Show simple item record

“Good Mothers Work”: How Maternal Employment Shapes Women’s Expectation of Work and Family in Contemporary Urban China

dc.contributor.authorZhou, Yun
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-01T23:32:59Z
dc.date.availableWITHHELD_12_MONTHS
dc.date.available2020-10-01T23:32:59Z
dc.date.issued2020-09
dc.identifier.citationZhou, Yun (2020). "“Good Mothers Work”: How Maternal Employment Shapes Women’s Expectation of Work and Family in Contemporary Urban China." Journal of Social Issues 76(3): 659-680.
dc.identifier.issn0022-4537
dc.identifier.issn1540-4560
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/162814
dc.description.abstractDrawing on 70 in‐depth interviews, I investigated how maternal employment shapes urban young Chinese women’s work–family expectation in a context of rapid social change. These interviews indicated that respondents attached strong moral meaning to mothers’ wage work, regarding it as integral to a “good” mother and an “ideal” woman. This moralization of maternal employment, in turn, led contemporary young Chinese women to view wage work as a taken‐for‐granted choice. Yet different from their own mothers, these young women were confronted with profound transformation across various domains of the postreform Chinese society. The normative expectation of women’s wage work, coupled with slow‐to‐change expectations about women’s roles at home and in a changing labor market, intensified young women’s burden of “doing it all.” This research highlights the importance of bringing the macro‐level context back into the mother–daughter dyad to understand the intergenerational transmission of gender beliefs and behavior.
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.publisherPrentice Hall
dc.title“Good Mothers Work”: How Maternal Employment Shapes Women’s Expectation of Work and Family in Contemporary Urban China
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelSocial Work
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelSocial Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162814/2/josi12389_am.pdfen_US
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162814/1/josi12389.pdfen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/josi.12389
dc.identifier.sourceJournal of Social Issues
dc.identifier.citedreferenceScott, J., & Clery, E. ( 2013 ). Gender roles: An incomplete revolution. In A. Park, C. Bryson, E. Clery, J. Curtice, & M. Phillips (Eds.), British social attitudes: The 30th report (pp. 115 – 128 ). London: NatCen Social Research.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShi, L. ( 2017 ). Choosing daughters: Family change in rural China. Stanford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShort, S. E., Chen, F., Entwisle, B., & Zhai, F. ( 2002 ). Maternal work and child care in China: A multi‐method analysis. Population and Development Review, 28 ( 1 ), 31 – 57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00031.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSong, Y., & Dong, X. 2009. Gender and occupational mobility in urban China during the economic transition. Chinese Women Economists (CWE) Working Paper Series. Peking University, Beijing, China.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStinson, M. H., & Gottschalk, P. 2016. Is there an advantage to working? The relationship between maternal employment and intergenerational mobility. In L. Cappellari, S. W. Polachek, & K. Tatsiramos (Eds.), Inequality: Causes and consequences (pp. 355 – 405 ). Emerald Group.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStone, P. ( 2007 ). Opting out? Why women really quit careers and head home. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSun, S., & Chen, F. ( 2015 ). Reprivatized womanhood: Changes in mainstream media’s framing of urban women’s issues in China, 1995–2012. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77 ( 5 ), 1091 – 1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12219
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTsui, M., & Rich, L. ( 2002 ). The only child and educational opportunities for girls in urban China. Gender & Society, 16, 74 – 92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243202016001005
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWalder, A. G. ( 1986 ). Communist neo‐traditionalism: Work and authority in Chinese industry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhyte, M. ( 2010 ). One country, two societies: Rural‐urban inequality in contemporary China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhyte, M., & Parish, W. L. ( 1984 ). Urban life in contemporary China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhyte, M., Wang F., & Cai, Y. ( 2015 ). Challenging myths about China’s one‐child policy. The China Journal, 74, 144 – 159. https://doi.org/10.1086/681664
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams, J. ( 1991 ). Gender wars: Selfless women in the republic of choice. New York University Law Review, 66, 1559 – 1634.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWorld Bank. ( 2006 ). Gender gap in China: Facts and figures. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPGENDER/Resources/Gender-Gaps-Figures&Facts.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceXie, Y. ( 2013 ). Gender and family in contemporary China. Population Studies Center Research Report 13–808, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZhong, Z., & Guo, F. ( 2017 ). Women in Chinese higher education: Educational opportunities and employability challenges. In H. Eggins (Ed.), The changing role of women in higher education (pp. 53 – 73 ). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZhou, Y. ( 2019 ). The dual demands: Gender equity and fertility intentions after the one‐child policy. Journal of Contemporary China, 28 ( 117 ), 367 – 384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1542219
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBandura, A. ( 1977 ). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBenard, S., & Correll, S. J. ( 2010 ). Normative discrimination and the motherhood penalty. Gender & Society, 24 ( 5 ), 616 – 646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210383142
