. Towards an AIDSâ free generation â children and aids: sixth stocktaking report, 2013. New York: UNICEF; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYKPs guidelines. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. WHO/HIV/2014.8; WHO, Geneva, 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Global AIDS response progress reporting. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV among youth fact sheet. Atlanta: CDC; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcKinnon LR, Gakii G, Juno JA, Izulla P, Munyao J, Ireri N, et al. High HIV risk in a cohort of male sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90 ( 3 ): 237 â 42.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaral SD, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 113 ( 3 ): 214 â 22.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaral S, Todd CS, Aumakhan B, Lloyd J, Delegchoimbol A, Sabin K. HIV among female sex workers in the Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan, and Mongolia: contexts and convergence with drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 132 (Suppl 1 ): S13 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilson EC, Garofalo R, Harris RD, Herrick A, Martinez M, Martinez J. Transgender female youth and sex work: HIV risk and a comparison of life factors related to engagement in sex work. AIDS Behav. 2009; 13 ( 5 ): 902 â 13.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnited Nations General Assembly: country report on the follow up to the declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDS. Reporting period 2006â 2007. National Aids Control Program. Pakistan [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2011 May 29]. Available from: http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/pakistanUNGASSReport 2008.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAltaf A, Zahidie A, Agha A. Comparing risk factors of HIV among hijra sex workers in Larkana and other cities of Pakistan: an analytical cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 279.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGarofalo R, Deleon J, Osmer E, Doll M, Harper GW. Overlooked, misunderstood and atâ risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority maleâ toâ female transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38 ( 3 ): 230 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVitek CR, Ä akalo JI, Kruglov YV, Dumchev KV, Salyuk TO, BožiÄ evÄ : I, et al. Slowing of the HIV epidemic in Ukraine: evidence from case reporting and key population surveys, 2005â 2012. PLoS One. 2014; 9 ( 9 ): e103657.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHoffman BR. The interaction of drug use, sex work, and HIV among transgender women. Subst Use Misuse. 2014; 49 ( 8 ): 1049 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSilverman JG. Adolescent female sex workers: invisibility, violence and HIV. Arch Dis Child. 2011; 96 ( 5 ): 478 â 81.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCouture MC, Sansothy N, Sapphon V, Phal S, Sichan K, Stein E, et al. Young women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, have high incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, and amphetamineâ type stimulant use: new challenges to HIV prevention and risk. Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38 ( 1 ): 33 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGithuka G, Hladik W, Mwalili S, Cherutich P, Muthui M, Gitonga J, et al. Populations at increased risk for HIV infection in Kenya: results from a national populationâ based household survey, 2012. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 1 ): S46 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGakárraga O, Sosaâ Rubí SG, González A, Badialâ Hernández F, Condeâ Glez CJ, Juárezâ Figueroa L, et al. The disproportionate burden of HIV and STIs among male sex workers in Mexico City and the rationale for economic incentives to reduce risks. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014; 17 ( 1 ):19218, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19218
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJaspan HB, Berwick JR, Myer L, Mathews C, Flisher AJ, Wood R, et al. Adolescent HIV prevalence, sexual risk, and willingness to participate in HIV vaccine trials. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 39 ( 5 ): 642 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDunkle KL, Jewkes R, Nduna M, Jama N, Levin J, Sikweyiya Y, et al. Transactional sex with casual and main partners among young South African men in the rural Eastern Cape: prevalence, predictors, and associations with genderâ based violence. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65 ( 6 ): 1235 â 48.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor AE, Measham DM, Rees HV, Padian NS. Sexual power and HIV risk, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10 ( 11 ): 1996 â 2004.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDellar RC, Dlamini S, Karim QA. Adolescent girls and young women: key populations for HIV epidemic control. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;19408, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19408
dc.identifier.citedreferenceInternational AIDS Society. Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jan 5]. Available from: http://www.iasociety.org/cipher.aspx
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. HIV and adolescents: guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV. Guidance document [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/adolescents/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiClemente RJ, Salazar LF, Crosby RA, Rosenthal SL. Prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: the importance of a socioâ ecological perspective â a commentary. Public Health. 2005; 119 ( 9 ): 825 â 83.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, Bekker Lâ G, Hosek S, DiClemente R, Rosenberg M, Bull S, et al. for the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) Adolescent Scientific Committee (2013). Preventing HIV among young people: research priorities for the Future. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013; 63 (Suppl 2 ): S155 â 60.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoates T, Richter L, Caceres C. Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet. 2008; 372 ( 9639 ): 669 â 84.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, Nguyen NL, Celum C, Cowan FM, Go V, Hightowâ Weidman L. Tailored combination prevention packages and PrEP for young key populations. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;19434, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19434
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS/Programme Coordinating Board. HIV, adolescents and youth. Thematic Session from the Thirtyâ Third Meeting of the Programme Coordinating Board; 2013 Dec 17â 19; Geneva: WHO; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBlack S, Wallace M, Middelkoop K, Robbertze D, Bennie T, Wood R, et al. Improving HIV testing amongst adolescents through an integrated Youth Centre rewards program: insights from South Africa. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2014; 45: 98 â 105.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. Policy statement: adolescents and HIV infection: the pediatrician’s role in promoting routine testing [Internet]. [cited 2011 Nov 5]. Available from: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2011â 1761
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKurth AE, Lally MA, Choko AT, Inwani IW, Fortenberry JD. HIV testing and linkage to services for youth. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;19433, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19433
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKlein J, Wilson KM. Delivering quality care: adolescentsâ discussion of health risks with their providers. J Adolesc Health. 2002; 30 ( 3 ): 190 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIdele P, Gillespie A, Porth T, Suzuki C, Mahy M, Kasedde S, et al. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: current status, inequities, and data gaps. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S144 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJaspan HB, Li R, Johnson L, Bekker LG. The emerging need for adolescentâ focused HIV care in South Africa: opinion. South Afr J HIV Med. 2009; 10 ( 4 ): 9 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLall P, How LS, Khairuddin N, Khairuddin A. Review: an urgent need for research on factors impacting adherence to and retention in care among HIVâ positive youth and adolescents from key populations. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015; 19393, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19393
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrug A, Hildebrand M, Sun N. â We don’t need services. We have no problems’: exploring the experiences of young people who inject drugs in accessing harm reduction services. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015; 19442, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19442
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMellins CA, Brackisâ Cott E, Dolezal C, Abrams EJ. Psychiatric disorders in youth with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006; 25 ( 5 ): 432 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrackisâ Cott E, Kang E, Dolezal C, Abrams EJ, Mellins CA. The impact of perinatal HIV infection on older schoolâ aged children’s and adolescentsâ receptive language and word recognition skills. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009; 23 ( 6 ): 415 â 21.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCluver L, Gardner F, Operario D. Poverty and psychological health among AIDSâ orphaned children in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2009; 21 ( 6 ): 732 â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGillespie S, Kadiyala S, Greener R. Is poverty or wealth driving HIV transmission? AIDS. 2007; 21: S5 â S16.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKranzer K, Zeinecker J, Ginsberg P, Orrell C, Kalawe NN, Lawn SD, et al. Linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS One. 2010; 5 ( 11 ): e13801.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNglazi MD, Kranzer K, Holele P, Kaplan R, Mark D, Jaspan H, et al. Treatment outcomes in HIVâ infected adolescents attending a communityâ based antiretroviral therapy clinic in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12 ( 1 ): 21.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNachega JB, Hislop M, Nguyen H, Dowdy DW, Chaisson RE, Regensberg L, et al. Antiretroviral therapy adherence, virologic and immunologic outcomes in adolescents compared with adults in southern Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 51 ( 1 ): 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKancheva Landolt N. Sexual life and contraception in people living with HIV. Asian Biomed. 2011; 4 ( 5 ): 691.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDelanyâ Moretlwe S, Cowan FM, Busza J, Boltonâ Moore C, Kelley K, Fairlie L. Providing comprehensive health services for young key populations: needs, barriers and gaps. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;19833, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19833
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMathumba M, Harper GW. Mental health and support among young key populations: an ecological approach to understanding and intervention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;19429, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19429
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJewkes R, Nduna M, Levin J, Jama N, Dunkle K, Puren A, et al. Impact of stepping stones on incidence of HIV and HSVâ 2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008; 337 ( 4 ): 41 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeise L, Lutz B, Ranganthan M, Watts C. Cash transfers for HIV prevention: considering their potential. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013; 16: 18615, doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18615
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCluver L, Boyes M, Orkin M, Pantelic M, Molwena T, Sherr L. Childâ focused state cash transfers and adolescent risk of HIV infection in South Africa: a propensityâ scoreâ matched caseâ control study. Lancet Glob Health. 2013; 1 ( 6 ): e362 â 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaird S, Garfein R, McIntosh C, Ozler B. Effect of cash transfer program for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2012; 379: 1320 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferencede Walque D, Dow WH, Nathan R, Abdul R, Abilahi F, Gong E. Incentivising safe sex: a randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural Tanzania. BMJ Open. 2012; 2: e000747.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, MacPhail C, Nguyen N, Rosenberg M. Can money prevent the spread of HIV? A review of cash payments for HIV prevention. AIDS Behav. 2012; 16 ( 7 ): 1729 â 38.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKarim QA. A proof of concept cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the impact of a cash incentivised prevention intervention to reduce HIV infection in high school learners in rural KwaZuluâ Natal, South Africa [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jun 15]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01187979
dc.identifier.citedreferencePadian NS, McCoy SI, Abdool Karim SS, Hasen N, Kim J, Bartos M. HIV prevention transformed: the new prevention research agenda. Lancet. 2011; 378 ( 9787 ): 269 â 78.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConner B. â First, do no harmâ : legal guidelines for health programmes affecting adolescents aged 10â 17 who sell sex or inject drugs. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;19437, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19437
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBekker LG. Teen to grownâ up: falling between the cracks or lost in the crowd. 7th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention; 2013 Jun30â Jul3; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThe Associated Press. How Facebook has grown: number of active users at Facebook over the years [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Dec 15]. Available from: http://news.yahoo.com/numberâ activeâ usersâ facebookâ overâ 230449748.html
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaggaley R, Armstrong A, Dodd Z, Ngoksin E, Krug A. Young key populations and HIV: a special emphasis and consideration in the new WHO Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. 2015;19438, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19438
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGalbraith JS, Ochieng A, Mwalili S, Emusu D, Mwandi Z, Kim AA. Status of voluntary medical male circumcision in Kenya: findings from 2 nationally representative surveys in Kenya, 2007 and 2012. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 1 ):S37â 45. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000121.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhite RG, Glynn JR, Orroth KK, Freeman EE, Bakker R, Weiss HA. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in subâ Saharan Africa: who, what and when? AIDS. 2008; 22: 1841 â 50.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson LF, Bekker LG, Dorrington RE. HIV/AIDS vaccination in adolescents would be efficient and practical when vaccine supplies are limited. Vaccine. 2007; 25: 7502 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHallett TB, Stover J, Mishra V, Ghys PD, Gregson S, Boerma T. Estimates of HIV incidence from householdâ based prevalence surveys. AIDS. 2010; 24: 147 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTanser F, Bärnighausen T, Grapsa E, Zaidi J, Newell Mâ L. High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural KwaZuluâ Natal, South Africa. Science. 2013; 339: 966 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBongaarts J. Late marriage and the HIV epidemic in subâ Saharan Africa. Popul Stud (Camb). 2007; 61: 73 â 83.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaraël M. Sexual behaviour. In: Cleland J, Ferry B, editors. Sexual behaviour and AIDS in the developing world. London: Taylor and Francis; 1995. p. 75 â 123.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBershteyn A, Klein DJ, Eckhoff PA. Ageâ dependent partnering and the HIV transmission chain: a microsimulation analysis. J R Soc Interface. 2013; 10: 20130613.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBekker LG, Beyrer C, Quinn TC. Behavioral and biomedical combination strategies for HIV prevention. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012; 2 ( 8 ): a007435.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchunter BT, Cheng WS, Kendall M, Marais H. Lessons learned from a review of interventions for adolescent and young key populations in Asia Pacific and opportunities for programming. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S186 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Redefining AIDS in Asia: crafting an effective response. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press; 2008 [cited 2014 Aug 28]. Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/report/2008/20080326_report_commission_aids_en.pdf.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSilverman JG. Adolescent female sex workers: invisibility, violence and HIV. Arch Dis Child. 2011; 96 ( 5 ): 478 â 81.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarrett D, Hunt N, Stoicescu C. Injecting drug use among under 18s a snapshot of available data. London: Harm Reduction International; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBeyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012; 380 ( 9839 ): 367 â 77.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCDC. HIV surveillance report. Atlanta: CDC; 2011.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBekker LG, Johnson L, Cowan F, Overs C, Besada D, Hillier S, et al. Combination HIV prevention for female sex workers: what is the evidence? Lancet. 2014; 385: 72 â 87.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlistar SS, Owens DK, Brandeau ML. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of oral preâ exposure prophylaxis in a portfolio of prevention programs for injection drug users in mixed HIV epidemics. PloS One. 2014; 9 ( 1 ): e86584.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaeten JM, Haberer JE, Liu AY, Sista N. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: where have we been and where are we going? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013; 63 (Suppl 2 ): S122 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCremin I, Alsallaq R, Dybul M, Piot P, Garnett G, Hallett TB. The new role of antiretrovirals in combination HIV prevention: a mathematical modelling analysis. AIDS. 2013; 27 ( 3 ): 447 â 58.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGomez GB, Borquez A, Caceres CF, Segura ER, Grant RM, Garnett GP, et al. The potential impact of preâ exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men and transwomen in Lima, Peru: a mathematical modelling study. PLoS Med. 2012; 9 ( 10 ): e1001323.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKim SB, Yoon M, Ku NS, Kim MH, Song JE, Ahn JY, et al. Mathematical modeling of HIV prevention measures including preâ exposure prophylaxis on HIV incidence in South Korea. PloS One. 2014; 9 ( 3 ): e90080.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLasry A, Sansom SL, Wolitski RJ, Green TA, Borkowf CB, Patel P, et al. HIV sexual transmission risk among serodiscordant couples: assessing the effects of combining prevention strategies. AIDS. 2014; 28 ( 10 ): 1521 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. New Engl J Med. 2010; 363 ( 27 ): 2587 â 99.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. New Engl J Med. 2012; 367 ( 5 ): 399 â 410.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChoopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Leethochawalit M, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, doubleâ blind, placeboâ controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013; 381 ( 9883 ): 2083 â 90.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, Smith DK, Rose CE, Segolodi TM, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. New Engl J Med. 2012; 367 ( 5 ): 423 â 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, Grobler AC, Baxter C, Mansoor LE, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010; 329 ( 5996 ): 1168 â 74.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations consolidated guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCDC. HIV infection and risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among injecting drug users â National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 20 U.S. Cities, 2009. Contract No. 6. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStrathdee SA, Shoptaw S, Dyer TP, Quan VM, Aramrattana A. Towards combination HIV prevention for injection drug users: addressing addictophobia, apathy and inattention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012; 7 ( 4 ): 320 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCavanaugh CE, Latimer WW. Recent sex trade and injection drug use among pregnant opiate and cocaine dependent women in treatment: the significance of psychiatric comorbidity. