View Item 

Show simple item record

Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence
dc.contributor.authorSosoo, Effua E.
dc.contributor.authorMacCormack, Jennifer K.
dc.contributor.authorNeblett, Enrique W.
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-26T16:02:35Z
dc.date.available2023-11-26 12:02:33en
dc.date.available2022-09-26T16:02:35Z
dc.date.issued2022-10
dc.identifier.citationSosoo, Effua E.; MacCormack, Jennifer K.; Neblett, Enrique W. (2022). "Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence." Psychophysiology (10): n/a-n/a.
dc.identifier.issn0048-5772
dc.identifier.issn1469-8986
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/174790
dc.description.abstractLittle is known about how vicarious police violence, or instances of police violence observed but not directly experienced, impacts health among Black individuals. Using a lab‐based paradigm in a sample of young adults (N = 101), this study examined: (a) psychophysiological reactivity to instances of vicarious police violence, particularly the assault and shooting of Black individuals; (b) affective reactivity to instances of vicarious police violence; and (c) how racial identity, one important moderator, influences psychophysiological and affective responses to vicarious police violence. Using electrocardiography and impedance cardiography, participants’ cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic physiological responses were continuously monitored. Three sets of high‐quality color photographs (neutral, non‐violent distress, violence) were viewed on a computer. Participants rated their affect after each set using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Following this task, racial identity was assessed using the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity‐Short Form. Findings indicated that vicarious police violence was associated with greater sympathetic reactivity and negative affect relative to the neutral and non‐violent distress conditions. Additionally, higher levels of racial centrality exacerbated the association between vicarious police violence and negative affect. Findings suggest that Black individuals may wish to limit their consumption of media depicting the assault and shooting of other Black individuals, with the caveat that the best solution is ultimately the cessation of police violence.Our research examines the real‐time impact of viewing photographs depicting police violence. Results indicate that viewing such images, in which Black individuals were assaulted and/or shot by officers, was associated with greater sympathetic reactivity and negative affect among Black participants. Additionally, racial identity played an important role in these associations.
dc.publisherRutgers University Press
dc.publisherWiley Periodicals, Inc.
dc.subject.otherracism
dc.subject.othervicarious
dc.subject.otherracial identity
dc.subject.otheraffect
dc.subject.otherelectrocardiography
dc.subject.otherpolice
dc.titlePsychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence
dc.typeArticle
dc.rights.robotsIndexNoFollow
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPsychology
dc.subject.hlbsecondlevelPhysiology
dc.subject.hlbtoplevelHealth Sciences
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/174790/1/psyp14065.pdf
dc.description.bitstreamurlhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/174790/2/psyp14065_am.pdf
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/psyp.14065
dc.identifier.sourcePsychophysiology
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeblett, E. W., & Roberts, S. O. ( 2013 ). Racial identity and autonomic responses to racial discrimination. Psychophysiology, 50, 943 – 953. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12087
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSellers, R. M., Morgan, L., & Brown, T. N. ( 2001 ). A multidimensional approach to racial identity: Implications for African American children. In A. Neal‐Barnett,, J. Contreras & K. Kerns (Eds.), Forging links: African American Children Clinical Developmental Perspectives, (pp. 23 – 56 ). Prager Publishers.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A. J., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. ( 1997 ). Multidimensional inventory of Black identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and constuct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 ( 4 ), 805 – 815.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. ( 1998 ). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2 ( 1 ), 18 – 39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & Van Doornen, L. J. P. ( 1990 ). Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology, 27 ( 1 ), 1 – 23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1990.tb02171.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceShiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. ( 2008 ). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1 – 32.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSimckes, M., Willits, D., McFarland, M., McFarland, C., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., & Hajat, A. ( 2021 ). The adverse effects of policing on population health: A conceptual model. Social Science & Medicine, 281, 114103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114103
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStaggers‐Hakim, R. ( 2016 ). The nation’s unprotected children and the ghost of Mike Brown, or the impact of national police killings on the health and social development of African American boys. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26 ( 3–4 ), 390 – 399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1132864
