Show simple item record

Differentiating competency from content: Parental racial socialization profiles and their associated factors

dc.contributor.authorJones, Shawn C.T.
dc.contributor.authorAnderson, Riana Elyse
dc.contributor.authorStevenson, Howard C.
dc.date.accessioned2022-07-05T21:00:50Z
dc.date.available2023-07-05 17:00:49en
dc.date.available2022-07-05T21:00:50Z
dc.date.issued2022-06
dc.identifier.citationJones, Shawn C.T.; Anderson, Riana Elyse; Stevenson, Howard C. (2022). "Differentiating competency from content: Parental racial socialization profiles and their associated factors." Family Process (2): 705-721.
dc.identifier.issn0014-7370
dc.identifier.issn1545-5300
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/172961
dc.description.abstractFor Black parents, the racial socialization (RS) process represents a critical parenting practice. Although the field has historically focused on the content of parents’ RS, it is also important to consider caregivers’ perception of their competence to effectively teach their children to navigate their racialized world. The present study investigated patterns of RS by exploring 332 Black caregivers’ report of both content and competency. Using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), we identified three profiles of RS: Multifaceted & More Competent (MMC), Unengaged & Moderately Competent (UModC), and Negative, Stressed, & Less Competent (NSLC). Additionally, we explored the role of several previously established correlates of parental RS, including sociodemographic factors (i.e., age, gender, and socioeconomic status), caregiving status (e.g., mother, father, and aunt), and parents’ race-related experiences (i.e., history of RS, racial identity, and experiences with racial discrimination). Generally, the NSLC profile consisted of caregivers who were younger than those in the other two profiles, while those in the UModC profile tended to have younger children, relatively. Interestingly, caregivers in the UmodC profile reported receiving significantly less RS in childhood and experienced less racial discrimination than those in the other two profiles. Numerous differences were found across profiles for dimensions of racial identity. The emergence of these varied profiles, as well as the identification of factors that differentiated them, extends our understanding of RS and highlights the importance of considering parents’ notions of feeling confident, skillful, and less stressed as they navigate such a vital developmental process for their children.ResumenPara los padres negros, el proceso de socialización racial (SR) representa una práctica fundamental de crianza. Aunque esta área históricamente se ha centrado en el contenido de la SR de los padres, también es importante tener en cuenta la percepción que tienen los cuidadores de su competencia para enseñarles eficazmente a sus hijos a orientarse en su mundo racializado. En el presente estudio se investigaron los patrones de SR analizando el informe de 332 cuidadores negros sobre contenido y competencia. Utilizando el análisis de perfiles latentes (APL), identificamos tres perfiles de SR: polifacéticos y más competentes (PMC), no comprometidos y moderadamente competentes (NCModC) y negativos, menos competentes y estresados (NMCE). Además, analizamos el papel que juegan varias correlaciones de SR de los padres previamente establecidas, incluidos los factores sociodemográficos, (p. ej., la edad, el género y la situación socioeconómica), la situación de cuidado (p. ej.: la madre, el padre, la tía) y las experiencias de los padres relacionadas con la raza (p. ej., los antecedentes de SR, la identidad racial, y las experiencias con la discriminación racial). Generalmente, el perfil NMCE estuvo compuesto por cuidadores que eran más jóvenes que los de los otros dos perfiles, mientras que los del perfil NCModC fueron propensos a tener hijos más pequeños, relativamente. De modo interesante, los cuidadores del perfil NCModC informaron haber recibido una SR considerablemente menor en la niñez y sufrieron menos discriminación racial que los de los otros dos perfiles. Se encontraron numerosas diferencias entre los perfiles con respecto a las dimensiones de identidad racial. El surgimiento de estos perfiles variados, así como la identificación de los factores que los diferenciaron, amplían nuestra comprensión de la SR y destacan la importancia de tener en cuenta las intenciones de los padres de sentirse seguros, habilidosos y menos estresados a medida que transitan este proceso tan fundamental del desarrollo para sus hijos.摘要对于黑人家长而言,让孩子接受种族概念的社会化过程代表着一种重要的育儿实践。尽管该领域历来关注父母的种族社会化(RS)内容,但照顾孩子的群体如何看待他们自己是否能有效地教孩子们在种族不平等的世界里的生存能力也很重要。本研究通过探究332名黑人照顾者报告的内容和报告的能力的调查,来调查RS模式。利用潜质分析(Latent Profile Analysis, LPA),我们发现了三个特征:多面且更胜任(MMC)、不投入且胜任力中等(UModC)和消极、胜任力不够且有压力(NSLC)。此外,我们还探讨了一些以往确定的父母RS相关因素的作用,包括社会人口因素(如年龄、性别和社会经济地位)、照料地位(如母亲、父亲、婶婶)和父母的种族相关经历(如RS历史、种族身份和种族歧视经历)。一般来说,NSLC组的看护人比其他两组的看护人年轻,而UModC组的看护人的孩子相对较小。有趣的是,与其他两组相比,UmodC组的看护人在儿童时期得到的RS明显更少,遭受的种族歧视也更少。在种族认同的各个维度上发现了许多差异。这些不同的人员背景的出现,以及区分它们的因素的识别,扩展了我们对RS的理解,并强调了在父母引导孩子的重要发展过程中,有必要考虑父母们感到自信、有能力和压力较小的观念的重要性。
dc.publisherSage
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.subject.otherCompetency
dc.subject.otherRacial socialization
dc.subject.otherParenting
dc.subject.otherAfrican American
dc.subject.othercompetencia
dc.subject.other种族社会化
dc.subject.other养育
dc.subject.other非裔美国人
dc.subject.other胜任力
dc.subject.othersocialización racial
dc.subject.othercrianza
dc.subject.otherafroamericanos
dc.titleDifferentiating competency from content: Parental racial socialization profiles and their associated factors
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelSociology
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPublic Health
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelSocial Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/172961/1/famp12699.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/172961/2/famp12699_am.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/famp.12699
dc.identifier.sourceFamily Process
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMagidson, J., & Vermunt, J. K. ( 2004 ). Latent class models. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The sage handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 175 – 198 ). Sage Publications Inc.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCooper, S. M., Smalls-Glover, C., Neblett, E. W., & Banks, K. H. ( 2015 ). Racial socialization practices among African American fathers: A profile-oriented approach. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16 ( 1 ), 11 – 22. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035654