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2010; 9 ( 1 ): 32 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown QL, Cavanaugh CE, Penniman TV, Latimer WW. The impact of homelessness on recent sex trade among pregnant women in drug treatment. J Subst Use. 2012; 17 ( 3 ): 287 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStrathdee SA, Lozada R, Martinez G, Vera A, Rusch M, Nguyen L, et al. Social and structural factors associated with HIV infection among female sex workers who inject drugs in the Mexicoâ US border region. PloS One. 2011; 6 ( 4 ): e19048.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMackesyâ Amiti ME, Donenberg GR, Ouellet LJ. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among young injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012; 124 ( 1â 2 ): 70 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLowry R, Crosby AE, Brener ND, Kann L. Suicidal thoughts and attempts among U.S. high school students: trends and associated healthâ risk behaviors, 1991â 2011. J Adolesc Health. 2014; 54 ( 1 ): 100 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoreâ Felton C, Somlai AM, Benotsch EG, Kelly JA, Ostrovski D, Kozlov A. The influence of gender on factors associated with HIV transmission risk among young Russian injection drug users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2003; 29 ( 4 ): 881 â 94.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller CL, Wood E, Spittal PM, Li K, Frankish JC, Braitstein P, et al. The future face of coinfection: prevalence and incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection among young injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004; 36 ( 2 ): 743 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDutta A, Wirtz AL, Baral S, Beyrer C, Cleghorn FR. Key harm reduction interventions and their impact on the reduction of risky behavior and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs in lowâ income and middleâ income countries. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012; 7 ( 4 ): 362 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGowing L, Farrell M, Bornemann R, Sullivan L, Ali R. Substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 ( 2 ): CD004145.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, Vickerman P, Deren S, Bruneau J, et al. Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and metaâ analysis. BMJ. 2012; 345: e5945.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMacArthur GJ, van Velzen E, Palmateer N, Kimber J, Pharris A, Hope V, et al. Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness. Int J Drug Policy. 2014; 25 ( 1 ): 34 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbdulâ Quader AS, Feelemyer J, Modi S, Stein ES, Briceno A, Semaan S, et al. Effectiveness of structuralâ level needle/syringe programs to reduce HCV and HIV infection among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 9 ): 2878 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWodak A, Cooney A. Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infection among injecting drug users: a comprehensive review of the international evidence. Subst Use Misuse. 2006; 41 ( 6â 7 ): 777 â 813.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBooth RE, Kwiatkowski CF, Mikulichâ Gilbertson SK, Brewster JT, Salomonsenâ Sautel S, Corsi KF, et al. Predictors of risky needle use following interventions with injection drug users in Ukraine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006; 82 (Suppl 1 ): S49 â 55.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS, editor. HIV prevention among injecting drug users. 24th meeting of the UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board; 2009 June 22â 24; Geneva, Switzerland.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTempalski B, Pouget ER, Cleland CM, Brady JE, Cooper HL, Hall HI, et al. Trends in the population prevalence of people who inject drugs in US metropolitan areas 1992â 2007. PloS One. 2013; 8 ( 6 ): e64789.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarshal MP, Friedman MS, Stall R, Thompson AL. Individual trajectories of substance use in lesbian, gay and bisexual youth and heterosexual youth. Addiction. 2009; 104 ( 6 ): 974 â 81.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarshal MP, Friedman MS, Stall R, King KM, Miles J, Gold MA, et al. Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a metaâ analysis and methodological review. Addiction. 2008; 103 ( 4 ): 546 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBalaji AB, Bowles KE, Le BC, Pazâ Bailey G, Oster AM, Group NS. High HIV incidence and prevalence and associated factors among young MSM, 2008. AIDS. 2013; 27 ( 2 ): 269 â 78.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHightowâ Weidman LB, Phillips G, 2nd, Jones KC, Outlaw AY, Fields SD, Smith JC. Racial and sexual identityâ related maltreatment among minority YMSM: prevalence, perceptions, and the association with emotional distress. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011; 25 (Suppl 1 ): S39 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGarofalo R, Wolf RC, Wissow LS, Woods ER, Goodman E. Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999; 153 ( 5 ): 487 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceD’Augelli AR, Grossman AH, Starks MT. Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. J Interpers Violence. 2006; 21 ( 11 ): 1462 â 82.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrewer RA, Magnus M, Kuo I, Wang L, Liu TY, Mayer KH. The high prevalence of incarceration history among Black men who have sex with men in the United States: associations and implications. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104 ( 3 ): 448 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDyer TP, Regan R, Wilton L, Harawa NT, Ou SS, Wang L, et al. Differences in substance use, psychosocial characteristics and HIVâ related sexual risk behavior between Black men who have sex with men only (BMSMO) and Black men who have sex with men and women (BMSMW) in six US cities. J Urban Health. 2013; 90 ( 6 ): 1181 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIrvin R, Wilton L, Scott H, Beauchamp G, Wang L, Betancourt J, et al. A study of perceived racial discrimination in Black men who have sex with men (MSM) and its association with healthcare utilization and HIV testing. AIDS Behav. 2014; 18 ( 7 ): 1272 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKoblin BA, Mayer KH, Eshleman SH, Wang L, Mannheimer S, del Rio C, et al. Correlates of HIV acquisition in a cohort of Black men who have sex with men in the United States: HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) 061. PloS One. 2013; 8 ( 7 ): e70413.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMayer KH, Wang L, Koblin B, Mannheimer S, Magnus M, del Rio C, et al. Concomitant socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors associated with the disproportionate HIV infection burden among Black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities. PloS One. 2014; 9 ( 1 ): e87298.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMimiaga MJ, Goldhammer H, Belanoff C, Tetu AM, Mayer KH. Men who have sex with men: perceptions about sexual risk, HIV and sexually transmitted disease testing, and provider communication. Sex Transm Dis. 2007; 34 ( 2 ): 113 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCDC. HIV prevalence, unrecognized infection and HIV testing among men who have sex with men â five US cities, June 2004â April 2005. MMWR. 2005; 54: 597 â 601.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKellerman SE, Lehman JS, Lansky A, Stevens MR, Hecht FM, Bindman AB, et al. HIV testing within atâ risk populations in the United States and the reasons for seeking or avoiding HIV testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002; 31 ( 2 ): 202 â 10.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCampsmith ML, Goldbaum GM, Brackbill RM, Tollestrup K, Wood RW, Weybright JE. HIV testing among men who have sex with men â results of a telephone survey. Prev Med. 1997; 26 ( 6 ): 839 â 44.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOster AM, Wiegand RE, Sionean C, Miles IJ, Thomas PE, Melendezâ Morales L, et al. Understanding disparities in HIV infection between black and white MSM in the United States. AIDS. 2011; 25 ( 8 ): 1103 â 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDuncan DT, Hatzenbuehler ML, Johnson RM. Neighborhoodâ level LGBT hate crimes and current illicit drug use among sexual minority youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014; 135: 65 â 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHerbst JH, Jacobs ED, Finlayson TJ, McKleroy VS, Neumann MS, Crepaz N. Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2008; 12 ( 1 ): 1 â 17.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHoffman B. An overview of depression among transgender women. Depress Res Treat. 2014;2014: 394283.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSantos GM, Wilson EC, Rapues J, Macias O, Packer T, Raymond HF. HIV treatment cascade among transgender women in a San Francisco respondent driven sampling study. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90 ( 5 ): 430 â 3.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBeattie TS, Bhattacharjee P, Ramesh BM, Gurnani V, Anthony J, Isac S, et al. Violence against female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India: impact on health, and reductions in violence following an intervention program. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 476.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBlanchard JF, O’Neil J, Ramesh BM, Bhattacharjee P, Orchard T, Moses S. Understanding the social and cultural contexts of female sex workers in Karnataka, India: implications for prevention of HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191 (Suppl 1 ): S139 â 46.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSarkar K, Bal B, Mukherjee R, Chakraborty S, Saha S, Ghosh A, et al. Sexâ trafficking, violence, negotiating skill, and HIV infection in brothelâ based sex workers of eastern India, adjoining Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2008; 26 ( 2 ): 223 â 31.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShannon K, Kerr T, Strathdee SA, Shoveller J, Montaner JS, Tyndall MW. Prevalence and structural correlates of gender based violence among a prospective cohort of female sex workers. BMJ. 2009; 339: b2939.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrossman AH, D’Augelli AR. Transgender youth: invisible and vulnerable. J Homosexual. 2006; 51 ( 1 ): 111 â 28.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSwartâ Kruger J, Richter LM. AIDSâ related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among South African street youth: reflections on power, sexuality and the autonomous self. Soc Sci Med. 1997; 45 ( 6 ): 957 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. Coming of age: from facts to action for adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Geneva: WHO; 1998 [cited 2013 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.expandnet.net/PDFs/1.COMINGOFAGE.pdf.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTowe VL, ul Hasan S, Zafar ST, Sherman SG. Street life and drug risk behaviors associated with exchanging sex among male street children in Lahore, Pakistan. J Adolescent Health. 2009; 44 ( 3 ): 222 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBusza JR, Balakireva OM, Teltschik A, Bondar TV, Sereda YV, Meynell C, et al. Streetâ based adolescents at high risk of HIV in Ukraine. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011; 65 ( 12 ): 1166 â 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHaley N, Roy E, Leclerc P, Boudreau JF, Boivin JF. HIV risk profile of male street youth involved in survival sex. Sex Transm Infect. 2004; 80 ( 6 ): 526 â 30.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKombarakaran FA. Street children of Bombay: their stresses and strategies of coping. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2004; 26: 853 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. HIV and young people who sell sex: a technical brief. Geneva: WHO; 2014 [cited 2014 Aug 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/briefs__sw_2014.pdf.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcCartney D, Yadav G, editors. At what age? Autonomy and the role of parents and the state in young people’s access to HIV and sexual and reproductive health Services. International AIDS Conference; 2014 July 20â 25; Melbourne, Australia.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNapierala Mavedzenge SM, Doyle AM, Ross DA. HIV prevention in young people in subâ Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Adolescent Health. 2011; 49 ( 6 ): 568 â 86.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcClure C, Chandler C, Bissell S. Responses to HIV in sexually exploited children or adolescents who sell sex. Lancet. 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConner B, Middletonâ Lee S, Mago A. Sexual and reproductive health needs and access to health services for adolescents 10â 18 engaged in selling sex in Asia Pacific. New York: HIV Young Leaders Fund [In press].
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHIV Young Leaders Fund. â First, do no harm:â an advocacy brief on sexual and reproductive health needs and access to health services for adolescents 10â 17 engaged in selling sex in the Asia Pacific. New York: HIV Young Leaders Fund [In press].
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization, UNPF, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Global Network of Sex Work Projects, The World Bank. Implementing comprehensive HIV/STI programmes with sex workers: practical approaches from collaborative interventions Geneva: WHO; 2013 [cited 2014 Aug 26]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/90000/1/9789241506182_eng.pdf?ua=1.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceECPAT International. Pakistan. Bangkok: ECPAT International; 2011; 2nd. [cited 2014 Aug 26]. Available from: http://resources.ecpat.net/EI/Pdf/A4A_II/A4A_V2_SA_PAKISTAN.pdf.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceECPAT International. The boys and the bullies: a situation analysis research on prostitution of boys in Bangladesh. ECPAT International; 2006 [cited 2014 Aug 26]. Available from: http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/Bangladesh_Part1.pdf.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceECPAT International. Situational analysis report on prostitution of boys in India (Hyderabad) Bangkok: ECPAT International; 2006 [cited 2014 Aug 26]. Available from: http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/India_Hyderabad.pdf.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCelum C, Baeten JM, Hughes JP, Barnabas R, Liu A, van Rooyen H, et al. Integrated strategies for combination HIV prevention: principles and examples for men who have sex with men in the Americas and heterosexual African populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013; 63 (Suppl 2 ): S213 â 20.
dc.identifier.citedreferencevan Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, Agot K, Lombaard J, Kapiga S, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. New Engl J Med. 2012; 367 ( 5 ): 411 â 22.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu A, Amico KR, Mehrotra M, et al. Uptake of preâ exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 820 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHosek SG, Siberry G, Bell M, Lally M, Kapogiannis B, Green K, et al. The acceptability and feasibility of an HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trial with young men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013; 62 ( 4 ): 447 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrohskopf L, Gvetadze R, Pathak S, O’Hara B, Mayer K, Liu A, et al. Preliminary analysis of biomedical data from the phase II clinical safety trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for HIVâ 1 preâ exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM). XVIII International AIDS Conference; 2010 July 18â 23; Vienna, Austria.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarrazzo J, Ramjee G, Nair G, Palanee T, Mkhize B, Nakabiito Taljaard M, et al. Preâ exposure prophylaxis for HIV in Women: daily oral tenofovir, oral tenofovir/emtricitabine, or vaginal tenofovir gel in the VOICE Study (MTN 003). 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2013 Mar 3â 6; Atlanta.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEisingerich AB, Wheelock A, Gomez GB, Garnett GP, Dybul MR, Piot PK. Attitudes and acceptance of oral and parenteral HIV preexposure prophylaxis among potential user groups: a multinational study. PloS One. 2012; 7 ( 1 ): e28238.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThannhauser JE, Mah JK, Metz LM. Adherence of adolescents to multiple sclerosis diseaseâ modifying therapy. Pediatr Neurol. 2009; 41 ( 2 ): 119 â 23.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTaddeo D, Egedy M, Frappier JY. Adherence to treatment in adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2008; 13 ( 1 ): 19 â 24.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSalema NE, Elliott RA, Glazebrook C. A systematic review of adherenceâ enhancing interventions in adolescents taking longâ term medicines. J Adolesc Health. 2011; 49 ( 5 ): 455 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRudy BJ, Murphy DA, Harris DR, Muenz L, Ellen J. Adolescent Trials Network for HIVAI. Patientâ related risks for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIVâ infected youth in the United States: a study of prevalence and interactions. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009; 23 ( 3 ): 185 â 94.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarcus J, Buisker T, Horvath T, Amico K, Fuchs J, Buchbinder S, et al. Helping our patients take HIV preâ exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): a systematic review of adherence interventions. HIV Med. 2014; 15 ( 7 ): 385 â 95.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOkwundu CI UO, Okoromah CAN. Antiretroviral preâ exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV in highâ risk individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 7: CD007189.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarrazzo J, Ramjee G, Nair G, Palanee T, Mkhize B, Nakabiito C, et al. Preâ exposure prophylaxis for HIV in women: daily oral tenofovir, oral tenofovir/emtricitabine, or vaginal tenofovir gel in the VOICE study (MTN 003). Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 2013 Mar 3â 6; Atlanta, GA.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThurston IB, Bogart LM, Wachman M, Closson EF, Skeer MR, Mimiaga MJ. Adaptation of an HIV medication adherence intervention for adolescents and young adults. Cogn Behav Pract. 2014; 21 ( 2 ): 191 â 205.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReisner SL, Mimiaga MJ, Skeer M, Perkovich B, Johnson CV, Safren SA. A review of HIV antiretroviral adherence and intervention studies among HIVâ infected youth. Top HIV Med. 2009; 17 ( 1 ): 14 â 25.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCrawford ND, Vlahov D. Progress in HIV reduction and prevention among injection and noninjection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010; 55 (Suppl 2 ): S84 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMilloy MJ, Montaner J, Wood E. Barriers to HIV treatment among people who use injection drugs: implications for â treatment as prevention.â Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012; 7 ( 4 ): 332 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiabaté S, Zannou D, Geraldo N, Chamberland A, Akakpo J, Ahouada C, et al. Antiretroviral therapy among HIVâ 1 infected female sex workers in Benin: a comparative study with patients from the general population. World J AIDS. 2011; 1 ( 3 ): 94 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHuet C, Ouedraogo A, Konate I, Traore I, Rouet F, Kabore A, et al. Longâ term virological, immunological and mortality outcomes in a cohort of HIVâ infected female sex workers treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Africa. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 700.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEscudero DJ, Lurie MN, Kerr T, Howe CJ, Marshall BD. HIV preâ exposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs: a review of current results and an agenda for future research. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014; 17: 18899, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18899
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCampbell JD, Herbst JH, Koppenhaver RT, Smith DK. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for sexual and injection drug use acquisition of HIV. Am J Prev Med. 2013; 44 (1 Suppl 2): S63 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWare NC, Wyatt MA, Haberer JE, Baeten JM, Kintu A, Psaros C, et al. What’s love got to do with it? Explaining adherence to oral antiretroviral preâ exposure prophylaxis for HIVâ serodiscordant couples. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 59 ( 5 ): 463 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmico KR, Mansoor LE, Corneli A, Torjesen K, van der Straten A. Adherence support approaches in biomedical HIV prevention trials: experiences, insights and future directions from four multisite prevention trials. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 6 ): 2143 â 55.