dc.identifier.citedreferenceStevenson, R. A., Mikels, J. A., & James, T. W. ( 2007 ). Characterization of the affective norms for English words by discrete emotional categories. Behavior Research Methods, 39 ( 4 ), 1020 – 1024. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192999
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSutherland, M. E., & Harrell, J. P. ( 1986 ). Individual differences in physiological responses to fearful, racially noxious, and neutral imagery. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 6 ( 2 ), 133 – 150. https://doi.org/10.2190/BJVV‐1KK5‐ATGW‐RUY8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. ( 2007 ). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTang, S., McLoyd, V. C., & Hallman, S. K. ( 2016 ). Racial socialization, racial identity, and academic attitudes among African American adolescents: Examining the moderating influence of parent–adolescent communication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45 ( 6 ), 1141 – 1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964‐015‐0351‐8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTask Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing. ( 1996 ). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation, 93 ( 5 ), 1043 – 1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
dc.identifier.citedreferenceThayer, J. F., & Friedman, B. H. ( 2004 ). A neurovisceral integration model of health disparities in aging. In N. B. Anderson, R. A. Bulatao & B. Cohen (Eds.), Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life, (pp. 567 – 603 ). The National Academies Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTrotman, G. P., Williams, S. E., Quinton, M. L., & van Zanten, J. J. C. S. V. ( 2018 ). Challenge and threat states: Examining cardiovascular, cognitive and affective responses to two distinct laboratory stress tasks. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 126, 42 – 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.004
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTrujillo, M. A. ( 2018 ). A laboratory study of stress reactions to witnessing a police killing of an unarmed black man: Discrimination, distress tolerance, ethnic identity, and risk‐taking. Virginia Commonwealth University Scholars Compass. https://doi.org/10.25772/C475‐EG20
dc.identifier.citedreferenceTruong, K. A., Museus, S. D., & McGuire, K. M. ( 2016 ). Vicarious racism: A qualitative analysis of experiences with secondhand racism in graduate education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29 ( 2 ), 224 – 247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2015.1023234
dc.identifier.citedreferenceVolpe, V. V., Lee, D. B., Hoggard, L. S., & Rahal, D. ( 2018 ). Racial discrimination and acute physiological responses among Black young adults: The role of racial identity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64, 179 – 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.004
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWagner, J., Lampert, R., Tennen, H., & Feinn, R. ( 2015 ). Exposure to discrimination and heart rate variability reactivity to acute stress among women with diabetes. Stress and Health, 31 ( 3 ), 255 – 262. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2542
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWarriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. ( 2013 ). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 45 ( 4 ), 1191 – 1207. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428‐012‐0314‐x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWatson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. ( 1988 ). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 ( 6 ), 1063 – 1070.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceWillis, H. A., & Neblett, E. W. ( 2018 ). OC symptoms in African American young adults: The associations between racial discrimination, racial identity, and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. Journal of Obsessive‐Compulsive and Related Disorders, 19, 105 – 115.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceYimgang, D. P., Wang, Y., Paik, G., Hager, E. R., & Black, M. M. ( 2017 ). Civil unrest in the context of chronic community violence: Impact on maternal depressive symptoms. American Journal of Public Health, 107 ( 9 ), 1455 – 1462. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303876
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZaki, J. ( 2014 ). Empathy: A motivated account. Psychological Bulletin, 140 ( 6 ), 1608 – 1647. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037679
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZaki, J., Wager, T. D., Singer, T., Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. ( 2016 ). The anatomy of suffering: Understanding the relationship between nociceptive and empathic pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20 ( 4 ), 249 – 259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceZapolski, T. C. B., Faidley, M. T., & Beutlich, M. R. ( 2018 ). The experience of racism on behavioral health outcomes: The moderating impact of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 10, 168 – 178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671‐018‐0963‐7
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAlexandra Kredlow, M., Pineles, S. L., Inslicht, S. S., Marin, M., Milad, M. R., Otto, M. W., & Orr, S. P. ( 2017 ). Assessment of skin conductance in African American and non–African American participants in studies of conditioned fear. Psychophysiology, 54 ( 11 ), 1741 – 1754. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12909
