Loneliness predicts stronger negative associations between cerebrovascular, but not Alzheimer’s, pathology and cognition

Abstract

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease are the two most common pathologies underlying dementia. Loneliness is associated with faster cognitive decline and greater AD risk independent of pathology. Risk reduction efforts would benefit from knowing whether loneliness exacerbates the cognitive impact of pathology. Our objective was to characterize the interaction between loneliness and AD or cerebrovascular pathology on cognitive performance.MethodsParticipants with neuropathological data were drawn from the Religious Orders Study, the Memory and Aging Project, and the Minority Aging Research Study (Table 1). Loneliness was assessed with a modified version of the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Amyloid and tau pathology were assessed jointly with the NIA-Reagan scale as high/intermediate likelihood or low likelihood/no AD. Chronic infarcts and chronic microinfarcts were each assessed as present or not present. Composite domain scores for episodic memory, working memory, semantic memory, perceptual speed, and perceptual orientation were obtained from the study visit proximal to death. Separate general linear models were run for each domain and each pathology, including an interaction between loneliness and pathology and adjusting for covariates.ResultsGreater loneliness was associated with older age and lower education, and loneliness was greater in men compared to women, but not different by race or APOE-ε4 (2). Loneliness was not associated with AD or cerebrovascular pathology (Table 3). Greater loneliness was independently associated with lower cognitive scores in all domains. Greater pathology was independently associated with lower episodic memory and semantic memory scores, while cerebrovascular disease was not independently associated with cognitive scores. We additionally found that negative associations between microinfarcts and cognitive scores in working memory, semantic memory, and perceptual orientation were stronger among individuals with greater (Table 4).ConclusionsNegative associations between loneliness and cognition are apparent across domains and independent of pathology. While loneliness does not appear to be related to AD or cerebrovascular pathology directly, it may increase susceptibility to cognitive impairment due to microinfarcts. Social support-based interventions may benefit optimal brain aging, particularly in older adults exposed to greater loneliness.