Evidence for Multiple Ferrel‐Like Cells on Jupiter

Abstract

Jupiter’s atmosphere is dominated by multiple jet streams which are strongly tied to its 3D atmospheric circulation. Lacking a rigid bottom boundary, several models exist for how the meridional circulation extends into the planetary interior. Here, we show, collecting evidence from multiple instruments of the Juno mission, the existence of midlatitudinal meridional circulation cells which are driven by turbulence, similar to the Ferrel cells on Earth. Different than Earth, which contains only one such cell in each hemisphere, the larger, faster rotating Jupiter can incorporate multiple cells. The cells form regions of upwelling and downwelling, which we show are clearly evident in Juno’s microwave data between latitudes 60°S $60{}^{circ}mathrm{S}$ and 60°N $60{}^{circ}mathrm{N}$. The existence of these cells is confirmed by reproducing the ammonia observations using a simplistic model. This study solves a long‐standing puzzle regarding the nature of Jupiter’s subcloud dynamics and provides evidence for eight cells in each Jovian hemisphere.Plain Language SummaryThe cloud layer of Jupiter is divided into dark and bright bands that are shaped by strong east‐west winds. Such winds in planetary atmospheres are thought to be tied with a meridional circulation. The Juno mission collected measurements of Jupiter’s atmosphere at various wavelengths, which penetrate the cloud cover. Here, we provide evidence, using the Juno data, of eight deep Jovian circulation cells in each hemisphere encompassing the east‐west winds, gaining energy from atmospheric waves, and extending at least to a depth of hundreds of kilometers. Different than Earth, which has only one analogous cell in each hemisphere, known as a Ferrel cell, Jupiter can contain more cells due to its larger size and faster spin. To support the presented evidence, we modeled how ammonia gas would spread under the influence of such cells and compared it to the Juno measurements. The presented results shed light on the unseen flow structure beneath Jupiter’s clouds.Key PointsMeasurements from multiple instruments of the Juno mission are interpreted to reveal the meridional circulation beneath Jupiter’s clouds16 Jet‐paired deep cells, extending from the cloud deck down to at least 240 bar, are revealed between latitudes 60°S $60{}^{circ}mathrm{S}$ and 60°N $60{}^{circ}mathrm{N}$, driven by turbulence similar to Earth’s Ferrel cellsThe findings are supported by modeling the advection of tracers due to the cells, showing agreement with NH3 ${mathrm{N}mathrm{H}}_{3}$ data