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAnderson, N. B., McNeilly, M., & Myers, H. ( 1991 ). Autonomic reactivity and hypertension in blacks: A review and proposed model. Ethnicity & Disease, 1 ( 2 ), 154 – 170.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceArnett, J. J. ( 2000 ). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55 ( 5 ), 469 – 480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003‐066X.55.5.469
dc.identifier.citedreferenceAssari, S. ( 2018 ). Health disparities due to diminished return among black Americans: Public policy solutions. Social Issues and Policy Review, 12, 112 – 145. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12042
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBandes, S. ( 1999 ). Patterns of injustice: Police brutality in the courts. Buffalo Law Review, 47, 1275.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBayley, D. H. ( 1990 ). Patterns of policing: A comparative international analysis. Rutgers University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBenjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. ( 1995 ). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57 ( 1 ), 289 – 300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1994.tb01024.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBerntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., Quigley, K. S., & Fabro, V. T. ( 1994 ). Autonomic space and psychophysiological response. Psychophysiology, 31 ( 1 ), 44 – 61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1994.tb01024.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBerntson, G. G., Lozano, D. L., Chen, Y., & Cacioppo, J. T. ( 2004 ). Where to Q in PEP. Psychophysiology, 41 ( 2 ), 333 – 337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.2004.00156.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBerntson, G. G., Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. ( 2008 ). Cardiac autonomic balance versus cardiac regulatory capacity. Psychophysiology, 45 ( 4 ), 643 – 652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.2008.00652.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBerntson, G. G., Thomas Bigger, J., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., Nagaraja, H. N., Porges, S. W., Saul, J. P., & Stone, P. H. ( 1997 ). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34 ( 6 ), 623 – 648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1997.tb02140.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBetella, A., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. ( 2016 ). The affective slider: A digital self‐assessment scale for the measurement of human emotions. PLoS One, 11 ( 2 ), e0148037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148037
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBlascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. ( 2010 ). Social psychophysiology and embodiment. In S. T. Fiske & D. T. Gilbert (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, ( 5 th edn, pp. 194 – 227 ). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001006
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBor, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Williams, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. ( 2018 ). Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: A population‐based, quasi‐experimental study. The Lancet, 392, 302 – 310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(18)31130‐9
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. ( 1999 ). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical report C‐1, the center for research in psychophysiology. University of Florida.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBroudy, R., Brondolo, E., Coakley, V., Brady, N., Cassells, A., Tobin, J. N., & Sweeney, M. ( 2007 ). Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to daily moods and negative social interactions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30 ( 1 ), 31 – 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865‐006‐9081‐4
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBrown, L. M., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. ( 2006 ). Affective reactions to pictures of ingroup and outgroup members. Biological Psychology, 71 ( 3 ), 303 – 311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.06.003
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBryant‐Davis, T., & Ocampo, C. ( 2005 ). Racist incident–based trauma. The Counseling Psychologist, 33 ( 4 ), 479 – 500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000005276465
dc.identifier.citedreferenceBuhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. ( 2011 ). Amazon’s mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high‐quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6 ( 1 ), 3 – 5. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805‐009
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. ( 2011 ). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 ( 1 ), 1 – 15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021643
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarbado, D. W. ( 2015 ). Blue‐on‐Black violence: A provisional model of some of the causes. Geo. LJ, 104, 1479.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarnethon, M. R., Kinder, L. S., Fair, J. M., Stafford, R. S., & Fortmann, S. P. ( 2003 ). Symptoms of depression as a risk factor for incident diabetes: Findings from the National Health and nutrition examination epidemiologic follow‐up study, 1971–1992. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158 ( 5 ), 416 – 423. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg172