dc.identifier.citedreferencevan der Straten A, Stadler J, Montgomery E, Hartmann M, Magazi B, Mathebula F, et al. Women’s experiences with oral and vaginal preâ exposure prophylaxis: the VOICEâ C qualitative study in Johannesburg, South Africa. PloS One. 2014; 9 ( 2 ): e89118.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAVAC. PROUD day for PrEP in gay men and other MSM in the UK. 2014 [cited 2014 Dec 2]. Available from: http://www.avac.org/blog/proudâ dayâ prepgayâ menâ andâ otherâ msmâ uk.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMascolini M. French trial finds â Onâ Demandâ PrEP protection from HIV in MSM. 2014 [cited 2014 Dec 23]. Available from: http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=5&elementId=16083.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrady M, Manning J. Lessons from reproductive health to inform multipurpose prevention technologies: don’t reinvent the wheel. Antiviral Res. 2013; 100 (Suppl): S25 â 31.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTolley EE, Morrow KM, Owen DH. Designing a multipurpose technology for acceptability and adherence. Antiviral Res. 2013; 100 (Suppl): S54 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHightowâ Weidman LB, Pike E, Fowler B, Matthews DM, Kibe J, McCoy R, et al. HealthMpowerment.org: Feasibility and acceptability of delivering an internet intervention to young Black men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2012; 24 ( 7 ): 910 â 20.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeGrand S, Muessig KE, Pike EC, Baltierra N, Hightowâ Weidman LB. If you build it will they come? Addressing social isolation within a technologyâ based HIV intervention for young black men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2014; 26 ( 9 ): 1194 â 200.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMuessig KE, Pike EC, Fowler B, LeGrand S, Parsons JT, Bull SS, et al. Putting prevention in their pockets: developing mobile phoneâ based HIV interventions for black men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2013; 27 ( 4 ): 211 â 22.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarper GW, Riplinger AJ. HIV prevention interventions for adolescents and young adults: what about the needs of gay and bisexual males? AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 3 ): 1082 â 95.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEscudero DJ, Kerr T, Operario D, Socias ME, Sued O, Marshall BD. Inclusion of trans women in preâ exposure prophylaxis trials: a review. AIDS Care. 2014: 1 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAllison SM, Adams D, Klindera KC, Poteat T, Wolf RC. Innovative uses of communication technology for HIV programming for men who have sex with men and transgender persons. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014; 17: 19041, doi: http://dx. doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19041
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCDC. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States â 2014: a clinical practice guideline. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNew York Governor’s Press Office. Governor Cuomo announces plan to end the AIDS epidemic in New York State. Albany, NY: New York Governor’s Press Office; 2014 [cited 2014 Aug 27]. Available from: https://www.governor.ny.gov/press/06292014â endâ aidsâ epidemic.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAsamoahâ Adu C, Khonde N, Avorkliah M, Bekoe V, Alary M, Mondor M, et al. HIV infection among sex workers in Accra: need to target new recruits entering the trade. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001; 28 ( 4 ): 358 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Guidance note on HIV and sex work. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2009.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSteen R, Jana S, Rezaâ Paul S, Richter M. Trafficking, sex work, and HIV: efforts to resolve conflicts. Lancet. 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFHI 360. Strengthening HIV/AIDS response partnership with evidencedâ based results (SHARPER). [cited 2014 Aug 27]; Available from: http://www.fhi360.org/projects/strengtheningâ hivaidsâ responseâ partnershipâ evidencedâ basedâ resultsâ sharper.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThe River of Life Initiatives (ROLi) Programme. [cited 2014 Aug 27]; Available from: http://www.projectpage.info/myâ riverâ ofâ life/aboutâ us.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMurnane PM, Celum C, Kahle EM, Donnell D, Bukusi E, Mugo N, et al. Daily oral preâ exposure prophylaxis in highly effective among subsets of highestâ risk participants: Partners PrEP Study. Conference of Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI); 2013; Atlanta, GA.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaker J, Rainey PM, Moody DE, Morse GD, Ma Q, McCanceâ Katz EF. Interactions between buprenorphine and antiretrovirals: nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) didanosine, lamivudine, and tenofovir. Am J Addict. 2010; 19 ( 1 ): 17 â 29.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKarim SS. HIV preâ exposure prophylaxis in injecting drug users. Lancet. 2013; 381 ( 9883 ): 2060 â 2.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Mattick RP, et al. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet. 2010; 375 ( 9719 ): 1014 â 28.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWolfe D, Carrieri MP, Shepard D. Treatment and care for injecting drug users with HIV infection: a review of barriers and ways forward. Lancet. 2010; 376 ( 9738 ): 355 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaral SD, Stromdahl S, Beyrer C. The potential uses of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012; 7 ( 6 ): 563 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMilloy MJ, Kerr T, Buxton J, Rhodes T, Krusi A, Guillemi S, et al. Social and environmental predictors of plasma HIV RNA rebound among injection drug users treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 59 ( 4 ): 393 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePalepu A, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Zhang R, Wood E. Homelessness and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among a cohort of HIVâ infected injection drug users. J Urban Health. 2011; 88 ( 3 ): 545 â 55.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDegenhardt L, Mathers B, Vickerman P, Rhodes T, Latkin C, Hickman M. Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. Lancet. 2010; 376 ( 9737 ): 285 â 301.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoy E, Godin G, Boudreau JF, Cote PB, Denis V, Haley N, et al. Modeling initiation into drug injection among street youth. J Drug Educ. 2011; 41 ( 2 ): 119 â 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMackesyâ Amiti ME, Boodram B, Williams C, Ouellet LJ, Broz D. Sexual risk behavior associated with transition to injection among young nonâ injecting heroin users. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 7 ): 2459 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeaigus A, Reilly KH, Jenness SM, Hagan H, Wendel T, Gelpiâ Acosta C. Dual HIV risk: receptive syringe sharing and unprotected sex among HIVâ negative injection drug users in New York City. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 7 ): 2501 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChander G, Lau B, Moore RD. Hazardous alcohol use: a risk factor for nonadherence and lack of suppression in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 43 ( 4 ): 411 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTran BX, Nguyen LT, Do CD, Nguyen QL, Maher RM. Associations between alcohol use disorders and adherence to antiretroviral treatment and quality of life amongst people living with HIV/AIDS. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14: 27.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMilloy MJ, Kerr T, Bangsberg DR, Buxton J, Parashar S, Guillemi S, et al. Homelessness as a structural barrier to effective antiretroviral therapy among HIVâ seropositive illicit drug users in a Canadian setting. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2012; 26 ( 1 ): 60 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMilloy MJ, Marshall BD, Montaner J, Wood E. Housing status and the health of people living with HIV/AIDS. Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2012; 9 ( 4 ): 364 â 74.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBekker LG, Slack C, Lee S, Shah S, Kapogiannis B. Ethical issues in adolescent HIV research in resourceâ limited countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 65 (Suppl 1 ): S24 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Fact Sheet: UNAIDS’s vision: zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDSâ related deaths [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/factsheet/2012/20120417_FS_adolescentsyoungpeoplehiv_en.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIdele P, Gillespie A, Porth T, Suzuki C, Mahy M, Kasedde S, et al. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: current status, inequities, and data gaps. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S144 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNICEF. Opportunity in Crisis: preventing HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Opportunity_in_Crisisâ Report_EN_052711.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferencePeralta L, Deeds BG, Hipszer S, Ghalib K. Barriers and facilitators to adolescent HIV testing. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2007; 21 ( 6 ): 400 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Kawkins J, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance â United States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014; 63 (Suppl 4 ): 1 â 168.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHull MW, Wu Z, Montaner JS. Optimizing the engagement of care cascade: a critical step to maximize the impact of HIV treatment as prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012; 7 ( 6 ): 579 â 86.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCommittee on Pediatric AIDS, Emmanuel PJ, Martinez J. Adolescents and HIV infection: the pediatrician’s role in promoting routine testing. Pediatrics. 2011; 128 ( 5 ): 1023 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMill JE, Jackson RC, Worthington CA, Archibald CP, Wong T, Myers T, et al. HIV testing and care in Canadian Aboriginal youth: a community based mixed methods study. BMC Infect Dis. 2008; 8: 132.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBerendes S, Rimal RN. Addressing the slow uptake of HIV testing in Malawi: the role of stigma, selfâ efficacy, and knowledge in the Malawi BRIDGE Project. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2011; 22 ( 3 ): 215 â 28.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeonard NR, Rajan S, Gwadz MV, Aregbesola T. HIV testing patterns among urban YMSM of color. Health Educ Behav. 2014; 41 ( 6 ): 673 â 81.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIVâ 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364 ( 20 ): 1943 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBranson BM, Owen SM, Wesolowski LG, Bennett B, Werner BG, Wroblewski KE, et al. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Association of Public Health Laboratories [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan 29]. Available from: http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/23447
dc.identifier.citedreferencePhilbin MM, Tanner AE, DuVal A, Ellen JM, Xu J, Kapogiannis B, et al. Factors affecting linkage to care and engagement in care for newly diagnosed HIVâ positive adolescents within fifteen adolescent medicine clinics in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2014; 18 ( 8 ): 1501 â 10.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIVâ 1â infected adults and adolescents. US Department of Health and Human Services. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents â A Working Group of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan 30]. Available from: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adultâ andâ adolescentâ treatmentâ guidelines/0
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIVâ 1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365 ( 6 ): 493 â 505.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLamb MR, Fayorsey R, Nuwagabaâ Biribonwoha H, Viola V, Mutabazi V, Alwar T, et al. High attrition before and after ART initiation among youth (15â 24 years of age) enrolled in HIV care. AIDS. 2014; 28 ( 4 ): 559 â 68.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBelzer ME, Naarâ King S, Olson J, Sarr M, Thornton S, Kahana SY, et al. The use of cell phone support for nonâ adherent HIVâ infected youth and young adults: an initial randomized and controlled intervention trial. AIDS Behav. 2014; 18 ( 4 ): 686 â 96.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCalderon Y, Cowan E, Nickerson J, Mathew S, Fettig J, Rosenberg M, et al. Educational effectiveness of an HIV pretest video for adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011; 127 ( 5 ): 911 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChoko AT. 2014. Ageâ stratified subanalysis of data from large HIV selfâ testing. In: Choko AT, Desmond N, Webb EL, et al., editors, The uptake and accuracy of oral kits for HIV selfâ testing in high HIV prevalence setting: a crossâ sectional feasibility study in Blantyre, Malawi. PLOS Med. 2011; 8 ( 10 ): e1001102.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePoulin M. Sex, money, and premarital partnerships in southern Malawi. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 65 ( 11 ): 2383 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKenya MoH. Kenya HIV prevention revolution road map [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.nacc.or.ke/attachments/article/418/Kenya_HIV_Prevention_Revolution_Road_Map.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferencePeltzer K, Matseke G. Determinants of HIV testing among young people aged 18â 24 years in South Africa. Afr Health Sci. 2013; 13 ( 4 ): 1012 â 20.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSommer M. An overlooked priority: puberty in subâ Saharan Africa. Am J Public Health. 2011; 101 ( 6 ): 979 â 81.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMalisha L, Maharaj P, Rogan M. Rites of passage to adulthood: traditional initiation schools in the context of HIV/AIDS in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Health Risk Soc. 2008; 10 ( 6 ): 585 â 98.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMunthali AC, Zulu EM. The timing and role of initiation rites in preparing young people for adolescence and responsible sexual and reproductive behaviour in Malawi. Afr J Reprod Health. 2007; 11 ( 3 ): 150 â 67.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSkinner J, Underwood C, Schwandt H, Magombo A. Transitions to adulthood: examining the influence of initiation rites on the HIV risk of adolescent girls in Mangochi and Thyolo districts of Malawi. AIDS Care. 2013; 25 ( 3 ): 296 â 301.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMudege NN, Egondi T, Beguy D, Zulu EM. The determinants of female circumcision among adolescents from communities that practice female circumcision in two Nairobi informal settlements. Health Soc Rev. 2012; 21 ( 2 ): 240 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMartinez Perez G, Namulondo H, Tomas Aznar C. Labia minora elongation as understood by Baganda male and female adolescents in Uganda. Cult Health Sex. 2013; 15 ( 10 ): 1191 â 205.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCorduk N, Unlu G, Sariogluâ Buke A, Buber A, Savran B, Zencir M. Knowledge, attitude and behaviour of boys and parents about circumcision. Acta Paediatr. 2013; 102 ( 4 ): e169 â 73.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMorgan EM. Contemporary issues in sexual orientation and identity development in emerging adulthood. Emerg Adulthood. 2013; 1: 52 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMustanski B, Birkett M, Greene GJ, Rosario M, Bostwick W, Everett BG. The association between sexual orientation identity and behavior across race/ethnicity, sex, and age in a probability sample of high school students. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104 ( 2 ): 237 â 44.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSecorâ Turner M, Sieving R, Eisenberg ME, Skay C. Associations between sexually experienced adolescentsâ sources of information about sex and sexual risk outcomes. Sex Educ. 2011; 11 ( 4 ): 489 â 500.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTu W, Batteiger BE, Wiehe S, Ofner S, van Der Pol B, Katz BP, et al. Time from first intercourse to first sexually transmitted infection diagnosis among adolescent women. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009; 163 ( 12 ): 1106 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYoung BJ, Furman W, Jones MC. Changes in adolescentsâ risk factors following peer sexual coercion: evidence for a feedback loop. Dev Psychopathol. 2012; 24 ( 2 ): 559 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDecker MR, Miller E, McCauley HL, Tancredi DJ, Anderson H, Levenson RR, et al. Recent partner violence and sexual and drugâ related STI/HIV risk among adolescent and young adult women attending family planning clinics. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90 ( 2 ): 145 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller E, Decker MR, Raj A, Reed E, Marable D, Silverman JG. Intimate partner violence and health careâ seeking patterns among female users of urban adolescent clinics. Matern Child Health J. 2010; 14 ( 6 ): 910 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLindberg LD, Santelli JS, Singh S. Changes in formal sex education: 1995â 2002. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2006; 38 ( 4 ): 182 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOtt MA, Santelli JS. Abstinence and abstinenceâ only education. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 19 ( 5 ): 446 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSantelli JS. Medical accuracy in sexuality education: ideology and the scientific process. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98 ( 10 ): 1786 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLindberg LD, Maddowâ Zimet I. Consequences of sex education on teen and young adult sexual behaviors and outcomes. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 51 ( 4 ): 332 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVivancos R, Abubakar I, Phillipsâ Howard P, Hunter PR. Schoolâ based sex education is associated with reduced risky sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in young adults. Public Health. 2013; 127 ( 1 ): 53 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHall KS, Moreau C, Trussell J. Associations between sexual and reproductive health communication and health service use among U.S. adolescent women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012; 44 ( 1 ): 6 â 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBleakley A, Hennessy M, Fishbein M, Jordan A. How sources of sexual information relate to adolescentsâ beliefs about sex. Am J Health Behav. 2009; 33 ( 1 ): 37 â 48.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones RK, Biddlecom AE. Is the internet filling the sexual health information gap for teens? An exploratory study. J Health Commun. 2011; 16 ( 2 ): 112 â 23.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLagus KA, Bernat DH, Bearinger LH, Resnick MD, Eisenberg ME. Parental perspectives on sources of sex information for young people. J Adolesc Health. 2011; 49 ( 1 ): 87 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceParker R, Ratzan SC. Health literacy: a second decade of distinction for Americans. J Health Commun. 2010; 15 (Suppl 2 ): 20 â 33.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMavedzenge SN, Luecke E, Ross DA. Effective approaches for programming to reduce adolescent vulnerability to HIV infection, HIV risk, and HIVâ related morbidity and mortality: a systematic review of systematic reviews. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S154 â 69.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMeyerson B, Barnes P, Emetu R, Bailey M, Ohmit A, Gillespie A. Institutional and structural barriers to HIV testing: elements for a theoretical framework. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014; 28 ( 1 ): 22 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePant Pai N, Sharma J, Shivkumar S, Pillay S, Vadnais C, Joseph L, et al. Supervised and unsupervised selfâ testing for HIV in highâ and lowâ risk populations: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2013; 10 ( 4 ): e1001414.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson SB, Blum RW, Giedd JN. Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy. J Adolesc Health. 2009; 45 ( 3 ): 216 â 21.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIltis AS. Introduction: vulnerability in biomedical research. J Law Med Ethics. 2009; 37 ( 1 ): 6 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller BB, Cox DN, Saewyc EM. Age of sexual consent law in Canada: populationâ based evidence for law and policy. Can J Human Sexuality. 2010; 19 ( 3 ): 105 â 19.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOudekerk BA, Guarnera LA, Reppucci ND. Older oppositeâ sex romantic partners, sexual risk, and victimization in adolescence. Child Abuse Negl. 2014; 38 ( 7 ): 1238 â 48.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceParikh SA. â They arrested me for loving a schoolgirlâ : ethnography, HIV, and a feminist assessment of the age of consent law as a genderâ based structural intervention in Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2012; 74 ( 11 ): 1774 â 82.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceColeman DL, Rosoff PM. The legal authority of mature minors to consent to general medical treatment. Pediatrics. 2013; 131 ( 4 ): 786 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEnglish A. State minor consent laws: a summary. 3rd ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Health and the Law; 2010.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. HIV and adolescents: guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEarnshaw VA, Smith LR, Chaudoir SR, Amico KR, Copenhaver MM. HIV stigma mechanisms and wellâ being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 5 ): 1785 â 95.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNelson RM, Lewis LL, Struble K, Wood SF. Ethical and regulatory considerations for the inclusion of adolescents in HIV biomedical prevention research. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010; 54 (Suppl 1 ): S18 â 24.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFortenberry JD, Martinez J, Rudy BJ, Monte D, Adolescent Trials Network for HIVAI. Linkage to care for HIVâ positive adolescents: a multisite study of the adolescent medicine trials units of the adolescent trials network. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 51 ( 6 ): 551 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFortenberry JD. Health care seeking behaviors related to sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87 ( 3 ): 417 â 20.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNadal KL. That’s so Gay! Microaggressions and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2013.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMassey P, Prelip M, Calimlim B, Afifi A, Quiter E, Nessim S, et al. Findings toward a multidimensional measure of adolescent health literacy. Am J Health Behav. 2013; 37 ( 3 ): 342 â 50.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTylee A, Haller DM, Graham T, Churchill R, Sanci LA. Youthâ friendly primaryâ care services: how are we doing and what more needs to be done? Lancet. 2007; 369 ( 9572 ): 1565 â 73.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFutterman DC, Peralta L, Rudy BJ, Wolfson S, Guttmacher S, Rogers AS. The ACCESS (Adolescents Connected to Care, Evaluation, and Special Services) project: social marketing to promote HIV testing to adolescents, methods and first year results from a six city campaign. J Adolesc Health. 2001; 29 (Suppl 3 ): 19 â 29.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZanoni BC, Mayer KH. The adolescent and young adult HIV cascade of care in the United States: exaggerated health disparities. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014; 28 ( 3 ): 128 â 35.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKapogiannis BG, Legins KE, Chandan U, Lee S. Evidenceâ based programming for adolescent HIV prevention and care: operational research to inform best practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S228 â 35.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoeytaux K, Kramer MR, Sullivan PS. HIV testing among United States high school students at the state and national level, Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2005â 2011. Springerplus. 2014; 3: 202.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGodia PM, Olenja JM, Lavussa JA, Quinney D, Hofman JJ, van den Broek N. Sexual reproductive health service provision to young people in Kenya; health service providersâ experiences. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013; 13: 476.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMacPhail CL, Pettifor A, Coates T, Rees H. â You must do the test to know your statusâ : attitudes to HIV voluntary counseling and testing for adolescents among South African youth and parents. Health Educ Behav. 2008; 35 ( 1 ): 87 â 104.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRenju J, Andrew B, Nyalali K, Kishamawe C, Kato C, Changalucha J, et al. A process evaluation of the scale up of a youthâ friendly health services initiative in northern Tanzania. J Int AIDS Soc. 2010; 13: 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceParker L, Maman S, Pettifor A, Chalachala JL, Edmonds A, Golin CE, et al. Barriers to providerâ delivered sexual behavior counseling for youth living with HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J HIV AIDS Soc Serv. 2013; 12 ( 3â 4 ): 1 â 15.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMathews C, Guttmacher SJ, Flisher AJ, Mtshizana YY, Nelson T, McCarthy J, et al. The quality of HIV testing services for adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa: do adolescentâ friendly services make a difference? J Adolesc Health. 2009; 44 ( 2 ): 188 â 90.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNtsepe Y, Simbayi LC, Shisana O, Rehle T, Mabaso M, Ncitakalo N, et al. Perceptions about the acceptability and prevalence of HIV testing and factors influencing them in different communities in South Africa. SAHARA J. 2014; 11: 138 â 47.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShaw D. Access to sexual and reproductive health for young people: bridging the disconnect between rights and reality. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009; 106 ( 2 ): 132 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHainsworth G, Engel DM, Simon C, Rahimtoola M, Ghiron LJ. Scaleâ up of adolescent contraceptive services: lessons from a 5â country comparative analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S200 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLaski L, Wong S. Addressing diversity in adolescent sexual and reproductive health services. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010; 110 (Suppl): S10 â 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDeogan C, Ferguson J, Stenberg K. Resource needs for adolescent friendly health services: estimates for 74 lowâ and middleâ income countries. PLoS One. 2012; 7 ( 12 ): e51420.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNaidoo P, Chirinda W, McHunu G, Swartz S, Anderson J. Social and structural factors associated with vulnerability to HIV infection among young adults in South Africa. Psychol Health Med. 2014; 19: 1 â 11. [Epub ahead of print].