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCrouter, A. C., Baril, M. E., Davis, K. D., & McHale, S. M. ( 2008 ). Processes linking social class and racial socialization in African American dual-earner families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70 ( 5 ), 1311 – 1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00568.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDoucet, F., Banerjee, M. & Parade, S. ( 2018 ). What should young Black children know about race? Parents of preschoolers, preparation for bias, and promoting egalitarianism. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 16 ( 1 ), 65 – 79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X16630763
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDunbar, A. S., Perry, N. B., Cavanaugh, A. M., & Leerkes, E. M. ( 2015 ). African American parents’ racial and emotion socialization profiles and young adults’ emotional adaptation. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21 ( 3 ), 409 – 419. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037546
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFrydenberg, E. ( 2004 ). Coping competencies: What to teach and when. Theory into Practice, 43 ( 1 ), 14 – 22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4301_3
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarrell, S. P., Merchant, M. A., & Young, S. A. ( 1997 ). Psychometric properties of the racism and life experiences scales (RaLES). Unpublished manuscript.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D., & Chen, L. ( 1997 ). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1 ( 4 ), 200 – 214. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D., Rivas, D., Foust, M., Hagelskamp, C., Gersick, S. & Way, N. ( 2008 ). How to catch a moonbeam: A mixed-methods approach to understanding ethnic socialization processes in ethnically diverse families. Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child, 226 – 277.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Author, H. C., & Spicer, P. ( 2006 ). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747 – 770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. ( 2019 ). Black parenting couples’ discussions of the racial socialization process: Occurrence and effectiveness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 ( 1 ), 218 – 232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1248-4
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. ( 2008 ). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 567 – 589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLee, R. T., Perez, A. D., Boykin, C. M., & Mendoza-Denton, R. ( 2019 ). On the prevalence of racial discrimination in the United States. PLoS One, 14, e0210698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210698
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLesane-Brown, C. L. ( 2006 ). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26 ( 4 ), 400 – 426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLesane-Brown, C., Scottham, K. M., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. ( 2009 ). Parent–child race socialization: A new measure for use with African American adolescents. Manuscript in preparation.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMartin, P. P., Wout, D., Nguyen, H. X., Sellers, R. M., & Gonzalez, R. ( 2010 ). Investigating the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity in two samples: The development of the MIBI-S. Unpublished manuscript.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcAdoo, H. P. ( 2002 ). Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments. Sage Publications Inc.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. ( 2006 ). Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth. Child Development, 77 ( 5 ), 1387 – 1402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00942.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcNeil Smith, S., Reynolds, J. E., Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. H. ( 2016 ). Parental experiences of racial discrimination and youth racial socialization in two-parent African American families. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22 ( 2 ), 268 – 276. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000064
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMuthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. ( 1998–2017 ). Mplus user’s guide ( 8 th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeblett, E. W. Jr, White, R. L., Ford, K. R., Philip, C. L., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. ( 2008 ). Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18 ( 3 ), 477 – 515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00568.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. ( 1998 ). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2 ( 1 ), 18 – 39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStevenson, H. C. Jr ( 1997 ). “Missed, dissed, and pissed”: Making meaning of neighborhood risk, fear and anger management in urban black youth. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 3 ( 1 ), 37 – 52. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.3.1.37
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStevenson, H. C. Jr ( 2014 ). Promoting racial literacy in schools: Differences that make a difference. Teachers College Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStevenson, H. C., & Arrington, E. G. ( 2009 ). Racial/ethnic socialization mediates perceived racism and the racial identity of African American adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15 ( 2 ), 125 – 136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015500
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThomas, A., & Speight, S. L. ( 1999 ). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25 ( 2 ), 152 – 170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025002002
