View Item 

Show simple item record

Digital White Racial Socialization: Social Media and the Case of Whiteness
dc.contributor.authorFrey, William R.
dc.contributor.authorWard, L. Monique
dc.contributor.authorWeiss, Amanda
dc.contributor.authorCogburn, Courtney D.
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-26T16:01:15Z
dc.date.available2023-10-26 12:01:14en
dc.date.available2022-09-26T16:01:15Z
dc.date.issued2022-09
dc.identifier.citationFrey, William R.; Ward, L. Monique; Weiss, Amanda; Cogburn, Courtney D. (2022). "Digital White Racial Socialization: Social Media and the Case of Whiteness." Journal of Research on Adolescence (3): 919-937.
dc.identifier.issn1050-8392
dc.identifier.issn1532-7795
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/174760
dc.publisherPew Research Center
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.subject.otherracial–ethnic socialization
dc.subject.otherwhite racial socialization
dc.subject.otherwhiteness
dc.subject.othersocial media
dc.subject.otherdevelopmental psychology
dc.titleDigital White Racial Socialization: Social Media and the Case of Whiteness
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelSocial Work
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelSocial Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/174760/1/jora12775.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/174760/2/jora12775_am.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/jora.12775
dc.identifier.sourceJournal of Research on Adolescence
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNorman, D. A. ( 1988 ). The psychology of everyday things. Basic Books.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. ( 2014 ). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. Verso Trade.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. ( 1990 ). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by black parents. Child Development, 61 ( 2 ), 401 – 409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.1990.tb02786.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTowles‐Schwen, T., & Fazio, R. H. ( 2001 ). On the origins of racial attitudes: Correlates of childhood experiences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 ( 2 ), 162 – 175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201272003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., & Yarchi, M. ( 2015 ). Documenting portrayals of race/ ethnicity on primetime television over a 20‐year span and their associations with national‐level racial/ethnic attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 71, 17 – 38. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12094
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTynes, B. M., Del Toro, J., & Lozada, F. T. ( 2015 ). An unwelcomed digital visitor in the classroom: The longitudinal impact of online racial discrimination on academic motivation. School Psychology Review, 44 ( 4 ), 407 – 424. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR‐15‐0095.1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTynes, B. M., Giang, M. T., Williams, D. R., & Thompson, G. N. ( 2008 ). Online racial discrimination and psychological adjustment among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43 ( 6 ), 565 – 569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTynes, B. M., Hiss, S., Ryan, A. M., & Rose, C. A. ( 2015 ). Effects on mental health and motivation among diverse adolescents in the United States. In C. M. Rubie‐Davies, J. M. Stephens & P. Watson (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of social psychology of the classroom (pp. 112 – 121 ). Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTynes, B. M., Lozada, F. T., Smith, N. A., & Stewart, A. M. ( 2018 ). From racial microaggressions to hate crimes: A model of online racism based on the lived experiences of adolescents of color. In Microaggression theory: Influence and implications (pp. 194 – 212 ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTynes, B. M., & Markoe, S. L. ( 2010 ). The role of color‐blind racial attitudes in reactions to racial discrimination on social network sites. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 3 ( 1 ), 1 – 13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018683
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTynes, B. M., Seaton, E., & Zuckerman, A. ( 2015 ). Online racial discrimination: A growing problem for adolescents. Psychological Science Agenda. http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2015/12/online‐racial‐discrimination.aspx
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUmaña‐Taylor, A. J., & Hill, N. E. ( 2020 ). Ethnic–racial socialization in the family: A decade’s advance on precursors and outcomes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82 ( 1 ), 244 – 271. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12622
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUmaña‐Taylor, A. J., Tynes, B. M., Toomey, R. B., Williams, D. R., & Mitchell, K. J. ( 2015 ). Latino adolescents’ perceived discrimination in online and offline settings: An examination of cultural risk and protective factors. Developmental Psychology, 51 ( 1 ), 87 – 100. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038432