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarter, R. T. ( 2007 ). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race‐based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35 ( 1 ), 13 – 105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarter, R. T., & Forsyth, J. ( 2010 ). Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help‐seeking behaviors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2 ( 3 ), 183 – 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020102
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCarter, R. T., Johnson, V. E., Kirkinis, K., Roberson, K., Muchow, C., & Galgay, C. ( 2019 ). A meta‐analytic review of racial discrimination: Relationships to health and culture. Race and Social Problems, 11 ( 1 ), 15 – 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552‐018‐9256‐y
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCohen, J. ( 1998 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences ( 2nd ed. ). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCooper, D. C., Thayer, J. F., & Waldstein, S. R. ( 2014 ). Coping with racism: The impact of prayer on cardiovascular reactivity and post‐stress recovery in African American women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47 ( 2 ), 218 – 230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160‐013‐9540‐4
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCooper, H., Moore, L., Gruskin, S., & Krieger, N. ( 2004 ). Characterizing perceived police violence: Implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 94 ( 7 ), 1109 – 1118. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.7.1109
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCorrell, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. ( 2002 ). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 ( 6 ), 1314 – 1329. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022‐3514.83.6.1314
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCrimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., Alley, D. E., Karlamangla, A., & Seeman, T. ( 2007 ). Hispanic paradox in biological risk profiles. American Journal of Public Health, 97 ( 7 ), 1305 – 1310. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.091892
dc.identifier.citedreferenceCyders, M. A., & Coskunpinar, A. ( 2011 ). Measurement of constructs using self‐report and behavioral lab tasks: Is there overlap in nomothetic span and construct representation for impulsivity? Clinical Psychology Review, 31 ( 6 ), 965 – 982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDan‐Glauser, E. S., & Scherer, K. R. ( 2011 ). The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): A new 730‐picture database focusing on valence and normative significance. Behavior Research Methods, 43 ( 2 ), 468 – 477. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428‐011‐0064‐1
dc.identifier.citedreferencede Geus, E. J. C., Gianaros, P. J., Brindle, R. C., Jennings, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. ( 2019 ). Should heart rate variability be “corrected” for heart rate? Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations. Psychophysiology, 56 ( 2 ), e13287. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13287
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDesmond, M., Papachristos, A. V., & Kirk, D. S. ( 2016 ). Police violence and citizen crime reporting in the black community. American Sociological Review, 81 ( 5 ), 857 – 876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416663494
dc.identifier.citedreferenceDeVylder, J., Fedina, L., & Link, B. ( 2020 ). Impact of police violence on mental health: A theoretical framework. American Journal of Public Health, 110 ( 11 ), 1704 – 1710. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305874
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. ( 2004 ). Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87 ( 6 ), 876 – 893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022‐3514.87.6.876
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEdwards, F., Lee, H., & Esposito, M. ( 2019 ). Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 ( 34 ), 16793 – 16798. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821204116
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEl‐Sheikh, M., Hinnant, J. B., & Philbrook, L. E. ( 2017 ). Trajectories of sleep and cardiac sympathetic activity indexed by pre‐ejection period in childhood. Journal of Sleep Research, 26 ( 5 ), 578 – 586. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12491
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEl‐Sheikh, M., Kouros, C. D., Erath, S., Cummings, E. M., Keller, P., & Staton, L. ( 2009 ). Marital conflict and children’s externalizing behavior: Pathways involving interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 74 ( 1 ), vii – 79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540‐5834.2009.00501.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEmbrick, D. G. ( 2015 ). Two nations, revisited: The lynching of black and brown bodies, police brutality, and racial control in “post‐racial” Amerikkka. Critical Sociology, 41 ( 6 ), 835 – 843. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920515591950
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEpp, C. R., Maynard‐Moody, S., & Haider‐Markel, D. P. ( 2014 ). Pulled over: How police stops define race and citizenship. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226114040.001.0001
