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Urban fox squirrels exhibit tolerance to humans but respond to stimuli from natural predators
dc.contributor.authorKittendorf, Anna
dc.contributor.authorDantzer, Ben
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-08T14:37:23Z
dc.date.available2022-10-08 10:37:22en
dc.date.available2021-09-08T14:37:23Z
dc.date.issued2021-09
dc.identifier.citationKittendorf, Anna; Dantzer, Ben (2021). "Urban fox squirrels exhibit tolerance to humans but respond to stimuli from natural predators." Ethology (9): 697-709.
dc.identifier.issn0179-1613
dc.identifier.issn1439-0310
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/169334
dc.description.abstractAnimals in urban areas that experience frequent exposure to humans often behave differently than those in less urban areas, such as exhibiting less vigilance or anti‐predator behavior. These behavioral shifts may be an adaptive response to urbanization, but it may be costly if animals in urban areas also exhibit reduced anti‐predator behavior in the presence of natural predators. In trials with only a human observer as the stimulus, urban squirrels exhibited reduced vigilance and anti‐predator behavior compared to those in less urban areas. Next, we exposed squirrels in multiple urban and less urban sites to acoustic playbacks of a control stimulus (non‐predatory bird calls), a natural predator (hawk), and dogs and recorded their vigilance and three different anti‐predator behaviors when a human approached them while either broadcasting one of these three playbacks or no playbacks at all. Squirrels at urban sites also did not differ in their behavioral responses to the playbacks from possible predators (hawks or dogs) when they were compared to those at less urban sites exposed to these playbacks. Urban squirrels also exhibited increased vigilance and anti‐predator behavior when exposed to a human paired with hawk playbacks compared to the control playbacks. Together, our results indicate that urban squirrels did perceive and assess risk to the natural predator appropriately despite exhibiting increased tolerance to humans. These results provide little support for the hypothesis that increased tolerance to humans causes animals to lose their fear of natural predators.Animals in cities are often more tolerant of humans than their counterparts in rural areas. Whether or not animals in cities are also less fearful of natural predators is less certain. We show that fox squirrels in urban areas are more tolerant of humans compared to those in less urban areas but they still exhibit strong anti‐predator behavioral responses to stimuli from natural predators (hawks and dogs).
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.publisherNASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)
dc.subject.otheranti‐predator behavior
dc.subject.othercross‐habituation
dc.subject.otherfirst alert distance
dc.subject.otherflight initiation distance
dc.subject.otherstimulus generalization
dc.subject.otherurbanization
dc.titleUrban fox squirrels exhibit tolerance to humans but respond to stimuli from natural predators
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelNatural Resources and Environment
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelScience
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/169334/1/eth13206.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/169334/2/eth13206_am.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/eth.13206
dc.identifier.sourceEthology
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dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


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