dc.identifier.citedreferenceUnderhill, M. R. ( 2018 ). Parenting during Ferguson: Making sense of white parents’ silence. Ethnic and racial studies, 41 ( 11 ), 1934 – 1951.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceValkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. ( 2011 ). Online communication among adolescents: An integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48 ( 2 ), 121 – 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVittrup, B. ( 2018 ). Color blind or color conscious? White American mothers’ approaches to racial socialization. Journal of Family Issues, 39 ( 3 ), 668 – 692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16676858
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWang, M.‐T., Henry, D. A., Smith, L. V., Huguley, J. P., & Guo, J. ( 2020 ). Parental ethnic‐racial socialization practices and children of color’s psychosocial and behavioral adjustment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. American Psychologist, 75 ( 1 ), 1 – 22. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000464
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWard, L. M. ( 2004 ). And TV makes three: Comparing contributions of parents, peers, and the media to sexual socialization. In A. Merriwether & LM Ward (Chairs), From attitudes to behavior: Exploring the dynamics of sexual socialization. Baltimore, MD: Symposium presented at the Society for Research in Adolescence.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWekker, G. ( 2016 ). White innocence. Duke University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWilliams, A., Oliver, C., Aumer, K., & Meyers, C. ( 2016 ). Racial microaggressions and perceptions of Internet memes. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 424 – 432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.067
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWolniewicz, C. A., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., & Elhai, J. D. ( 2018 ). Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Research, 262, 618 – 623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWood, M. A., Bukowski, W. M., & Lis, E. ( 2016 ). The digital self: How social media serves as a setting that shapes youth’s emotional experiences. Adolescent Research Review, 1 ( 2 ), 163 – 173. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40894‐015‐0014‐8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYasui, M. ( 2015 ). A review of the empirical assessment of processes in ethnic–racial socialization: Examining methodological advances and future areas of development. Developmental Review, 37, 1 – 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.03.001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZhao, Y., Liu, J., Tang, J., & Zhu, Q. ( 2013 ). Conceptualizing perceived affordances in social media interaction design. ASLIB Proceedings, 65 ( 3 ), 289 – 303. https://doi.org/10.1108/00012531311330656
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZucker, J. K., & Patterson, M. M. ( 2018 ). Racial socialization practices among White American parents: Relations to racial attitudes, racial identity, and school diversity. Journal of Family Issues, 39 ( 16 ), 3903 – 3930. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18800766
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAbaied, J. L., & Perry, S. P. ( 2021 ). Socialization of racial ideology by White parents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27 ( 3 ), 431 – 440. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000454
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAdams‐Bass, V. N., Stevenson, H. C., & Kotzin, D. S. ( 2014 ). Measuring the meaning of Black media stereotypes and their relationship to the racial identity, Black history knowledge, and racial socialization of African American youth. Journal of Black Studies, 45 ( 5 ), 367 – 395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714530396
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAhmed, S. ( 2007 ). A phenomenology of whiteness. Feminist Theory, 8 ( 2 ), 149 – 168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700107078139
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAldana, A., & Byrd, C. M. ( 2015 ). School ethnic–racial socialization: Learning about race and ethnicity among African American students. The Urban Review, 47 ( 3 ), 563 – 576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256‐014‐0319‐0
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, M., & Hitlin, P. ( 2016 ). Social media conversations about race: How social media users see, share and discuss race and the rise of hashtags like# BlackLivesMatter. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/social‐media‐conversations‐about‐race/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, M., & Jiang, J. ( 2018 ). Teens’ social media habits and experiences. Pew Research Center, 28. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/11/28/teens‐social‐media‐habits‐and‐experiences/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, R. E., Jones, S., Anyiwo, N., McKenny, M., & Gaylord‐Harden, N. ( 2019 ). What’s race got to do with it? Racial socialization’s contribution to black adolescent coping. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29 ( 4 ), 822 – 831.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. ( 2019 ). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74 ( 1 ), 63 – 75. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnonymous. ( 2019 ). What happened after my 13‐year‐old son joined the alt‐right. The Washingtonian. https://www.washingtonian.com/2019/05/05/what‐happened‐after‐my‐13‐year‐old‐son‐joined‐the‐alt‐right/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBaker‐Bell, A., Stanbrough, R., & Everett, S. ( 2017 ). The stories they tell: Mainstream media, pedagogies of healing, and critical media literacy. English Education, 49 ( 2 ), 130 – 152. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26492794