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThornton, M. C. ( 1997 ). Strategies of racial socialization among Black parents: Mainstream, minority, and cultural messages. In R. Taylor, J. Jackson, & L. M. Chatters (Eds.), Family life in Black America (pp. 201 – 215 ). Sage Publications Inc.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. ( 1990 ). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents. Child Development, 61 ( 2 ), 401 – 409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02786.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUtsey, S. O. ( 1998 ). Assessing the stressful effects of racism: A review of instrumentation. Journal of Black Psychology, 24 ( 3 ), 269 – 288. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984980243001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVarner, F. A., Hou, Y., Hodzic, T., Hurd, N. M., Butler-Barnes, S. T., & Rowley, S. J. ( 2018 ). Racial discrimination experiences and African American youth adjustment: The role of parenting profiles based on racial socialization and involved-vigilant parenting. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24 ( 2 ), 173 – 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000180
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVarner, F., & Mandara, J. ( 2014 ). Differential parenting of African American adolescents as an explanation for gender disparities in achievement. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 667 – 680. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12063
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWhite-Johnson, R. L., Ford, K. R., & Sellers, R. M. ( 2010 ). Parental racial socialization profiles: Association with demographic factors, racial discrimination, childhood socialization, and racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16 ( 2 ), 237 – 247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016111
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, R. E., Jones, S., Anyiwo, N., McKenny, M., & Gaylord-Harden, N. ( 2019 ). What’s race got to do with it? racial socialization’s contribution to Black adolescent coping. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 822 – 831. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12440
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, R. E., Jones, S. C. T., & Stevenson, H. ( 2019 ). The initial development and validation of the racial socialization competency scale: Quality and quantity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26 ( 4 ), 426 – 436. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000316
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, R. E., McKenny, M., Mitchell, A., Koku, L. & Stevenson, H. C. ( 2018 ). EMBRacing Racial Stress and Trauma: Preliminary Feasibility and Coping Responses of a Racial Socialization Intervention. Journal of Black Psychology, 44 ( 1 ), 25 – 46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798417732930
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. ( 2019 ). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74 ( 1 ), 63 – 75. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAsparouhov T., Muthén B. ( 2014 ). Auxiliary Variables in Mixture Modeling: Three-Step Approaches Using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21 ( 3 ), 329 – 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBerkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y.-F., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Cutrona, C., & Gibbons, F. X. ( 2009 ). It takes a village: Protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38 ( 2 ), 175 – 188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9346-z
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBoykin, A. W., & Toms, F. D. ( 1985 ). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. McAdoo & J. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33 – 52 ). Sage.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, T. L., Linver, M. R., & Evans, M. ( 2010 ). The role of gender in the racial and ethnic socialization of African American adolescents. Youth & Society, 41 ( 3 ), 357 – 381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X09333665
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBuhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. ( 2011 ). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6 ( 1 ), 3 – 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaughy, M. O. B., Nettles, S. M., & Lima, J. ( 2011 ). Profiles of racial socialization among African American parents: Correlates, context, and outcome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20 ( 4 ), 491 – 502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9416-1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaughy, M. O. B., O’Campo, P. J., & Muntaner, C. ( 2003 ). When being alone might be better: Neighborhood poverty, social capital, and child mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 57 ( 2 ), 227 – 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00342-8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaughy, M., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. ( 2002 ). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73 ( 5 ), 1611 – 1625. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00493
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCoard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. ( 2004 ). Towards culturally relevant preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13 ( 3 ), 277 – 293. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022035.07171.f8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceColalillo, S., & Johnston, C. ( 2016 ). Parenting cognition and affective outcomes following parent management training: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19 ( 3 ), 216 – 235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0208-z
dc.identifier.citedreferenceColeman, S., & Stevenson, H. C. ( 2013 ). The racial stress of membership: Development of the faculty inventory of racialized experiences in schools. Psychology in the Schools, 50 ( 6 ), 548 – 566. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21693
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCooper, S. M., Smalls-Glover, C., Metzger, I., & Griffin, C. ( 2015 ). African American fathers’ racial socialization patterns: Associations with racial identity beliefs and discrimination experiences. Family Relations, 64 ( 2 ), 278 – 290. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12115
dc.working.doiNOen
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.