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBlair‐Loy, M. ( 2003 ). Competing devotions: Career and family among women executives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBianchi, S. M. ( 2000 ). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37 ( 4 ), 401 – 414. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2000.0001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBudig, M. J., & England, P. ( 2001 ). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66 ( 2 ), 204 – 225. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657415
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCai, Y., & Lavely, W. ( 2003 ). China’s missing girls: Numerical estimates and effects on population growth. The China Review, 3 ( 2 ), 13 – 29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23461902
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCao, Y., & Hu, C. ( 2007 ). Gender and job mobility in postsocialist China: A longitudinal study of job changes in six coastal cities. Social Forces, 85 ( 4 ), 1535 – 1560. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0065
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChodorow, N. ( 1978 ). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the reproduction of gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChu, J. ( 2001 ). Prenatal sex determination and sex‐selective abortion in rural central China. Population and Development Review, 27 ( 2 ), 259 – 281. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2695209
dc.identifier.citedreferenceColey, R. L., & Lombardi, C. M. ( 2013 ). Does maternal employment following childbirth support or inhibit low‐income children’s long‐term development? Child Development, 84 ( 1 ), 178 – 197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01840.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCollins, C. ( 2019 ). Making motherhood work: How women manage careers and caregiving. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCook, S., & Dong, X. ( 2011 ). Harsh choices: Chinese women’s paid work and unpaid care responsibilities under economic reform. Development and Change, 42 ( 4 ), 947 – 965. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01721.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCorrell, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. ( 2007 ). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112 ( 5 ), 1297 – 1338. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/511799
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCunningham, M. ( 2001 ). Parental influences on the gendered division of housework. American Sociological Review, 66 ( 2 ), 184 – 203. https://www.jstor.com/stable/2657414
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDamaske, S. ( 2011 ). For the family? How class and gender shape women’s work. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDavis, D. ( 1991 ). Long lives: Chinese elderly and the communist revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDavis, D. ( 1995 ). Inequality and stratification in the nineties. China Review, 11. 1 – 11.25. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23453176
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDavis, S. N., & Pearce, L. D. ( 2007 ). Adolescents’ work‐family gender ideologies and educational expectations. Sociological Perspectives, 50 ( 2 ), 249 – 271. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2007.50.2.249
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDesai, S., & Jain, D. ( 1994 ). Maternal employment and changes in family dynamics: The social context of women’s work in rural South India. Population and Development Review, 20 ( 1 ), 115 – 136. https://www.jstor.com/stable/2137632
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDiPietro, G., & Urwin, P. ( 2006 ). Education and skills mismatch in the Italian graduate labour market. Applied Economics, 38 ( 1 ), 79 – 93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500215303
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. ( 2012 ). Expansions in maternity leave coverage and children’s long‐term outcomes. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4 ( 3 ), 190 – 224. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEmran, M. S., & Shilpi, F. ( 2011 ). Intergenerational occupational mobility in rural economy: Evidence from Nepal and Vietnam. Journal of Human Resources, 46 ( 2 ), 427 – 458. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.46.2.427
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEngland, P. ( 2010 ). The gender revolution: Uneven and stalled. Gender & Society, 24 ( 2 ), 149 – 166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210361475
dc.identifier.citedreferenceErikson, R., Goldthorpe, J. H., & Portocarero, L. ( 1979 ). Intergenerational class mobility in three Western European societies: England, France and Sweden. British Journal of Sociology, 30 ( 4 ), 415 – 441. https://www.jstor.com/stable/589632
dc.identifier.citedreferenceErikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H. ( 1992 ). The constant flux: A study of class mobility in industrial societies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEvans, H. ( 2007 ). The subject of gender: Daughters and mothers in urban China. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Little field.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFernández, R., Fogli, A., & Olivetti, C. ( 2004 ). Mothers and sons: Preference formation and female labor force dynamics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119 ( 4 ), 1249 – 1299. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553042476224
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFong, V. ( 2002 ). China’s one‐child policy and the empowerment of urban daughters. American Anthropologist, 104, 1098 – 1109. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.4.1098