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBallard, J. ( 2019 ). Teens use these social media platforms the most. YouGov. https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles‐reports/2019/10/25/teens‐social‐media‐use‐online‐survey‐poll‐youth
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBanerjee, M., Byrd, C., & Rowley, S. ( 2018 ). The relationships of school‐based discrimination and ethnic‐racial socialization to African American adolescents’ achievement outcomes. Social Sciences, 7 ( 10 ), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100208
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBest, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. ( 2014 ). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27 – 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBeyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., Keijsers, L., & Valkenburg, P. M. ( 2020 ). The effect of social media on well‐being differs from adolescent to adolescent. Scientific Reports, 10 ( 1 ), 1 – 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598‐020‐67727‐7
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBonilla‐Silva, E. ( 1997 ). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62 ( 3 ), 465 – 480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBonilla‐Silva, E. ( 2017 ). Racism without racists: Color‐blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBonilla‐Silva, E., Goar, C., & Embrick, D. G. ( 2006 ). When Whites flock together: The social psychology of White habitus. Critical Sociology, 32 ( 2–3 ), 229 – 253. https://doi.org/10.1163/156916306777835268
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBoyd, D. ( 2010 ). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), Networked self: Identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 39 – 58 ). Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBoykin, A. W., & Toms, F. ( 1985 ). African American child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. McAdoo & J. McAdoo (Eds.), African American children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 32 – 51 ). Sage.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrock, A. ( 2018 ). Critical technocultural discourse analysis. New Media & Society, 20 ( 3 ), 1012 – 1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816677532
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrock, A., Jr. ( 2020 ). Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures (Vol. 9 ). NYU Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, B. B. ( 1990 ). Peer groups and peer cultures. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 171 – 196 ). Harvard University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, B. B. ( 2004 ). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 363 – 394 ). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, B. B., & Larson, J. ( 2009 ). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development (pp. 74 – 103 ). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004
dc.identifier.citedreferenceButler‐Barnes, S. T., Richardson, B. L., Chavous, T. M., & Zhu, J. ( 2019 ). The importance of racial socialization: School‐based racial discrimination and racial identity among African American adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29 ( 2 ), 432 – 448. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12383
dc.identifier.citedreferenceByrd, C. M., & Ahn, L. H. ( 2020 ). Profiles of ethnic‐racial socialization from family, school, neighborhood, and the Internet: Relations to adolescent outcomes. Journal of Community Psychology, 48, 1942 – 1963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22393
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarney, N. ( 2016 ). All lives matter, but so does race: Black Lives Matter and the evolving role of social media. Humanity and Society, 40 ( 2 ), 180 – 199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaughy, M. O. B., Nettles, S. M., O’Campo, P. J., & Lohrfink, K. F. ( 2006 ). Neighborhood matters: Racial socialization of African American children. Child development, 77 ( 5 ), 1220 – 1236.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCaughy, M. O., Randolph, S. M., & O’Campo, P. J. ( 2002 ). The Africentric Home Environment Inventory: An observational measure of the racial socialization features of the home environment for African American preschool children. Journal of Black Psychology, 28 ( 1 ), 37 – 52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798402028001003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceChun, W. H. K. ( 2009 ). Introduction: Race and/as technology; or, how to do things to race. Camera Obscura, 24 ( 1(70) ), 7 – 35. https://doi.org/10.1215/02705346‐2008‐013
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCitron, D. K. ( 2014 ). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCollman, A. ( 2020 ). Social media sites are cracking down on users doing a ’George Floyd Challenge’ where they put a knee on a friend’s neck. Business Insider https://www.businessinsider.com/george‐floyd‐challenge‐banned‐facebook‐instagram‐tiktok‐twitter‐2020‐6
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCommon Sense Media. ( 2019 ). The Common Sense Census: Media use by Tweens and Teens, 2019. Common Sense. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the‐common‐sense‐census‐media‐use‐by‐tweens‐and‐teens‐2019