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIdele P, Gillespie A, Porth T, Suzuki C, Mahy M, Kasedde S, et al. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: current status, inequities, and data gaps. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S144 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKasedde S, Kapogiannis BG, McClure C, Luo C. Executive summary: opportunities for action and impact to address HIV and AIDS in adolescents. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S139 â 43.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaral S, Sifakis F, Cleghorn F, Beyrer C. Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in lowâ and middleâ income countries 2000â 2006: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2007; 4 ( 12 ): e339.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHerbst JH, Jacobs ED, Finlayson TJ, McKleroy VS, Neumann MS, Crepaz N. Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2008; 12 ( 1 ): 1 â 17.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Decker MR, et al. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in lowâ income and middleâ income countries: a systematic review and metaâ analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012; 12 ( 7 ): 538 â 49.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBeyrer C, Baral S, Kerrigan D, Elâ Bassel N, Bekker LG, Celentano DD. Expanding the space: inclusion of mostâ atâ risk populations in HIV prevention, treatment, and care services. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011; 57 (Suppl 2 ): S96 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSawyer SM, Afifi RA, Bearinger LH, Blakemore SJ, Dick B, Ezeh AC, et al. Adolescence: a foundation for future health. Lancet. 2012; 379 ( 9826 ): 1630 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePatel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, McGorry P. Mental health of young people: a global publicâ health challenge. Lancet. 2007; 369 ( 9569 ): 1302 â 13.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceViner RM, Ozer EM, Denny S, Marmot M, Resnick M, Fatusi A, et al. Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2012; 379 ( 9826 ): 1641 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10â 24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2011; 377 ( 9783 ): 2093 â 102.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchunter BT, Cheng WS, Kendall M, Marais H. Lessons learned from a review of interventions for adolescent and young key populations in Asia Pacific and opportunities for programming. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S186 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNewman PA, Chakrapani V, Cook C, Shunmugam M, Kakinami L. Determinants of sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men accessing public sex environments in Chennai, India. J LGBT Health Res. 2008; 4 ( 2â 3 ): 81 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCzerwinski M, McNutt LA, DeHovitz JA, Zielinski A, Rosinska M. Refining HIV risk: the modifying effects of youth, gender and education among people who inject drugs in Poland. PLoS One. 2013; 8 ( 7 ): e68018.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKlein H. A comparison of HIV risk practices among unprotected sexâ seeking older and younger men who have sex with other men. Aging Male. 2012; 15 ( 3 ): 124 â 33.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWall KM, Stephenson R, Sullivan PS. Frequency of sexual activity with most recent male partner among young, Internetâ using men who have sex with men in the United States. J Homosex. 2013; 60 ( 10 ): 1520 â 38.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGeorge A, Sabarwal S. Sex trafficking, physical and sexual violence, and HIV risk among young female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013; 120 ( 2 ): 119 â 23.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUrada LA, Silverman JG, Cordisco Tsai L, Morisky DE. Underage youth trading sex in the Philippines: trafficking and HIV risk. AIDS Care. 2014; 26 ( 12 ): 1586 â 91.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJanuraga PP, Mooneyâ Somers J, Ward PR. Newcomers in a hazardous environment: a qualitative inquiry into sex worker vulnerability to HIV in Bali, Indonesia. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14 ( 1 ): 832.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceArringtonâ Sanders R, Leonard L, Brooks D, Celentano D, Ellen J. Older partner selection in young Africanâ American men who have sex with men. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 52 ( 6 ): 682 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilson EC, Garofalo R, Harris DR, Belzer M. Sexual risk taking among transgender maleâ toâ female youths with different partner types. Am J Public Health. 2010; 100 ( 8 ): 1500 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKapadia F, Latka MH, Hudson SM, Golub ET, Campbell JV, Bailey S, et al. Correlates of consistent condom use with main partners by partnership patterns among young adult male injection drug users from five US cities. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007; 91 (Suppl 1 ): S56 â 63.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMustanski B, Newcomb ME, Clerkin EM. Relationship characteristics and sexual riskâ taking in young men who have sex with men. Health Psychol. 2011; 30 ( 5 ): 597 â 605.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMullen L, Barry J. An analysis of 15â 19â yearâ old first attenders at the Dublin Needle Exchange, 1990â 97. Addiction. 2001; 96 ( 2 ): 251 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThurnheer MC, Weber R, Toutousâ Trellu L, Cavassini M, Elzi L, Schmid P, et al. Occurrence, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis in the prospective observational Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS. 2010; 24 ( 12 ): 1907 â 16.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKoedijk FD, van Benthem BH, Vrolings EM, Zuilhof W, van der Sande MA. Increasing sexually transmitted infection rates in young men having sex with men in the Netherlands, 2006â 2012. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2014; 11: 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilkinson A, Elâ Hayek C, Fairley CK, Leslie D, Roth N, Tee BK, et al. Incidence and risk factors associated with chlamydia in men who have sex with men: a cohort analysis of Victorian Primary Care Network for Sentinel Surveillance data. Sex Transm Infect. 2012; 88 ( 5 ): 319 â 24.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMasese L, Baeten JM, Richardson BA, Deya R, Kabare E, Bukusi E, et al. Incidence and correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a highâ risk cohort of Kenyan women. Sex Transm Dis. 2013; 40 ( 3 ): 221 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRyder N, Jin F, McNulty AM, Grulich AE, Donovan B. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in firstâ episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992â 2006. Sex Transm Infect. 2009; 85 ( 6 ): 416 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRieg G, Lewis RJ, Miller LG, Witt MD, Guerrero M, Daar ES. Asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in HIVâ infected men who have sex with men: prevalence, incidence, predictors, and screening strategies. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008; 22 ( 12 ): 947 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKuyper LM, Collins CL, Kerr T, Hogg RS, Li K, Tyndall MW, et al. The prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted infections in a prospective cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver, British Columbia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2005; 16 ( 4 ): 225 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNyitray AG, Carvalho da Silva RJ, Baggio ML, Lu B, Smith D, Abrahamsen M, et al. Ageâ specific prevalence of and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with women and men who have sex with men: the HPV in men (HIM) study. J Infect Dis. 2011; 203 ( 1 ): 49 â 57.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAli H, Donovan B, Wand H, Read TR, Regan DG, Grulich AE, et al. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data. BMJ, 2013. 346: p. f2032.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis C virus infection among adolescents and young adults:Massachusetts, 2002â 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60 ( 17 ): 537 â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBautista CT, Todd CS, Abed AM, Botros BA, Strathdee SA, Earhart KC, et al. Effects of duration of injection drug use and age at first injection on HCV among IDU in Kabul, Afghanistan. J Public Health (Oxf). 2010; 32 ( 3 ): 336 â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTracy D, Hahn JA, Fuller Lewis C, Evans J, Briceno A, Morris MD, et al. Higher risk of incident hepatitis C virus among young women who inject drugs compared with young men in association with sexual relationships: a prospective analysis from the UFO Study cohort. BMJ Open. 2014; 4 ( 5 ): e004988.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiamond C, Thiede H, Perdue T, Secura GM, Valleroy L, Mackellar D, et al. Viral hepatitis among young men who have sex with men: prevalence of infection, risk behaviors, and vaccination. Sex Transm Dis. 2003; 30 ( 5 ): 425 â 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMatthews JE, Stephenson R, Sullivan PS. Factors associated with selfâ reported HBV vaccination among HIVâ negative MSM participating in an online sexual health survey: a crossâ sectional study. PLoS One. 2012; 7 ( 2 ): e30609.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWHO. Adolescent pregnancy. Fact Sheet 364. 2012, WHO: Geneva.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDuff P, Shoveller J, Zhang R, Alexson D, Montaner JS, Shannon K. High lifetime pregnancy and low contraceptive usage among sex workers who use drugsâ an unmet reproductive health need. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011; 11: 61.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYam EA, Mnisi Z, Maziya S, Kennedy C, Baral S. Use of emergency contraceptive pills among female sex workers in Swaziland. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2014; 40 ( 2 ): 102 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDecker MR, Yam EA, Wirtz AL, Baral SD, Peryshkina A, Mogilnyi V, et al. Induced abortion, contraceptive use, and dual protection among female sex workers in Moscow, Russia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013; 120 ( 1 ): 27 â 31.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZhang XD, Kennedy E, Temmerman M, Li Y, Zhang WH, Luchters S. High rates of abortion and low levels of contraceptive use among adolescent female sex workers in Kunming, China: a crossâ sectional analysis. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2014; 19 ( 5 ): 368 â 78.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLau JT, Mui LW, Tsui HY, Wong E, Ho SP. Prevalence of induced abortion and associated factors among Chinese female sex workers in Hong Kong. J Sex Marital Ther. 2007; 33 ( 1 ): 19 â 29.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThorne C, Semenenko I, Malyuta R. Prevention of motherâ toâ child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus among pregnant women using injecting drugs in Ukraine, 2000â 10. Addiction. 2012; 107 ( 1 ): 118 â 28.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRotondi NK, Bauer GR, Scanlon K, Kaay M, Travers R, Travers A. Nonprescribed hormone use and selfâ performed surgeries: â doâ itâ yourselfâ transitions in transgender communities in Ontario, Canada. Am J Public Health. 2013; 103 ( 10 ): 1830 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGooren LJ, Sungkaew T, Giltay EJ. Exploration of functional health, mental wellâ being and crossâ sex hormone use in a sample of Thai maleâ toâ female transgendered persons (kathoeys). Asian J Androl. 2013; 15 ( 2 ): 280 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGuadamuz TE, Wimonsate W, Varangrat A, Phanuphak P, Jommaroeng R, McNicholl JM, et al. HIV prevalence, risk behavior, hormone use and surgical history among transgender persons in Thailand. AIDS Behav. 2011; 15 ( 3 ): 650 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSevelius JM, Reznick OG, Hart SL, Schwarcz S. Informing interventions: the importance of contextual factors in the prediction of sexual risk behaviors among transgender women. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009; 21 ( 2 ): 113 â 27.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDeering KN, Amin A, Shoveller J, Nesbitt A, Garciaâ Moreno C, Duff P, et al. A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104 ( 5 ): e42 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRushing R, Watts C, Rushing S. Living the reality of forced sex work: perspectives from young migrant women sex workers in northern Vietnam. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2005; 50 ( 4 ): e41 â 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAho J, Hakim A, Vuylsteke B, Semde G, Gbais HG, Diarrassouba M, et al. Exploring risk behaviors and vulnerability for HIV among men who have sex with men in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: poor knowledge, homophobia and sexual violence. PLoS One. 2014; 9 ( 6 ): e99591.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGuadamuz TE, Wimonsate W, Varangrat A, Phanuphak P, Jommaroeng R, Mock PA, et al. Correlates of forced sex among populations of men who have sex with men in Thailand. Arch Sex Behav. 2011; 40 ( 2 ): 259 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDecker MR, Miller E, McCauley HL, Tancredi DJ, Anderson H, Levenson RR, et al. Recent partner violence and sexual and drugâ related STI/HIV risk among adolescent and young adult women attending family planning clinics. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90 ( 2 ): 145 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKoblin BA, Torian L, Xu G, Guilin V, Makki H, Mackellar D, et al. Violence and HIVâ related risk among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2006; 18 ( 8 ): 961 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDeuba K, Ekstrom AM, Shrestha R, Ionita G, Bhatta L, Karki DK. Psychosocial health problems associated with increased HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Nepal: a crossâ sectional survey. PLoS One. 2013; 8 ( 3 ): e58099.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcDougal L, Strathdee SA, Rangel G, Martinez G, Vera A, Sirotin N, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and sexual violence among female sex workers who inject drugs on the United Statesâ Mexico border. Violence Vict. 2013; 28 ( 3 ): 496 â 512.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDecker MR, McCauley HL, Phuengsamran D, Janyam S, Silverman JG. Sex trafficking, sexual risk, sexually transmitted infection and reproductive health among female sex workers in Thailand. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011; 65 ( 4 ): 334 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSu S, Li X, Zhang L, Lin D, Zhang C, Zhou Y. Age group differences in HIV risk and mental health problems among female sex workers in Southwest China. AIDS Care. 2014; 26 ( 8 ): 1019 â 26.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMustanski BS, Garofalo R, Emerson EM. Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. Am J Public Health. 2010; 100 ( 12 ): 2426 â 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMackesyâ Amiti ME, Donenberg GR, Ouellet LJ. Prescription opioid misuse and mental health among young injection drug users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2015; 41 ( 1 ): 100 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYorick R, Skipalska H, Suvorova S, Sukovatova O, Zakharov K, Hodgdon S. HIV prevention and rehabilitation models for women who inject drugs in Russia and Ukraine. Adv Prev Med. 2012;2012: 316871.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, McAuliffe TL. Psychosocial needs, mental health, and HIV transmission risk behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS in St Petersburg, Russia. AIDS. 2003; 17 ( 16 ): 2367 â 74.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHong Y, Fang X, Li X, Liu Y, Li M, Taiâ Seale T. Selfâ perceived stigma, depressive symptoms, and suicidal behaviors among female sex workers in China. J Transcult Nurs. 2010; 21 ( 1 ): 29 â 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMustanski B, Andrews R, Herrick A, Stall R, Schnarrs PW. A syndemic of psychosocial health disparities and associations with risk for attempting suicide among young sexual minority men. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104 ( 2 ): 287 â 94.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSantos GM, Do T, Beck J, Makofane K, Arreola S, Pyun T, et al. Syndemic conditions associated with increased HIV risk in a global sample of men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90 ( 3 ): 250 â 3.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrennan J, Kuhns LM, Johnson AK, Belzer M, Wilson EC, Garofalo R. Syndemic theory and HIVâ related risk among young transgender women: the role of multiple, coâ occurring health problems and social marginalization. Am J Public Health. 2012; 102 ( 9 ): 1751 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePhillips G, 2nd, Hightowâ Weidman LB, Fields SD, Giordano TP, Outlaw AY, Halpernâ Felsher B, et al. Experiences of community and parental violence among HIVâ positive young racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2014; 26 ( 7 ): 827 â 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSarin E, Samson L, Sweat M, Beyrer C. Human rights abuses and suicidal ideation among male injecting drug users in Delhi, India. Int J Drug Policy. 2011; 22 ( 2 ): 161 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrossman AH, D’Augelli AR. Transgender youth: invisible and vulnerable. J Homosex. 2006; 51 ( 1 ): 111 â 28.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRio Navarro J, Cohen J, Rocillo Arechaga E, Zuniga E. Physical and sexual violence, mental health indicators, and treatment seeking among streetâ based population groups in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012; 31 ( 5 ): 388 â 95.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMustanski BS, Newcomb ME, Du Bois SN, Garcia SC, Grov C. HIV in young men who have sex with men: a review of epidemiology, risk and protective factors, and interventions. J Sex Res. 2011; 48 ( 2â 3 ): 218 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFrancis JM, Grosskurth H, Changalucha J, Kapiga SH, Weiss HA. Systematic review and metaâ analysis: prevalence of alcohol use among young people in eastern Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2014; 19 ( 4 ): 476 â 88.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSpear LP. Alcohol’s effects on adolescents. Alcohol Res Health. 2002; 26 ( 4 ): 287 â 91.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZhang XD, Temmerman M, Li Y, Luo W, Luchters S. Vulnerabilities, health needs and predictors of highâ risk sexual behaviour among female adolescent sex workers in Kunming, China. Sex Transm Infect. 2013; 89 ( 3 ): 237 â 44.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDebeck K, Kerr T, Marshall BD, Simo A, Montaner J, Wood E. Risk factors for progression to regular injection drug use among streetâ involved youth in a Canadian setting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 133 ( 2 ): 468 â 72.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKelly J, Davis C, Schlesinger C. Substance use by same sex attracted young people: prevalence, perceptions and homophobia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2014. doi: 10.1111/dar.12158. [Epub ahead of print].
