EMBRace: Developing a Racial Socialization Intervention to Reduce Racial Stress and Enhance Racial Coping among Black Parents and Adolescents
dc.contributor.author | Anderson, Riana E. | |
dc.contributor.author | McKenny, Monique C. | |
dc.contributor.author | Stevenson, Howard C. | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2019-04-02T18:11:04Z | |
dc.date.available | 2020-05-01T18:03:25Z | en |
dc.date.issued | 2019-03 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Anderson, Riana E.; McKenny, Monique C.; Stevenson, Howard C. (2019). "EMBRace: Developing a Racial Socialization Intervention to Reduce Racial Stress and Enhance Racial Coping among Black Parents and Adolescents." Family Process 58(1): 53-67. | |
dc.identifier.issn | 0014-7370 | |
dc.identifier.issn | 1545-5300 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/148381 | |
dc.publisher | Routledge | |
dc.publisher | Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | |
dc.subject.other | socialización racial | |
dc.subject.other | manejo del estrés | |
dc.subject.other | afrontamiento | |
dc.subject.other | 种族社会化 | |
dc.subject.other | 歧视 | |
dc.subject.other | 黑人家庭 | |
dc.subject.other | 干预 | |
dc.subject.other | 压力管理 | |
dc.subject.other | 应对 | |
dc.subject.other | familias negras | |
dc.subject.other | intervención | |
dc.subject.other | Racial Socialization | |
dc.subject.other | Discrimination | |
dc.subject.other | Black Families | |
dc.subject.other | Intervention | |
dc.subject.other | Stress Management | |
dc.subject.other | Coping | |
dc.subject.other | discriminación | |
dc.title | EMBRace: Developing a Racial Socialization Intervention to Reduce Racial Stress and Enhance Racial Coping among Black Parents and Adolescents | |
dc.type | Article | |
dc.rights.robots | IndexNoFollow | |
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevel | Public Health | |
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevel | Sociology | |
dc.subject.hlbtoplevel | Social Sciences | |
dc.description.peerreviewed | Peer Reviewed | |
dc.description.bitstreamurl | https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148381/1/famp12412_am.pdf | |
dc.description.bitstreamurl | https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148381/2/famp12412.pdf | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1111/famp.12412 | |
dc.identifier.source | Family Process | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sanders Thompson, V. L. ( 2006 ). Coping responses and the experience of discrimination. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36 ( 5 ), 1198 – 1214. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McLoyd, V. ( 1998 ). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.185 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McNeil, S., Harris‐McKoy, D., Brantley, C., Fincham, F., & Beach, S. R. ( 2014 ). Middle class African American mothers’ depressive symptoms mediate perceived discrimination and reported child externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 381 – 388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9788-0 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Metzger, I., Salami, T., Carter, S., Halliday‐Boykins, C., Anderson, R., Jernigan, M. et al. ( 2018 ). Experiences with racial discrimination and drinking habits: The moderating roles of perceived stress for African American emerging adults. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24, 489 – 497. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000204 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Murry, V., Berkel, C., Brody, G., Miller, S., & Chen, Y. ( 2009 ). Linking parental socialization to interpersonal protective processes, academic self‐presentation, and expectations among rural African American youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013180 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Mustillo, S., Krieger, N., Gunderson, E. P., Sidney, S., McCreath, H., & Kiefe, C. I. ( 2004 ). Self‐reported experiences of racial discrimination and Black‐White differences in preterm and low‐birthweight deliveries: The CARDIA Study. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 2125 – 2131. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2125 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | National Public Radio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, & Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health ( 2017 ). Discrimination in America: Experiences and views of African Americans. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Neblett, E., Philip, C., Cogburn, C., & Sellers, R. ( 2006 ). African American adolescents’ discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 199 – 218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798406287072 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Neblett, E., Rivas‐Drake, D., & Umaña‐Taylor, A. ( 2012 ). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 295 – 303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.x | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Norris, M. (Producer) ( 2011 ). Why Black women, infants lag in birth outcomes. [Radio episode] Washington, DC: National Public Radio. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Ong, A. D., Fuller‐Rowell, T., & Burrow, A. L. ( 2009 ). Racial discrimination and the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1259. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015335 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Outlaw, F. H. ( 1993 ). Stress and coping: The influence of racismon the cognitive appraisal processing of African Americans. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 14, 399 – 409. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612849309006902 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Pachter, L. M., Szalacha, L. A., Bernstein, B. A., & García Coll, C. ( 2010 ). Perceptions of racism in children and youth (PRaCY): Properties of a self‐report instrument for research on children’s health and development. Ethnicity & Health, 15, 33 – 46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850903383196 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Polanco‐Roman, L., Danies, A., & Anglin, D. M. ( 2016 ). Racial discrimination as race‐based trauma, coping strategies, and dissociative symptoms among emerging adults. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8, 609. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000125 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Provencher, H. L. ( 2007 ). Role of psychological factors in studying recovery from a transactional stress‐coping approach: Implications for mental health nursing practices. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 16 ( 3 ), 188 – 197. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Scott, L., & House, L. ( 2005 ). Relationship of distress and perceived control to coping with perceived racial discrimination among black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 31, 254 – 272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798405278494 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Seaton, E. K. ( 2006 ). Examination of a measure of racial discrimination among African American adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36 ( 6 ), 1414 – 1429. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Seaton, E. ( 2010 ). The influence of cognitive development and perceived racial discrimination on the psychological well‐being of African American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 694 – 703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9438-4 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. ( 2010 ). An intersectional approach for understanding perceived discrimination and psychological well‐being among African American and Caribbean Black youth. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1372 – 1379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019869 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Simons, R., Murry, V., McLoyd, V., Lin, K., Cutrona, C., & Conger, R. ( 2002 ). Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 371. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stevenson, H. C. (Ed.) ( 2003 ). Playing with anger: Teaching coping skills to African American boys through athletics and culture. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Spears Brown, C., & Bigler, R. S. ( 2005 ). Children’s perceptions of discrimination: A developmental model. Child Development, 76, 533 – 553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00862.x | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stevenson, H. C. ( 2014 ). Promoting racial literacy in schools: Differences that make a difference. New York: Teachers College Press. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stevenson, H. C., Davis, G., & Abdul‐Kabir, S. ( 2001 ). Stickin’ to watchin’ over, and gettin’ with: An African American parent’s guide to discipline. San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Stevenson, H. C., Reed, J., Bodison, P., & Bishop, A. ( 1997 ). Racism stress management: Racial socialization beliefs and the experience of depression and anger in African American youth. Youth & Society, 29, 197 – 222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X97029002003 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Sue, D., Capodilupo, C., Torino, G., Bucceri, J., Holder, A., Nadal, K. et al. ( 2007 ). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Swaine, J., Laughland, O., Lartey, J., & McCarthy, C. ( 2015 ). Young black men killed by US police at highest rate in year of 1,134 deaths. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/31/the-counted-police-killings-2015-young-black-men | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Terrell, F., Miller, A. R., Foster, K., & Watkins, C. E. Jr ( 2006 ). Racial discrimination‐induced anger and alcohol use among black adolescents. Adolescence, 41 ( 163 ), 485. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | The Washington Post ( 2017 ). Fatal Force: Police shootings 2017 database. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2017/ | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Thomas, A., Caldwell, C., & DeLoney, E. ( 2012 ). Black like me: The race of African American identity: Racial and cultural. Dimensions of the Black experience. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Thomas, A. J., & Blackmon, S. K. M. ( 2015 ). The influence of the Trayvon Martin shooting on racial socialization practices of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 41, 75 – 89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414563610 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Utsey, S. O., Chae, M. H., Brown, C. F., & Kelly, D. ( 2002 ). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race‐related stress and quality of life. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 366. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.8.4.367 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Wang, M., & Huguley, J. P. ( 2012 ). Parental racial socialization as a moderator of the effects of racial discrimination on educational success among African American adolescents. Child Development, 83, 1716 – 1731. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Weston, S., Hawes, D. J., & Pasalich, D. S. ( 2017 ). The five minute speech sample as a measure of parent–child dynamics: Evidence from observational research. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26 ( 1 ), 118 – 136. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | West, L., Donovan, R., & Roemer, L. ( 2010 ). Coping with racism: What works and doesn’t work for Black women? Journal of Black Psychology, 36, 331 – 349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798409353755 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | White‐Johnson, R., Ford, K., & Sellers, R. ( 2010 ). Parental racial socialization profiles: Association with demographic factors, racial discrimination, childhood socialization, and racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 237. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016111 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. ( 2009 ). The relevance of epigenetics to PTSD: Implications for the DSM‐V. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 427 – 434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20448 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Adams‐Bass, V., Bentley‐Edwards, K., & Stevenson, H. ( 2014 ). That’s not me I see on TV … African American youth interpret media images of black females. Women, Gender, and Families of Color, 2, 79 – 100. https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.2.1.0079 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anderson, R. E., Hussain, S., Wilson, M., Shaw, D., Dishion, T., & Williams, J. ( 2015 ). Pathways to pain: Racial discrimination and relations between parental functioning and child psychosocial well‐being. Journal of Black Psychology, 41, 491 – 512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414548511 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anderson, R. E., Jones, S. C. T., Anyiwo, N., McKenny, M., & Gaylord‐Harden, N. ( 2018 ). What’s race got to do with it? The contribution of racial socialization to Black adolescent coping. Journal of Research on Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12440 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anderson, R., Jones, S. C. T., Navarro, C., McKenny, M., Mehta, T., & Stevenson, H. ( 2018b ). Addressing the mental health needs of Black American youth and families: A case study from the EMBRace intervention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050898 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anderson, R. E., McKenny, M., Mitchell, A., Koku, L., & Stevenson, H. C. ( 2018c ). EMBRacing racial stress and trauma: Preliminary feasibility and coping outcomes of a racial socialization intervention. Journal of Black Psychology, 44, 25 – 46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417732930 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. (in press; special issue). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in African American families. American Psychologist. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Banks, K., Kohn‐Wood, L., & Spencer, M. ( 2006 ). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 555 – 570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L. et al. ( 2009 ). It takes a village: Protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 175 – 188. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bennett, G., Merritt, M., Sollers, J. III, Edwards, C., Whitfield, K., Brandon, D. et al. ( 2004 ). Stress, coping, and health outcomes among African‐Americans: A review of the John Henryism hypothesis. Psychology & Health, 19, 369 – 383. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000193505 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Brody, G., Chen, Y., Kogan, S., Murry, V., Logan, P., & Luo, Z. ( 2008 ). Linking perceived discrimination to longitudinal changes in African American mothers’ parenting practices. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 319 – 331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00484.x | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Bronfenbrenner, U. ( 1979 ). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American Psychologist, 34, 844. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.844 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Buehler, J. ( 2017 ). Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police, 2010–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 295 – 297. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303575 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Carter, R. ( 2007 ). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race‐based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 13 – 105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Caughy, M., Nettles, S., & Lima, J. ( 2011 ). Profiles of racial socialization among African American parents: Correlates, context, and outcome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 491 – 502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9416-1 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cohen, J., & Mannarino, A. ( 2008 ). Trauma‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and parents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13, 158 – 162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00502.x | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Coll, C. G., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. ( 1996 ). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child development, 67 ( 5 ), 1891 – 1914. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Cooper, S., Smalls‐Glover, C., Neblett, E., & Banks, K. H. ( 2015 ). Racial socialization practices among African American fathers: A profile‐oriented approach. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 11. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035654 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Discrimination (n.d.) In Oxford Living Dictionary. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/discrimination | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Else‐Quest, N., & Morse, E. ( 2015 ). Ethnic variations in parental ethnic socialization and adolescent ethnic identity: A longitudinal study. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21, 54. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037820 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. ( 1995 ). Parent‐child interaction therapy: A psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31, 83 – 91. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Feagin, J. ( 2013 ). Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. New York: Routledge. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Franklin, A. J., Boyd‐Franklin, N., & Kelly, S. ( 2006 ). Racism and invisibility: Race‐related stress, emotional abuse and psychological trauma for people of color. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6, 9 – 30. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v06n02_02 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Garcia Coll, C., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., Garcia, H. V. et al. ( 1996 ). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67 ( 5 ), 1891 – 1914. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gatson, J. D. ( 2011 ). Racial socialization, racial discrimination and mental health among African American parents. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gee, G., Walsemann, K., & Brondolo, E. ( 2012 ). A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 967 – 974. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Geronimus, A. T. ( 2000 ). Understanding and eliminating racial inequalities in women’s health in the United States: The role of the weathering conceptual framework. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association (1972), 56, 133 – 136. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Gillen‐O’Neel, C., Ruble, D. N., & Fuligni, A. J. ( 2011 ). Ethnic stigma, academic anxiety, and intrinsic motivation in middle childhood. Child Development, 82, 1470 – 1485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01621.x | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Goosby, B. J., & Heidbrink, C. ( 2013 ). The transgenerational consequences of discrimination on African‐American health outcomes. Sociology Compass, 7, 630 – 643. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12054 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Greenspan, S. I. ( 2002 ). The secure child: Helping children feel safe and confident in a changing world. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hardy, K. V. ( 2013 ). Healing the hidden wounds of racial trauma. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 22, 24. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Harrell, S. P. ( 2000 ). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism‐related stress: Implications for the well‐being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. ( 2006 ). Parents’ ethnic‐racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | King, K. ( 2005 ). Why is discrimination stressful? The mediating role of cognitive appraisal. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 202. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.11.3.202 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. ( 1984 ). Coping and adaptation. In W. D. Gentry (Ed.), The handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 282 – 325 ). New York: Guilford. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Leary, J. D. ( 2005 ). Post traumatic slave syndrome: America’s legacy of enduring injury and healing. Milwaukie, OR: Uptone Press. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Lesane‐Brown, C. L. ( 2006 ). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26, 400 – 426. | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | Liu, L., & Lau, A. ( 2013 ). Teaching about race/ethnicity and racism matters: An examination of how perceived ethnic racial socialization processes are associated with depression symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19, 383. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033447 | |
dc.identifier.citedreference | McLoyd, V. ( 1990 ). Minority children: Introduction to the special issue. Child Development, 61, 263 – 266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02777.x | |
dc.owningcollname | Interdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed |
Files in this item
Remediation of Harmful Language
The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.
Accessibility
If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.