dc.identifier.citedreferenceEqual Justice Initiative. ( 2017 ). Lynching in America: Confronting the legacy of racial terror. Equal Justice Initiative. https://eji.org/wp‐content/uploads/2005/11/lynching‐in‐america‐3d‐ed‐110121.pdf
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFaul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.‐G., & Buchner, A. ( 2007 ). G* power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39 ( 2 ), 175 – 191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
dc.identifier.citedreferenceFedina, L., Backes, B. L., Jun, H.‐J., Shah, R., Nam, B., Link, B. G., & DeVylder, J. E. ( 2018 ). Police violence among women in four US cities. Preventive Medicine, 106, 150 – 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.037
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGalovski, T. E., Peterson, Z. D., Beagley, M. C., Strasshofer, D. R., Held, P., & Fletcher, T. D. ( 2016 ). Exposure to violence during Ferguson protests: Mental health effects for law enforcement and community members. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29 ( 4 ), 283 – 292. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22105
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGaston, S. ( 2019 ). Enforcing race: A neighborhood‐level explanation of Black–white differences in drug arrests. Crime & Delinquency, 65 ( 4 ), 499 – 526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718798566
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGeschwind, N., Peeters, F., Drukker, M., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. ( 2011 ). Mindfulness training increases momentary positive emotions and reward experience in adults vulnerable to depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79 ( 5 ), 618 – 628. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024595
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGiannelou, M., Tseronis, D., Antypa, E., & Mavragani, C. P. ( 2018 ). Anxiety and extraversion in lupus‐related atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00246
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGoode, L. ( 2009 ). Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. New Media & Society, 11 ( 8 ), 1287 – 1305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341393
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGraham, J. R., West, L. M., & Roemer, L. ( 2013 ). The experience of racism and anxiety symptoms in an African‐American sample: Moderating effects of trait mindfulness. Mindfulness, 4 ( 4 ), 332 – 341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671‐012‐0133‐2
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGreen, D. A., & Evans, A. M. ( 2021 ). Undue police violence toward African Americans: An analysis of professional Counselors’ training and perceptions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99 ( 4 ), 363 – 371. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12389
dc.identifier.citedreferenceGross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. ( 1995 ). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition & Emotion, 9 ( 1 ), 87 – 108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508408966
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHargons, C., Malone, N. J., Montique, C. S., Dogan, J., Stuck, J., Meiller, C., Sullivan, Q.‐A., Sanchez, A., Bohmer, C., & Curvey, R. M. G. ( 2021 ). Race‐based stress reactions and recovery: Pilot testing a racial trauma meditation. Journal of Black Psychology, 1 – 33. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984211034281
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHarrell, C., Floyd, L. J., Daniel, I. N., & Bell, S. R. ( 2004 ). Psychophysiological methods: Enduring value to research within Black psychology. In R. Jones (Ed.), Black Psychology, ( 4 th edn, pp. 663 – 684 ). Cobb & Henry Publishers.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHawkins, D. S. ( 2021 ). “After Philando, I had to take a sick day to recover”: Psychological distress, trauma and police brutality in the Black community. Health Communication, 1 – 10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1913838
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHeard‐Garris, N. J., Cale, M., Camaj, L., Hamati, M. C., & Dominguez, T. P. ( 2017 ). Transmitting trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 230 – 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHelms, J. E., Jernigan, M., & Mascher, J. ( 2005 ). The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective. American Psychologist, 60 ( 1 ), 27 – 36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003‐066X.60.1.27
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHill, L. K., Hoggard, L. S., Richmond, A. S., Gray, D. L., Williams, D. P., & Thayer, J. F. ( 2017 ). Examining the association between perceived discrimination and heart rate variability in African americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23, 5 – 14. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000076
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHoggard, L. S., Hill, L. K., Gray, D. L., & Sellers, R. M. ( 2015 ). Capturing the cardiac effects of racial discrimination: Do the effects “keep going”? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 97 ( 2 ), 163 – 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.015
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHolden, J. E., Kelley, K., & Agarwal, R. ( 2008 ). Analyzing change: A primer on multilevel models with applications to nephrology. American Journal of Nephrology, 28 ( 5 ), 792 – 801. https://doi.org/10.1159/000131102