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNewcomb ME. Moderating effect of age on the association between alcohol use and sexual risk in MSM: evidence for elevated risk among younger MSM. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 5 ): 1746 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferencele Marchand C, Evans J, Page K, Davidson PJ, Hahn JA. Hazardous alcohol consumption among young adult IDU and its association with high risk behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 127 ( 1â 3 ): 143 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVorobjov S, Des Jarlais DC, Abelâ Ollo K, Talu A, Ruutel K, Uuskula A. Socioâ demographic factors, health risks and harms associated with early initiation of injection among people who inject drugs in Tallinn, Estonia: evidence from crossâ sectional surveys. Int J Drug Policy. 2013; 24 ( 2 ): 150 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFuller CM, Vlahov D, Latkin CA, Ompad DC, Celentano DD, Strathdee SA. Social circumstances of initiation of injection drug use and early shooting gallery attendance: implications for HIV intervention among adolescent and young adult injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003; 32 ( 1 ): 86 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKermode M, Longleng V, Singh BC, Bowen K, Rintoul A. Killing time with enjoyment: a qualitative study of initiation into injecting drug use in northâ east India. Subst Use Misuse. 2009; 44 ( 8 ): 1070 â 89.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHadland SE, Kerr T, Marshall BD, Small W, Lai C, Montaner JS, et al. Nonâ injection drug use patterns and history of injection among street youth. Eur Addict Res. 2010; 16 ( 2 ): 91 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBalakireva OM, Grund JPC, Barendregt C, Rubanets YV, Ryabova MV, Volyk AM. Risk and protective factors in the initiation of injecting drug use: report of a respondent driven sampling study & strategy paper preventing the initiation of injecting drug use among vulnerable adolescents and young people: final report. Kiev: UNICEF, Ukrainian Institute for Social Research; 2006.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHoryniak D, Dietze P, Degenhardt L, Higgs P, McIlwraith F, Alati R, et al. The relationship between age and risky injecting behaviours among a sample of Australian people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 132 ( 3 ): 541 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDegenhardt L, Kinner SA, Roxburgh A, Black E, Bruno R, Fetherston J, et al. Drug use and risk among regular injecting drug users in Australia: does age make a difference? Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008; 27 ( 4 ): 357 â 60.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBuxton JA, Rothon D, Durigon M, Lem M, Tu AW, Remple VP, et al. Hepatitis C and HIV prevalence using oral mucosal transudate, and reported drug use and sexual behaviours of youth in custody in British Columbia. Can J Public Health. 2009; 100 ( 2 ): 121 â 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLi J, Liu H, Li J, Luo J, Jarlais DD, Koram N. Role of sexual transmission of HIV among young noninjection and injection opiate users: a respondentâ driven sampling study. Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38 ( 12 ): 1161 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEvans JL, Hahn JA, Lum PJ, Stein ES, Page K. Predictors of injection drug use cessation and relapse in a prospective cohort of young injection drug users in San Francisco, CA (UFO Study). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009; 101 ( 3 ): 152 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZabransky T, Csemy L, Grohmannova K, Janikova B, Brenza J. Mortality of cohort of very young injecting drug users in Prague, 1996â 2010. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2011; 19 ( 3 ): 152 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCheng T, Wood E, Feng C, Mathias S, Montaner J, Kerr T, et al. Transitions into and out of homelessness among streetâ involved youth in a Canadian setting. Health Place. 2013; 23: 122 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCluver L, Orkin M, Boyes M, Gardner F, Meinck F. Transactional sex amongst AIDSâ orphaned and AIDSâ affected adolescents predicted by abuse and extreme poverty. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011; 58 ( 3 ): 336 â 43.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTarasuk V, Dachner N, Poland B, Gaetz S. Food deprivation is integral to the â hand to mouthâ existence of homeless youths in Toronto. Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12 ( 9 ): 1437 â 42.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKermode M, Songput CH, Sono CZ, Jamir TN, Devine A. Meeting the needs of women who use drugs and alcohol in Northâ east India â a challenge for HIV prevention services. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 825.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRussell ST, Ryan C, Toomey RB, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: implications for young adult health and adjustment. J Sch Health. 2011; 81 ( 5 ): 223 â 30.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReid JA, Piquero AR. Ageâ graded risks for commercial sexual exploitation of male and female youth. J Interpers Violence. 2014; 29 ( 9 ): 1747 â 77.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKoblin BA, Mayer KH, Eshleman SH, Wang L, Mannheimer S, del Rio C, et al. Correlates of HIV acquisition in a cohort of black men who have sex with men in the United States: HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) 061. PLoS One. 2013; 8 ( 7 ): e70413.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVu L, Andrinopoulos K, Tun W, Adebajo S. High levels of unprotected anal intercourse and never testing for HIV among men who have sex with men in Nigeria: evidence from a crossâ sectional survey for the need for innovative approaches to HIV prevention. Sex Transm Infect. 2013; 89 ( 8 ): 659 â 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKiriazova TK, Postnov OV, Perehinets IB, Neduzhko OO. Association of injecting drug use and late enrolment in HIV medical care in Odessa Region, Ukraine. HIV Med. 2013; 14 (Suppl 3 ): 38 â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGraham SM, Mugo P, Gichuru E, Thiong’o A, Macharia M, Okuku HS, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and clinical outcomes among young adults reporting highâ risk sexual behavior, including men who have sex with men, in coastal Kenya. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 4 ): 1255 â 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHadland SE, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Zhang R, Guillemi S, Hogg RS, et al. Young age predicts poor antiretroviral adherence and viral load suppression among injection drug users. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012; 26 ( 5 ): 274 â 80.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMtetwa S, Busza J, Chidiya S, Mungofa S, Cowan F. â You are wasting our drugsâ : health service barriers to HIV treatment for sex workers in Zimbabwe. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 698.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSalomon EA, Mimiaga MJ, Husnik MJ, Welles SL, Manseau MW, Montenegro AB, et al. Depressive symptoms, utilization of mental health care, substance use and sexual risk among young men who have sex with men in EXPLORE: implications for ageâ specific interventions. AIDS Behav. 2009; 13 ( 4 ): 811 â 21.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFields EL, Bogart LM, Smith KC, Malebranche DJ, Ellen J, Schuster MA. â I always felt I had to prove my manhoodâ : homosexuality, masculinity, gender role strain, and HIV risk among young black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2015; 105 ( 1 ): 122 â 31.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBusza J, Mtetwa S, Chirawu P, Cowan F. Triple jeopardy: adolescent experiences of sex work and migration in Zimbabwe. Health Place. 2014; 28: 85 â 91.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiller CL, Fielden SJ, Tyndall MW, Zhang R, Gibson K, Shannon K. Individual and structural vulnerability among female youth who exchange sex for survival. J Adolesc Health. 2011; 49 ( 1 ): 36 â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceScorgie F, Nakato D, Harper E, Richter M, Maseko S, Nare P, et al. We are despised in the hospitals’: sex workersâ experiences of accessing health care in four African countries. Cult Health Sex. 2013; 15 ( 4 ): 450 â 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceIslam M, Stern T, Conigrave KM, Wodak A. Client satisfaction and risk behaviours of the users of syringe dispensing machines: a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008; 27 ( 1 ): 13 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams KA, Chapman MV. Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youths and their peers. Health Soc Work. 2011; 36 ( 3 ): 197 â 206.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKitts RL. Barriers to optimal care between physicians and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescent patients. J Homosex. 2010; 57 ( 6 ): 730 â 47.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLee L, Rand CS, Ellen JM, Agwu AL. Factors informing HIV providersâ decisions to start antiretroviral therapy for young people living with behaviorally acquired HIV. J Adolesc Health. 2014; 55 ( 3 ): 358 â 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCorliss HL, Belzer M, Forbes C, Wilson EC. An evaluation of service utilization among male to female transgender youth: qualitative study of a clinicâ based sample. J LGBT Health Res. 2007; 3 ( 2 ): 49 â 61.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoldenberg SM, Chettiar J, Nguyen P, Dobrer S, Montaner J, Shannon K. Complexities of shortâ term mobility for sex work and migration among sex workers: violence and sexual risks, barriers to care, and enhanced social and economic opportunities. J Urban Health. 2014; 91 ( 4 ): 736 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOmura JD, Wood E, Nguyen P, Kerr T, DeBeck K. Incarceration among streetâ involved youth in a Canadian study: implications for health and policy interventions. Int J Drug Policy. 2014; 25 ( 2 ): 291 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThomson N, Sutcliffe CG, Sirirojn B, Keawvichit R, Wongworapat K, Sintupat K., et al. Correlates of incarceration among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99 ( 7 ): 1232 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBusza JR, Balakireva OM, Teltschik A, Bondar TV, Sereda YV, Meynell C, et al. Streetâ based adolescents at high risk of HIV in Ukraine. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011; 65 ( 12 ): 1166 â 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHayashi K, Ti L, Csete J, Kaplan K, Suwannawong P, Wood E, et al. Reports of police beating and associated harms among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand: a serial crossâ sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 733.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceScorgie F, Vasey K, Harper E, Richter M, Nare P, Maseko S, et al. Human rights abuses and collective resilience among sex workers in four African countries: a qualitative study. Global Health. 2013; 9 ( 1 ): 33.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWirtz AL, Jumbe V, Trapence G, Kamba D, Umar E, Ketende S, et al. HIV among men who have sex with men in Malawi: elucidating HIV prevalence and correlates of infection to inform HIV prevention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013; 16 (Suppl 3 ): 18742, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.4.18742
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShannon K, Rusch M, Shoveller J, Alexson D, Gibson K, Tyndall MW. Mapping violence and policing as an environmentalâ structural barrier to health service and syringe availability among substanceâ using women in streetâ level sex work. Int J Drug Policy. 2008; 19 ( 2 ): 140 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTi L, Wood E, Shannon K, Feng C, Kerr T. Police confrontations among streetâ involved youth in a Canadian setting. Int J Drug Policy. 2013; 24 ( 1 ): 46 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDecker MR, Pearson E, Illangasekare SL, Clark E, Sherman SG. Violence against women in sex work and HIV risk implications differ qualitatively by perpetrator. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 876.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerkinaite S, Grund JP, Frimpong A. Young people and drugs: next generation of harm reduction. Int J Drug Policy. 2010; 21 ( 2 ): 112 â 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMillett GA, Peterson JL, Flores SA, Hart TA Jeffries WL 4th, Wilson PA, et al. Comparisons of disparities and risks of HIV infection in black and other men who have sex with men in Canada, UK, and USA: a metaâ analysis. Lancet. 2012; 380 ( 9839 ): 341 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMavedzenge SN, Luecke E, Ross DA. Effective approaches for programming to reduce adolescent vulnerability to HIV infection, HIV risk, and HIVâ related morbidity and mortality: a systematic review of systematic reviews. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S154 â 69.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDhana A, Luchters S, Moore L, Lafort Y, Roy A, Scorgie F, et al. Systematic review of facilityâ based sexual and reproductive health services for female sex workers in Africa. Global Health. 2014; 10: 46.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDenno DM, Hoopes AJ, Chandraâ Mouli V. Effective strategies to provide adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and to increase demand and community support. J Adolesc Health. 2015; 56 (1S): S22 â 41.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeise LL. What works to prevent partner violence? An evidence overview. London, UK: STRIVE Research Consortium, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2011. p. xvii + 108 pp.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePulerwitz J, Oanh KT, Akinwolemiwa D, Ashburn K, Nyblade L. Improving hospitalâ based quality of care by reducing HIVâ related stigma: evaluation results from vietnam. AIDS Behav. 2014. [Epub ahead of print].
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNyblade L, Stangl A, Weiss E, Ashburn K. Combating HIV stigma in health care settings: what works? J Int AIDS Soc. 2009; 12 ( 1 ): 15.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceApinundecha C, Laohasiriwong W, Cameron MP, Lim S. A community participation intervention to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeast Thailand. AIDS Care. 2007; 19 ( 9 ): 1157 â 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNyblade L, Hong K, Anh N, Ogden J, Jain A, Stangl A. Communities confront HIV stigma in Viet Nam: participatory interventions reduce HIVâ related stigma in two provinces. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW); 2008.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStangl A, Lloyd J, Brady L, Holland C, Baral S. A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIVâ related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013: how far have we come? J Int AIDS Soc. 2013; 16: 18734, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.3.18734
dc.identifier.citedreferencevan der Elst EM, Smith AD, Gichuru E, Wahome E, Musyoki H, Muraguri N, et al. Men who have sex with men sensitivity training reduces homoprejudice and increases knowledge among Kenyan healthcare providers in coastal Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013; 16 (Suppl 3 ):18748, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16. 4.18748
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGovindasamy D, Meghij J, Kebede Negussi E, Clare Baggaley R, Ford N, Kranzer K. Interventions to improve or facilitate linkage to or retention in preâ ART (HIV) care and initiation of ART in lowâ and middleâ income settings â a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014; 17: 19032, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19032
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKerrigan DL, Fonner VA, Stromdahl S, Kennedy CE. Community empowerment among female sex workers is an effective HIV prevention intervention: a systematic review of the peerâ reviewed evidence from lowâ and middleâ income countries. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 6 ): 1926 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWirtz AL, Pretorius C, Beyrer C, Baral S, Decker MR, Sherman SG, et al. Epidemic impacts of a community empowerment intervention for HIV prevention among female sex workers in generalized and concentrated epidemics. PLoS One. 2014; 9 ( 2 ): e88047.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEllsberg M, Arango DJ, Morton M, Gennari F, Kiplesund S, Contreras M, et al. Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? Lancet. 2014. doi: 10.1016/S0140â 6736(14)61703â 7. [Epub ahead of print].