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCotter, E. W., Kelly, N. R., Mitchell, K. S., & Mazzeo, S. E. ( 2015 ). An investigation of body appreciation, ethnic identity, and eating disorder symptoms in Black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 41 ( 1 ), 3 – 25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798413502671
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCrave, B. ( 2020 ). Charli d’amelio trying hard not to say the n word [Video file]. Youtube. Retrieved March 25, 2021 from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePt7iemuTEQ
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDaniels, J. ( 2009 ). Cyber racism: White supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDaniels, J. ( 2013 ). Race and racism in Internet Studies: A review and critique. New Media & Society, 15 ( 5 ), 695 – 719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462849
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDaniels, J. ( 2015 ). “My brain database doesn’t see skin color”: Color‐blind racism in the technology industry and in theorizing the Web. American Behavioral Scientist, 59 ( 11 ), 1377 – 1393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215578728
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDuggan, M. ( 2017 ). Online Harassment 2017. Pew Research Center. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11990/10
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDyer, R. ( 1997 ). White. Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., & Mac Iver, D. ( 1997 ). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage–environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and in families (1993). In J. M. Notterman (Ed.), The evolution of psychology: Fifty years of the American Psychologist (pp. 475 – 501 ). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10254‐034
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEnglish, D., Lambert, S. F., Tynes, B. M., Bowleg, L., Zea, M. C., & Howard, L. C. ( 2020 ). Daily multidimensional racial discrimination among Black US American adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 66, 101068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101068
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEpps‐Darling, A. ( 2020 ). How the racism built into technology hurts teens. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/10/algorithmic‐bias‐especially‐dangerous‐teens/616793/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceErikson, E. H. ( 1968 ). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton & Co.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEschmann, R. ( 2020 ). Digital resistance: How online communication facilitates responses to racial microaggressions. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity., 7, 264 – 277. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649220933307
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEvans, A. B., Banerjee, M., Meyer, R., Aldana, A., Foust, M., & Rowley, S. ( 2012 ). Racial socialization as a mechanism for positive development among African American youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6 ( 3 ), 251 – 257.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEverett, A., & Watkins, S. C. ( 2008 ). The power of play: The portrayal and performance of race in video games. MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning Initiative.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFaddoul, M ( 2020 ). A TikTok novelty: FACE‐BASED FITLER BUBBLES The AI‐bias techlash seems to have had no impact on newer platforms. Follow a random profile, and TikTok will only recommend people who look almost the same. Let’s do the experiment from a fresh account: ⅙. Twitter. https://twitter.com/MarcFaddoul/status/1232014908536938498?s=20
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGassam Asare, J. Z. ( 2020 ). Does TikTok have a RACE PROBLEM? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/janicegassam/2020/04/14/does‐tiktok‐have‐a‐race‐problem/?sh=3a5b7bad3260
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGibson, C. ( 2019 ). ‘Do you have white teenage sons? Listen up.’ How white supremacists are recruiting boys online. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/on‐parenting/do‐you‐have‐white‐teenage‐sons‐listen‐up‐how‐white‐supremacists‐are‐recruiting‐boys‐online/2019/09/17/f081e806‐d3d5‐11e9‐9343‐40db57cf6abd_story.html
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGibson, J. J. ( 1979 ). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin Comp.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGrabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. ( 2006 ). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction among women in the United States: A meta‐analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132 ( 4 ), 622 – 640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033‐2909.132.4.622
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGray, K. L. ( 2017 ). “They’re just too urban”: Black gamers streaming on Twitch. Digital Sociologies, 1, 355 – 368.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGray, K. L. ( 2018 ). Power in the visual: Examining narratives of controlling black bodies in contemporary gaming. Velvet Light Trap, 81, 62. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A532022898/AONE?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f11b4d6