dc.identifier.citedreferenceHurd, N. M., Varner, F. A., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. ( 2014 ). Does perceived racial discrimination predict changes in psychological distress and substance use over time? An examination among Black emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 50 ( 7 ), 1910 – 1918. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036438
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJacobs, D., & O’Brien, R. M. ( 1998 ). The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of police violence. American Journal of Sociology, 103 ( 4 ), 837 – 862. https://doi.org/10.1086/231291
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson, J. D., Lecci, L., & Dovidio, J. ( 2019 ). Black intragroup empathic responding to police interracial violence: Effects of victim Stereotypicality and Blacks’ racial identification. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11, 579 – 587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619859316
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJohnson, L. C., & Landon, M. M. ( 1965 ). Eccrine sweat gland activity and racial differences in resting skin conductance. Psychophysiology, 1 ( 4 ), 322 – 329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1965.tb03264.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJokela, M., Pulkki‐Råback, L., Elovainio, M., & Kivimäki, M. ( 2014 ). Personality traits as risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease mortality: Pooled analysis of three cohort studies. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37 ( 5 ), 881 – 889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865‐013‐9548‐z
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones, C. P. ( 2000 ). Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90 ( 8 ), 1212 – 1215. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones, J. M. ( 1997 ). Prejudice and racism. 2 nd edn, McGraw‐Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones, S., & Neblett, E. W. ( 2017 ). Future directions in research on racism‐related stress and racial‐ethnic protective factors for Black youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46, 754 – 766. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1146991
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones, S. C. T., Lee, D. B., Gaskin, A. L., & Neblett, E. W. ( 2013 ). Emotional response profiles to racial discrimination: Does racial identity predict affective patterns? Journal of Black Psychology, 40 ( 4 ), 334 – 358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798413488628
dc.identifier.citedreferenceJones‐Brown, D., Stoudt, B., Johnston, B., & Moran, K. ( 2013 ). Stop, question, and frisk policing practices in New York City: A primer (revised). Center on race. Crime and Justice, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKarabel, J. ( 2015 ). Police killings surpass the worst years of lynching, capital punishment, and a movement responds. Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/police‐killings‐lynchings‐capital‐punishment_b_8462778
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.‐M., & Hellhammer, D. H. ( 1993 ). The “Trier social stress test”–a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28 ( 1–2 ), 76 – 81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000119004
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKort, D. N. ( 2016 ). We Can’t breathe: Affective and psychophysiological reactivity of vicarious discrimination. University of Washington Libraries. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/38205/Kort_washington_0250O_16738.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrieger, N. ( 2005 ). Embodiment: A conceptual glossary for epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59 ( 5 ), 350 – 355. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.024562
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKrug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. ( 2002 ). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360 ( 9339 ), 1083 – 1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(02)11133‐0
dc.identifier.citedreferenceKurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. R. ( 2017 ). Introducing the open affective standardized image set (OASIS). Behavior Research Methods, 49 ( 2 ), 457 – 470. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428‐016‐0715‐3
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLaborde, S., Mosley, E., & Thayer, J. F. ( 2017 ). Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research–recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Frontiers in Psychology, 8 ( 213 ), 1 – 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. ( 1997 ). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 39 – 58.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLang, P. J., Ohman, A., & Vaitl, D. ( 1988 ). The international affective picture system [photographic slides]. Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceLieblich, I., Kugelmass, S., & Ben‐Shakhar, G. ( 1973 ). Psychophysiological baselines as a function of race and ethnic origin. Psychophysiology, 10 ( 4 ), 426 – 430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1973.tb00800.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMapping Police Violence. ( 2020 ). 2020 police violence report. https://policeviolencereport.org/