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMoore L, Chersich MF, Steen R, Rezaâ Paul S, Dhana A, Vuylsteke B, et al. Community empowerment and involvement of female sex workers in targeted sexual and reproductive health interventions in Africa: a systematic review. Global Health. 2014; 10: 47.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSwendeman D, Basu I, Das S, Jana S, Rotheramâ Borus MJ. Empowering sex workers in India to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Soc Sci Med. 2009; 69 ( 8 ): 1157 â 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBusza J, Douthwaite M, Bani R, Scutelniciuc O, Preda M, Simic D. Injecting behaviour and service use among young injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia. Int J Drug Policy. 2013; 24 ( 5 ): 423 â 31.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZaller N, Jeronimo A, Bratberg J, Case P, Rich JD. Pharmacist and pharmacy staff experiences with nonâ prescription (NP) sale of syringes and attitudes toward providing HIV prevention services for injection drug users (IDUs) in providence, RI. J Urban Health. 2010; 87 ( 6 ): 942 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrov C, Breslow AS, Newcomb ME, Rosenberger JG, Bauermeister JA. Gay and bisexual men’s use of the internet: research from the 1990s through 2013. J Sex Res. 2014; 51 ( 4 ): 390 â 409.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeGrand S, Muessig KE, Pike EC, Baltierra N, Hightowâ Weidman LB. If you build it will they come? Addressing social isolation within a technologyâ based HIV intervention for young black men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2014; 26 ( 9 ): 1194 â 200.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHolloway IW, Rice E, Gibbs J, Winetrobe H, Dunlap S, Rhoades H. Acceptability of smartphone applicationâ based HIV prevention among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2014; 18 ( 2 ): 285 â 96.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMuessig KE, Pike EC, Fowler B, LeGrand S, Parsons JT, Bull SS, et al. Putting prevention in their pockets: developing mobile phoneâ based HIV interventions for black men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013; 27 ( 4 ): 211 â 22.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShoveller J, Knight R, Davis W, Gilbert M, Ogilvie G. Online sexual health services: examining youth’s perspectives. Can J Public Health. 2012; 103 ( 1 ): 14 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBlas MM, Menacho LA, Alva IE, Cabello R, Orellana ER. Motivating men who have sex with men to get tested for HIV through the internet and mobile phones: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2013; 8 ( 1 ): e54012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJustumus P, Colby D, Mai Doan Anh T, Balestre E, Becquet R, Orneâ Gliemann J. Willingness to use the internet to seek information on HIV prevention and care among men who have sex with men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. PLoS One. 2013; 8 ( 8 ): e71471.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKasatpibal N, Viseskul N, Srikantha W, Fongkaew W, Surapagdee N, Grimes RM. Developing a web site for human immunodeficiency virus prevention in a middle income country: a pilot study from Thailand. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012; 15 ( 10 ): 560 â 3.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYbarra ML, Bull SS, Prescott TL, Birungi R. Acceptability and feasibility of CyberSenga: an internetâ based HIVâ prevention program for adolescents in Mbarara, Uganda. AIDS Care. 2014; 26 ( 4 ): 441 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYonker LM, Zan S, Scirica C, Jethwani K, Kinane TB. â Friendingâ teens: systematic review of social media in adolescent and young adult health care. J Med Internet Res. 2015; 17 ( 1 ): e4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGuse K, Levine D, Martins S, Lira A, Gaarde J, Westmorland W, et al. Interventions using new digital media to improve adolescent sexual health: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 51 ( 6 ): 535 â 43.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYoung SD, Holloway I, Jaganath D, Rice E, Westmoreland D, Coates T. Project HOPE: online social network changes in an HIV prevention randomized controlled trial for African American and Latino men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104 ( 9 ): 1707 â 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAllison S, Bauermeister JA, Bull S, Lightfoot M, Mustanski B, Shegog R, et al. The intersection of youth, technology, and new media with sexual health: moving the research agenda forward. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 51 ( 3 ): 207 â 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStover J, Rosen J, Kasedde S, Idele P, McClure C. The impact and cost of the HIV/AIDS investment framework for adolescents. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 66 (Suppl 2 ): S170 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. HIV and adolescents. Guidance Document 2013. Geneva: WHO; 2013. p. 100.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceArrive E, Dicko F, Amghar H, Aka AE, Dior H, Bouah B, et al. HIV status disclosure and retention in care in HIVâ infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in West Africa. PLoS One. 2012; 7 ( 3 ): e33690.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBhattacharya M, Dubey AP, Sharma M. Patterns of diagnosis disclosure and its correlates in HIVâ infected North Indian children. J Trop Pediatr. 2011; 57 ( 6 ): 405 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKallem S, Renner L, Ghebremichael M, Paintsil E. Prevalence and pattern of disclosure of HIV status in HIVâ infected children in Ghana. AIDS Behav. 2011; 15 ( 6 ): 1121 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePhilbin MM, Tanner AE, DuVal A, Ellen JM, Xu J, Kapogiannis B, et al. Factors affecting linkage to care and engagement in care for newly diagnosed HIVâ positive adolescents within fifteen Adolescent Medicine Clinics in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2014; 18: 1501 â 10.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAuld AF, Agolory SG, Shiraishi RW, Wabwireâ Mangen F, Kwesigabo G, Mulenga M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy enrollment characteristics and outcomes among HIVâ infected adolescents and young adults compared with older adultsâ seven African countries, 2004â 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; 63 ( 47 ): 1097 â 103.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMellins CA, Tassiopoulos K, Malee K, Moscicki AB, Patton D, Smith R, et al. Behavioural health risks in perinatally HIVâ exposed youth: coâ occurrence of sexual and drug use behaviour, mental health problems, and nonadherence to antiretroviral treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011; 25 ( 7 ): 413 â 22.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNachega JB, Hislop M, Nguyen H, Dowdy DW, Chaisson RE, Regensberg L, et al. Antiretroviral therapy adherence, virologic and immunologic outcomes in adolescents compared with adults in southern Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 51 ( 1 ): 65 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRivers K, Aggleton P. Adolescent sexuality, gender, and the HIV epidemic. BETA. 2001; 14: 35 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNaswa S, Marfatia YS. Adolescent HIV/AIDS: issues and challenges. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2010; 31 ( 1 ): 1 â 10.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Flint KH, Hawkins J, et al. Youth risk behaviour surveillanceâ United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012; 61 ( 4 ): 1 â 162.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWood EB, Hutchinson MK, Kahwa E, Hewitt H, Waldron N. Jamaican adolescent girls with older male sexual partners. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2011; 43 ( 4 ): 396 â 404.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReisner SL, Mimiaga MJ, Skeer M, Perkovich B, Johnson CV, Safren SA. A review of HIV antiretroviral adherence and intervention studies among HIVâ infected youth. Top HIV Med. 2009; 17 ( 1 ): 14 â 25.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGiannattasio A, Officioso A, Continisio GI, Griso G, Storace C, Coppini S, et al. Psychosocial issues in children and adolescents with HIV infection evaluated with a World Health Organization ageâ specific descriptor system. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32 ( 1 ): 52 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePetersen I, Bhana A, Myeza N, Alicea S, John S, Holst H, et al. Psychosocial challenges and protective influences for socioâ emotional coping of HIV + adolescents in South Africa: a qualitative investigation. AIDS Care. 2010; 22 ( 8 ): 970 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams PL, Storm D, Montepiedra G, Nichols S, Kammerer B, Sirois PA, et al. Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral medications in children and adolescents with HIV infection. Pediatrics. 2006; 118 ( 6 ): e1745 â 57.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbramowitz S, Koenig LJ, Chandwani S, Orban L, Stein R, Lagrange R, et al. Characterizing social support: global and specific social support experiences of HIVâ infected youth. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009; 23 ( 5 ): 323 â 30.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKim S, Gerver SM, Fidler S, Ward H. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in adolescents living with HIV: systematic review and metaâ analysis. AIDS. 2014; 28 ( 13 ): 1945 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTapp C, Milloy Mâ J, Kerr T, Zhang R, Guillemi S, Hogg RS, et al. Female gender predicts lower access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a setting of free healthcare. BMC Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 86.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBelzer ME, Fuchs DN, Luftman GS, Tucker DJ. Antiretroviral adherence issues among HIVâ positive adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health. 1999; 25 ( 5 ): 316 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMartinez J, Bell D, Camacho R, Henryâ Reid LM, Bell M, Watson C, et al. Adherence to antiviral drug regimens in HIVâ infected adolescent patients engaged in care in a comprehensive adolescent and young adult clinic. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000; 92 ( 2 ): 55.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMurphy DA, Wilson CM, Durako SJ, Muenz LR, Belzer M, Adolescent Medicine HIV/AIDS Research Network. Antiretroviral medication adherence among the REACH HIVâ infected adolescent cohort in the USA. AIDS Care. 2001; 13 ( 1 ): 27 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRogers AS, Miller S, Murphy DA, Tanney M, Fortune T. The TREAT (Therapeutic Regimens Enhancing Adherence in Teens) program: theory and preliminary results. J Adolesc Health. 2001; 29 (Suppl 3 ): 30 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMurphy DA, Sarr M, Durako SJ, Moscicki AB, Wilson CM, Muenz LR, et al. Barriers to HAART adherence among human immunodeficiency virusâ infected adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003; 157 ( 3 ): 249 â 55.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFlynn PM, Rudy BJ, Douglas SD, Lathey J, Spector SA, Martinez J, et al. Virologic and immunologic outcomes after 24 weeks in HIV type 1â infected adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2004; 190 ( 2 ): 271 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMurphy DA, Belzer M, Durako SJ, Sarr M, Wilson CM, Muenz LR, et al. Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence among adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005; 159 ( 8 ): 764 â 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePuccio JA, Belzer M, Olson J, Martinez M, Salata C, Tucker D, et al. The use of cell phone reminder calls for assisting HIVâ infected adolescents and young adults to adhere to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a pilot study. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006; 20 ( 6 ): 438 â 44.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNaarâ King S, Templin T, Wright K, Frey M, Parsons JT, Lam P. Psychosocial factors and medication adherence in HIVâ positive youth. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006; 20 ( 1 ): 44 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRao D, Kekwaletswe TC, Hosek S, Martinez J, Rodriguez F. Stigma and social barriers to medication adherence with urban youth living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2007; 19 ( 1 ): 28 â 33.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRudy BJ, Murphy DA, Harris DR, Muenz L, Ellen J, Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Patientâ related risks for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIVâ infected youth in the United States: a study of prevalence and interactions. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009; 23 ( 3 ): 185 â 94.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGarvie PA, Wilkins ML, Young JC. Young, medication adherence in adolescents with behaviourallyâ acquired HIV: evidence for using a multimethod assessment protocol. J Adolesc Health. 2010; 47 ( 5 ): 504 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMagnus M, Jones K, Phillips G, Binson D, Hightowâ Weidman LB, Richardsâ Clarke C, et al. Characteristics associated with retention among African American and Latino adolescent HIVâ positive men: results from the outreach, care, and prevention to engage HIVâ seropositive young MSM of color special project of national significance initiative. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010; 53 ( 4 ): 529 â 36.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceComulada WS, Swendeman DT, Rotheramâ Borus MJ, Mattes KM, Weiss RE. Use of HAART among young people living with HIV. Am J Health Behav. 2003; 27 ( 4 ): 389 â 400.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAgwu AL, Fleishman JA, Korthuis PT, Siberry GK, Ellen JM, Gaur AH, et al. Disparities in antiretroviral treatment: a comparison of behaviourally HIVâ infected youth and adults in the HIV Research Network. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011; 58 ( 1 ): 100 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHadland SE, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Zhang R, Guillemi S, Hogg RS. Young age predicts poor antiretroviral adherence and viral load suppression among injection drug users. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012; 26: 274 â 80.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWohl AR, Garland WH, Wu J, Au CW, Boger A, Dierstâ Davies R, et al. A youthâ focused case management intervention to engage and retain young gay men of color in HIV care. AIDS Care. 2011; 23 ( 8 ): 988 â 97.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHightowâ Weidman LB, Smith JC, Valera E, Matthews DD, Lyons P. Keeping them in â STYLEâ : finding, linking, and retaining young HIVâ positive black and Latino men who have sex with men in care. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011; 25 ( 1 ): 37 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBouris A, Voisin D, Pilloton M, Flatt N, Eavou R, Hampton K, et al. Project nGage: network supported HIV care engagement for younger black men who have sex with men and transgender persons. J AIDS Clin Res. 2013; 4: 4 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarnes WM, Abramowitz S, Lagrange R, Chandwani S, Moschel DBA, Koenig LJ. Diseaseâ specific knowledge among HIVâ infected adolescents: what do they know and how do they learn it? J HIV AIDS Soc Serv. 2013; 12 ( 3 ): 314 â 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGillman J, Davila J, Sansgiry S, Parkinsonâ Windross D, Miertschin N, Mitts B, et al. The effect of conspiracy beliefs and trust on HIV diagnosis, linkage, and retention in young MSM with HIV. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013; 24 ( 1 ): 36 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarper GW, Fernandez IM, Bruce D, Hosek SG, Jacobs RJ, Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. The role of multiple identities in adherence to medical appointments among gay/bisexual male adolescents living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2013; 17 ( 1 ): 213 â 23.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBelzer ME, Naarâ King S, Olson J, Sarr M, Thornton S, Kahana SY, et al. The use of cell phone support for nonâ adherent HIVâ infected youth and young adults: an initial randomized and controlled intervention trial. AIDS Behav. 2013; 18 ( 4 ): 686 â 96.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSaberi P, Mayer K, Vittinghoff E, Naarâ King S, The Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Correlation between use of antiretroviral adherence devices by HIVâ infected youth and plasma HIV RNA and selfâ reported adherence. AIDS Behav. 2014;4â 9. doi: 10.1007/s10461â 014â 0806â z
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHussen SA, Andes K, Gilliard D, Chakraborty R, Del Rio C, Malebranche DJ. Transition to adulthood and antiretroviral adherence among HIVâ positive young black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2014:e1â 7. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301905
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGray GE. Adolescent HIVâ causes for concern in southern Africa. PLoS Med. 2010; 7 ( 2 ): e1000227.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS, WHO. 2009 AIDS epidemic update. Geneva: WHO; 2009. p. 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceElâ Bassel N, Shaw SA, Dasgupta A, Strathdee SA. People who inject drugs in intimate relationships: it takes two to combat HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014; 11 ( 1 ): 45 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTolouâ Shams M, Stewart A, Fasciano J, Brown LK. A review of HIV prevention interventions for juvenile offenders. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010; 35 ( 3 ): 250 â 61.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHall HI, Song R, Rhodes P, Prejean J, An Q, Lee LM, et al. Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA. 2008; 300 ( 5 ): 520 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV surveillance â United States, 1981â 2008. MMWR. 2011; 60: 689 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and women. 2014 [cited 2014 Sep 15]. Available from: http://data.unicef.org/hivâ aids/adolescentsâ youngâ people