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHagerman, M. A. ( 2014 ). White families and race: Colour‐blind and colour‐conscious approaches to white racial socialization. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37 ( 14 ), 2598 – 2614. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.848289
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHagerman, M. A. ( 2016 ). Reproducing and reworking colorblind racial ideology: Acknowledging children’s agency in the White habitus. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2 ( 1 ), 58 – 71. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649215594817
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHagerman, M. A. ( 2017 ). White racial socialization: Progressive fathers on raising “antiracist” children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79 ( 1 ), 60 – 74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12325
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHagerman, M. A. ( 2018 ). White kids. New York University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHagerman, M. A. ( 2020 ). Racial ideology and White youth: From middle childhood to adolescence. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 6 ( 3 ), 319 – 332. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649219853309
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHall, S. ( 1997 ). The spectacle of the other. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 223 – 290 ). Sage.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHamm, J. V. ( 2001 ). Barriers and bridges to positive cross‐ethnic relations: African American and White parent socialization beliefs and practices. Youth & Society, 33 ( 1 ), 62 – 98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X01033001003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHouser, K.A. ( 2020 ). Diversity pledges won’t make corporate America more inclusive. This will. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90542668/diversity‐pledges‐wont‐make‐corporate‐america‐more‐inclusive‐this‐will
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. ( 2006 ). Parents’ ethnic‐racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42 ( 5 ), 747 – 770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012‐1649.42.5.747
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D., & Chen, L. ( 1999 ). The nature of parents’ race‐related communications to children: A developmental perspective. In L. Balter & C. S. Tamis‐LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology: A handbook of contemporary issues (pp. 467–490). Psychology Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D., Witherspoon, D., Rivas‐Drake, D., & West‐Bey, N. ( 2009 ). Received ethnic–racial socialization messages and youths’ academic and behavioral outcomes: Examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self‐esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15 ( 2 ), 112 – 124. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015509
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHughes, D. L., Watford, J. A., & Del Toro, J. ( 2016 ). A transactional/ecological perspective on ethnic–racial identity, socialization, and discrimination. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 51, 1 – 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.05.001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHutchby, I. ( 2001 ). Technologies, texts and affordances. Sociology, 35 ( 2 ), 441 – 456.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJackson, L. M. ( 2017 ). We need to talk about digital blackface in reaction gifs. Teen Vogue. https://www.teenvogue.com/story/digital‐blackface‐reaction‐gifs
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Welles, B. F. ( 2020 ). # HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJakubowicz, A. ( 2017 ). Alt_Right White Lite: Trolling, hate speech and cyber racism on social media. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9 ( 3 ), 41 – 60. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.309784538174296
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKamenetz, A. ( 2018 ). Right‐Wing Hate Groups Are Recruiting Video Gamers.. NPR’s All Things Considered. https://www.npr.org/2018/11/05/660642531/right‐wing‐hate‐groups‐are‐recruiting‐video‐gamers
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. ( 2010 ). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53 ( 1 ), 59 – 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. ( 2011 ). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54 ( 3 ), 241 – 251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKlein, A. ( 2017 ). Fanaticism, racism, and rage online: Corrupting the digital sphere. Springer.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKuhn, D. ( 2009 ). Adolescent thinking. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Individual bases of adolescent development (pp. 152 – 186 ). John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001007
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLenhart, A., Duggan, M., Perrin, A., Stepler, R., Rainie, H., & Parker, K. ( 2015 ). Teens, social media & technology. Pew Research Center, 4 – 9.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeonardo, Z. ( 2004 ). The color of supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege’. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36 ( 2 ), 137 – 152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐5812.2004.00057.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLeonardo, Z., & Zembylas, M. ( 2013 ). Whiteness as technology of affect: Implications for educational praxis. Equity & Excellence in Education, 46 ( 1 ), 150 – 165.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLesane‐Brown, C. L. ( 2006 ). A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26 ( 4 ), 400 – 426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLewis, N. A., Jr. ( 2021 ). Can we achieve “equality” when we have different understandings of its meaning? How contexts and identities shape the pursuit of egalitarian goals. Psychological Inquiry, 32 ( 3 ), 155 – 164. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2021.1971441