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMarchewka, A., Żurawski, Ł., Jednoróg, K., & Grabowska, A. ( 2014 ). The Nencki affective picture system (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide‐range, high‐quality, realistic picture database. Behavior Research Methods, 46 ( 2 ), 596 – 610. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428‐013‐0379‐1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMartin, P. P., Wout, D., Nguyen, H. X., Gonzalez, R., & Sellers, R. M. ( 2010 ). Investigating the psychometric properties of the multidimensional inventory of Black identity in two samples: The development of the MIBI‐S. Unpublished Manuscript.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMason, T. B., Maduro, R. S., Derlega, V. J., Hacker, D. S., Winstead, B. A., & Haywood, J. E. ( 2017 ). Individual differences in the impact of vicarious racism: African American students react to the George Zimmerman trial. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23 ( 2 ), 174 – 184. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000099
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMcLeod, M. N., Heller, D., Manze, M. G., & Echeverria, S. E. ( 2020 ). Police interactions and the mental health of Black Americans: A systematic review. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7 ( 1 ), 10 – 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615‐019‐00629‐1
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMendes, W. B. ( 2009 ). Assessing autonomic nervous system activity. In: E. Harmon‐Jones & J. S. Beer (Eds.), Methods in Social Neuroscience, (pp. 118 – 147 ). Guilford Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMerritt, C., MacCormack, J., Stein, A. G., Lindquist, K., & Muscatell, K. ( 2021 ). The neural underpinnings of intergroup social cognition: An fMRI meta‐analysis. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16 ( 9 ), 903 – 914. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab034
dc.identifier.citedreferenceMesic, A., Franklin, L., Cansever, A., Potter, F., Sharma, A., Knopov, A., & Siegel, M. ( 2018 ). The relationship between structural racism and black‐white disparities in fatal police shootings at the state level. Journal of the National Medical Association, 110 ( 2 ), 106 – 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.12.002
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeblett, E. W., & Carter, S. E. ( 2012 ). The protective role of racial identity and Africentric worldview in the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74 ( 5 ), 509 – 516. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182583a50
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNeblett, E. W., Rivas‐Drake, D., & Umaña‐Taylor, A. J. ( 2012 ). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6 ( 3 ), 295 – 303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750‐8606.2012.00239.x
dc.identifier.citedreferenceNewlin, D. B., & Levenson, R. W. ( 1979 ). Pre‐ejection period: Measuring beta‐adrenergic influences upon the heart. Psychophysiology, 16 ( 6 ), 546 – 552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐8986.1979.tb01519.x
dc.identifier.citedreferencePressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. ( 2005 ). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131 ( 6 ), 925 – 971. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033‐2909.131.6.925
dc.identifier.citedreferenceQuigley, K. S., Lindquist, K. A., & Barrett, L. F. ( 2014 ). Inducing and measuring emotion and affect: Tips, tricks, and secrets. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology. Cambridge University Press.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRichardson, L. S., & Goff, P. A. ( 2012 ). Self defense and the suspicion heuristic. Iowa Law Review, 98, 293.
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRichman, L. S., & Jonassaint, C. ( 2008 ). The effects of race‐related stress on cortisol reactivity in the laboratory: Implications of the Duke lacrosse scandal. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35 ( 1 ), 105 – 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160‐007‐9013‐8
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRoss, C. T. ( 2015 ). A multi‐level Bayesian analysis of racial bias in police shootings at the county‐level in the United States, 2011–2014. PLoS One, 10 ( 11 ), e0141854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141854
dc.identifier.citedreferenceRucker, J. M., Neblett, E. W., Jr., & Anyiwo, N. ( 2014 ). Racial identity, perpetrator race, racial composition of primary community, and mood responses to discrimination. Journal of Black Psychology, 40 ( 6 ), 539 – 562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798413499371
dc.identifier.citedreferenceSalter, P. S., Adams, G., & Perez, M. J. ( 2018 ). Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural‐psychological perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27 ( 3 ), 150 – 155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417724239
dc.working.doiNOen
dc.owningcollnameInterdisciplinary and Peer-Reviewed


Files in this item

Name:
psyp14065.pdf
Size:
1.243MB
Format:
PDF
View/Open
Name:
psyp14065_am.pdf
Size:
1.156MB
Format:
PDF
View/Open

Show simple item record

Remediation of Harmful Language

The University of Michigan Library aims to describe library materials in a way that respects the people and communities who create, use, and are represented in our collections. Report harmful or offensive language in catalog records, finding aids, or elsewhere in our collections anonymously through our metadata feedback form. More information at Remediation of Harmful Language.

Accessibility

If you are unable to use this file in its current format, please select the Contact Us link and we can modify it to make it more accessible to you.