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDonenberg GR. Youths and HIV/AIDS: psychiatry’s role in a changing epidemic. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005; 44 ( 8 ): 728 â 47.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown LK, Danovsky MB, Lourie KJ, DiClemente RJ, Ponton LE. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders and the risk of HIV. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997; 36 ( 11 ): 1609 â 17.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiClemente RJ, Ponton LE. HIVâ related risk behaviors among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and schoolâ based adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1993; 150 ( 2 ): 324 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRotheramâ Borus MJ, Koopman C. Sexual risk behaviors, AIDS knowledge, and beliefs about AIDS among runaways. Am J Public Health. 1991; 81 ( 2 ): 208 â 10.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTubman JG, Gil AG, Wagner EF, Artigues H. Patterns of sexual risk behaviors and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of young adults. J Behav Med. 2003; 26 ( 5 ): 473 â 500.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStewart AJ, Theodoreâ Oklota C, Hadley W, Brown LK, Donenberg G, DiClemente R, et al. Mania symptoms and HIVâ risk behavior among adolescents in mental health treatment. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2012; 41 ( 6 ): 803 â 10.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceElkington KS, Bauermeister JA, Zimmerman MA. Psychological distress, substance use, and HIV/STI risk behaviors among youth. J Youth Adolesc. 2010; 39 ( 5 ): 514 â 27.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLehrer JA, Shrier LA, Gortmaker S, Buka S. Depressive symptoms as a longitudinal predictor of sexual risk behaviors among US middle and high school students. Pediatrics. 2006; 118 ( 1 ): 189 â 200.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTolouâ Shams M, Brown LK, Houck C, Lescano CM. The association between depressive symptoms, substance use, and HIV risk among youth with an arrest history. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007; 69 ( 1 ): 58.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTeplin LA, Elkington KS, McClelland GM, Abram KM, Mericle AA, Washburn JJ. Major mental disorders, substance use disorders, comorbidity, and HIVâ AIDS risk behaviors in juvenile detainees. Psychiatr Serv. 2005; 56 ( 7 ): 823 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNaarâ King S, Templin T, Wright K, Frey M, Parsons JT, Lam P. Psychosocial factors and medication adherence in HIVâ positive youth. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2006; 20 ( 1 ): 44 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHosek SG, Harper GW, Domanico R. Predictors of medication adherence among HIVâ infected youth. Psychol Health Med. 2005; 10 ( 2 ): 166 â 79.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeserman J. HIV disease progression: depression, stress, and possible mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54 ( 3 ): 295 â 306.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFielden S, Sheckter L, Chapman G, Alimenti A, Forbes J, Sheps S, et al. Growing up: perspectives of children, families and service providers regarding the needs of older children with perinatallyâ acquired HIV. AIDS Care. 2006; 18 ( 8 ): 1050 â 3.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMellins CA, Malee KM. Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013; 16 ( 1 ): 18593, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18593
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and ageâ ofâ onset distributions of dsmâ iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62 ( 6 ): 593 â 602.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCSâ A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010; 49 ( 10 ): 980 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime prevalence and ageâ ofâ onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007; 6 ( 3 ): 168.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMillstein SG, Petersen AC, Nightingale EO. Promoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the twentyâ first century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRivara FP, Park MJ, Irwin CE Jr, DiClemente R, Santelli J, Crosby R. Trends in adolescent and young adult morbidity and mortality. In: Ralph J. DiClemente, John S. Santelli, Richard A. Crosby, editors. Adolescent health: understanding and preventing risk behaviors. San Francisco, CA: Josseyâ Bass; 2009. p. 7 â 29.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHatzenbuehler ML. The social environment and suicide attempts in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Pediatrics. 2011; 127 ( 5 ): 896 â 903.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMustanski BS, Garofalo R, Emerson EM. Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. Am J Public Health. 2010; 100 ( 12 ): 2426 â 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeslie MB, Stein JA, Rotheramâ Borus MJ. Sexâ specific predictors of suicidality among runaway youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002; 31 ( 1 ): 27 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlmeida J, Johnson RM, Corliss HL, Molnar BE, Azrael D. Emotional distress among LGBT youth: the influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. J Youth Adolesc. 2009; 38 ( 7 ): 1001 â 14.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKing M, Semlyen J, Tai SS, Killaspy H, Osborn D, Popelyuk D, et al. A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry. 2008; 8 ( 1 ): 70.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceClementsâ Nolle K, Marx R, Katz M. Attempted suicide among transgender persons: the influence of genderâ based discrimination and victimization. J Homosex. 2006; 51 ( 3 ): 53 â 69.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWallien MS, Swaab H, Cohenâ Kettenis PT. Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 46 ( 10 ): 1307 â 14.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceConway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Lifetime comorbidity of DSMâ IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 ( 2 ): 247 â 57.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFazel S. Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47 ( 9 ): 1010 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceColins O, Vermeiren R, Vreugdenhil C, van den Brink W, Doreleijers T, Broekaert E. Psychiatric disorders in detained male adolescents: a systematic literature review. Can J Psychiatry. 2010; 55 ( 4 ): 255 â 63.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceQuinn MM, Osher DM, Poirier JM, Rutherford RB, Leone PE. Youth with disabilities in juvenile corrections: a national survey. Except Child. 2005; 71 ( 3 ): 339 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrezmien MP, Mulcahy CA, Leone PE. Detained and committed youth: examining differences in achievement, mental health needs, and special education status. Educ Treat Children. 2008; 31 ( 4 ): 445 â 64.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTeplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, Dulcan MK, Mericle AA. Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59 ( 12 ): 1133 â 43.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKirst MJ, Erickson P, Strike C. Polyâ substance use among male and female street youth in Toronto, Canada. Int J Soc Inq. 2009; 2 ( 2 ): 123 â 39.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCleverley K, Kidd SA. Resilience and suicidality among homeless youth. J Adolesc. 2011; 34 ( 5 ): 1049 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson KD, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR. Substance abuse disorders among homeless and runaway adolescents. J Drug Issues. 2005; 35 ( 4 ): 799 â 816.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShahmanesh M, Wayal S, Cowan F, Mabey D, Copas A, Patel V. Suicidal behavior among female sex workers in Goa, India: the silent epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99 ( 7 ): 1239.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBurgos M, Richter DL, Reininger B, Coker AL, Saunders R, Alegria M, et al. Street based female adolescent Puerto Rican sex workers: contextual issues and health needs. Fam Community Health. 1999; 22 ( 2 ): 59 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSilverman JG. Adolescent female sex workers: invisibility, violence and HIV. Arch Dis Child. 2011; 96 ( 5 ): 478 â 81.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMeyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003; 129 ( 5 ): 674.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceInstitute of Medicine. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarper GW, Schneider M. Oppression and discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people and communities: a challenge for community psychology. Am J Community Psychol. 2003; 31 ( 3â 4 ): 243 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrossman AH, D’Augelli AR. Transgender youth and lifeâ threatening behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007; 37 ( 5 ): 527 â 37.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNuttbrock L, Hwahng S, Bockting W, Rosenblum A, Mason M, Macri M, et al. Psychiatric impact of genderâ related abuse across the life course of maleâ toâ female transgender persons. J Sex Res. 2010; 47 ( 1 ): 12 â 23.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAdlaf EM, Zdanowicz YM. A clusterâ analytic study of substance problems and mental health among street youths. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1999; 25 ( 4 ): 639 â 60.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerscham C, van Leeuwen JM, McGuire M. Mental health and substance abuse indicators among homeless youth in Denver, Colorado. Child Welfare. 2008; 88 ( 2 ): 93 â 110.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSlesnick N, Prestopnik J. Dual and multiple diagnosis among substance using runaway youth. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2005; 31 ( 1 ): 179 â 201.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Bao WN. Depressive symptoms and coâ occurring depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents. Child Dev. 2000; 71 ( 3 ): 721 â 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhitbeck LB, Johnson KD, Hoyt DR, Cauce AM. Mental disorder and comorbidity among runaway and homeless adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2004; 35 ( 2 ): 132 â 40.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Schwalbe CS, Keating JM, Jones SA. Psychiatric disorder, comorbidity, and suicidal behavior in juvenile justice youth. Crim Justice Behav. 2010; 37 ( 12 ): 1361 â 76.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDecker MR, McCauley HL, Phuengsamran D, Janyam S, Silverman JG. Sex trafficking, sexual risk, sexually transmitted infection and reproductive health among female sex workers in Thailand. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010; 65 ( 4 ): 334 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBeattie TS, Bhattacharjee P, Ramesh B, Gurnani V, Anthony J, Isac S, et al. Violence against female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India: impact on health, and reductions in violence following an intervention program. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10 ( 1 ): 476.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHaas AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, Mathy RM, Cochran SD, D’Augelli AR, et al. Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations. J Homosex. 2010; 58 ( 1 ): 10 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFrederick T. Diversity at the margins: the interconnections between homelessness, sex work, mental health, and substance use in the lives of sexual minority homeless young people. In: Dana Peterson, Vanessa R. Panfill, editors. Handbook of LGBT communities, crime, and justice. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 473 â 501.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGarofalo R, Deleon J, Osmer E, Doll M, Harper GW. Overlooked, misunderstood and atâ risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority maleâ toâ female transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38 ( 3 ): 230 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDurso LE, Gates GJ. Serving our youth: findings from a national survey of service providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute, with True Colors Fund and Palette Fund; 2012.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBelknap J, Holsinger K, Little JS. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth incarcerated in delinquent facilities. In: Dana Peterson, Vanessa R. Panfill, editors. Handbook of LGBT communities, crime, and justice. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 207 â 28.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHimmelstein KE, Brackner H. Criminalâ justice and school sanctions against nonheterosexual youth: a national longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2011; 127 ( 1 ): 49 â 57.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J. Homelessness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: implications for subsequent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. J Youth Adolesc. 2012; 41 ( 5 ): 544 â 60.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRew L. Caring for and connecting with homeless adolescents. Fam Community Health. 2008; 31: S42 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFriedman CK, Morgan EM. Comparing sexualâ minority and heterosexual young womensâ friends and parents as sources of support for sexual issues. J Youth Adolesc. 2009; 38 ( 7 ): 920 â 36.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStall R, Friedman M, Catania JA. Interacting epidemics and gay men’s health: a theory of syndemic production among urban gay men. In: Wolitski RJ, Stall R, Valdiserri RO, editors. Unequal opportunity: health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008. p. 251 â 74.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBruce D, Harper GW. Operating without a safety net: gay male adolescents and emerging adultsâ experiences of marginalization and migration, and implications for theory of syndemic production of health disparities. Health Educ Behav. 2011; 38 ( 4 ): 367 â 78.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBronfenbrenner U. Developmental ecology through space and time: a future perspective. In: Phyllis Moen, Glenn H. Elder, Kurt Luscher, editors. Examining lives in context: perspectives on the ecology of human development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1995. p. 619 â 647.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBronfenbrenner U. Making human beings human: bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc; 2005.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHorwitz AV. The sociological study of mental illness. In: Carol S. Aneshensel, Jo C. Phelan, Alex Bierman, editors. Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Dordrecht: Springer; 1999. p. 57 â 78.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMiranda J, McGuire T, Williams D, Wang P. Mental health in the context of health disparities. Am J Psychiatry. 2008; 165 ( 9 ): 1102 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchwartz S, Meyer IH. Mental health disparities research: the impact of within and between group analyses on tests of social stress hypotheses. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 70 ( 8 ): 1111 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcKeever VM, Huff ME. A diathesisâ stress model of posttraumatic stress disorder: ecological, biological, and residual stress pathways. Rev Gen Psychol. 2003; 7 ( 3 ): 237.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRende R, Plomin R. Diathesisâ stress models of psychopathology: a quantitative genetic perspective. Appl Prev Psychol. 1992; 1 ( 4 ): 177 â 82.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMonroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesisâ stress theories in the context of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull. 1991; 110 ( 3 ): 406.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol. 1977; 32 ( 7 ): 513.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReisner SL, Greytak EA, Parsons JT, Ybarra ML. Gender minority social stress in adolescence: disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity. J Sex Res. 2014; 17: 1 â 14.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNoell JW, Ochs LM. Relationship of sexual orientation to substance use, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other factors in a population of homeless adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2001; 29 ( 1 ): 31 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMoskowitz A, Stein JA, Lightfoot M. The mediating roles of stress and maladaptive behaviors on selfâ harm and suicide attempts among runaway and homeless youth. J Youth Adolesc. 2013; 42 ( 7 ): 1015 â 27.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDodge KA, Pettit GS. A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Dev Psychol. 2003; 39 ( 2 ): 349.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW. Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nat Neurosci. 2003; 6 ( 3 ): 309 â 15.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSharer LR. Pathology of HIVâ 1 infection of the central nervous system. A review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1992; 51 ( 1 ): 3 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceArnett J. Reckless behavior in adolescence: a developmental perspective. Dev Rev. 1992; 12 ( 4 ): 339 â 73.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceArnett JJ. Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered. Am Psychol. 1999; 54 ( 5 ): 317.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreene K, Krcmar M, Walters LH, Rubin DL, Hale L. Targeting adolescent riskâ taking behaviors: the contributions of egocentrism and sensationâ seeking. J Adolesc. 2000; 23 ( 4 ): 439 â 61.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFenaughty J, Harré N. Life on the seesaw: a qualitative study of suicide resiliency factors for young gay men. J Homosex. 2003; 45 ( 1 ): 1 â 22.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHerbert SE. Femaleâ toâ male transgender adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011; 20 ( 4 ): 681 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMackelprang JL, Harpin SB, Grubenhoff JA, Rivara FP. Adverse outcomes among homeless adolescents and young adults who report a history of traumatic brain injury. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104 ( 10 ): 1986 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHuw Williams W, Cordan G, Mewse AJ, Tonks J, Burgess CN. Selfâ reported traumatic brain injury in male young offenders: a risk factor for reâ offending, poor mental health and violence? Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2010; 20 ( 6 ): 801 â 12.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLewinsohn PM, Joiner TE Jr, Rohde P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesisâ stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001; 110 ( 2 ): 203.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrossman AH, D’augelli AR, Frank JA. Aspects of psychological resilience among transgender youth. J LGBT Youth. 2011; 8 ( 2 ): 103 â 15.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHershberger SL, D’Augelli AR. The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Dev Psychol. 1995; 31 ( 1 ): 65.