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLoyd, A. B., & Gaither, S. E. ( 2018 ). Racial/ethnic socialization for White youth: What we know and future directions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 59, 54 – 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.05.004
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarkus, H., & Moya, P. M. ( 2010 ). Doing race: 21 essays for the 21st century. W.W. Norton.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMartín, A. ( 2021 ). What is white ignorance? The Philosophical Quarterly, 71 ( 4 ), pqaa073. https://doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqaa073
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcFarland, L. A., & Ployhart, R. E. ( 2015 ). Social media: A contextual framework to guide research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100 ( 6 ), 1653 – 1677. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcPherson, T. ( 2013 ). US operating systems at mid‐century: The intertwining of race and UNIX. In Race after the Internet (pp. 27 – 43 ). Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerritt, S. L. ( 2021 ). White students from @AledoISD hosted a slave auction on Snapchat where they sold black classmates for between $1‐$100. The racism pouring into our politics, our public safety, our national security is being incubated in our schools. Twitter. https://twitter.com/MeritLaw/status/1381986979949203463?s=20
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMills, C. ( 2007 ). White ignorance. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and epistemologies of ignorance (pp. 13 – 38 ). SUNY Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMills, C. W. ( 2014 ). The racial contract. Cornell University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMolla, R., & Lightner, R. ( 2014 ). Diversity in tech. The Wall Street Journal. http://graphics.wsj.com/diversity‐in‐tech‐companies/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMoreno, M. A., & Uhls, Y. T. ( 2019 ). Applying an affordances approach and a developmental lens to approach adolescent social media use. DIGITAL HEALTH, 5, 2055207619826678. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207619826678
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakagawa, K., & Arzubiaga, A. E. ( 2014 ). The use of social media in teaching race. Adult Learning, 25 ( 3 ), 103 – 110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045159514534190
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakamura, L. ( 2006 ). Cultural difference, theory, and cyberculture studies: A case of mutual repulsion. In D. Silver & A. Massanari (Eds.), Critical cyberculture studies (pp. 29 – 36 ). NYU Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakamura, L. ( 2009 ). Don’t hate the player, hate the game: The racialization of labor in World of Warcraft. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 26 ( 2 ), 128 – 144. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030902860252
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakamura, L. ( 2013a ). Cybertypes: Race, ethnicity, and identity on the Internet. Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakamura, L. ( 2013b ). Glitch racism: Networks as actors within vernacular internet theory. In Culture digitally. https://culturedigitally.org/2013/12/glitch‐racism‐networks‐as‐actors‐within‐vernacular‐internet‐theory/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakamura, L. ( 2014 ). ‘I WILL DO EVERYthing That Am Asked’: Scambaiting, digital show‐space, and the racial violence of social media. Journal of Visual Culture, 13 ( 3 ), 257 – 274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412914546845
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNakamura, L., & Chow‐White, P. (Eds.). ( 2013 ). Race after the Internet. Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeblett, E. W., Jr., White, R. L., Ford, K. R., Philip, C. L., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. ( 2008 ). Patterns of racial socialization and psychological adjustment: Can parental communications about race reduce the impact of racial discrimination? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18 ( 3 ), 477 – 515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532‐7795.2008.00568.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNesi, J., Choukas‐Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. ( 2018 ). Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 1—A theoretical framework and application to dyadic peer relationships. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21 ( 3 ), 267 – 294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567‐018‐0261‐x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeville, H. A., Awad, G. H., Brooks, J. E., Flores, M. P., & Bluemel, J. ( 2013 ). Color‐blind racial ideology: Theory, training, and measurement implications in psychology. American Psychologist, 68 ( 6 ), 455 – 466. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033282