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFong, V. ( 2011 ). Paradise redefined: Transnational Chinese students and the quest for flexible citizenship in the developed world. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGal, S., & Kligman, G. ( 2012 ). The politics of gender after socialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGerson, K. ( 1986 ). Hard choices: How women decide about work, career and motherhood. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGerson, K. ( 2009 ). The unfinished revolution: Coming of age in a new era of gender, work, and family. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoldberg, W. A., Prause, J., Lucas‐Thompson, R., & Himsel, A. ( 2008 ). Maternal employment and children’s achievement in context: A meta‐analysis of four decades of research. Psychological Bulletin, 134 ( 1 ), 77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.77
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreenhalgh, S. ( 1994 ). Controlling births and bodies in village China. American Ethnologist, 21 ( 1 ), 3 – 30. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00010
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreenhalgh, S. ( 2008 ). Just one child: Science and policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGuest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. ( 2006 ). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18 ( 1 ), 59 – 82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGupta, S. ( 2006 ). The consequences of maternal employment during men’s childhood for their adult housework performance. Gender & Society, 20 ( 1 ), 60 – 86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205282554
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHays, S. ( 1996 ). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHochschild, A. R. ( 1989 ). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHonig, E. ( 2000 ). Iron girls revisited: Gender and the politics of work in the Cultural Revolution, 1966–76. In B. Entwisle & G. Henderson (Eds.), Redrawing boundaries: Work, households, and gender in China (pp. 97 – 110 ). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHsin, A., & Felfe, C. ( 2014 ). When does time matter? Maternal employment, children’s time with parents, and child development. Demography, 51 ( 5 ), 1867 – 1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0334-5
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJi, Y., Wu, X., Sun, S., & He, G. ( 2017 ). Unequal care, unequal work: Toward a more comprehensive understanding of gender inequality in post‐reform urban China. Sex Roles, 77, 765 – 778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0751-1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWolf, Margery. 1985. Revolution postponed: Women in contemporary China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson, K. A. ( 2016 ). China’s hidden children: Abandonment, adoption, and the human costs of the one‐child policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnston, D. W., Schurer, S., & Shields, M. A. ( 2014 ). Maternal gender role attitudes, human capital investment, and labour supply of sons and daughters. Oxford Economic Papers, 66 ( 3 ), 631 – 659. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpt039
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKim, S. W., Brown, K. E., & Fong, V. ( 2018 ). How flexible gender identities give young women advantages in China’s new economy. Gender and Education, 30 ( 8 ), 982 – 1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1274380
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLombardi, C. M., & Coley, R. L. ( 2017 ). Early maternal employment and children’s academic and behavioral skills in Australia and the United Kingdom. Child Development, 88 ( 1 ), 263 – 281. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12588
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLucas‐Thompson, R. G., Goldberg, W. A., & Prause, J. ( 2010 ). Maternal work early in the lives of children and its distal associations with achievement and behavior problems: A meta‐analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136 ( 6 ), 915. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020875
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLv, X., & Perry, E. ( 1997 ). Danwei: The changing Chinese working place in a comparative perspective. New York: ME Sharpe.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcGinn, K. L., Ruiz Castro, M., & Lingo, E. L. ( 2019 ). Learning from Mum: Cross‐national evidence linking maternal employment and adult children’s outcomes. Work, Employment and Society, 33 ( 3 ), 374 – 400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018760167
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMoen, P., Erickson M. A., & Dempster‐McClain, D. ( 1997 ). Their mother’s daughters? The intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes in a world of changing roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59 ( 2 ), 281 – 293. https://doi.org/10.2307/353470
dc.identifier.citedreferenceParcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G. ( 1994 ). Early parental work, family social capital, and early childhood outcomes. American Journal of Sociology, 99 ( 4 ), 972 – 1009. https://doi.org/10.1086/230369
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRidgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. ( 2004 ). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18 ( 4 ), 510 – 531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265269
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRisman, B. J., Atkinson, M. P., & Blackwelder, S. P. ( 1999 ). Understanding the juggling act: Gendered preferences and social structural constraints. Sociological Forum, 14 ( 2 ), 319 – 344. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021422930020
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRobinson, J. C. ( 1985 ). Of women and washing machines: Employment, housework, and the reproduction of motherhood in socialist China. The China Quarterly, 101, 32 – 57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000015800
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShen, Y., & Jiang, L. ( 2020 ). Labour market outcomes of professional women with two children after the one‐child policy in China. Journal of Social Issues, 76 ( 3 ), 632 – 658.
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.