dc.identifier.citedreferencevan Bergen DD, Bos HM, van Lisdonk J, Keuzenkamp S, Sandfort TG. Victimization and suicidality among Dutch lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Am J Public Health. 2013; 103 ( 1 ): 70 â 2.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRyan C, Huebner D, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics. 2009; 123 ( 1 ): 346 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRussell ST, Ryan C, Toomey RB, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: implications for young adult health and adjustment. J School Health. 2011; 81 ( 5 ): 223 â 30.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKidd SA. Youth homelessness and social stigma. J Youth Adolesc. 2007; 36 ( 3 ): 291 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKidd SA, Carroll MR. Coping and suicidality among homeless youth. J Adolesc. 2007; 30 ( 2 ): 283 â 96.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKeuroghlian AS, Shtasel D, Bassuk EL. Out on the street: a public health and policy agenda for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth who are homeless. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014; 84 ( 1 ): 66.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMc Elroy S, Hevey D. Relationship between adverse early experiences, stressors, psychosocial resources and wellbeing. Child Abuse Neglect. 2014; 38 ( 1 ): 65 â 75.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilson HW, Widom CS. The role of youth problem behaviors in the path from child abuse and neglect to prostitution: a prospective examination. J Res Adolesc. 2010; 20 ( 1 ): 210 â 36.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSimons RL, Whitbeck LB. Sexual abuse as a precursor to prostitution and victimization among adolescent and adult homeless women. J Family Issues. 1991; 12 ( 3 ): 361 â 79.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J. Risk factors for homelessness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: a developmental milestone approach. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2012; 34 ( 1 ): 186 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTyler KA, Melander LA. Child abuse, street victimization, and substance use among homeless young adults. Youth Society. 2013;1â 18. doi: 10.1177/0044118X12471354.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilson HW, Widom CS. An examination of risky sexual behavior and HIV in victims of child abuse and neglect: a 30â year followâ up. Health Psychol. 2008; 27 ( 2 ): 149.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones DJ, Runyan DK, Lewis T, Litrownik AJ, Black MM, Wiley T, et al. Trajectories of childhood sexual abuse and early adolescent HIV/AIDS risk behaviors: the role of other maltreatment, witnessed violence, and child gender. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010; 39 ( 5 ): 667 â 80.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLansford JE, Millerâ Johnson S, Berlin LJ, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Early physical abuse and later violent delinquency: a prospective longitudinal study. Child Maltreat. 2007; 12 ( 3 ): 233 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJespersen AF, Lalumière ML, Seto MC. Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and nonâ sex offenders: a metaâ analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2009; 33 ( 3 ): 179 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTrickett PK, Noll JG, Putnam FW. The impact of sexual abuse on female development: lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Dev Psychopathol. 2011; 23 ( 02 ): 453 â 76.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTrickett PK, Negriff S, Ji J, Peckins M. Child maltreatment and adolescent development. J Res Adolesc. 2011; 21 ( 1 ): 3 â 20.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNoll JG, Haralson KJ, Butler EM, Shenk CE. Childhood maltreatment, psychological dysregulation, and risky sexual behaviors in female adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011; 36 ( 7 ): 743 â 52.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEngel CC, Engel AL, Campbell SJ, McFall ME, Russo J, Katon W. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and precombat sexual and physical abuse in Desert Storm veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993; 181 ( 11 ): 683 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThompson SJ, McManus H, Lantry J, Windsor L, Flynn P. Insights from the street: perceptions of services and providers by homeless young adults. Eval Program Plann. 2006; 29 ( 1 ): 34 â 43.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCummings JR, Wen H, Druss BG. Improving access to mental health services for youth in the United States. JAMA. 2013; 309 ( 6 ): 553 â 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKieling C, Bakerâ Henningham H, Belfer M, Conti G, Ertem I, Omigbodun O, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. Lancet. 2011; 378 ( 9801 ): 1515 â 25.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSolorio MR, Milburn NG, Andersen RM, Trifskin S, Rodríguez MA. Emotional distress and mental health service use among urban homeless adolescents. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2006; 33 ( 4 ): 381 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEnsign J, Bell M. Illness experiences of homeless youth. Qual Health Res. 2004; 14 ( 9 ): 1239 â 54.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRibeiro WS, Andreoli SB, Ferri CP, Prince M, Mari JJ. Exposure to violence and mental health problems in low and middleâ income countries: a literature review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2009; 31: S49 â 57.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAmoneâ P’Olak K, Jones PB, Abbott R, Meiserâ Stedman R, Ovuga E, Croudace TJ. Cohort profile: mental health following extreme trauma in a northern Ugandan cohort of Warâ Affected Youth Study (The WAYS Study). SpringerPlus. 2013; 2 ( 1 ): 1 â 11.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCorliss HL, Belzer M, Forbes C, Wilson EC. An evaluation of service utilization among male to female transgender youth: qualitative study of a clinicâ based sample. J LGBT Health Res. 2008; 3 ( 2 ): 49 â 61.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCastaneda H. Structural vulnerability and access to medical care among migrant streetâ based male sex workers in Germany. Soc Sci Med. 2013; 84: 94 â 101.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShannon K, Rusch M, Shoveller J, Alexson D, Gibson K, Tyndall MW. Mapping violence and policing as an environmentalâ structural barrier to health service and syringe availability among substanceâ using women in streetâ level sex work. Int J Drug Policy. 2008; 19 ( 2 ): 140 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChristiani A, Hudson AL, Nyamathi A, Mutere M, Sweat J. Attitudes of homeless and drugâ using youth regarding barriers and facilitators in delivery of quality and culturally sensitive health care. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2008; 21 ( 3 ): 154 â 63.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFergus S, Zimmerman MA. Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005; 26: 399 â 419.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceResnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, Bauman KE, Harris KM, Jones J, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA. 1997; 278 ( 10 ): 823 â 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBorowsky IW, Ireland M, Resnick MD. Violence risk and protective factors among youth held back in school. Ambul Pediatr. 2002; 2 ( 6 ): 475 â 84.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKidd S, Shahar G. Resilience in homeless youth: the key role of selfâ esteem. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2008; 78 ( 2 ): 163 â 72.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTevendale HD, Lightfoot M, Slocum SL. Individual and environmental protective factors for risky sexual behavior among homeless youth: an exploration of gender differences. AIDS Behav. 2009; 13 ( 1 ): 154 â 64.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYap MB, Devilly GJ. The role of perceived social support in crime victimization. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004; 24 ( 1 ): 1 â 14.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEisenberg ME, Resnick MD. Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: the role of protective factors. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 39 ( 5 ): 662 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSheets RL Jr, Mohr JJ. Perceived social support from friends and family and psychosocial functioning in bisexual young adult college students. J Couns Psychol. 2009; 56 ( 1 ): 152.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDoty ND, Willoughby BL, Lindahl KM, Malik NM. Sexuality related social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. J Youth Adolesc. 2010; 39 ( 10 ): 1134 â 47.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams T, Connolly J, Pepler D, Craig W. Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2005; 34 ( 5 ): 471 â 82.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVincke J, van Heeringen K. Confidant support and the mental wellbeing of lesbian and gay young adults: a longitudinal analysis. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2002; 12 ( 3 ): 181 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSzymanski DM. Examining potential moderators of the link between heterosexist events and gay and bisexual men’s psychological distress. J Couns Psychol. 2009; 56 ( 1 ): 142 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStice E, Ragan J, Randall P. Prospective relations between social support and depression: differential direction of effects for parent and peer support? J Abnorm Psychol. 2004; 113 ( 1 ): 155.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLewinsohn PM, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Rohde P, Gotlib IH, Hops H. Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 1994; 103 ( 2 ): 302.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeedham BL, Austin EL. Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood. J Youth Adolesc. 2010; 39 ( 10 ): 1189 â 98.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSimons L, Schrager SM, Clark LF, Belzer M, Olson J. Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 53 ( 6 ): 791 â 3.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNesmith AA, Burton DL, Cosgrove TJ. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth and young adults: social support in their own words. J Homosex. 1999; 37 ( 1 ): 95 â 108.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRothman EF, Sullivan M, Keyes S, Boehmer U. Parentsâ supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with better health: results from a populationâ based survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts. J Homosex. 2012; 59 ( 2 ): 186 â 200.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWright ER, Perry BL. Sexual identity distress, social support, and the health of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. J Homosex. 2006; 51 ( 1 ): 81 â 110.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcMorris BJ, Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR. Familial and onâ theâ street risk factors associated with alcohol use among homeless and runaway adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2002; 63 ( 1 ): 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEnnett ST, Bailey SL, Federman EB. Social network characteristics associated with risky behaviors among runaway and homeless youth. J Health Soc Behav. 1999; 40: 63 â 78.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDarwich L, Hymel S, Waterhouse T. School avoidance and substance use among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning youths: the impact of peer victimization and adult support. J Educ Psychol. 2012; 104 ( 2 ): 381.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChernoff M, Nachman S, Williams P, Brouwers P, Heston J, Hodge J, et al. Mental health treatment patterns in perinatally HIVâ infected youth and controls. Pediatrics. 2009; 124 ( 2 ): 627 â 36.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Health Organization. mhGAP Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in nonâ specialized health settings. 2014 [cited 2014 Sep 15]. Available from: http://www.paho.org/mhgap/en/depression.html
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCostello JE, Erkanli A, Angold A. Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006; 47 ( 12 ): 1263 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoodyer IM, Croudace T, Dudbridge F, Ban M, Herbert J. Polymorphisms in BDNF (Val66Met) and 5â HTTLPR, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in atâ risk adolescents. Br J Psychiatry. 2010; 197 ( 5 ): 365 â 71.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, Parslow R. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 7 ( 7 ): CD007316.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoren E, Hossain R, Pardo Pardo J, Veras MM, Chakraborty K, Harris H, et al. Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in streetâ connected children and young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2: CD009823.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson WD, Diaz RM, Flanders WD, Goodman M, Hill AN, Holtgrave D, et al. Behavioral interventions to reduce risk for sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 3: CD001230.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBower P, Knowles S, Coventry PA, Rowland N. Counselling for mental health and psychosocial problems in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 9: CD001025.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCleary M, Hunt G, Matheson S, Siegfried N, Walter G. Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 1: CD001088.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcCambridge J, Gates S, Smith LA, Foxcroft DR. Interventions for prevention of drug use by young people delivered in nonâ school settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;CD005030. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005030.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoldberg E, Millson P, Rivers S, Manning SJ, Leslie K, Read S, et al. A human immunodeficiency virus risk reduction intervention for incarcerated youth: a randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health. 2009; 44 ( 2 ): 136 â 45.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSt Lawrence JS, Crosby RA, Belcher L, Yazdani N, Brasfield TL. Sexual risk reduction and anger management interventions for incarcerated male adolescents: a randomized controlled trial of two interventions. J Sex Educ Ther. 1999; 24 ( 1â 2 ): 9 â 17.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStanton BF, Li X, Ricardo I, Galbraith J, Feigelman S, Kaljee L. A randomized, controlled effectiveness trial of an AIDS prevention program for lowâ income Africanâ American youths. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996; 150 ( 4 ): 363 â 72.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCox GR, Callahan P, Churchill R, Hunot V, Merry SN, Parker AG, et al. Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11: CD008324.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFoxcroft DR, Tsertsvadze A. Cochrane review: Universal schoolâ based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. Evid Based Child Health. 2012; 7 ( 2 ): 450 â 575.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGates S, McCambridge J, Smith LA, Foxcroft D. Interventions for prevention of drug use by young people delivered in nonâ school settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; 1: CD005030.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcGovern MP, Lambertâ Harris C, Gotham HJ, Claus RE, Xie H. Dual diagnosis capability in mental health and addiction treatment services: an assessment of programs across multiple state systems. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2014; 41 ( 2 ): 205 â 14.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFoster S, LeFauve C, Kreskyâ Wolff M, Rickards LD. Services and supports for individuals with coâ occurring disorders and longâ term homelessness. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2010; 37 ( 2 ): 239 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDrake RE, Essock SM, Shaner A, Carey KB, Minkoff K, Kola L, et al. Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2001; 52 ( 4 ): 469 â 76.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMitchell AJ, Malone D, Doebbeling CC. Quality of medical care for people with and without comorbid mental illness and substance misuse: systematic review of comparative studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2009; 194 ( 6 ): 491 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMutumba M, Tomlinson M, Tsai AC. Psychometric properties of instruments for assessing depression among African youth: a systematic review. J Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2014; 26 ( 2 ): 139 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTomlinson M, Swartz L, Kruger Lâ M, Gureje O. Manifestations of affective disturbance in subâ Saharan Africa: key themes. J Affect Disord. 2007; 102 ( 1 ): 191 â 8.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVentevogel P, Jordans M, Reis R, de Jong J. Madness or sadness? Local concepts of mental illness in four conflictâ affected African communities. Confl Health. 2013; 7: 3.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBebbington P. Transcultural aspects of affective disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1993; 5 ( 2â 3 ): 145 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaldwell JC, Caldwell P, Caldwell BK, Pieris I. The construction of adolescence in a changing world: implications for sexuality, reproduction, and marriage. Stud Fam Plann. 1998 June; 29 ( 2 ): 137 â 53.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFatusi AO, Hindin MJ. Adolescents and youth in developing countries: health and development issues in context. J Adolesc. 2010; 33 ( 4 ): 499 â 508.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnited Nations Human Rights (UNHR). Convention on the rights of the child. 1989 [cited 2014 Jul 25]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiemer MA, Li CH. Critical consciousness development and political participation among marginalized youth. Child Dev. 2011; 82 ( 6 ): 1815 â 33.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013 [cited 2014 Aug 14]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUNAIDS. 2008 Report on the global AIDS epidemic [cited 2014 Aug 14]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/globalreport/2008/jc1510_2008globalreport_en.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson SJ, Cherutich P, Kilonzo N, Cremin I, Fecht D, Kimanga D, et al. Maximising the effect of combination HIV prevention through prioritisation of the people and places in greatest need: a modelling study. Lancet. 2014; 384: 249 â 56.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBarnabas RV, Celum C. Bending the curve: maximising impact with focused HIV prevention. Lancet. 2014; 384: 216 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShisana O, Rehle T, Simbayi LC, Zuma K, Jooste S, Zungu N, et al. South African national HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, 2012. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2014.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCowan F, Pettifor A. HIV in adolescents in subâ Saharan Africa. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009; 4: 288 â 93.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Singh B, Short R, Ngxongo S. Seroprevalence of HIV infection in rural South Africa. AIDS. 1992; 6: 1535 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbdool Karim Q, Kharsany AB, Leask K, Ntombela F, Humphries H, Frohlich JA, et al. Prevalence of HIV, HSVâ 2 and pregnancy among high school students in rural KwaZuluâ Natal, South Africa: a bioâ behavioural crossâ sectional survey. Sex Transm Infect. 2014; 90: 620 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS. HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbdool Karim Q, Dellar R. Inclusion of adolescent girls in HIV prevention research â an imperative for an AIDSâ free generation. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014; 17: 19075. doi: 10.7448/IAS.17.1.19075.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFauci AS, Folkers GK, Dieffenbach CW. HIVâ AIDS: much accomplished, much to do. Nat Immunol. 2013; 14: 1104 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, Bekker LG. Adolescent enrolment in HIV prevention trials. Lancet. 2012; 380: 646.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGregson S, Nyamukapa CA, Garnett GP, Mason PR, Zhuwau T, Carael M, et al. Sexual mixing patterns and sexâ differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Lancet. 2002; 359: 1896 â 903.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor A, Macphail C, Rees H, Cohen M. HIV and sexual behavior among young people: the South African paradox. Sex Transm Dis. 2008; 35: 843 â 4.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor AE, Measham DM, Rees HV, Padian NS. Sexual power and HIV risk, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10: 1996 â 2004.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKelly RJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wabwireâ Mangen F, Lutalo T, et al. Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIVâ 1 infection in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003; 32: 446 â 51.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor AE, Rees HV, Kleinschmidt I, Steffenson AE, MacPhail C, Hlongwaâ Madikizela L, et al. Young people’s sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS. 2005; 19: 1525 â 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKaiser R, Bunnell R, Hightower A, Kim AA, Cherutich P, Mwangi M, et al. Factors associated with HIV infection in married or cohabitating couples in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e17842.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWamoyi J, Wight D, Plummer M, Mshana GH, Ross D. Transactional sex amongst young people in rural northern Tanzania: an ethnography of young women’s motivations and negotiation. Reprod Health. 2010; 7: 2.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStoebenau K, Nixon SA, Rubincam C, Willan S, Zembe YZ, Tsikoane T, et al. More than just talk: the framing of transactional sex and its implications for vulnerability to HIV in Lesotho, Madagascar and South Africa. Global Health. 2011; 7: 34.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, Harlow SD. Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 59: 1581 â 92.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMacPherson EE, Sadalaki J, Njoloma M, Nyongopa V, Nkhwazi L, Mwapasa V, et al. Transactional sex and HIV: understanding the gendered structural drivers of HIV in fishing communities in Southern Malawi. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012; 15 (Suppl 1 ): 1 â 9. 17364, doi: 10.7448/IAS.15.3.17364.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDixonâ Mueller R. How young is â too youngâ ? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions. Stud Fam Plann. 2008; 39: 247 â 62.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHallman K. Gendered socioeconomic conditions and HIV risk behaviours among young people in South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res. 2005; 4: 37 â 50.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHallman K. HIV vulnerability of nonâ enrolled and urban poor girls in KwaZuluâ Natal, South Africa. New York, NY: Population Council; 2006.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Interagency Task Team on HIV and Young People. Guidance brief: HIV interventions for most atâ risk young people. New York: UNFPA; 2008.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor AE, van der Straten A, Dunbar MS, Shiboski SC, Padian NS. Early age of first sex: a risk factor for HIV infection among women in Zimbabwe. AIDS. 2004; 18: 1435 â 42.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor AE, Levandowski BA, MacPhail C, Padian NS, Cohen MS, Rees HV. Keep them in school: the importance of education as a protective factor against HIV infection among young South African women. Int J Epidemiol. 2008; 37: 1266 â 73.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreif MJ. Housing, medical, and food deprivation in poor urban contexts: implications for multiple sexual partnerships and transactional sex in Nairobi’s slums. Health Place. 2012; 18: 400 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChatterji M, Murray N, London D, Anglewicz P. The factors influencing transactional sex among young men and women in 12 subâ Saharan African countries. Soc Biol. 2005; 52: 56 â 72.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShefer T, Clowes L, Vergnani T. Narratives of transactional sex on a university campus. Cult Health Sex. 2012; 14: 435 â 47.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWeiser SD, Leiter K, Bangsberg DR, Butler LM, Percyâ de Korte F, Hlanze Z, et al. Food insufficiency is associated with highâ risk sexual behavior among women in Botswana and Swaziland. PLoS Med. 2007; 4: 1589 â 97; discussion 1598.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWeiser SD, Young SL, Cohen CR, Kushel MB, Tsai AC, Tien PC, et al. Conceptual framework for understanding the bidirectional links between food insecurity and HIV/AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94: 1729 S â 39S.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePettifor AE, Hudgens MG, Levandowski BA, Rees HV, Cohen MS. Highly efficient HIV transmission to young women in South Africa. AIDS. 2007; 21: 861 â 5.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYi TJ, Shannon B, Prodger J, McKinnon L, Kaul R. Genital immunology and HIV susceptibility in young women. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013; 69 (Suppl 1 ): 74 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGlynn JR, Carael M, Auvert B, Kahindo M, Chege J, Musonda R, et al. Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS. 2001; 15 (Suppl 4 ): S51 â 60.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarpenter LM, Kamali A, Ruberantwari A, Malamba SS, Whitworth JA. Rates of HIVâ 1 transmission within marriage in rural Uganda in relation to the HIV seroâ status of the partners. AIDS. 1999; 13: 1083 â 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHira SK, Nkowane BM, Kamanga J, Wadhawan D, Kavindele D, Macuacua R, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in families in Lusaka, Zambia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990; 3: 83 â 6.
dc.identifier.citedreferencePadian NS, Shiboski SC, Glass SO, Vittinghoff E. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in northern California: results from a tenâ year study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146: 350 â 7.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSenkoro KP, Boerma JT, Klokke AH, Ng’weshemi JZ, Muro AS, Gabone R, et al. HIV incidence and HIVâ associated mortality in a cohort of factory workers and their spouses in Tanzania, 1991 through 1996. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000; 23: 194 â 202.
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Name:
jia20076.pdf
Size:
3.416MB
Format:
PDF
View/Open
Name:
jia20076-sup-0001.pdf
Size:
189.7KB
Format:
PDF
View/Open

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe its collections in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in them. We encourage you to Contact Us anonymously if you encounter harmful or problematic language in catalog records or finding aids. More information about our policies and practices is available at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.