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNoble, S. U. ( 2018 ). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFrankenburg, R. ( 1993 ). White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness. Routledge.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceOuirdi, M. E., El Ouirdi, A., Segers, J., & Henderickx, E. ( 2014 ). Social media conceptualization and taxonomy: A Lasswellian framework. Journal of Creative Communications, 9 ( 2 ), 107 – 126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258614528608
dc.identifier.citedreferencePalfrey, J. G., & Gasser, U. ( 2011 ). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. ReadHowYouWant.Com.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceParham, J. ( 2020 ). TikTok and the evolution of digital blackface. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/tiktok‐evolution‐digital‐blackface/
dc.identifier.citedreferencePerry, S. P., Skinner‐Dorkenoo, A. L., Wages, J. E., III, & Abaied, J. L. ( 2021 ). Systemic considerations in child development and the pursuit of racial equality in the United States. Psychological Inquiry, 32 ( 3 ), 180 – 186. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2021.1971453
dc.identifier.citedreferencePeter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. ( 2013 ). The effects of internet communication on adolescents’ psychological development: an assessment of risks and opportunities. In A.N. Valdivia (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of media studies. Volume 5: Media effects/media psychology (pp. 678 – 697 ). Wiley‐Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444361506.wbiems136
dc.identifier.citedreferencePrasad, R. ( 2019 ). How I stopped my teenager being recruited online. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world‐us‐canada‐49363958
dc.identifier.citedreferencePriest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., & Paradies, Y. ( 2014 ). Understanding the complexities of ethnic‐racial socialization processes for both minority and majority groups: A 30‐year systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 139 – 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. ( 2012 ). Friending, IMing, and hanging out face‐to‐face: Overlap in adolescents’ online and offline social networks. Developmental Psychology, 48 ( 2 ), 356 – 368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026980
dc.identifier.citedreferenceReynolds, J. E., & Gonzales‐Backen, M. A. ( 2017 ). Ethnic‐racial socialization and the mental health of African Americans: A critical review. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9 ( 2 ), 182 – 200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12192
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRichard, G. T., & Gray, K. L. ( 2018 ). Gendered play, racialized reality: Black cyberfeminism, inclusive communities of practice, and the intersections of learning, socialization, and resilience in online gaming. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 39 ( 1 ), 112 – 148. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.39.1.0112
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRivas‐Drake, D., & Umaña‐Taylor, A. ( 2019 ). Below the surface: Talking with teens about race, ethnicity, and identity. Princeton University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSchroeder, J. ( 2019 ). Racists are recruiting. Watch your White sons. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/12/opinion/sunday/white‐supremacist‐recruitment.html
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSidner, S. ( 2019 ). A mother’s warning: If you have white teen sons, listen up …. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/us/california‐mother‐warning‐white‐supremacists‐soh
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSimon, S. & Bowman, E. ( 2019. How one mom talks to her sons about hate on the Internet. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2019/08/17/751986787/writer‐joanna‐schroeder‐on‐preventing‐teenage‐boys‐from‐turning‐to‐hate
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStevenson, H. C., McNeil, J. D., Herrero‐Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. ( 2005 ). Influence of perceived neighborhood diversity and racism experience on the racial socialization of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 31 ( 3 ), 273 – 290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798405278453
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStornaiuolo, A., & Thomas, E. E. ( 2017 ). Disrupting educational inequalities through youth digital activism. Review of Research in Education, 41 ( 1 ), 337 – 357. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X16687973
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSusman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. ( 2013 ). Puberty: Its role in development. In R. M. Lerner, M. A. Easterbrooks, J. Mistry, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Developmental psychology (pp. 289 – 320 ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThe Associate Press and NORC. ( 2017 ). Instagram and Snapchat are Most Popular Social Networks for Teens; Black Teens are Most Active on Social Media, Messaging Apps. http://www.apnorc.org/PDFs/Teen%20Social%20Media%20Messaging/APNORC_Teens_SocialMedia_Messaging_2017_FINAL.pdf
dc.working.doiNOen
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Name:
jora12775.pdf
Size:
777.4KB
Format:
PDF
View/Open
Name:
jora12775_am.pdf
Size:
839.7KB
Format:
PDF
View/Open

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.